ABSTRACT

In this experiment, two main substances, including CuSO4 .

5H2O (Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate) and NaOH (Sodium
Hydroxide), were used to synthesize Cu(OH)2 or Copper(II) hydroxide.
Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate is a blue granule which is soluble in
water. Meanwhile, sodium hydroxide is a white crystalline solid at
room temperature which is highly soluble in water and ethanol.
Additionally, it is a basic substance when dissolving in water, as it
contains hydroxide anions (OH-). Apart from that, the separation
technique of filtration is used to filter the solid products Cu(OH)2. We
observed and recorded down the colors of the filtrate and of the solid
products as well as their viscosity. Initially, we performed this
experiment by comparing two experimental groups in which the
concentrations of Sodium hydroxide are varied. A certain amount of
CuSO4 . 5H2O is mixed with different concentrations of NaOH.
Consequently, the solid products are separated by filtration, and they
are dried in the oven. After all, we weighted them in order to get the
actual yield in mass, and we also calculated the theoretical yield and
the percent yield, which resulted from the actual yield over
theoretical yield times one hundred. As a result, different colors of
solid products were obtained from the two experimental groups, one
in black and another in blue. For data analysis, the color of the filtrate
of the two solutions are different because unequal amount of Cu2+
ions in aqueous state, which is blue in color, passed through the filter
paper. In other words, it also depends on whether CuSO4 . 5H2O or
NaOH is the limiting reagent for each solution. Furthermore, the
additional concentration of sodium hydroxide which is highly basic
can affect the color of the solution to become darker when being
added. Lastly, the percent yield exceeds one hundred because of
human errors.

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CONCLUSION

In summary, the solid product precipitated from filtrating solution

A mixing with solution B is in light blue color and is 0.44g. On the other
hand, the color of the solid product from solution A mixing with solution
C is black with the mass of 0.59g. The color of the filtrate from filtration
of solution A mixing with solution B is light blue because the excess
reagent for this reaction is solution A (CuSO4 . 5H20) and the limiting
reagent is solution B (NaOH). On the other hand, the color of that of
solution A mixing with solution C is clear as its excess reagent is solution
C (NaOH) and its limiting reagent is solution A (CuSO4 . 5H20). In
addition, the percent yield of Cu(OH)2 form the reaction between
solution A and B as well as the reaction between A and C are
approximately 182 percent and 120 percent respectively. However, the
main reason that accounted for the percent yield exceeding 100 percent
are human errors in adding and measuring substances.

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