Epidemiology:

 increases to as high as 37% for adults aged ≥70 years

Mechanisms underlying dyspnea:

 generation of afferent signals from the respiratory system to the central nervous system (CNS)
AFFERENT SIGNALS ACTIVATORS
Central chrmoreceptor Inc. H+
Peripheral chemoreceptors Hypoxemia (low O2)**
Hypercania (low CO2)
Mechanoreceptors Inc. Stretch
J Receptors Inc. interstitial fluid
Vascular receptors Inc. pressure

 generation of efferent signals from the CNS to the respiratory muscles

 “efferent-reafferent mismatch”