ʹͲͷʹǦͲͲͳͺȋ’”‹–ȌǡʹͲͷ͵Ǧ͵͸͸͹ȋ‘Ž‹‡Ȍ

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳǤ’’ǤͶ͵ͺȂͶ͸Ͳ

KATALIN KISS
PhD, HR advisor
Fortis 21 Financial and Human Resource Organiser Ltd.
kisskati@fortis21.hu

NÁNDOR ZAGYI
MSc, Geographer
PhD Aspirant at University of Pécs, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Earth
Sciences
zana@gamma.ttk.pte.hu


Principal Characteristics of the Indian Micro,

Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) Sector
and Its Importance in Rural Development

Abstract
The spread and strengthening of the small business sphere in the rural areas of
India could have a significant role in order to decrease the spatial and social
differences derived from sociocultural and demographic reasons. In the first part
of our study, by the analysis of the related statistical databases, we try to find the
answers for what kind of results could it achieve in terms of the social integration
of disadvantaged groups so far. Following this, within the framework of a short
retrospect, we demonstrate the historical roots and traditions of the village
business sphere’s governmental programme, then we provide a thorough over-
view of the production and labour force positions of the enterprises taking part
in the Khadi & Village Industries Program. Finally we refer to the transcending
significance from the economic force of rural handicraft in terms of the revival of
business promptitude and sustainability.

Key words
India; Small enterprises; Spatial and social disparities; Rural industries; Sustain-
able economy

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

1. Introduction
‹–Š‹–Š‡…‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•’Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡‹…”‘ǡ•ƒŽŽƒ†‡†‹—‡–‡”’”‹•‡•
ȋ•ȌȄ„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‹”—„‡”–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹
ƒŒ‘”‹–›ǡ‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ”‘‡…‘‘‹…†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†‡…‘‘‹…
…—Ž–—”‡Ȅ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹‡˜‡”›…‘—–”›‘””‡‰‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
™‘”Ž† „‘–Š –ƒ‹‰ ‹–‘ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‹” ‡’Ž‘›‡‡ —„‡”• ƒ†
‡…‘‘‹…’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡•ȋ•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ‰”‘••†‘‡•–‹…’”‘†—…–ȌǤšƒ…–Ž›–Š‡
•ƒ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹†‹ƒǡŠƒ˜‹‰–Š‡•‡…‘†‘•–’‘’—Žƒ–Ǧ
‡† Žƒ„‘—” ˆ‘”…‡ ƒ”‡– ™‹–Š Ͷͺʹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡”•‘• ȋ 
ʹͲͳͳƒȌ ƒ† –Š‡ –Š‹”† ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ‡…‘‘› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ȋͶǡ͸ͻʹ „‹ŽǦ
Ž‹‘Ȍ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡
‘’—”…Šƒ•‹‰’‘™‡”’ƒ”‹–›ȋ
ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ •‹œ‡† ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡Ȅ„‡•‹†‡• –Š‡
‹…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–‹‘ƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–Ȅ…‘—Ž†’Žƒ›ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†”‘Ž‡
‹ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡…‘‘› „› †‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ’‘˜‡”–›ǡ
”ƒ‹•‹‰—’–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ††‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹Ǧ
–‹‡•ȋǡǤʹͲͳʹȌǤ



Figure 1 – Change of population in India in the last fifty years
Sources: CENSUS ONLINE 2001, 2011a

Ͷ͵ͻ
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

ŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡™‘—Ž†„‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–‹•—…Šƒ…‘—–”›™Š‡”‡–Š‡
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ͷͲ›‡ƒ”•Šƒ•ƒŽ‘•––”‹’Ž‡†(Figure 1)™‹–ŠͳͲͲȂ
ͳͺͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡”•‘• ’‡” †‡…ƒ†‡ǡ ƒ†ǡ ‡š…‡’– ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ•– †‡…ƒ†‡ǡ ‹Ǧ
…”‡ƒ•‡† „› ‘”‡ –Šƒ ʹͲΨ (Table 1)Ǥ Š‡ —‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡
†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… •–”‡••Ȅ„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ʹͲͳʹȂͳ͵ ”‡’”‡Ǧ
•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•—”˜‡›…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆƒ„‘—”Ƭ’Ž‘›‡–
ȋ  ʹͲͳ͵ȌȄ‹• ˜‡”› Š‹‰Š ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‰‡ ‰”‘—’• „‡–™‡‡ ͳͷȂʹͻ
ȋ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›…‘…‡”‹‰™‘‡Ȍ(Table 2)Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹’‘”–ƒ–
–‘ ‡–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ ‘ —‡’Ž‘›‡– ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ •‘—”…‡• ȋ—ƒŽ ’Ž‘›‡– ƒ† ‡’Ž‘›‡–
—”˜‡› ‡’‘”–•Ȍ ‹• —†‡”Ǧ…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†
‡’Ž‘›‡– ƒ– –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹… •’Š‡”‡ ȋǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ •‘ ‹– •‡‡• –Š‡•‡
—„‡”•ƒ”‡—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”‹”‡ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ

Table 1 – Decadal growth of population in India
Sources: CENSUS ONLINE 2001, 2011a

Census decades Decadal growth Decadal growth (%)

ͳͻ͸ͳȂͳͻ͹ͳ ͳͲͺǡͻʹͶǡͺͺͳ ʹͶǤͺ
ͳͻ͹ͳȂͳͻͺͳ ͳ͵ͷǡͳ͸ͻǡͶͶͷ ʹͶǤ͹
ͳͻͺͳȂͳͻͻͳ ͳ͸͵ǡͲͻͳǡͻͶʹ ʹ͵Ǥͻ
ͳͻͻͳȂʹͲͲͳ ͳͺʹǡ͵ͳ͸ǡ͵ͻ͹ ʹͳǤͷ
ʹͲͲͳȂʹͲͳͳ ͳͺʹǡͳͳ͹ǡͷͶͳ ͳ͹Ǥ͹

Table 2 – Unemployment rates of different age groups in India (per 1000)

Source: MLE ONLINE 2013

Age Groups Males & Females Males Females

ͳͷƬƒ„‘˜‡ Ͷ͹ ͶͲ ͹ʹ
ͳͷȂͳ͹ ͳͺ͵ ͳͺͳ ͳͻʹ
ͳͷȂʹͶ ͳͺͳ ͳ͸͵ ʹͶͶ
ͳͺȂʹͻ ͳ͵Ͳ ͳͳ͵ ͳͻͳ
ͳͷȂʹͻ ͳ͵͵ ͳͳ͹ ͳͻͳ
͵ͲƬƒ„‘˜‡ ͳͲ ͹ ͳͻ

†‹”‡…–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ”ƒ–‡‘ˆ™‘‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹ ’ƒ”–Ǧ–‹‡ ‘” ‘……ƒǦ
•‹‘ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”ƒŽ•‘”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‹•ƒ„‘˜‡‡–‹‘‡†ˆƒ…–Ǣ™Š‹…Š‹•ǡ‹†‹ƒ
ȋ…‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†™‡•–‡”‡…‘‘‹‡•Ȍ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ǧ

ͶͶͲ

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

Ž›‘––Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǯˆ”‡‡†‡…‹•‹‘„—–”ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡…‘•‡Ǧ
“—‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ Žƒ–‡– —‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‹•
”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‹•ͶͲǤͶΨ‘’’‘•‹–‡–‘–Š‡ͳ͹Ǥ͹Ψ‘ˆ‡ǡ
–Š‡ ‘‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‘Ǧƒ‰”‹…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž† ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ •‘
ƒ‘‰–Š‡‘‡•Ž‡••…‘…‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ‹–›ǡ…‘Ǧ
•–‹–—–‹‰ ͶͳǤ͸Ψ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• –Š‹• ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‹• ʹͻǤ͹Ψ ƒ† ͳʹǤ͵Ψ
”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ȋǡʹͲͳͳƒȌǤ
Š‡‡š–”‡‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ȋǡǤet al.ʹͲͳͲǢǡǤ
ʹͲͳͳǢǡǤet al.ʹͲͳͳȌƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡‹…‘‡ƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ•‹‹Žƒ”–‘ƒ›‘–Š‡”…‘—–”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰™‘”Ž†ǡ‡…Ǧ
‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†‘‡•–‹…‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–ƒ••‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡”—”ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ƒ• –‘ –Š‡ —”„ƒ‹•‡† ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ —“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†
’‡‘’Ž‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‰–‘…‹–‹‡•™Š‘‡š’‡…–ˆ‘”™‘”ǡŠ‹‰Š‡”™ƒ‰‡•ƒ†„‡–Ǧ
–‡” Ž‹ˆ‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹•‡† Š‘™‡˜‡” ˜‡”› ”ƒ”‡Ž›ǡ •‘ ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ –Š‡›
„‡…‘‡–Š‡ †™‡ŽŽ‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ™”‡…‹‰ •Ž—• …Ž‘‰‰‹‰–‘Ǧ
‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡—‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ†—†‡”’ƒ‹†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‡š–”‡‡•‘…‹ƒŽ
’”‡••—”‡ǡ ‰‡––‹‰ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •…‘’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‹–› ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• ƒ† •‡…—”‹–›
ˆ‘”…‡•ǡ‘”‹ƒ‡˜‡™‘”•‡•…‡ƒ”‹‘–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ‹…”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ
–Š‡ Š‘‡Ž‡••Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ Žƒ––‡” …Žƒ••ȄŽ‡ƒ•–™‹•‡ ƒ…Ǧ
…‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ …‡•—• †ƒ–ƒȄ‹ ʹͲͳͳ ™‡”‡ —†‡” ͳǤͺ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡”•‘•ǡ
™Š‹…Š‹•ͲǤͳͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹ƒȋ ǡʹͲͳͳƒȌǡ
–Š‡͸ͷǤͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ••‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹–Š‡•Ž—•…‘’”‹•‡‘”‡–Šƒ
‘‡Ǧ•‹š–Š‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—”„ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ȋͳ͹Ǥ͸ΨȌǡ„—––Š‡‹””ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡
Ͷͷ…‹–‹‡•™‹–Š‘”‡–Šƒͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘†™‡ŽŽ‡”•‡š…‡‡†•–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹ʹͶǡ
ƒ†‹‡˜‡”›ˆ‹ˆ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‡––Ž‡‡–•–Š‡›”‡’”‡•‡–‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡Ǧ
–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘(Table 3)Ǥ

Table 3 – Indian cities having more than one third rate of slum population
Sources: CENSUS ONLINE 2011a, 2011b

City (M. Corp.) State Population Slum Rate of Slum Pop.

ƒ„ƒŽ’—” ƒ†Š›ƒ ͳǡͲͷͶǡ͵͵͸ Ͷͺ͵ǡ͸ʹ͸ ͶͷǤͻ
‹•ƒŠƒ’ƒ–ƒ †Š”ƒ ͳǡ͹͵Ͳǡ͵ʹͲ ͹͹Ͳǡͻ͹ͳ ͶͶǤ͸
‹Œƒ›ƒ™ƒ†ƒ †Š”ƒ ͳǡͲͶͺǡʹͶͲ Ͷͷͳǡʹ͵ͳ Ͷ͵ǤͲ
—„ƒ‹ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ ͳʹǡͶ͹ͺǡͶͶ͹ ͷǡʹͲ͸ǡͶ͹͵ ͶͳǤ͹
‡‡”—– ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Š ͳǡ͵ͲͻǡͲʹ͵ ͷͶͶǡͺͷͻ ͶͳǤ͸


ͶͶͳ
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

ƒ‹’—” ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Š ͳǡͲͳͲǡͲͺ͹ ͶͲ͸ǡͷ͹ͳ ͶͲǤͶ
ƒ‰’—” ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ ʹǡͶͲͷǡͶʹͳ ͺͷͻǡͶͺ͹ ͵ͷǤ͹
‰”ƒ ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Š ͳǡͷ͹ͶǡͷͶʹ ͷ͵͵ǡͷͷͶ ͵͵Ǥͻ
›†‡”ƒ„ƒ† †Š”ƒ ͸ǡͺͲͻǡͻ͹Ͳ ʹǡʹͺ͹ǡͲͳͶ ͵͵Ǥ͸

‘—”†ƒ›•ǡ‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡–Š‹‹‰ǡ‹–‹•„‡…‘‹‰‘„Ǧ
˜‹‘—•–Šƒ––Š‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡…‘‘›…ƒ‘–„‡’‘•Ǧ
•‹„Ž‡‹–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ…‘–‡š–‡˜‡‹ƒ‹†Ǧ–‡”–‹‡•…ƒŽ‡™‹–Š–Š‡“—ƒǦ
–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǡ ‘Ǧ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡•Ǥ  –Š‹•
”‡•’‡…–ǡ„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†•ǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•…‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‘ˆ–Š‡
‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••Ǥ ‹†‡‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† •‘
‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡Š—ƒ™‘”ˆ‘”…‡‹–‘–Š‡”‡•‘—”…‡•‹–•‡‡•–‘„‡‘„˜‹Ǧ
‘—•–Šƒ–‹ƒ›…ƒ•‡•–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‡•‘—”…‡•—–‹Ž‹•ƒǦ
–‹‘Ȅ‹ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ™•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡–‡…‘‘›Ȅ™‘—Ž†„‡
–Š‡‘•–ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ǥ†•‘‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‹ƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‘–
–Š‡ ’—„Ž‹… •’Š‡”‡ ȋ…‘•—‹‰ –Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹… ˜ƒŽ—‡ •—”’Ž—•Ȍ „—– –Š‡
’”‹˜ƒ–‡ •’Š‡”‡ ȋ’”‘†—…‹‰ –Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹… ˜ƒŽ—‡ •—”’Ž—•Ȍ •Š‘—Ž† „‡
•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†Ǥ – ‹• ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰Ž› –”—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‡† „—– ‡…‘Ǧ
‘‹…ƒŽŽ›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰…‘—–”‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡‹‘”†‡”–‘’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰–Š‡˜‹‡™Ǧ
’‘‹–• ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ„‘—” ˆ‘”…‡
™‘—Ž†„‡‡‡†‡†ǡ„—––Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‰‰‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ…Žƒ••‡•ȋ™‹–Š
Ž‘™Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‹…‘‡Ȍ™‹–Šƒ’”‘†—…–‹˜‡Žƒ„‘—”‹ƒ‡˜‡”‰”‘™‹‰•…ƒŽ‡
–‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡‹”Ž‹ˆ‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡••‡…‡‘ˆ‘—”
–‘’‹…ǡ •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‹…”‘ǡ •ƒŽŽ ƒ† ‡†‹—
•‹œ‡†‡–‡”’”‹•‡•…‘—Ž†„‡†‡–‡”‹‹‰‹–Š‹•”‡•’‡…–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡˆ—”–Š‡”
‘ǡƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹–”‘†—…–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽ„ƒ•‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—–”›ǯ•
•‡…–‘”ǡˆ‹”•–™‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡‹™Šƒ–•…ƒŽ‡‹–…‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘‘†‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡
•‘…‹ƒŽ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ

2. Research Method
Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹•Ǧ
–‹…ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒǤ–Š‡…‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Šƒ–ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡–ƒ‡•–‘…‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ
–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–†‹ƒ‡•—•ȋʹͲͳͳȌ…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–


ͶͶʹ

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š –‹‡ǡ ƒ† ˆ‹‰—”‡• ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ ŽƒǦ
‹‰‘‹••‹‘ǯ•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•–—†›ȋ
   ʹͲͲͳȌǡ
ƒ†–Š‡•‡‘‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘”‡Žƒ–‹‰†‹ƒ…‡•—•†ƒ–ƒǤ›
‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‹•‡–Š‘†ǡ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…–‘”ƒ†–Š‡‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǧ
†—•–”‹‡• ”‘‰”ƒ‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘…‹ƒŽŽ› †‹•ƒ†˜ƒǦ
–ƒ‰‡†ǡ‘•–Ž›”—”ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‹–ǡ‹–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰
‘ˆ”—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡…‘‘›ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥ

3. The major structural characteristics of the MSME sector in India
’’‘•‹–‡ –‘ –Š‡  ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” –Š‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ „› –Š‡
•‹œ‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ‡–‡”’”‹•‡•”‡Ž‹‡•‘–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ—Ǧ
ƒŽ”‡˜‡—‡‘”–Š‡–‘–ƒŽƒ••‡–•ƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘Ǧ‘™‡”•ǯ•Šƒ”‡ǡ
‹†‹ƒ–Š‡ˆ‹”•ƒ”‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡•–‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•
‹–‘–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰‘”•‡”˜‹…‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‡‹…”‘ǡƒŽŽƬ‡†‹—
–‡”’”‹•‡•‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–…–ȋ
  ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ƒ„‘—––Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹Ǧ
•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǦŒ—†‹…‹ƒŽ „ƒ…‰”‘—† ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—’’‘”– ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡
•ƒŽŽ ‡–‡”’”‹•‡• …‘‹‰ ‹–‘ ˆ‘”…‡ ‹ ʹͲͲ͸ǡ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡
—„‡” ‘ˆ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡…‘‘‹… ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǡ –Š‡ …‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ˆ‘”
ƒ† –Š‡ ‘™‡”•ǡ „‹†• –Š‡ …‡”–ƒ‹ •‹œ‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• –‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š
˜ƒŽ—‡Ž‹‹–•(Table 4)Ǥ

Table 4 – Classification of Indian MSMEs by quantity of investments
Source: GAZETTE ONLINE, 2006

–‡”’”‹•‡•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ –‡”’”‹•‡•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹
Category of size
˜‡•–‡–‹’Žƒ–Ƭƒ…Š‹‡”› ˜‡•–‡–‹‡“—‹’‡–
‹…”‘–‡”’”‹•‡ δʹǡͷͲͲǡͲͲͲ δͳǡͲͲͲǡͲͲͲ
ƒŽŽ–‡”’”‹•‡ ʹǡͷͲͲǡͲͲͲȂͷͲǡͲͲͲǡͲͲͲ ͳǡͲͲͲǡͲͲͲȂʹͲǡͲͲͲǤͲͲͲ
‡†‹—–Ǥ ͷͲǡͲͲͲǡͲͲͲȂͳͲͲǡͲͲͲǡͲͲͲ ʹͲǡͲͲͲǡͲͲͲȂͷͲǡͲͲͲǡͲͲͲ

……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡’”‘‰‘•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‹…”‘ǡƒŽŽƒ†‡Ǧ
†‹— –‡”’”‹•‡• ʹͲͳʹȂʹͲͳ͵ ”‡’‘”–ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† …‘‡…‹‰ –Š‡
„ƒ•‡›‡ƒ”‘ˆʹͲͲ͸ȂʹͲͲ͹‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—”–ŠŽŽ†‹ƒ‡•—•‘ˆ‹…”‘ǡƒŽŽ
Ƭ ‡†‹— –‡”’”‹•‡•ǡ –Š‡ …‘’Ž‡–‡ †‹ƒ  •‡…–‘” ’”‘†—…‡† ƒ
…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡…‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘‹‰‡–‡”’”‹•Ǧ


ͶͶ͵
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

‡•ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹š‡†ƒ••‡–•
ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘••‘—–’—–(Table 5)Ǥ

Table 5 – Change of the main quantitative indicators of Indian MSME sector
Source: MSME ONLINE 2013

Indicators of MSMEs 2006–2007 2011–2012 Rate of growth

—„‡”‘ˆ™‘”‹‰ ͵͸Ǥʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ͶͶǤͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ʹ͵Ǥͺ
—„‡”‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ͺͲǤͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ͳͲͳǤ͵‹ŽŽ‹‘ ʹͷǤͺ
ƒ”‡–˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆˆ‹š‡†ƒ••‡–• ͺǡ͸ͺͷǤͶ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ ͳͳǡ͹͸ͻǤͶ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ ͵ͷǤͷ

”‘••‘—–’—–ȋȌ ͳ͵ǡͷͳ͵Ǥͺ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ ͳͺǡ͵Ͷ͵Ǥ͵„‹ŽŽ‹‘ ͵ͷǤ͹

Table 6 – Rate of enterprise size categories by the main quantitative indi-

cators
Source: MSME CENSUS ONLINE 2011

Indicators of MSMEs Rate of micro Rate of small Rate of medium

—„‡”‘ˆ‡–‡”’”‹•‡• ͻͶǤͻ ͶǤͻ ͲǤʹ
—„‡”‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ͹ͲǤʹ ʹͷǤʹ ͶǤ͸
ƒŽ—‡‘ˆˆ‹š‡†ƒ••‡–•ȋȌ ͵͹Ǥ͹ ͶͻǤͺ ͳʹǤͷ

”‘••‘—–’—–ȋȌ ͶͶǤʹ ͶͷǤͳ ͳͲǤ͹

• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡  …‡•—• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ •…‘’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‡”Ǧ
’”‹•‡•”‡…‘”†‡†ƒ†”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†„›–Š‡…‘’‡–‡–‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹…‡•
ȋ‹•–”‹…–†—•–”‹‡•‡–”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡
‘˜‡”‡–•‘”‹‘‡””‹–‘Ǧ
”› †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘•Ȍǡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡  •‡…–‘”
’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›…‘•‹•–•‘ˆ‹…”‘‡–‡”’”‹•‡•’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ‹…‘‡•‘—”…‡ˆ‘”
͹ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‘ˆ–Š‹••’Š‡”‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡
”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ‹š‡†ƒ••‡–•ƒ†’”‘†—…–”‡‹••—‡ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒŠ—‰‡†‹•ƒ†Ǧ
˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ ƒ† ƒ‹Ž› ‹††Ž‡ •‹œ‡† ‡–‡”’”‹•‡•
(Table 6)ǤŽ‹––Ž‡‘”‡–Šƒ–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡”’”‹•‡•ȋ͸͹ǤͳΨȌ…ƒ”Ǧ
”›‘—–’‡…—Ž‹ƒ”Ž›’”‘†—…‹‰ǡ’”‘…‡••‹‰‹†—•–”›ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ȅ‹‡‘—–‘ˆ
–‡ …ƒ•‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ‘ˆ ’”‘’”‹‡–ƒ”› ‡–‡”’”‹•‡•Ǥ ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡
•–ƒ–‡Ǧ™‹•‡ …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡• ȋˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣ †‡•‹–›
‘ˆ‡–‡”’”‹•‡•[Figure 2]‘”–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‰”‘••‘—–’—–’‡”‡–”‡’”‡‡—”Ǧ
‹ƒŽ—‹–•[Figure 3]Ȍǡ•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ‘–Š‡”†‹ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•Ǧ
–‹…•…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ„—–˜ƒ”‹‡††‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†Ǥ


ͶͶͶ

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ



Figure 2 – State-wise disparity in density of working registered MSMEs
(Number of MSMEs per 100 thousand inhabitants)
Key: 1: < 50; 2: 50–99; 3: 100–149; 4: 150–200; 5: > 200
Sources: MSME CENSUS ONLINE 2011, CENSUS ONLINE 2011a

Š‡…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‹–›ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‹•‘„Ǧ
˜‹‘—•‹–Š‹••‡•‡ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Šǡ–Š‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”—”ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Žƒ‰•
„‡Š‹†–Š‡…‹–›ȋ‹–Š‡Žƒ•–…‡•—•†‡…ƒ†‡‹–™ƒ•ͳʹǤ͵ƒ†͵ͳǤͺΨȌƒ†
•‘ ‹–• ”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• …‘–‹—‘—•Ž› †‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ǣ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡

ͶͶͷ
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

ʹͲͳͳ …‡•—•ǡ –Š‡ ”—”ƒŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •–‹ŽŽ …‘•–‹–—–‡• ‘”‡ –Šƒ –™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•
ȋ͸ͺǤͺΨȌ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹ƒȋ ʹͲͳͳƒȌǤ–Š‡
…‘–”ƒ”›ǡ ‘Ž› ͶʹǤͷΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†  ‡–‡”’”‹•‡• ƒ† ‡”‡Ž›
͵ͻǤͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•™‡”‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ



Figure 3 – State-wise disparity in value of gross output per MSME units
(million INR)
Key: 1: < 5; 2: 5–9.9; 3: 10–14.9; 4: 15–24.9; 5: > 25
Source: MSME CENSUS ONLINE 2011


ͶͶ͸

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ™‘‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡‹•‡˜‡‘”‡‘„˜‹‘—•Ǣ–Š‡
”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Ǧ‘™‡†‡–‡”’”‹•‡•
‹• ˆƒ” Ž‘™‡” ȋͶȂ͸ –‹‡•Ȍ –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒŽ‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǯ• •ƒ‡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•
(Table 7)Ǥ

Table 7 – Gender composition of MSME owners and employees compared
with work participation rate among main workers
Sources: CENSUS ONLINE 2011a; MSME CENSUS ONLINE 2011

  ƒŽ‡• ‡ƒŽ‡•
ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘™‡”•ȋΨȌ ͺ͸Ǥ͵ ͳ͵Ǥ͹
ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ȋΨȌ ͹ͻǤ͸ ʹͲǤͶ
‘”’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ‹™‘”‡”•ȋΨȌ ͷ͵Ǥ͵ ʹͷǤͷ

† ‹– ‹• •–‹ŽŽ ƒ ”ƒ–Š‡” …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ™Š‡ ™‡ –ƒ‡ ‹–‘
…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ „”‘ƒ†Ž› –™‘ –‹‡• ‘”‡ ‘˜‡”Ǧ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒŽ‡ƒ‹™‘”‡”•Ǥ‡…ƒ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š•‘‡–Š‹‰•‹‹Žƒ”…‘…Ž—•‹‘•ƒ–
–Š‡ …‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‡• „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ •…Š‡†—Ž‡†
…ƒ•–‡•ƒ†•…Š‡†—Ž‡†–”‹„‡•‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ––Š‡…‘Ǧ
’ƒ”‹•‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™‡” ƒ† ‡’Ž‘›‡‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† ƒ– –Š‡ 
•‡…–‘”(Table 8)Ǥ

Table 8 – SC- and ST-wise composition of MSME owners and employees
compared with share in total population
Source: CENSUS ONLINE 2011a; MSME CENSUS ONLINE 2011

Šƒ”‡‹ Šƒ”‡‹ Šƒ”‡‹–‘–ƒŽ


‘™‡”•ȋΨȌ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ȋΨȌ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ȋΨȌ
‡„‡”•‘ˆ•…Š‡†—Ž‡†…ƒ•–‡•
͹Ǥ͸ ͳͳǤͺ ͳ͸Ǥ͸
ȋ•Ȍ
‡„‡”•‘ˆ•…Š‡†—Ž‡†–”‹„‡•
ʹǤͻ ͷǤ͵ ͺǤ͸
ȋ•Ȍ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•‹’‘‹–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‘…‹ƒŽ‰”‘—’•ǯ‘™‡”ƒ† ‡Ǧ
’Ž‘›‡‡•–ƒ–—••‡‡‹‰Ž›’‘••‡••ƒ•‘‡™Šƒ–‘”‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—••‹–—Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‹• ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‹• ˆƒ” •ƒŽŽ‡” –Šƒ ™Šƒ– ™‡ ™‘—Ž† ‡š’‡…– ˆ”‘
–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡…‡ƒ––Š‡”—”ƒŽŽƒ„‘—”ˆ‘”…‡(Table 9)Ǥ


ͶͶ͹
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

Table 9 – Rural-urban composition of MSME owners, employees and main
workers by the main disadvantageous social groups
Source: CENSUS ONLINE 2011a; MSME CENSUS ONLINE 2011

Šƒ”‡‹ Šƒ”‡‹ Šƒ”‡‹ƒ‹


—”ƒŽ ”„ƒ —”ƒŽ ”„ƒ —”ƒŽ ”„ƒ
‡ƒŽ‡• ͳͷǤ͵ ͳʹǤͶ ʹʹǤͶ ͳͻǤʹ ͺͳǤ͵ ͳͺǤ͹
‡„‡”•‘ˆ•…Š‡†—Ž‡†…ƒ•–‡•
ͳͲǤʹ ͷǤͶ ͳͶǤʹ ͳͲǤʹ ͹ͻǤ͵ ʹͲǤ͹
ȋ•Ȍ
‡„‡”•‘ˆ•…Š‡†—Ž‡†–”‹„‡•
ͶǤͲ ͳǤͻ ͸Ǥʹ ͶǤ͹ ͻʹǤͶ ͹Ǥ͸
ȋ•Ȍ

ƒ‹‰‹–‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–†‹Ǧ
ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•…‘—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ‘‰–Š‡‘™‡”•™‡…ƒ•–ƒ–‡–Šƒ–
–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ†‹Š•ǡ„‡‹‰ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹ƒƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—••‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘•‘…‹ƒŽǦ‡…‘‘‹……‘…‡”•…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡…‘’Ž‡–‡’‘’—Ǧ
Žƒ–‹‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›–™‘–‹‡•Š‹‰Š‡”’”‡•‡…‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡—•Ž‹•ƒ”‡
—‡“—‹˜‘…ƒŽŽ›—†‡””‡’”‡•‡–‡†‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ‘‰–Š‡—”„ƒ’‘’—ŽƒǦ
–‹‘(Table 10)Ǥ

Table 10 – Distribution of MSME owners and the total population by the

main religious communities
Source: CENSUS ONLINE 2001; MSME CENSUS ONLINE 2011

Šƒ”‡‹‘™‡”•ȋΨȌ Šƒ”‡‹–‘–ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹ʹͲͲͳ

‘–ƒŽ —”ƒŽ ”„ƒ ‘–ƒŽ —”ƒŽ ”„ƒ
‹†—• ͺͳǤʹ ͺͲǤ͸ ͺͳǤ͹ ͺͲǤͷ ͺʹǤ͵ ͹ͷǤ͸
—•Ž‹• ͻǤͳ ͻǤͳ ͻǤͳ ͳ͵ǤͶ ͳʹǤͲ ͳ͹Ǥ͵
Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ͶǤͳ ͷǤ͵ ͵Ǥͳ ʹǤ͵ ʹǤͳ ʹǤͻ
‹Š• ͵Ǥ͵ ʹǤͺ ͵Ǥ͹ ͳǤͻ ͳǤͻ ͳǤͺ

‘ –ƒ‹‰ ‹–‘ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ ‹…‹†‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
 •‡…–‘” ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ „ƒ…™ƒ”† •‘…‹ƒŽ …Žƒ••‡•ǡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǡ ™‘‡ǡ
‡„‡”•ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆ–Š‡•…Š‡†—Ž‡†…ƒ•–‡•ƒ†•…Š‡†—Ž‡†–”‹„‡•‘”
‡˜‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡—•Ž‹’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡Ǧ
–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ•’Š‡”‡Šƒ•ƒŽ‘––‘”‡…‘˜‡”‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‡…”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ
‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ


ͶͶͺ

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

4. The Khadi and Village Industries Programme (KVIP)
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•™‘”–ŠƒƒŽ›•‹‰ƒ•’‡…‹ƒŽ•‡‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒ
•’Š‡”‡ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ’”‹‘”‹–› ‡Ž‡‡–• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š –Š‡
‘„Œ‡…–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
’‘Ž‹…›‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ǯ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–Š‡Šƒ†‹ƒ†‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†—•–”‹‡•
”‘‰”ƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ ‡Ǧ
–‡”’”‹•‡• ˆ—…–‹‘‹‰ ‹ ‹–• ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”›
–ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‘Ǧƒ‰”ƒ”‹ƒ ƒ”‡–ƒ„Ž‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‡’Ž‘›Ǧ
‡–”‡ƒŽ‹•‡†™‹–Šƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽ…ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ‹ƒ›…ƒ•‡•
–Š‡ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ •‡ŽˆǦ‡’Ž‘›‡– ƒ† „› –Š‡ ƒ…–‹˜‡ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡Ǧ
…‡–”ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ
–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ǡ ƒ”‡–‹‰ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š Ƭ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ…‹‰ǡ
–Š‡ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘• ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
‡…‘‘›ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ
Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡–”ƒ…‡„ƒ…–‘–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ʹͲ–Š
…‡–—”› ™Š‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘‘Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‘” •–”—‰‰Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡
swadeshi „‡…ƒ‡ ƒ ƒ•• ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ Š‹• …ƒ’ƒ‹‰ ‰ƒ‹‹‰ ‹–• ƒ‡
ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡…‘’‘—†™‘”†ǡDz‘‡ǯ•‘™…‘—–”›dzȋǡ

Ǥ Ǥ ͳͻ͹͸Ȍǡ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† ‘‡–— ™‹–Š ƒ’”‘–‡•– ”‹•‹‰ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ ͳͻͲͷ

•’Ž‹–‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽ–‘‘‡‹†—ƒ†‘‡—•Ž‹ƒŒ‘”‹–›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—Ǧ
–”›ǡ Western ƒ† Eastern Bengalǡ ’”‘–‡•–‹‰ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ British India
’‘Ž‹…›™Š‹…Š‹–‡†‡†–‘†‹˜‹†‡–Š‡—‹ˆ‘”Ž›‹–‡”’”‡–‡†‘”‹ƒ‰‹‡†
†‹ƒƒ–‹‘ȋǡǤǤet al.ͳͻͺͳȌǤ
–•„ƒ•‹…ƒ‹‹•–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡”ƒǦ
–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‹‰ ‹†—•–”›ǡ „‡•‹†‡• ™Š‹…Šǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ’ƒ–”‘‹•‡†
–Š‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ…”ƒˆ–•ƒ•Š‹’’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ
ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ Š‡ •—……‡••‘ˆ –Š‡‘˜‡‡– Šƒ˜‹‰ •–”‘‰ ƒ••‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡›…‘‡…–‡†–Š‹•™‹–Š–Š‡„‘›…‘––‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š
’”‘†—…–•ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‹–• ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ˆ‡Ž– ‹ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡
…‘Ž‘› ‹ ƒ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ‹’‘”– †‡…”‡ƒ•‡† „› ͳͻͲ͸ ™‹–Š ͳͷǦͷͲΨ
ȋ
ǡ Ǥ ͳͻ͹ͻȌǤŠ‡•™ƒ†‡•Š‹ƒ†–Š‡„‘›…‘––ƒ…–—ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ‹Ǧ
•’‹”‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ ‡˜‡”› Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘…‹‡–› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”ƒŠ‹• –‘ –Š‡
Š‘‡ •‡”˜ƒ–• ƒ†–Š‡ ‘‡• „—›‹‰ ”‹–‹•Š’”‘†—…–•™‡”‡ †‡•…‡†‡†


ͶͶͻ
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

—’‘™‹–Š‘•–”ƒ…‹•ƒ†˜‡”›‘ˆ–‡™‹–Š„‘Ž–‹‰‘—–ˆ”‘–Š‡…ƒ•–ƒ•
™‡ŽŽǤ
Š‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‹•‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•Sri Aurobindoǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›
…ƒŽŽ‡†Aurobindo Ghoseȋͳͺ͹ʹȂͳͻͷͲȌǡ’‘‡–ǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ƒ†‘—–•–ƒ†Ǧ
‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‹„‡”–›…‘…‡’–ǡ™Š‘’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡
Bande Mataram‹—‡”‘—•‹•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•ƒ†•–—†‹‡•Š‹•‹†‡ƒ•
‘ –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ •™ƒ†‡•Š‹ ƒ† ’ƒ••‹˜‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ ƒ† ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ƒ”Ǧ
”‡•–‡†„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹ͳͻͲ͹ȋǡ ǤǤʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ
–Š‡†‘‡•–‹…‹†—•–”›ǡ–Š‡’”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘†—…–•ƒ—Ǧ
ˆƒ…–—”‡†ƒ––Š‡•—„…‘–‹‡–ƒ†–Š‡”‡Œ‡…–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰’”‘†—…–•”‡Ǧ
…‡‹˜‡†ƒˆ‘”ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ•‹…‡„›–Š‡†‡…‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰”‡••ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŽŽ†‹ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
„ƒ•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ—–‘‘›”‹‰Š–•ǡ†‡…Žƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•–‘‘†
—’ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ‹•ȋǡǤͳͻͳͷȌǤ
‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ™‡…ƒ‘–‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡•™ƒ†‡•Š‹ƒ†–Š‡Dz„—›†‹ƒdz
‘˜‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‹ –‘ …”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ƒ—–ƒ”…Š›Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡…‘‘‹… •–”—…Ǧ
–—”‡ȋǡ ǤǤʹͲͳ͵ȌǢŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‹”‡Ž‡‡–••–‹ŽŽ•—”˜‹˜‡†‹–Šƒ–
’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ†Š‹ƒ …‘•–”—…–‹˜‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡
’Š›•‹…ƒŽƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‡…–—ƒŽ’‘˜‡”–›‘ˆ–Š‡”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ™Š‹…Šǡ„—‹Ž–‘–Š‡
’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹…‹‡…›ǡƒ‹‡†–‘’”‘†—…‡Š‘‡ƒ†‡–Š‡khadiǡ
–Š‡…‘––‘…Ž‘–Š•‡”˜‹‰–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡…Ž‘–Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡”•ǡƒ†‡
ˆ”‘†‘‡•–‹…•Ž‹˜‡”‘…Šƒ”Šƒˆ”‘„”ƒ‹†‡†•–”ƒ†‘ƒ—ƒŽ™‡ƒ˜Ǧ
‹‰Ž‘‘ˆ‘”‘™—•‡ȋ
ǡǤǤͳͻͶͳǡǡǤͳͻͺͶȌǤ
Ž–Š‘—‰Šǡ ƒ– –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ –Š‡ Šƒ†‹ ‘˜‡‡– Šƒ† –‘ ˆƒ…‡ ™‹–Š
—‡”‘—•’”‘„Ž‡•ǡ•‘‹–Šƒ†–‘–ƒ…Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡Žƒ…‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ
‹•–”—‡–• ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ …‘’‡–‡…‡ǡ ƒ„‘—– ™Š‹…Š
ƒ†Š‹ǡ ™Š‘
’Žƒ›‡†ƒƒ…–‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡™‘”‘ˆƒ—ƒŽ•’‹‹‰ƒ†™‡ƒ˜‹‰Š‹Ǧ
•‡Žˆ(Figure 4)ǡ‰‹˜‡•ƒ•‡•‹–‹˜‡”‡’‘”–‹Š‹•‹‘‰”ƒ’Š›ȋ
ǡ ǤǤ
ͳͻͺʹȌǤ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘– ‡˜‡ ’”‘˜‡† ‹–• ˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ†
ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–…‘•…‹‘—•ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡…‘‘›ƒ†
–Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—ƒǦ•…ƒŽ‡† ‡…‘‘› „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ—–‘‘‘—• •ƒŽŽ
˜‡–—”‡• ȋǡ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͻ͹͵ȌǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‹– ƒŽ•‘ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ƒ Š‹‰ŠǦ
Ž‹‰Š–‡†”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”ƒ…“—‹”‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹…ƒŽƒ—–‘‘›ȋǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ


ͶͷͲ

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

ƒ†‹–••›„‘Ž‹…•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‹••Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡charkha™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘’—–‘
–Š‡ •‘ …ƒŽŽ‡† Dz™ƒ”ƒŒ Žƒ‰dz ’”‘‘—…‡† ‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ „› –Š‡ National Con-
gress‹ͳͻ͵ͳǤ



Figure 4 – Gandhi spinning on charkha (unknown location, late 1920s)
Source: ONEFINALBLOG ONLINE (2013)

Š‡•‡ƒ„‹–‹‘•‘ˆGandhiǡ™Š‘…ƒƒŽ•‘„‡”‡•’‡…–‡†ƒ•–Š‡Dzˆ‘”‡Ǧ
ˆƒ–Š‡”dz‘ˆ”—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽƒŽ‹˜‡ǡƒ††—‡–‘‘‡‘ˆŠ‹•…Ž‘•Ǧ
‡•– ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ ˆ‹‰Š–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒŽ‹ Rajendra Prasad ȋͳͺͺͶȂͳͻ͸͵Ȍ Šƒ˜‹‰
‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰ ‡”‹–• ‹ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ Šƒ†‹ ™‡ƒ˜‹‰ ƒ† ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ –Š‡
„‘‘•–‘ˆ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Šƒ†‹…”ƒˆ–ǡ„‡‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†—’–‹ŽŽ‘™–Š‡‘Ž›’”‡•Ǧ
‹†‡– –Š”‘—‰Š –™‘ ˜‘–‹‰ ’‡”‹‘†•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡– †‹ƒ ‘™ –Š‡›
…‘•–‹–—–‡ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ‡…‘‘‹…’‘Ž‹…›ȋǡǤʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡
Šƒ†‹ƒ†Village Industries Commission Actǡͳͻͷ͸‘•‡––‹‰—’ƒ‰‘˜Ǧ
‡”‡–ƒŽ „‘†›ǡ –Š‡ Khadi and Village Industries Commission ȋȌǡ
”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‹‰ƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ„‘—”ˆ‘””—”ƒŽ
‹†—•–”›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–…ƒ‡‹–‘‡ˆˆ‡…–†—”‹‰Š‹•’”‡•‹†‡…›ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ

Ͷͷͳ
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–•ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡‹•†‹˜‹†‡†–‘–™‘•—„’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ǥ
‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Khadi Programme –Š‡› ’”‘†—…‡ ‡š…Ž—Ǧ
•‹˜‡Ž› –‡š–‹Ž‡ ’”‘†—…–• ȋ™‘‘Žǡ …‘––‘ǡ •‹Ž ƒ† —•Ž‹ †”ƒ’‡Ȍǡ „—– –Š‡
Village Industries Programmeǡ„‡‹‰—…Š‘”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ––ƒ‹‰‹–‘
…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹–• ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ† –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ƒ•
™‡ŽŽǡ …‘˜‡”• ƒ ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ȋ‹‡”ƒŽ „ƒ•‡† ‹Ǧ
†—•–”›ǡ ˆ‘”‡•– „ƒ•‡† ‹†—•–”›ǡ ƒ‰”‘ „ƒ•‡† Ƭ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ‹†—•–”›ǡ
’‘Ž›‡”Ƭ…Š‡‹…ƒŽ„ƒ•‡†‹†—•–”›ǡ”—”ƒŽ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰Ƭ„‹‘–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›
‹†—•–”›ǡ Šƒ†ƒ†‡ ’ƒ’‡” Ƭ ˆ‹„”‡ ‹†—•–”› ƒ† •‡”˜‹…‡ ‹†—•–”›ȌǤ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ •–”‡•• –Šƒ– –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ ‡–‡”’”‹•‡• „‡Ǧ
Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ –Š‡  •‡…–‘” …ƒ‘– †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ’”‘†—…‹‰ǡ ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ ‘”
•‡ŽŽ‹‰ •—…Š ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‹…ƒŽŽ› ‘’’‘•‹–‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ†
‡˜‹”‘‡–…‘•…‹‘—•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†–Š‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
ƒ†Š‹Ǥ
Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡–Š‡‡ƒ–‹†—•–”›’”‘†—…–•ǡ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Š‡ƒŽ–Š
‹Œ—”‹‘—• ‡š…‹•‡ ‰‘‘†• ȋƒŽ…‘Š‘Ž‹… „‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ǡ –‘„ƒ……‘ǡ •–‹—Žƒ–•Ȍ ƒ†
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†‡‘ˆ‘–‘”Šƒ”†Ž›”‡—•ƒ„Ž‡’Žƒ•–‹…•Ǥ
Š‡ Central Government ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ—ƒŽŽ› ‰”‘™‹‰ ˆ—†• ˆ‘” –Š‡
 •’Š‡”‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ †‡–ƒ…Š‡† ‘‡–ƒ”› •‘—”…‡ •‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•ŠǦ
‡–‘ˆ‡™„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ†‘†‡”‹•‡–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰‘‡•
‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘Ǧ”‡ˆ—†ƒ„Ž‡•—„•‹†›ƒ†…”‡†‹–•Ǣ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ––Š‡–—”‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‹ŽŽ‡‹— ‹– ™ƒ• Ͷ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ”—’‡‡• ȋƒ„‘—– ͉ͶͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȍǡ ‹ –Š‡
ʹͲͳͳȂʹͲͳʹ „—•‹‡•• ›‡ƒ” ‹– ”‡ƒ…Š‡† ͳ͹ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ȋ 
ǡʹͲͲ͵ȂʹͲͳ͵ȌǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡”—”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ”‡‹†‹…ƒ–Ǧ
‡† „› –Š‡ …‘–‹—‘—•ǡ ƒ—ƒŽ ͸Ȃ͸ǤͷΨ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡…–‘”ǯ• ‹…‘‡
ˆ”‘’”‘†—…–ƒ†•‡”˜‹…‡•†‹•’‘•ƒŽƒ†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•Ǥ
†–Š‹•”‡•—Ž–•ŠƒŽŽ‘–„‡†‹•’”ƒ‹•‡†‡˜‡‹ˆ™‡ƒ”‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ…–
–Šƒ–ǡ–ƒ‹‰‹–‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡…‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ƒ‡…‘‘›ǡ–Š‡”‡ŽƒǦ
–‹˜‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡…–‘”…ƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽŽ› „‡ ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ǡ •‹…‡
‹–•Žƒ„‘—”ˆ‘”…‡•Šƒ”‡‹•‘Ž›ʹǤͷΨȋǡʹͲͳͳƒȌǤ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ…‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ––‡”›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡–™‘•—„’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ǯ…‘”Ǧ
”‡Žƒ–‡† ’”‘†—…– –—”‘˜‡” ƒ† ‡’Ž‘›‡– †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—•‹‡••‡• ‹•
ƒŽ•‘™‘”–ŠƒƒŽ›•‹‰Ǥ ”‘–Š‡•‡™‡…ƒ…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›•‡‡ǡƒ•™‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘
‹–‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—•‹‡••‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”
‘ˆ–Š‡Khadi Programme‹•ƒ”‰‹ƒŽƒ–„‘–Š…ƒ•‡•(Table 11–12)ƒ†ƒ•


Ͷͷʹ

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

ƒ …‘•‡“—‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘™ ™‘”Ž† ƒ”‡– ’”‹…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡ ’”‘†—…–•
–Š‡‹”•ƒŽ‡•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ǡ•‘–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•ƒŽ‡•’‡”‘‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡ǡ
‹•—…Š•ƒŽŽ‡”–Šƒ…‘…‡”‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡„—•‹‡••‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†—•–”‹‡•”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ

Table 11 – Relative importance of KVI subgroups by sales of products
Source: ANNUAL REPORTS ONLINE 2003–2013

‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ•—„Ǧ
ƒŽ‡•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•ȋ„‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȍ
‰”‘—’•„›•ƒŽ‡•‘ˆ’”‘†—…–•ȋΨȌ
—•‹‡••›‡ƒ”•
‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
Šƒ†‹ Šƒ†‹
†—•–”‹‡• †—•–”‹‡•
ʹͲͲ͸ȂʹͲͲ͹ ͸Ǥ͸ ͳͺͺǤͻ ͵ǤͶ ͻ͸Ǥ͸
ʹͲͲ͹ȂʹͲͲͺ ͹Ǥʹ ʹͲͺǤʹ ͵Ǥ͵ ͻ͸Ǥ͹
ʹͲͲͺȂʹͲͲͻ ͺǤͲ ʹͳͻǤͷ ͵Ǥͷ ͻ͸Ǥͷ
ʹͲͲͻȂʹͲͳͲ ͺǤ͹ ʹ͵ʹǤͷ ͵Ǥ͸ ͻ͸ǤͶ
ʹͲͳͲȂʹͲͳͳ ͻǤʹ ʹͶͺǤ͹ ͵Ǥ͸ ͻ͸ǤͶ
ʹͲͳͳȂʹͲͳʹ ͻǤ͹ ʹͷͺǤ͵ ͵Ǥ͸ ͻ͸ǤͶ

Table 12 – Relative importance of KVI subgroups by number of employees

Source: ANNUAL REPORTS ONLINE 2003–2013

‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ•—„Ǧ
—„‡”‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ȋ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȍ ‰”‘—’•„›—„‡”‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•
—•‹‡••›‡ƒ”• ȋΨȌ
‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
Šƒ†‹ Šƒ†‹
†—•–”‹‡• †—•–”‹‡•
ʹͲͲ͸ȂʹͲͲ͹ ͲǤͻ ͺǤͲ ͳͲǤͳ ͺͻǤͻ
ʹͲͲ͹ȂʹͲͲͺ ͲǤͻ ͻǤͲ ͻǤͳ ͻͲǤͻ
ʹͲͲͺȂʹͲͲͻ ͲǤͻ ͻǤͷ ͺǤ͹ ͻͳǤ͵
ʹͲͲͻȂʹͲͳͲ ͳǤͲ ͻǤͻ ͻǤʹ ͻͲǤͺ
ʹͲͳͲȂʹͲͳͳ ͳǤͲ ͳͲǤͶ ͺǤͺ ͻͳǤʹ
ʹͲͳͳȂʹͲͳʹ ͳǤͲ ͳͲǤͻ ͺǤͶ ͻͳǤ͸

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •‹…‡ ‹ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ Žƒ––‡” ‘‡• –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
•ƒŽ‡•ƒ†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‹…”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡”ƒ–‡ǡ•‘
–Š‡‹”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‹••–ƒ‰ƒ–‹‰ǡ„—–‹–Š‡•…‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‘‡•–Š‡
ƒ—ƒŽŽ› ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡ —„‡” ™‹–Š ‘Ž› ƒ ˆ‡™ –‡• ‘ˆ –Š‘—Ǧ
•ƒ†•‰‘Šƒ†‹Šƒ†™‹–Šƒ•‡•‹„Ž‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–—”‘˜‡”‹…”‡ƒ•‡ǡ•‘

Ͷͷ͵
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

–Š‡‹” •ƒŽ‡• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ ƒ ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ –‡†‡…› (Ta-
ble 13)Ǥ

Table 13 – Performance in sales by KVI subgroups

Source: ANNUAL REPORTS ONLINE 2003–2013

 ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•‘Ž†’”‘†—…–•’‡”‡’Ž‘›‡‡ȋȌ
Šƒ†‹ ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†—•–”‹‡•
ʹͲͲ͸ȂʹͲͲ͹ ͹ǡ͵ͲͲ ʹ͵ǡ͸ͲͲ
ʹͲͲ͹ȂʹͲͲͺ ͺǡͲͲͲ ʹ͵ǡͳͲͲ
ʹͲͲͺȂʹͲͲͻ ͺǡͻͲͲ ʹ͵ǡͳͲͲ
ʹͲͲͻȂʹͲͳͲ ͺǡ͹ͲͲ ʹ͵ǡͷͲͲ
ʹͲͳͲȂʹͲͳͳ ͻǡʹͲͲ ʹ͵ǡͻͲͲ
ʹͲͳͳȂʹͲͳʹ ͻǡ͹ͲͲ ʹ͵ǡ͹ͲͲ

ƒ‹‰‹–‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡…‡‹˜‹‰ƒŽ‹ˆ‡
“—ƒŽ‹–›‹’”‘˜‡‡–ƒ––Š‡”—”ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‘™•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•™‡
ȋŽƒ‰‰‹‰ƒ›‡™‡”†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ȌŠƒ˜‡–‘”‡Ž›‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆƒ‰‘˜‡”Ǧ
‡–ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ–Š‡Planning Committeeǯ••ƒ’Ž‡•—”˜‡›ˆ‘”–Š‡ͺ–Š
ͷ ›‡ƒ” ’Žƒ ȋͳͻͻʹȂͳͻͻ͹Ȍ ȋ
  ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǤ Š‡
•—”˜‡›ǡ™Š‹…Š•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‘ˆ͹͵ͲŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•‹
ͳͺ†‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡•ǯͳ͹͸—‹–•ǡŠƒ•„‡‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡
‘˜‡”‡–
„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‘—„–• –Šƒ–™‡”‡ ”ƒ‹•‡† ‹ …‘‡…–‹‘™‹–Š –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽǦ
‡…‘‘‹…‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••ƒ†”ƒ‹•‘†ǯ±–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‡ˆƒ…–•”‡Žƒ–‡†
–‘–Š‡ƒ––‡†ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‰‰‹‰•‘…‹ƒŽ‰”‘—’•‹–Š‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‹ˆ‡
“—ƒŽ‹–›‹’”‘˜‡‡–…ƒ„‡•—ƒ”‹•‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•Ǥ
ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™͹ͶΨ‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•„‡Ž‘‰–‘ƒ†‹•Ǧ
ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—• ’‘•‹–‹‘‡† …‘—‹–›ǡ–”‹„‡ ‘” …ƒ•– ‘”‘–Š‡” „ƒ…™ƒ”†
…Žƒ••‡•Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡‹””ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ…‘–‹Ǧ
—‘—•Ž›†‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰–‡†‡…›ǡ‹•ƒ”‘—†͸ͷΨ–‘†ƒ›™‡…ƒ•ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡‹”
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‹•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–‘–Š‡‹”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Šƒ”‡‘”
‡˜‡ •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ‘˜‡””‡’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥ ͵ͶΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ™‡”‡ ‹ŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–‡
ƒ†ƒˆ—”–Š‡”ʹ͹ǤͷΨŠƒ†‘Ž›‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘”‡–Šƒ
ͻͲΨ™ƒ•Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†™‘”‹‰ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡†‹•–”‹…–Ǥ—–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡
…ƒ—‹˜‘…ƒŽŽ›•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘‡•–ƒ‹‰’ƒ”–‹–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡‘•–Ž›


ͶͷͶ

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘–Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†•‘…‹ƒŽ…Žƒ••‡•™‹–ŠŽ‘™Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‹…‘‡
„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘–Š‡Ž‘…ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡† Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ǯ ‹…‘‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•
…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ•ͷʹǤ͹ΨǤ–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ȀȀ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘–Š‹•˜ƒŽ—‡™ƒ••Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Š‹‰Š‡”ȋͷͷǤͷΨ‘’’‘Ǧ
•‹–‡–‘–Š‡Ͷ͸Ǥ͸Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”•Ȍ•‘…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‹‰–Š‡›”‡Ž‹‡†
‘”‡‘–Š‡Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡
–Š‡ –™‘ ‰”‘—’•ǯ –‘–ƒŽ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹…‘‡ ‹– ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡  ‹Ǧ
…‘‡ ’‡” ’‡”•‘ ƒ– –Š‡ „ƒ…™ƒ”† ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ™ƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž› ʹͲΨ Š‹‰Š‡”Ǥ
‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡•• –Š‡•‡ ™ƒ‰‡• ™‡”‡ ‘– …‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ Š‹‰Š ‡˜‡ …‘Ǧ
’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ™ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ‹–‹•ƒ›™ƒ›ƒ…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ…–
Š‘™‰”‡ƒ–”‘Ž‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‹‘†‡”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡†‡’”‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†
ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•Ǥ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—”˜‡› …‘ˆ‹” –Šƒ– Žƒ‰‰‹‰ –Š‡ ‹Ǧ
…‘‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› –Š‡  ƒ „‹– ‘”‡ –Šƒ ʹȀ͵ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ™‘—Ž†
ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡ƒŽ‹ˆ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›™Š‹…Š‹•—†‡”–Š‡’‘˜‡”–›Ž‹‡Ǥ
‡ƒŽ‹•‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡–‹‘‡†ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘„˜‹‘—• –Šƒ–ǡ ‡˜‡ ƒ– ’”‡•‡–ǡ
™‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–Œ—†‰‡–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–Š‹•”—”ƒŽ‡–‡”’”‹•‡†‡˜‡ŽǦ
‘’‡– ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡ ‡…‘‘‹… ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ
ƒ–Š‡”‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ…Ž‘•‹‰—’†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡„ƒ•‹…‘‡Ǧ
–— ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ƒ‹Ž› ‹ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ†‹ •—„’”‘Ǧ
‰”ƒ‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‘•‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ™Š‹…Š …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡
™ƒ”‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡…‡ǡƒ–‹‘„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡–ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ–Š‡
—‹ˆ‹‡† †‹ƒ ƒ–‹‘ …‘…‡’– ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ ’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ —–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ’”‡•‡– ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ
…‘—‹–› ‡„‡”•Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• Žƒ––‡” –Š‡ …‘—’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ›‡ƒ”• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”
Žƒ—…Š‡†‡™’”‘†—…–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‡š…‡ŽŽ‡–‡šƒ’Ž‡‹
‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡ –Š‡ •’”‡ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– …‘•…‹‘—• ƒ† •—•Ǧ
–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡…‘‘›ǡ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ•’‹‹‰™Š‡‡Žǡ–Š‡•‘…ƒŽŽ‡†‡Ǧ…Šƒ”Šƒ
(Figure 5) ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ –‘ ’”‘†—…‡ ‡Ž‡…–”‹…‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ƒǦ
…Š‹‡”›ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”„›ƒ†ƒ•ƒŽŽ„—•‹‡••‹ƒ‰ƒŽ‘”‡
’”‘†—…‹‰ ‡‡”‰› •ƒ˜‹‰ ‡“—‹’‡–•ǡ „‡•‹†‡• –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š”‘™
ʹͶͲͲ•–”ƒ†‹–™‘Š‘—”•™‘”‹‰–‹‡ǡ†—”‹‰–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‹–Š
–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‡†…‘’‘‡–•ƒ†…‘‡…–‡†‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”ǡ•—…Š
ƒƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡Ž‡…–”‹…‹–›…ƒ„‡’”‘†—…‡†™Š‹…Š‹••—ˆˆ‹…‹‡––‘”—–Š‡


Ͷͷͷ
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

ͳ™ƒ––ƒ……‡••‘”›Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†ƒ•ƒŽŽ–”ƒ•‹•–‘””ƒ†‹‘ˆ‘”•‡˜‡ƒ†ƒ
ŠƒŽˆŠ‘—”•ȋǡǤƒǤȌǤ



Figure 5 – Conventional and modified e-charkha
Source: FLEXITRON ONLINE (n.a.)

5. Summary
 –Š‡ ‘˜‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‡† Indiaǡ ˆƒ…‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… ’”‡••—”‡ǡ
™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ƒ† •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘……ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› –ƒ‡ ‡š–”‡‡
‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ —’ –Š‡ ”—”ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘• ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡
…Šƒ…‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡† •‘…‹ƒŽ ‰”‘—’•ǡ ‹–
™‘—Ž†„‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ‹‹‰–‘†‡Ǧ
˜‡Ž‘’ •ƒŽŽ „—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Šǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– ”‡‹••—‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡…–‘”ƒ†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ǡ‹–Š‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡
–‘–ƒŽ†‹ƒ‡…‘‘›ǡ‹•”ƒ–Š‡”…‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†ǡ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹–‹…”‡ƒ•Ǧ
‡•ƒ—ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡…‘…Ž—•‹‘•‘ˆ‘—””‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ–Š‡…‘—–”›Ǧ
•‹†‡ǡ–Š‡™‘‡ǡ–Š‡‘•–†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡†’‘•‹–‹‘‡†…ƒ•–‡•ǡ–Š‡‡Ǧ

Ͷͷ͸

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„ƒŽ…‘—‹–›ƒ†–Š‡—•Ž‹•ƒŽ•‘„‡‹‰‹ƒ†‹•ƒ†˜ƒǦ
–ƒ‰‡† ’‘•‹–‹‘ …‘…‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽǦ‡…‘‘‹… ‹†‹…ƒ–‘”•ǡ ƒ”‡ ™‡ŽŽ
’‡”…‡’–‹˜‡Ž› —†‡” ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „‘–Š ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘™‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡Ǧ
’Ž‘›‡‡•Ǥ
……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹–• ƒ……‡–—ƒ–‡† ‘……—’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ”—”ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ‹
–Š‹•”‡•’‡…–ǡ‹–…ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒ—…ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‹–Š‡Ž‘‰
”—ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡…ƒ†‡•Ž‘‰Šƒ†‹ƒ†‹ŽŽƒ‰‡†—•–”‹‡•”‘‰”ƒǡ™Š‹…Š
ƒŽ•‘Š‘Ž†•ƒ„”‹‡ˆ–‘–Š‡ƒ––‡†ƒ…‡ƒ†•’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ†Š‹ƒ•’‹”‹–
ˆ‘”…‘•–”—…–‹˜‡ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–…‘•…‹‘—••‘…‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„›–Š‡
’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‡”Ǧ
ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ƒ† Žƒ„‘—” ƒ”‡– ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ†‹ „”ƒ…Šǡ …ƒ””›‹‰
‘—– –Š‡ ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡•ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ –Š‡ ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‹ƒ …‘•–—‡•ǡ ‹• ”ƒ–Š‡” ‘‹ƒŽ …‘’ƒ”‡† ‡˜‡ –‘ –Š‡
…‘’Ž‡–‡•‡…–‘”ǡ‹–•…ƒ–ƒŽ›•‹‰”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡
‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘’”‘’–‹–—†‡‹–Š‡”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡”—”ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ƒ•…ƒ„‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡˜‡ƒ–’”‡•‡–Ǥ

References
ǡǤǤȂ
Ǧǡ
ǤǤȂ ǡ
Ǥ
ǤȋͳͻͺͳȌǤIndia történeteǤ
Ȃ‘••—–ŠȂ
‘†‘Žƒ–ǡ—†ƒ’‡•–ǡ͸ͳ͵’Ǥ

ǡǤȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤTársadalom és politika a gyarmati Indiában (1905–1947).Ȃ
‘••—–Šǡ—†ƒ’‡•–ǡʹͻ͵’Ǥ
ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤAurobindo, SriǤǣǡǤȋ‡†ǤȌEncyclopedia of India.Ȃ
Š‘•‘
ƒŽ‡ǡ‡–”‘‹–‡–…Ǥǡ‘ŽǤͳǡ’’Ǥ͹ͷȂ͹͹Ǥ

ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤAn Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with

TruthǤȂ‡‰—‹‘‘•ǡƒ”‘†•™‘”–ŠǡͶͷͶ’Ǥ
ǡ
ǤǤȋͳͻ͹͸ȌǤHistorical and Cultural Dictionary of IndiaǤȂŠ‡…ƒ”‡Ǧ
…”‘™”‡••ǡ‡–—…Š‡ǡ͵Ͳ͹’Ǥ
ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤPrasad, RajendraǤǣǡǤȋ‡†ǤȌ…›…Ž‘’‡†‹ƒ‘ˆ†‹ƒǤ
ȂŠ‘•‘
ƒŽ‡ǡ‡–”‘‹–‡–…Ǥǡ‘ŽǤ͵ǡ’’Ǥ͵ʹͺȂ͵͵ͳǤ
ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ"A Symbol of Freedom": The Indian Flag and the Transformations
of Nationalism, 1906–2002ǤȂ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ•‹ƒ–—†‹‡•ǡ‘ŽǤ͸ͷǡ‘Ǥ͵ǡ’’Ǥ
ͶͻͷȂͷʹ͹Ǥ
ǡǤ Ǥȋͳͻ͹͵ȌǤSmall is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People
MatteredǤȂŽ‘†Ƭ”‹‰‰•ǡ‘†‘ǡʹͺͺ’Ǥ

Ͷͷ͹
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤAlternative Economics: Economics of Mahatma Gandhi &
GlobalisationǤȂ‡‡’Ƭ‡‡’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡™‡ŽŠ‹ǡͳͻ͸’Ǥ
ǡǤȂǡ ǤȂǤǡǤȂ
ǦǡǤȂǡ
ǤȂ2ǡǤȂ
ǡ
ǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤTerületi különbségek vizsgálata Indiában / The Survey of
Spatial Disparities in IndiaǤȂ ڎ†”ƒŒœ‹ڜŽ‡±›‡Ȁ
‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‡˜‹‡™ǡ
˜‘ŽǤͳ͵Ͷǡ‘Ǥ͵ǡ’’ǤʹͻͻȂ͵ͳʹǤ
ǡǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤThe Survey of Spatial Disparity in India with the Application
of the SENTIENT Index –—‰ƒ”‹ƒ
‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ—ŽŽ‡–‹Ȁ ڎ†”ƒŒœ‹
2”–‡•À–Ýǡ‘ŽǤ͸Ͳǡ‘Ǥͳǡ’’ǤͶͷȂ͸ͷǤ
ǡǤȂǡ ǤȂǡǤȂ
ǡǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤThe Survey of Spatial Dispari-
ty in India with the Application of the SENTIENT Index with Special Focus on
Religious Composition.Ȃ—ƒ‘˜ƒ–‹‘‡˜‹‡™Ȁ—ž‘˜ž…‹×•
œ‡Ž‡ǡ‘ŽǤʹǡ‘Ǥͳǡ’’Ǥͷ͸Ȃ͹͸Ǥ

Electronic sources
ȋʹͲͲ͵ȂʹͲͳ͵ȌǤAnnual Reports of MSMEsǤȂ‹‹•–”›‘ˆ
‹…”‘ǡƒŽŽƒ†‡†‹—–‡”’”‹•‡•ȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
δŠ––’ǣȀȀ•‡Ǥ‰‘˜Ǥ‹Ȁ•‡̴ƒ”•ǤŠ–εȏ……‡••‡†ǣʹ͸’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ǡǤȋͳͻͳͷȌǤHow India Wrought for Freedom: The Story of the National
Congress Told from Official Recordsȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤŠ‡‘•‘’Š‹…ƒŽ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰
‘—•‡ǡ†›ƒ”‡–…Ǥǡ͹Ͳͻ’Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
δŠ––’•ǣȀȀƒ”…Š‹˜‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ȀŠ‘™‹†‹ƒ™”‘—‰Š–ˆͲͲ„‡•ƒεȏ……‡••‡†ǣͳͺ
’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤTabulations Plan of Census Year 2001ȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ‡•—•
‹‰‹–ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ…‡•—•‹†‹ƒǤ‰‘˜Ǥ‹Ȁ‹‰‹–ƒŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ȁƒ„Ž‡•‡”‹‡•ʹͲͲͳǤƒ•’šε
 ȏ……‡••‡†ǣʹͲ ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ȋʹͲͳͳƒȌǤPopulation Enumeration Data (Final Population)ǤȂ
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘‡ˆˆƒ‹”•ǡˆˆ‹…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹•–”ƒ”
‡‡”ƒŽƬ‡•—•‘‹•Ǧ
•‹‘‡”ǡ†‹ƒȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ…‡•—•‹†‹ƒǤ‰‘˜Ǥ‹ȀʹͲͳͳ…‡•—•Ȁ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘̴‡—‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ•
’šεȏ……‡••‡†ǣʹͲ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ 
ȋʹͲͳͳ„ȌǤProvisional Population Totals Paper 2 of 2011: India (Vol
II)ȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ(pdf)‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘‡ˆˆƒ‹”•ǡˆˆ‹…‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹•–”ƒ”
‡‡”ƒŽƬ
‡•—•‘‹••‹‘‡”ǡ†‹ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
 δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ…‡•—•‹†‹ƒǤ‰‘˜Ǥ‹ȀʹͲͳͳǦ’”‘˜Ǧ”‡•—Ž–•Ȁ’ƒ’‡”ʹǦ
˜‘ŽʹȀ†ƒ–ƒ̴ˆ‹Ž‡•Ȁ†‹ƒʹȀƒ„Ž‡̴ʹ̴̴‹–‹‡•̴ͳƒŠ̴ƒ†̴„‘˜‡Ǥ’†ˆε
 ȏ……‡••‡†ǣʹͳ ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ

Ͷͷͺ

‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽ‘…ƒŽ‹–›–—†‹‡•ʹͲͳͶ‘Ž—‡ʹǡ—„‡”ͳ

ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤIndiaǤȂŠ‡‘”Ž† ƒ…–„‘‘ȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
 δŠ––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ…‹ƒǤ‰‘˜ȀŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ȁ’—„Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ȁ–Š‡Ǧ™‘”Ž†Ǧ
ˆƒ…–„‘‘Ȁ‰‡‘•Ȁ‹ǤŠ–Žεȏ……‡••‡†ǣͳͺ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ǡǤȋʹͲͳͶȌǤGlobalization & Its Impact in Small Scale Industriesȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ
(pdf)
Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ—Ž–‹†‹•…‹’Ž‹ƒ”›–—†‹‡•ǡ‘ŽǤʹǡ‘Ǥʹǡͻ’Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‰Œ•Ǥ…‘Ǥ‹Ȁ‹†‡šǤ’Š’Ȁ‰Œ•Ȁƒ”–‹…Ž‡Ȁ†‘™Ž‘ƒ†Ȁ͵ͷȀ͸ͳε
ȏ……‡••‡†ǣͳͺ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ȋǤƒǤȌǤ-charkha: The Humble Gandhi Charkha is now e-
charkhaȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ”‹’‘†Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
δŠ––’ǣȀȀˆŽ‡š‹–”‘Ǥ–”‹’‘†Ǥ…‘Ȁ‡…Šƒ”ŠƒȀͲͳͲͳ͹Ǥ 
εȏ……‡••‡†ǣ͵Ͳ
’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ

ǡǤǤȋͳͻͶͳȌǤConstructive Programme: Its Meaning and Placeȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ

ƒ˜ƒŒ‹˜ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘—•‡ǡŠ‡†ƒ„ƒ†ǡ͵ͳ’Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
 δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‰ƒ†Š‹Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ…•–”…–Ȁ…•–”…–ǤŠ–εȏ……‡••‡†ǣͳͺ’”‹Ž
ʹͲͳͶȐ

ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡‹…”‘ǡƒŽŽƒ†‡†‹—–‡”’”‹•‡•‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ
‡–…–ǡʹͲͲ͸ȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ(pdf) Š‡
ƒœ‡––‡‘ˆ†‹ƒǡͳͳ’Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
 δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡‰ƒœ‡––‡Ǥ‹…Ǥ‹Ȁ™”‹–‡”‡ƒ††ƒ–ƒȀʹͲͲ͸Ȁ̴͵ͳ̴ʹͲͳͳ̴Ͳ͸ͷǤ’†ˆε
ȏ……‡••‡†ǣʹʹ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ

ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤThe Flag of IndiaǤȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ‹ƒǣ
–ǯ•ƒŽŽ„‘—–‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǨǨ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
 δŠ––’ǣȀȀ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ‹ƒƒǤ„Ž‘‰•’‘–ǤŠ—ȀʹͲͳ͵ȀͲͺȀ–Š‡ǦˆŽƒ‰Ǧ‘ˆǦ‹†‹ƒǤŠ–Žε
ȏ……‡••‡†ǣ͵Ͳ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ǡǤȋͳͻͺͶȌǤAz önellátás filozófiájaǤǣ ǤȂ
Ǥȋ‡†•ǤȌ
Y‘Ž×‰‹ƒ‹ƒ’…•‘Žƒ–‘ȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ±’ö˜‡Ž±•‹–±œ‡–ǡ—†ƒ’‡•–Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
ƒ–ǣδŠ––’ǣȀȀ‡Ǥ‘•œǤŠ—ȀͲʹʹͲͲȀͲʹʹ͹ͺȀŠ–ŽȀͳʹǤŠ–εȏ……‡••‡†ǣͳͺ’”‹Ž
ʹͲͳͶȐ
ȋǤƒǤȌǤKhadi: Release of e-Charkhaȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ(pdf)Šƒ†‹Ƭ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
†—•–”‹‡•‘‹••‹‘ǡ‹‹•–”›‘ˆǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
 δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ˜‹…Ǥ‘”‰Ǥ‹Ȁ Ȁ‡̴…Šƒ”ŠƒǤ’†ˆεȏ……‡••‡†ǣʹ͹’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ǡǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤSmall Scale Industries: Striving and Thriving in the Era of
Globalizationȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ(pdf)–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ–‡”’”‹•‡‘’—–‹‰
ƒ†—•‹‡••›•–‡•ǡ‘ŽǤʹǡ‘Ǥʹǡͳ͹’Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
δŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹Œ‡…„•Ǥ…‘Ȁ —Ž›ʹͲͳʹȀͷǤ’†ˆεȏ……‡••‡†ǣͳͺ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤReport on Third Annual Employment and Unemployment
Survey (2012- 2013) Volume 1ȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ(pdf)‹‹•–”›‘ˆƒ„‘—”ƬǦ
’Ž‘›‡–ǡƒ„‘—”—”‡ƒ—ǡŠƒ†‹‰ƒ”ŠǡʹͶͻ’Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
δŠ––’ǣȀȀŽƒ„‘—”„—”‡ƒ—Ǥ‹…Ǥ‹Ȁ̴ʹͲͳʹ̴ͳ͵̴‘Ž̴ͳǤ’†ˆε

Ͷͷͻ
 ƒ–ƒŽ‹‹••Ȃž†‘”ƒ‰›‹

 ȏ……‡••‡†ǣͳͻ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤAnnual Report 2012–2013: Micro, Small & Medium Enter-
prisesȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ(pdf)‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‹…”‘ǡƒŽŽƒ†‡†‹—–‡”’”‹•‡•ǡ‡™
‡ŽŠ‹ǡ͵͸ͳ’Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
 δŠ––’ǣȀȀ•‡Ǥ‰‘˜Ǥ‹Ȁ”‹–‡‡ƒ†ƒ–ƒȀ‘…—‡– ‹Ž‡ȀǦ
ǦʹͲͳʹǦͳ͵Ǥ’†ˆεȏ……‡••‡†ǣʹʹ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤFourth All India Census of Micro, Small & Medium
Enterprises 2006–2007ȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ(pdf)‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘‹••‹‘‡”ǡ‹‹•–”›
‘ˆ‹…”‘ǡƒŽŽƬ‡†‹—–‡”’”‹•‡•ǡ‡™‡ŽŠ‹ǡ͵Ͳ͵’Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
δŠ––’ǣȀȀˆ‹•‡Ǥ‘”‰Ǥ‹Ȁ†‘…—‡–Ȁ ‹ƒŽ‡’‘”–ͲͳͲ͹ͳͳǤ’†ˆε
 ȏ……‡••‡†ǣʹʹ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ
 
ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤMandela. Yes. MLK. Yes. Gandhi. NoǤȂ‡ˆ‹ƒŽ„Ž‘‰ǣ
‘‡•–Ž›ǡ‹––‘—…Š‡•‡ǡƒ†•Šƒ”‡‹–™‹–Š›‘—ȏ‘Ž‹‡ȐǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–ǣ
 δŠ––’ǣȀȀ‘‡ˆ‹ƒŽ„Ž‘‰Ǥ™‘”†’”‡••Ǥ…‘ȀʹͲͳ͵ȀͲ͸ȀʹͶȀƒ†‡ŽƒǦ›‡•ǦŽǦ›‡•Ǧ
‰ƒ†Š‹Ǧ‘Ȁεȏ……‡••‡†ǣ͵Ͳ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͶȐ

ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤEvaluation Study on Khadi and Village
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’†ˆε ȏ……‡••‡†ǣͲ͸ —‡ʹͲͳͶȐ
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ΨʹͲ ‘•Š—ƒΨʹͲ’‹ƒǤ†‘…εȏ……‡••‡†ǣʹͲ —‡ʹͲͳͶȐ


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