BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 uve 609.914 669.14.019.20 British Standard Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections Aciers de construction Partie 1. Code de bonne pratique pour la conception des ouvrages de construction simple continue : profilés laminés 4 chaud Stahlkonstruktion im Bauwesen Teil 1. Leitfaden fiir die Verwendung warmgewalzter Profilstahle in einfacher und Endlosbauweise = —s NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW ELA” LE” ———<Sonn Peorvary 1982 ‘Amp 6972 February 1992 AMD 6972 Amendment No. 1 published and effective from 28 February 1992 to BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections Revised text Contents In Ue ist of tables: (a) delete the title of table 4 and substitute ‘Maximum thickness for adequate notch thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress’ (6) delete the title of table 6 and substitute ‘Desian strenaths, 2,’ (c) in itorns (a) to (4) of tables 21 to 23, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” and ‘Grade 5O steel’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying Dy. Clause 1.2 Definitions [At the end of the definitions clause, insert the following new definitions. "1.2.46. design grade. Designation used to define specific performance requirements of the material for design purposes, in particular strength and toughness. 1.2.47 product grade. Designation used to define mechanical and chemical properties and manufacturing requirements of Ue material as specified in BS 5950 Part 2.” Clause 2.4.4.2 Maximum thicknoss Delete the second sentence, Table 4. Maximum thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table.‘Table 4, Maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness of parts subject to applied tensile stress {see notes 1 to 6) - Design exter NOTE 1..For setions with flngce tho thi orese ‘icknes:detined inte relevant Bit St = [NOTE 2, The relevant structural steel standard may require ket | kre | kot | R=? | Charpy vee to be agreed for enrtaln predict grades and alae thicken NOTE 9. Where no vue is shown, he maximum thickness 498 2 | 50 1s | 30 for adeauate notch toughness may be assumed tobe in excess 438 2s | 60 1 | 30 oF 100 agar) | 30 | 60 2 | 40 NOTE 4, Tha inclusion of a thickness limit inthe table does - nox necessarily imply th tet ofthat dickies ean be ae 60 sl" ‘ipplied va that design gad al prodet forms > = = NOTE 8. For desian arades 43817! and 508171. verifiction soo | - - = ‘of the impoct properties of qualty B by texting should be 43E = = - - ‘pecitied under option 7 ot 88 EN 10025 when these i ABE - - = - rae. [NOTE 6. Tha meximum thicknas van arm basil an a 508 20 | 40 12 | 26 tvninutn Chery welue of 27 J" a he following text 508 2 | 40 | 12 | 25 temperatures soat) | 25 | 50 16 | 32 Desian grades 43,50 and 55 0c 45 | 90 so | 60 ‘uatty “Test remperature 50D | 100 - | ~ °c sooo | - - 100 = a {00 ex) 8 +20 50E = = = - ie 5 sOcE | - - - - b 20 SOF - - - - bo a2 E =40 55¢ 3s | 70 2 | 60 Fe =0 F 0 ae = = = = Design grade WR 60 - Ousity “Tor omperature wasna | a5 | 90 so | 6 *c wreos | 45 | 90 30 | 60 A ° wrsoc | 6 | — 3 | 8 o * For Fe 510 DD, 8S EN 10025 pects 40 Jat ~20°C. which in ccepted on equvlont to 27 Jat 20°C. wo 6972 ‘epruary 1992 Clause 2.5.2 Durability In the last line, delete “to BS 4380". Clause 3.1.1 Strength of steel Delete paragraph 1 and substitute the following, “This standard covers the design of structures fabricated from weldable structural steels in designated design grades supplied to the appropriate product grade as given in BS 8950 : Part 2. Other steels, excludina rimming steels, ‘may also be used provided that due allowance be made for variations in propertis, including ductility and welda bility (see BS 5950 : Part 2)." In paragraph 2, line 4, delete ‘BS 4360 (or agroed with steeimaker’.’and substitute ‘the appropriate product standard (see BS 6950 : Part 2)."‘aMo 6972 Table 6, Design strengths, p, , for steel to BS 4360 Peoruery 1902 Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table. mano im, | Siemon =) a _ | | mm 43 | 16 | | 40 | ao | 0 }o | ie S| Se | 80 325 jm | ae 3 ‘Amo 6972 Clause 3.1.3 Stee! castings and forgings mene Delete the last sentence and substitute the following, ‘Design strangths correspanding to hot rolled steel ot design grade 43 may be adopted where no other information is available.” ‘Amp 6972 Clause 3.3.3 Effective area at connections eg InsTines 3 and 4, delete ‘where for steels complying with BS 4360:" and substitute ‘where! Insert ‘design’ before ‘grade’ in each of lines 5, 6 and 7. ‘ap 6972 Table 7. Limiting width to thickness ratios LAS ‘Against the entry for ‘Lege of single angle and double angle members with components in column 5, insert ‘and! between the two rows of formulae, AMD 6872 Table 8. Strength reduction factors for slender elements eae Inthe heading for column 3, delete ‘Stress’ and substitute ‘Strength’ In the entry for ‘Internal element of compression flange’, in column 2, delete ‘Build’ and substitute ‘Bult.amp e072 Clause 4.3.7.7 Equal flanged rolled sections February 1992 In paragraph 1, line 3, insert ‘not’ between ‘are’ and ‘equal’. In the definition of 'X’, delete ‘Lg’ and substitute ‘Lg ry’. In the definition of 1, delete‘ and substitute Fy‘. In paragraph 4, ine 4, insert ‘the’ between ‘for’ and value’ amo 6972 Table 21. Critical shear strength. g., aes In the headings of items (a) to (d) of the table, delete all reterences to “Grade 43 steel” and ‘Grade 60 steel’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying py. am 0972 Table 22. Basic shear strength, gy, tier Inthe headings of items (a) to (4) of the table, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” and 'Grade 50 steel’ nd delete the brackets eround the text quantifying Py. AMD 0972 Table 23. Flange dependent shear strength factor, 4, ceria In thy headings of items (a) to (d) of the table, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” ‘and ‘Grade 60 stool’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying Py. ‘AMD 6972 Clause 4.12.4.2 General rules for empirical design near toes In item (a), line 2, delete ‘grade 43 of BS 4360’ and substitute ‘design grade 43’. Clause 4.13.1 General In paragraph 6, line 1, delete ‘of grade 43’ and substitute ‘of design grado 434, In line 3, delete ‘Grade 43A baseplates’ and substitute “Baseplates ot design grade 43A ste’ ‘AMD 6872. Clause 5.3.3 Grades of steel February 1992 Delete paragraph 1 and substitute the following, "Steel tor plastic design should comply with all three of ‘the following.” In item (c). ine 2, delete “BS 18° and substitute ’BS EN 1002-1 ‘AMD 6872 Clause 5.5.3.5.2 comes In item (3) of (a): {a) immediately after the first formula, insert ‘design’ between ‘for’ and ‘grade’; (b) immediately after the second formula, insert ‘design’ between ‘for' and ‘grade’.‘Amp 6072 February 1982 ‘AMD 6972 pruary 1982 ‘AMD 6072 February 1982 AMD 6972, February 1002 "S.CN 1000241 Metalic ma Table 33. Bearing strength of connected parts for ordinary bolts in clearance holes, Py, la the overall heading of column 1 t0 3, delete ‘Stool to BS 4360" and substitute ‘Design gradi af steal” Table 34. Bearing strength of parts connected by parallel shank friction grip fasteners, 2, In the overall heading of columns 1 tv 3, delete ‘Steel to BS 4360" and substitute "Design grade of steel’. Clause 6.6.5.1 Design strength In paragraph 1, line 9, delete ‘on steel complying with BS 4360" Table 36. Design strength, Py In the heading of column 1, delete ‘Grede of steel in BS 4360’ and substitute ‘Design grade of sto! Publications referred to Dalat the entries for BS 18 and BS 4360, To the bottom of the list, insert the following new entries. als ~ Tensile testing ~ Part 1 Method of test BS EN 10025 Hot rolled products of nonlloy structural steels: Technical delivery conditions! 9702-2 cse/27Contents Page Foreword 5 Gomiitiees esponsible Back cover Coda of prs Section one, General 1.0 Introduction ° 1.0.1. Aime of economical structural design 8 1102 Overall stability 8 1.03 Accuracy of calculation 6 11 Scope 6 12 Definitions 6 13 Major symbols 7 14 Other materials 8 1.8 Design documents 8 16 Detailing 8 1.7. References to 8S 5400 8 Section two, Limit state de ‘2.1 General principles and design methods, 9 2.1.1 Limit state concept 0 2.1.2 Methods of design a 22 Loading aa 22.1 General 10 2.22 Dead, imposed and wind loading 10 2.2.3 Dynamic loads and impact ettects 10 23 Temperature effects 10 24 Ultimate limit states w 24.1 Limit stat of strength 10 242 Stability limit stare 10 243. Fatigue " 2A Brittle fracture " 245 Structural integrity " 25 Sorviceability limit states 4 25.1 Deflection 14 252 durability 4 Section thros, Properties of mat. Properties 31 General 6 3.1.1. Strength of sae! 5 3.12. Other properties of ste! 8 3.1.3. Steel castings end forgings 15 Welds and fasteners 15 Welding consumables 6 Ordinary bolts, nuts and washers 8 Friction qrio fasteners 15 Section properties 15 Gross section 15 Net eres 15 Effective area at connections 5 Deductions for holes 16 Hole area 16 Holes not staggered 16 3.413 Staggered holes 16 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 3.5 Limiting proportions ot cross sections 35.1 General 3.5.2 Classification of cross sections 3.5.3 Classification of elemente 3.5.4 Webs of semi-compact sections 3.5.5 Compound flanges 3.56 Longitudinally stiffened flanges 3.6 Slender cross sections 3.6.1. General 3.6.2 Sections with thin webs required to carry shear 3.6.3 Webs subject to moments and axial loads ‘and circular hollow sections 3.6.4 Other elements Section four. Design of structural elements General Scope Class of cross section Design strength Members in bending General Full latoral restraint Shear Elastic shear stress ‘Moment capacity with low shear load Moment capacity with high shear lood Lateral torsional buckling General Lateral restraints 3 Effective lengths of beams Effective lengths of cantilevers Lateral torsional buckling resistan members subject to bending 4.3.8 Buckling resistance mament for single angles 4a Plato girders 4.4.1. General 4.4.2 Dimensions of webs and flanges 44.3 Design strength of components 4.4.4 Moment capacity 4.4.5 Shear buckling resistance of thin webs 44.8 Design of intermediate wransverse wed stiffeners 4.5 Web bearing, buckling and stiffener design 45.1 General 45.2 Load carrying stiffeners 45.3. Bearing stitteners 4.54 Design of load carrying stiffeners 4.5.8 Design of bearing stiffeners 456 Design of diagonal stiffeners 45.7 Design of tension stitteners 45.8 Torsion stiffeners 418.9 Conneotion to web of load carrying end bearing stiffeners 4.5.10 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in tension ofBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 4.5.11 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in ‘compression 4.5.12 Hollow sections 46 Axially loaded tension members 4.6.1 Tension capacity 46.2. Eecentrie connections 46.3 Effective areas of simple tension members 4.8.4 Laced or battened ties 4.7 Compression members 47.1 General 4.7.2 Effective lengths 4.73. Slenderness 47.4 Compression resistance 4.1.5 Compressive strength 47.6 Eecentric connections 42.7 Columns in simple construction ATR Laced struts 4.7.9 Battened struts A.TAO Angle, channel and T-section struts 4.7.11 Batten-storced engle struts 47.12 Battoned parallel angle struts 4713 Hack-to-back struts 48 Axially loaded members with moments 48.1 General 48.2 Tension members with moments 483 Compression members with moments 49° Members with biaxial moments Empirical design rules for members in lattice frames and trusses Additional provisions for gantry girders 1 General 2 Crabbing of trolley 3 Lateral torsional buckling 4 Shear buckling 8 Local compression under wheels Wel Purlins and side rails, 4.42.1 General 4122 Reflections 4.12.3 Wind loading 4.124 Empirical design of purlins and side rails 4.13 Column bases 4.13.1 General 4.13.2 Empirical design of asaplates 4.13.3 Connection of baseplates 4.14 Cased sections 4.14.1 General 4.14.2 Cased members subject to bending 4.143 Cased struts 4.14.4 Cased members subject to axial load and moment 4.18 Web openings 4.18.1 General 4.18.2 Sections other than castellated 415.3 Castellated beams 3d girdare Section five. Continuous construction 5a Bat baZ 513 52 53 53.1 532 533 634 535 538 537 Section si General ‘Scope Loading Classification of multistorey frames as sway (oF non-sway Elastic design Plastic desion General Type of loading Grades of steel Geometrical properties Restaints Stiffenors at hinge locations Fabrication restrictions Continuous bears Elastic design Plastic desian Portal frames General Elastic design Plastic design Multi storey rigid frames: elastic design General Non-sway frames Sway frames Subframes Multi-storey rigid frames: plastic design General Non-sway frames ‘Sway frames Connections General recommendations General Intersections. Joints in simple construction Joints in rigid construction “Joints in semi rigid construction Joints subject to vibration and/or load reversal Splices Fastener spacing and edge distances Minimum spacing Maximum spacing in unstiffened plates ‘Minimum edge and end distances Maxinuin edge distances Ordinary bolting Effective arcas of bolts Shear capacity Bearing capacity Long jvints Large grip lengths Bolts subject to tension Friction grip fasteners General642 643 ead Parallel shank friction grip fasteners Waisted shank fasteners: slip resistance Frietion grip fasteners subject ta external tension Combined shear and tension Holes for frietion grip fasteners 645 648 6s 65.1 652 653 66 66.1 662 663 684 665 666 e7 Pin connections General Tension members and pin plates Desian of pins Weld detail and design General Details of fillet welds Partial penetration butt welds Welded details for structural hollow sections Design of fillet welds Design of butt welds Hoiding-down bolts Section seven. Loading teste 7A 72 73 731 732 733 734 735 738 General Test conditions Test procedures Test loads Preliminary loading Acceptance test Strenath test Test to failure Check tests ‘Appendices A Formal statement of satety factor format adopted in BS 5950 ; Pert 1 to favilitete vorrela tion with ISO 2394 and BS 6400 : Part 3 B. Lateral torsional buckling af members subject to bending © Compression strength. Perry strut formula D Effective lengths of struts in simple construction F Effective lengths of struts in rigid frames F Frame instability G Design of resteained members with an Lunrestrained compression flange H Web buckling Tables 1 Limit states 2 Loed factors end combinetions 3 Factor K for location of material and tensile stress 4 Maximum thickness of parts subjected to applied tensile stress 5 Deflection limits other than for pitched roof ortal trames Desigi strengths, yy, for steel to BS 4360 Limiting width to thickness ratios Strength reduction factors for slender elements Etfective lenath, L¢. for beams Page 88 88 88 88 89 89 89, 89, 8 89. 80 90 20 a1 a1 95 08 103 107 107 m u 2 4 18 7 19 2 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 10 Etvectve eng, ce, for eanteer of eng & 11 Dending strength, py, lin N/mm?) for rolled 12 Handing senator Win?) fr welded Ure of mand m factors for members of uniform Senderness factor for anges beams of 13 4 15 Slenderness correetion fector,, for members with applied loading substantially concentrated within the middle titth of the unrestrained Fength Slenderness correction factor, for members with epplied loading other than 0s for table 16 ‘Moment diagram between adjacent points of lateral restraint Equivalent uniform moment factor, Bending strength, Pp, {in N/mm?) for rolled sections with equal flanges (a) By = 265 Nimm* (b) By = 275 Nimm? (e) By = 340 N/mm? (4) By = 365 Niemen? Slenderness correction factor. n, tor standard load conditions Critical shear strength, gop (in N/men?) (2) Grade 43 etool (oy = 265 N/mm?) (b) Grade 43 steet (py, = 275 N/mm?) (c) Grade 50 steel (p, = 340 N/mm?) (4) Grade 50 steel (py = 355 N/mm?) Basie shear strength, a (in N/mm*) (a) Grade 43 steel (p, = 265 N/mm?) (0) Grade 43 steel (py ~ 275 N/mm?) {c) Grade 60 stool (py ~ 340 N/mm?) (d) Grade 60 steel (my, = 385 N/mm?) Flange dependent shear strenath factor. ay {in Némm?) {) Grade 43 steel (py = 260 N/mm?) (h) Grade 43 stool (ny, = 275 N/mm?) (c) Grade 50 steel (p, = 340 N/mm?) (a) Grade 50 steel (oy ~ 355 N/mm?) Nominal effective length, Le, for a strut Strut table selection Type of section obtained for table 25 Compressive strength, Pc, {in N/mm?) for struts Angle, channel and T-section strute Empirical values for purlins Empirical values tor side ralls 31 Minimum edge and end distances to fasteners Strength of bolts in clearance holes Bearing strength on connected parts for ordinary bolts in clearance Noles. Dox Bearing strength on parts connected by parallel shank friction grip Fasteners, Pog 7 18 19 22 23 3b Maximum dimensions of holes 36 Design strength, D. 37 Comparison of partial safety factors Limiting ) for box sections of uniform wall thickness, including RHS 39 Equivalent uniform moment factor, 1, Poge 24 25 F) 26 27 28 30 a1 » 33, 34 35 36 48 50 51 56 57 58 59 70 75 5 86 a7 97 7 MtBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Figures 1 Staggered hotes 2 Angles with holes in both leas 3 Dimensions of sections 4 Effective she ‘of typical sections 55 End panel designed not using tention field action 6 End panel designed using tension tield action (ingle stiffener) 7. End panel designed using tension field action (double stiffener) 8 ‘Stitt bearing length 9 Dimensions of castellated sections 10 Heunch restraints 11 Subframes aMinimum edge and end distances 12 Joint lenath at splice 19 Pinended tension members 14 Welded ond connections 15 Symmetrical fillet welds 16 Dimensions for symmetrical plate girders 17 Side stanchion 18 Side stanchion with restraints 19 Simple side stanchion with crane gantry Page 16 16 20 28 20 2 22 2B 24 2 27 2B 29 30 31 32 ‘Compound side stanchion with crane gantry ‘Compound valley stanchion with erane gantry Restraint coefficients for limited frame Effective length ratio L/L for a column in a rigid jointed frame braced against sidesway for hase Effective length ratio Le/t for a column in a rigid jointed frame with unrestricted sidesway fork; Ettective length ratio Le/I far a calumn ina rigid-jointed frame with partial sway bracing of celative stiffness ky = 1 Effective length ratio L_/L for @ column in @ rigid jointed frame with partial sway bracing of Telative stittness k, = 2 Critical buckling mode of frame braced against sidesway Critical buckling mode of frame free to sway ‘Members restrained on tension flange ‘Typical naunch Value of fy Intermediate moments Page 101 102 103 104 104 105 105 106 108 108 110 MtForeword ‘This Part of BS 5950 has been prepared under the direction Of the Civil Engineering and Bullding Structures Standards Policy Committee. This Part of BS 5950 replaces BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1086 which is withdrawn. BS 6050 is a document ‘combining odes of practice to caver the design construc- tion and fire protection of steel structures and specifications for materials, workmanship and erection, “This edition introduces tachnical changes hut it does not reflect a full review or revision of the standard, which will tbe undertaken in due course. The changes introduced are indicated by a single side line in yin of the page. BS 5950 comprites the following Parte: Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections ‘Specification for materials, fabrication and. rection: hot rolled sections Design in composite construction Section 3.1 Code of practice for design of imple and continuous compotite beams *Seetion 3.2 Code of practice for design of ‘composite columns and frames Code of practice for design of floors with Profiled steel sheeting Cade of practice for design ot cold tormed sections Part 6* Code of practice for design in light gouge heating, decking and cladding Part 7° Specification for materials and workmanship: ‘old formed sections Part 8 Code of practice for fire resistant design Part 9* Code of practice for stressed skin design Part 2 Pants Part 4 Part 5 Part 1 gives recommendations for the design of structural steelwork in simple and continuous construction and its provisions apply to the majority of structures, although it is recognized that cases will arise when other proven methods. Cf design may be more appropriate. BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 This Part does not apply to other steel structures for which appropriate British Standards exist. Ithas been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard ‘that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people and that construction and supervision should be carried out by capable and experienced organizations. ‘The full list of organizations who have taken part in the work of the Technical Committee is given on the back ‘cover. The Chairman of the Committeo ie Mr P R Brett and the following people have made a particular contribution in the drafting of the code. Me PA Rutter Me PH Allen Mr B Auger Mr RJ Campion Mr E F Hole Me BL Hurst Mr JC Kalra Me EG Lovejoy Dr D B Moore Prot. D A Nethercot Dr MH Ogle Mr P R Salter Dr JE Spindet ‘Mr R Taggart Mr J.C Taylor Mr AD Weller Dr F J Whitbread Compliance with a British Standard doee not of itself confer immunity fram legal obligations. Viee ChairmanBS 5950 : Part 1 Section one 1990 Section one. General 1.0 Introduction 1.0.1. Aime of economical structural design ‘Tho aim of structural design is to provide, with due rogard to economy, a structure capable of fulfilling its intended funetion and sustaining the desian loads for its intended life, The design should facilitate fabrication, erection and future maintenance. The structure should behave as one three-dimensional entity. Tho layout of its constituent parte, euch a: foundations, steelwork, connections and other structural components should constitute a robust and stable structure under normal loading to ensure that in the event of misuse or ‘accident, damage will not be disproportionate to the cause. To achieve this itis necessary to define clearly the basic structural anatomy by which the loads are transmitted to ‘the foundations. Any features of the structure which have a critical influence on its overall stability can then be identified and taken account of in design. Each part of the structure should be sufficiently robust and insensitive to the effects of minor incidental losds applied during torvice thatthe safety of other parts is not prejudiced. Reterence should be made to 2.4.5, While the ultimate strength requirements within this standard are to be regarded as limiting values, the purpose in design should be to reach these limits in as many parts of the structure az postibla, to adopt a layout such that maximum structural efficiency is attained and to rationalize the steel member sizes and details in order to obtain the ‘optimum combination of material and fabrication, 1.0.2 Overall stability ‘The designer responsible for the overall stability of the structure should ensure the compatibility of desian and etal uf parts and components. There should be no doubt of this responsibility for overall stability when some or all lf the design and details ara nat made by the came designer 1.0.3 Accuracy of calculation For the purpose of deciding whether a particular rule of the standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, oxprassing the result of a tart or analysis should be rounded off. The number of significant places retained In the rounded off value should be the same as the value given in thie standard, 1.1 Scope ‘This Part of BS 5960 giues racommendatione for the design of structural steelwork with hot rolled steel sections, flats, plates and hollow sections in buildings and allied stevctures ‘ot specifically covered by other standards sterials and construction are ay spectied in BS SOBO "Part 2. [NOTE 2. The publications reterred to inthis standard are listed on For the purposes of this Part of BS 5950, the following definitions apply, 1.2.1. beam. A member predominately subject to bending. 1.2.2 brittle fracture, Brittle failure of steel at low temperature, 1.2.3 budkding resistanos. Limit of force or moment which a member can withstand without buckling 1.2.4 builtup. Constructed by interconnecting more than ‘one plate to form a single member 41.25 cantilever. A beam which ie fixed at one end and it {ree to deflect at the other. 1.2.6 capacity. Limit of force or moment which may be applied without causing failure due to yielding or rupture. 1.2.7 column. A vertical member of a structure carrying axial load and possibly moments. 1.2.8 compset cross section. A cross section which can develop the plastic moment capacity of the section but in \which local buckling prevents rotation at constant moment. 1.2.8 compound section. Constructed by interconnecting cone oF more sections oF plates and sections to form a single member 1.2.10 dead load, All loads of constant magnitude and position that act permanently, ineluding self weight. 1.2.11 design strength, The yield strangth of the material multiplied by the appropriate partial factor. See 3.1.1. 1.2.12 dynamic load, Part of an imposed load resulting from motion, 1.2.13 edge distance. Distance trom the centre ot a tastener role to the nearest edge of an element, 1.2.14 offective length. Longth between points of effective restraint of a memher multiplied hy a factor ta take account of the end conditions and toagina, 1.2.15 elastic design. Design which essumes no redistribu: tion of moments due to plastic rotation of a section throughout the structure 1.2.16 empirical method. Simplified method of design justified by experience or testing 1.2.17 end distance. Distance trom the centre of a fastener hnole to the edge of an element parallel to the direction in which the fostener beers 1.2.18 factored load. Specitied load multiplied by the relevant partial factor. 1.2.19 fatigue. Damage to 2 structural member caused by repeated application of stresses that are insufficient to raise failure by a single application 1.2.20 foundation. Part of a structure which distributes led directly to the ground, 1.2.21 friction grip connection, A halted connection which relies on friction to transmit shear between components.1.2.22 H-seetion. A section with one central weh and two equal tlanges which has an overall depth not greater than 1.2 times the width of the flange 1.2.23 hybrid. Composed of sloments of more than one strength grade of steel 1.2.24 I-section, Section with central web ard wo equal flanges which has an overall depth greater than 1.2 times the width of the flange. 1.2.25 imposed toad. Load on a structure or member, ‘other than wind load, produced by the external environment and intended occupancy or use. 1.2.26 instability. Inability to carry turther load due to Vanishing stiffness. 1.2.27 lateral restraint For a bear. Restraint which prevents later the compression flange, For a compression member. Restraint which prevents lateral movement of the member in a particular plane. movement of 1.2.28 longitudinal, Along the length of the member 1.2.29 pattern loading. Loading arranged in such @ manner 45 to give the most severe effect on a particular element. 1.2.20 piteh, Distance between cantres of fasteners lying in, the diceetinn of strass 1.2.31 plastic cross section. A cross section wirich cart develop a plastic hinge with sufficient rotetion capacity to allow redistribution of bending moments within the structure. 1.2.32 plastic design. Design method assuming redistribu- tion of moment in continuous construction. 1.2.33 plastic moment. Moment capacity allowing tor redistribution of stress within a cross section. 1.2.34 pretensioned fastener. Fastener tensioned to 9 specified proportion of its proof stress before connected ‘components are loaded. 1.2.35 semi-compact cross section. A cross section in which the stress in the extreme fibres should be limited to yield because Ineal buckling would prevent development of ‘the plastic moment capacity in the section. 1.2.96 serviceability limit states. Those limit states which when exeeeded ean lead to the structure being unfit for its intended use 1.2.87 slender cross section. A cuss section in which yield of the extreme fibres cannot be attained because of premature local buckling, 1.2.38 slenderness. The effective length divided by the radius of gyration. 1.2.39 lip resistance. | imit of shear that can be applied before slip occurs in a friction arip connection. 1.2.40 stability. Resistance of the structure or part of the structure to overturning or overall failure. BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section one 1.2.41 strength. Resistance to tailure by yielding or bucking 1.2.42 strut. A member of a structure carrying predomi- nantly compressive axial load. 1.2.43 subtrame, Part of a larger frame. 1.2.44 transverse, Direction perpendicular to the stronger of the rectangular axes of the member 1.2.45 ultimate limit stata. That state which if exceeded ccan cause collapse of part or whole of the structure. 1.3 Major symbols A Awa A, Effective wee Ay Grossarea A, Shear area (bolts) Ay Tensile stress area (bolts) Ay Shear area (sections) a Spacing of transverse stiffeners or Effective throat size of weld 2 Breauth D —— Outstana or Width of panel by Stiff bearing length Cy Charpy impact value Depth of section or Diameter of section fr Diameter of hale 4 Depth of web ‘or Nominal diameter of fastener E Modulus of elasticity of steet e End distance F. Compressive foree due to axial load F, Shear force (bolts) Fy Tensile foree F, Shear foroe (sections) f, Compressive stress due to axial load f, Shear stress G Sheer modulus of steel HH Warping constant of section n Storey height Iq Second moment of area about the major axis fy Second moment of area about the minor axis J Torsion constant of section L Length of span Le Effective length M Larger end moment ‘My Myy Maximum buckling moment about the malor of ‘minor axis in the presence of axial load My Buckling resistance moment (lateral torsional) ‘Mox/Mey Moment capacity of section about the major and ‘minor axes in the absence of axial loadBS 8950 : Part 1: 1990 ‘Section one Me Me Elastic critical moment Mid-length moment on a simply supported span ‘equal to the unrestrained length Mec Mry Reduced moment capacity of the section about the major and minor axes in the presence of axial load ‘M.My Applied moment about the major and minor axes Mg My Equi sat uniform moment about the major and Equivalent uniform mament factor Slenderness correction factor Bearing capacity of a bolt Bearing capacity of parts connected by friction rip fasteners ‘Bearing capacity ot parts connected by ordinary bolts Compression resistance Compression resistance considering buckling about the major and minor axes only Shear capacity of a bolt Slip resistance provided by a friction grip fastener ‘Tension capacity of a memher or fastener ‘Shear capacity of a section Bonding strength Bearing strength of a bolt Bearing strength of parts connceted by friction rip fasteners Bearing strength of parts connected by ordinary bolts Compressive strength Euler strength Shear strength af a bolt Tension strength of bolt Design strangth of a fillet weld Detign strangth of stool Batic shear etrangth of 2 web panel Critical shear strength of web panel Elastic critical shear strength of web pane! Flange dependent shear strength factor Radius of gyration of a member about its major and minor axes S,,Sy Plastic modulus about the major and minor axes Leg length of a fillet wold ‘Thickness of flange or log Thickness of 2 web (or As otherwise defined in a clause Specified minimum ultimate tonsile strength of the steel Buckling parameter of the section ‘Shear buckling resistance of stittened web Utilizing tension field action Shear buckling resistance of stiffened or unsttfened ‘web without utilizing tension field action Slenderness factor for beam x Torsional index of section Y, Specified minimum yield strength of steel Zx.Zy_ Elastic modulus about major and minor axes @ Coefficient af linear thermal expansion a, Modula cation A Ratio of smaller to larger and moment 4 Overall load factor Ye Load variation factor, ie. function of Ye1 and 72 ‘Ym Material etrangth factor + Ratio M/Mo, i.e. the ratio of the larger end moment ta the mid-length moment on a simply supported span equal to the unrestrained length 5 Deflection © Constant @) Py A —__Slondornec, fre the effective langth divided by the radius af gyration de Elastic erica load factor deo Limiting equivalent slenderness Dex Equivalent slenderness De Limiting slenderness H Slip factor » Poitton’e ratio 1.4 Other materials Where other structural materials are used in association with steelwork they should comply with the appropriate British Standard NOTE Attentinn ie craw tn th nacesity of regulation 1.5 Design documents ‘The design documents should contain sufficient information to enable the design to be detailed and the structure fabricated and erocted. ‘The design documents should show the assumed behaviour of the structure, the design assumptions and whether the torces and reactions included are factored or unfactored. 1.6 Detailing ‘The connections between members should withstand the forces and moments to which they will be subjected, without undue deformation and without invalidating the design assumptions. ‘The detailing of the connections should take account of possible dimensional variations due to rolling margins and fabrication variations, leading to some degree of lack of fit. 1.7 References to BS 5400 I BS 5400 the breakdown of partial safety factors, the assessment of material strengths, etc. are different, and these differences should he recognizedSection two. Limit state design 21 General principles and design methods 2.1.1. Limit state concept Structures should be designed by considering the limit states at which they would become unfit for their intended tse, by applying appropriate factors for the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state, Examples of limit states relevant to steel structures are given in table 1 Table 1. Limit states ‘timate Serviceaitity 5 Deflection 6 Vibration (e.g. wind| induced oscillation) 7. Repsirable damage due to fatigue 8 Corrosion and durability 1 Strength (including general yielding, rupture, buekling and transtormation into ‘a mechanism) 2 Stability against overturning and sway 3 Fracture due to fatigue 4 rite fracture ‘The overall tactor in any design has to cover variability of: Material strength: % Loading: % Structural performance: In this code the material factor, Ym, is taken as 1.0 (see 3.1.1). Depending on the type of load, values of ¥¢ and %p are assigned. The product of y¢ and 7, is the factar ‘74. BY which the specified loads are to be multiplied in checking the strength ani stability of a suucture (see ‘able 2). A detailed breakdown of factors is given in appendix A. 2.1.2 Methods of di 2.1.2.1. General. The desian of any strucrure or its parts may be caied out by one of the methods given in 2.1.2.2 wo 2126. In all cases, the details of members and connections should bbesuch as to realize the assumptiont made in detign without adversely affecting any other parts of the structure. 2.1.2.2 Simple design. The connections between members are assumed not to develop moments adversely effecting sither the members or the structure as a whole, ‘The distribution of forces may be determined assuming that members intersecting at 2 joint are pin connected, ‘The necessary flexibility in connections may result in some non-lastic deformation of the materials, other than the fasteners, Itis necessary to maintain stability ageinst swey and the Provisions of 2.4.2.3 apply. BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section two 2.1.2.3 Agi design, The connections are assumed to be capable of developing the strength and/or stiffness required by an analysis assuming full eantinuity. Such analysis may bbe made using either elastic or plastic methods. 2.1.2.4 Semi-rigid design. Some degree of connection stiffness is assumed, but insufficient to develop full continuity as follows. (2) The moment and rotation capacity of the joints should he hased on experimental evidence, which may permit some limited plasticity providing the ultimate tensile capacity ofthe fastener is not the feilure criterion. (On this basi, the design chould satisfy the strength, stability and stiffness requirements of all parts of the structure when partial continulty at the joints is to be takers into account in assessing moments end forces in the members {b) As an alternative, in simple beam and column structures an allowance may be made for the inter- ‘estraint of the connections between a beam and a column by an end restraint moment not exceeding 10 % ‘of the free moment applied to the beam, assuming this to be simply supported, provided that the following apply. (1) The beams and columns are designed by the general rules applicable to simple design. (2) The tramne is provided with lateral support or braced against sideaway in both direetione. (3) The beams are designed for the maximum net ‘moment which includes an allowance for the restraint moment at one ar hath ends (4) Each column is designed to resist the algebraic suum of the restraint moments from the beams at the same level on each side of the column, in addition to moments due to eccentricity of connections, (6) The assumed end restraint moment need not, however, be taken a8 10% of the free moment forall beams, provided that the same restraint moment is used in the design of the column and beam at each ‘connection. (6) The beam-to-column connections are designed to transmit the appropriate restraint moment, in audition ‘to the end reactions assuming the beams are simply supported. (7) The welds and fasteners should be designed for the actual moment capacity af the connection not ‘the assumed moment. 2.1.25 Experimental verification, Whore dosign of 2 structure or element by calculation in accordance with any of, the preceding methods is not practicable. or is inappropriate, the strength, stability and stiffness may be confirmed by loading tests in accordance with section seven.BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section two 22 Loading 2.2.1. General All relevant loads should be considered separately and in such realistic combinations as to comprise the most critical effects on the elements and the structure as a whole, ‘The magnitude and frequency of fluctuating loads should also be considered. Loading conditions during erection should receive particular attention. Settlement of supports may need to be taken into account. 2.2.2 Dead, imposed and wind lading Reference should be made to 8S 6309 : Part 1, BS 6209 Part 3 and CP 2: Chapter V : Part 2 for the determination Of the dead, imposed and wind loads. 2.2.3 Dynamic loade and impact effects ‘These may be determined from BS 6399 : Part 1 in the case of eran It is recommended that values for erancs of loading class 03. and Q4 a: defined in BS 2673 : Part 1 should be established in consultation with the crane manufacturer. 23 Temperature effects Where, In the design and erection of a structure, itis necessary to take account of changes in temperature, it may ‘be assumed that in the UK the average temperature of internal steelwork varies trom ~6 °C to #35 °C. The actual range, however, depends on the location, type and purpose of the structure and special consideration may be necessary for structures in other conditions, and in locations abroad subjected to different temperature ranges. 24 Ultimate limit states 24.1 Limit state of strength AAA General. In checking the suenyth and stability of the structure the loads should be multiplied by the relevant +7 factare given in table 2. The factored loads should be applied in the most unfavourable realistic combination tor te part oF effect under consideration “The load capacity of each member and its connections, 2 determined by the relevant provisions of this standard, should be euch that the factored loads would not cause failure, 24.1.2 Overhead travelling cranes. The 7; factore given in table 2 for vertical loads from averhead travelling cranes should be applied to the dynamic crane loads, je. the static vertical wheel loads increased by the appropriete allowance for dynamic offocts (s00 2.2.3) For cranes on outdoor gantries the wind load: on the gantry and supporting structure should he obtained fam (a) BS 2573 : Part 1, for eranat in tha working condition: (b) CP 3: Chepter V : Part 2, for exanes which are not working Table 2. Load factors and combinations Loading Factor. Dead load 14 Dead load restraining uplift or overturning | 1.0 Dead load acting with wind and imposed loads combined 12 Imposed load 16 Imposed load acting with wind load 12 Wind load 14 Wind load acting with imposed load or crane load 12 Forces due to temperature effects 12 Crane loading effects Vertical load 16 Vertical load acting with horizontal loads (crabbing or surge) 14 Horizontal load 16 Horizontal load acting with verticel 14 CCrane load acting with wind load” 12 “When considering wind or imposed load and crane loading ‘acting together the value of For dead oad may be taken a 12. Where a structure or member Is subject to loads from two fr more eranes the crane loads should be taken as the maximum vertical and horizontal loads acting simultaneously ‘where this is reasonably possible. 2.4.2 Stability Ii 2.4.2.1. General. In considering the querall stability af any structure or part, the loads should be increased by the relevant 74 factors given in table 2. ‘The desianer should consider overall frame stability which embraces stability against overturning and sway stability. it state 2.4.2.2 Stability against overturning, The factored loads, considered separately and in combination. should not cause the suucture oF any part of the structure (including te foundations) to overtuen of lift off its seating, The combin ation of dead, imposed and wind Inads should he such as ta have the most severe ettect on overall stability (see 2.2.1), ‘Account shauld be taken of probable variations in dead load during construction or other temporary conditions. 2.4.2.3 Sway stability. All structures, including portions between expansion joints, should have adequate stiffness against sway To ensure this, in addition to designing for applied horizontal loads, a separate check should be carried out for notional horizontal forces. 10“These notional forces may arise trom practical imperfections such as lack of verticality and should be taken as the greater of 1% of factored dead load from that level, applied horizontally 0.50 % of factored load (dead plus vertical imposed) ‘rom that level, applied horizontally | Threats te hl rad atin anya direction at atime and should be applied at each root and floor level or their equivalent. They should be taken as aeting simultaneously with the fectored dead plus vertical | imposed loads taken a¢ 1.4X (unfactored dead load! and | 1.6% (unfactored vertical imposed load). The notlonal force should nor: (a) be applied when considering overturning: | (b) be combined with the applied horizontal loads; {c) be combined with temperature effects | (a) be taken to contribute to the net reactions atthe foundations ‘Sway stability may be provided for example by braced trames, joint rigidity or by utilizing staircase, lift cores and. shear walls, Whatever system is used, reversal of loading should be accommodated. The cladding floors and roof should have adequate steangth and be so secured to the structural tramework as to transmit all horizontal forces to the points of sway resistance. Where such sway stability is, provided by construction other than the steal framework, the steelwork designer should state clearly the need tor such construction and the forces acting upon it (see 1.8). 2.4.2.4 Foundation design. The design of foundations | should be in accordance with BS 8004 and shauld aceam. ‘modate all the forces imposed on them. Attention should bbe given to the method of connecting the steel superstructure 10 the foundations and the anchorage of any holding down bolts as recommended in 6.7 Where it i necessary to quote the foundation reactions it should be clearly stated whether the forces and moments result from factored or unfactored loads. Where they result {rom factored loads the relevant 7, factors for each load in each combination should be stated. 2.4.3 Fatigue Fatigue need not be considered unless astructuré or element Is subjected to numerous significant fluctuations of stress Stress changes due to tluctuations in wind loading need not be considered but account should be taken of wind induced oxcillations In the design of crane supporting structures only those | members which support cranes of utilization clases UA to US as detined in BS 2573 need be checked for fatigue by | reference to 8S 5400 : Pat 10. When designing or fatigue a, tactor of 7.0 should be use. BS 5950 : Part 1: Section two 1990 2.4.4 Brite fracture 2.4.4.1 General, Brittle fracture need not be considered ‘except in locations subject to tensile stresses in service due to applied axial load or moment. Where such tension exists then the maximum thickness may bbe determined from 2.4.4.2 if the service temperature does riot fall below that normal in the UK, taken as ~6 °C for internal conditions and - 16 °C for external conditions. Where the steel is subjected to lower temperatures or where the steel grade or thickness used is not covered by table 4 then the energy absorption should comply with 2.4.43, which may also be used in place of table 4, Where severe restraint conditions occur due to welding then reference should be made to BS 6400 oF specialist advie The recommendations of this clause do not apply to grade ABA base plates (soe 4.13). 2.8.8.2 Maximum thickness. The maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness should not exceed the value given in table 4 for the value of K determined from table 3, Whore no value is shown, the maximum thickness of the product form for guaranteed natch toughness in BS 4360 aiven in table 4 should not be exceeded. 2.4.4.3 Energy absorption. The Charpy impact value, Cy, in joules, t the minimum service temperature should not be less than: Yet Ft0K where Y, 15 the minimum yield strength of the material (in N/mm?) {is the thickness of material from which the specimen is taken (in mn) Kis determined from table 3. Table 2. Factor K for location of material and tensile stress Welded Dries location | punched | wales | or holee | location | reamed location being hoes Nimm? <100 2 2 2 2 > 100 1 1 2 2 2.45 Structural intagrity 2.4.5.1 Requirements for all structures. All structures should follow the principles given in 1.0.1. The additions! roquiroments in 2.4.5.2 to 2.4.5.5 apply to buildings. "a 10cddes ADip YoHyAn j001 1900 4 jed:oUNId yoes sour 248 12 z i $ z j | z Syromaure) jer2uinio.dde suonaaup ont ut poulense- ¥ ‘y9An99})9 3C BLNOYS SULLMICS IY “8AA} JO0s PLE 100)) [2chou 1c ypes :e 19,2591 pan Ajeri92,9 99 pinoys aucsy Dug 0: aqqeaaoead se aeoqo se Ul pstueie 9q piroys asain ayqyssod esau “s19quID Ut fn 10 sueaq ayia Aq papraoid aq Aew a6Ci049Ue 51 ue suwn: Ing Aleng Supra ye 10} stuoueunesy ZS Ye uy Toble 4, Maximum thickness of parts subject to applied temile stress (sve note 1) 8.4960 Maximum hick for deauate | Maximum mppl kina in 8S 4380 for guarnted Chery impeet ve, cording to rte oune om note 3 product rye tae note 3) Trl Exam ‘Sectont | Ractnguer | cveusr | Pir Widen | Frm and condor | condone | tenon’ | none” | pone round ond roto | enone | atone unre bore wie wet [xez [eat [eo2 | metonn = + wen 2s |so 15 20 | tmenowes) | va ie | tenor | tone none a) | an note a) opts) | 30 |e 20 Jao | 00 a ae | to 0 ‘0 ee to to |e | to0 6 “0 | too 50 400 so oo to 8 2 | t00 0 00 ‘200 100 ae oe ve oe va ae ve va te ve ole % ee ve 6 0 % 0 we won zw [4 [x2 [2 [imenowa [ove ie | weerowa) | terenow a) | tne nam a 200 twee) | 28 [50 [te [32 | t00 a ma | toe so to oc a feo [ar foo | io 6 40 | 00 Pi 400 00 100 % yoo 6 4 | 00 Py 100 000 400 ws nie | 100 #0 ‘a se to a ne le ns "8 Soee ni 6 "0 76 Fs ale se a le oe ° se ve ase 76 Ps = 2 78 oer oe 6 = & 50 « ee oe 16 BS ° a a ‘wnson 2 2 2 2 2 12 oe note 6) we08 4 2 80 6 0 = Py 0 vmeoe 2% 6 ° 0 0 so NOTE 1. For sections with Flanges the thicket i the flange thickness defined in 8S 4 NOTE 2. Where no value of maximum thickness for adequate noten toughness it own, the maximum spy thik NOTE 9. ola indicates thatthe product tot avaiable in thie wade, NOTE 4. Theres no Charpy txt requirement in BS 4960 for gredes 43A and SOA, The maximum thickness for aust notch toughness Gove. NDI 5. For grades 438 and 508, option 8:39 of BS 4360 thovld be invoked when tha see! is ordered, otherwite the limits for grades ABA and OA apply NOTE 6.28 mm for cound and square bas of grace WRSOA in BS 4360 govern. oma uont08g | veg : 0965 Sd ose.‘Ties may be either steel members or steel reinforcement ‘embedded in concrete or masonry provided that they are properly anchored to the steel framework ‘Stee! members provided for other purposes may be utilized as tes. When checked as ties other loading may be ignored, Beams designed to carry the floor oF roof loading will generally be suitable provided that their end connections are capable of resisting tension, Al ties and their end connections should be of o standard of robustness commensurate with the structure of which they form a part and should be capable ot carrying a factored tensile load of not less than 75 kN at floors or AO KN et roof level Ties ae not required at a rout level where steelwork supports cladding weighing not more than 0.7 kN/m® and carries roof loads only. Where a building ie provided with expansion joints, each seetion between expansion joints should be treated as a separate building for the purpose of this clause, 2.45.3 Additional requirements for certain multi-storey buildings. Local or national regulations may stipulate that tall multi-storey buildings be designed ta localize accidental damane. ‘Steeltramed buildings which satisty the recommendations Of 1.0.1 and 2.6.5.2 may be assumed to meet this require ‘ment provided that the five additional conditions given ‘below are met. A tall multi-storey building which is required to be designed to localize accidental damage but which does nat satisfy ‘these five additional conditions should be checked as recommended in 2.4.5.4. {a} Sway resistance. The means of providing sway resistance as recommended in 2.4.2.3 (ie, stel bracing, rigid jointe, shear walle staircase and lift cores, etc.) should be sufficiently distributed throughout the buliding so that no substantial portion of the structural frame is soley reliant on a single plane of bracing in each ‘orthogonal direction, (b) Tying. The ties referred to in 2.4.5.2 should be arranged in continuous lines wherever practicable ‘throughout each floor and roof level in two directions approximately at right angles. These and thelr connec- tions should be checked for the Following factored tansile loads, which need not be considered as additive to other loads. (1) Generaily. U:2¥18\L, tor any internal ties and 0.25 y5¢Lg for edge ties but not less than 7 KN for floors oF 40 kN at roof level where uw, isthe total factored dead and imposed load per Unit area of floor or root: 5, is the mean transverse spacing of the ties Lg is the greatest distance, in the direction of the tie, between adjacent lines af columns or other vertical supports 13 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990, Section two (2) Ae the periohery. Ties anchoring columns at the periphery of a floor or roof should be checked for the force given in (1) but not less than 1 % of the fartared vertical load in the column at that level (c} Columns. All column splices should be capable of ‘resisting a tensile force of not less than two-thirds of factored vertical load applied to the column from the floor level next below the eplice Excopt where the steel framework is of continuous construction in at least one direction, the columns should be carried through at each beam-to-column connection, (a) integrity. Any beam which carries a column should be checked, together with the members which support it, for localization of damage as recommended in 24.5.4 (e} Floor units. Where precast concrete or other heavy floor or roof units are used they should be effectively anchored in the direction of their span either to each lother over a support or directly to their supports as recommended in BS 8110, 2.4.5.4 Locelization of damage. Where required by 2.85.3 ‘ building should be checked to see whether at each storey in turn any single column, or beam carrying a column, could be removed without causing collapse of more than 2 limited portion of the building local to the member concerned. Where the removal ot one of these members would cause failure in excess of appropriate limits that member should be designed as a key element as recom: mended in 2.4.55. For the purposes of this provision, it may be assumed that substantial permanent deformation of members and their connections is acceptable. In this cheek only one-third af the ordinary wind load and one-third of the ordinary imposed load need be considered together with the dead load, except that in the case of buildings used predominantly for storage, or where the imposed load is of a permanent nature, the full imposed load should be used. The 74 factor should be taker 23 1.05 except that when considering overturning the dead load supplying the restoring moment should be multiplied by @ ‘ye factor of 0.9. 2.ASS Key elements, Where it is required by 2.4.5.4 to design a member a6 @ key element, the accidental loading should not be less than that stipulated Accidental loads should be applied to members from appropriate directions together with the reactions trom ‘other building components attached to the member which are subject to the same loading but limited to the ultimete strength of these components or their connections. In this check the effects of ordinary loads should alzo be ‘considered, to the same extent and with the same 7, factors {5 recommended in 2.8.5.4 for localization of damaoe. Any other steel member nr ather structural eampanent which provides lateral restraint vital to the stability of a key element should itself also be designed as @ key element for the same accidental loadingBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 ‘Section two ‘Table 5. Deflection limits other than for pitched roof portal frames (0} Deflection on beams due to unfactored imposed load 25 Serviceability limit states. 2.5.1 Deflection The deflection under serviceability loads ot a building or part shoula not impair the strenath or efficiency of the structure or its components or cause damage to the finish- ings. When checking for deflections the most adverse realistic ‘combination and arrangement of serviceability loads should, be assumed, and the structure may be assumed to be elastic. ‘Table 5 gives recommended limitations for certain structural ‘members. Circumstances may arise where greater or lesser Cantievers Length/180 Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360 All other beams ‘Span/200 Parlin and sheeting rails Seo 4122 Values would be more appropriate. Other members may also (b) Horizontal deflection of columns other than portal frames due to unfactored imposed and wind loadé need a deflection limitation to be established, e.g. sway bracing. Generally the serviceability loads may be taken as the Tops of columns in single-storey buildings Height/300 In each storey of a building with more than one storey Height of storey under consideration/300 tunfactared imposed loads. When considering dead load plus Imposed load plus wind load only 80 % of the imposed load and wind load need be considered. In the case of crane surge and wind, only the greater effect of either need be considered in any load combination. 252 Durability {c} Crane gantry girders In order to ensure the durability of the structure under conditions relevant to both its intended use and intended. Vertical deflection due to life the following factors should be considered at the design stage: static whee! loads Spen/600 Horizontal detiection (calculated on the top flange properties alone) due to crane surge ‘Span/500 (0) the environment; (0) the degree of exposur (6) the shape of the members and the structural detailing; (d) the proteotive maasuras if any; [NOTE 1. On lowpizened end fla ffs he posinilty of ponding fede coneidartion [NOTE 2. For limiting detietions in cunway beams refer to 185-2888. (e) whether maintenance is possible. Reference should be made to BS 5483 in determining adequate methods of protection where applicable. Weather resistant steel to BS 4360 may also be used, 14BS 5950 : Part 1 Section three Section three. Properties of materials and section properties 3.1 General 3.1.1 Strength of stee! This standard covers the design of structures fabricated from steels supplied to BS 4360; other steals may be used provided due allowance Is made for variations in properties, including ductility. The design strength, py, may be taken as 1.0Y, but not ‘greater than 0,04U, where ¥, and U, are the minimum Yield etrength and the minimum ultimate tensile strength respectively as specified in BS 4360 (or agreed with steeimaker) For the more common types of steel p, may be obtained from table 6. For rolled sections the thickness should be taken as the specified flange thickness from BS 4, a eee Table 6, Design strengths, p, for steel to BS 4360 185 4300 Grage | Tnickness, | sections, plates ana lars than or | hollow sutione equal © Py mm Nim 43 16 275 40 269 63 255 100 245 80 16 355 40 345, 63 340 100 325 35 16 450 25 430 40 415 63 400 Additional properties of stee! are required for use in plastic Uesigh and reference should be made to 5. 3.1.2 Other properties of steel The following values for the elastic properties should be ses Modulus of elacticity Poisson's ratio Coefficient of linear thermal expansion a= 12% 10° perc 3.1.8 Steel castings and torgings ‘Steel eastings and forgings may be used for components in bearings. junctions and other similar parts, Castings should comply with BS 3100 ard forgings with BS 29. Design strengths corresponding to grade 43 steel may be adopted Where na ather information is availahle, 3.2 Welds and fasteners 3.2.1. Welding consumables {Al welding consumables (Le. electrode wires, filler rods, flux, shielding gas, etc.) should comply with BS 8136. 3.2.2 Ordinary bolts, nuts and washers Bolte and nuts should comply with BS 4190 or BS 3692. Bolts and nuts af material eomplying with BS 3692 made to the size and tolerances of BS 4190 are permitted. Countersunk of cup headed bolts should comply with BS 4933. High strength friction grip bolts complying with BS 4395 may be used untorqued. Nuts should be of 2 strength grade equal to or higher than the grade of holt Washers should comply with BS 4920. 3.2.3 Friction grip fasteners High strength friction grip bolts and associated nuts and washers should comply with BS 4395, Other types of friction grip tasteners may be used provided ‘they have mechanical properties not inferior to bolts complying with BS 4395 and provided they can be reliably tightened to the minimum shank tensions specified in BS 4604, 33 Section properties 3.3.1. Gross section Gross section properties should be determined using the specified size and profile of the member or elements, but ellowance should be made for openings larger than required for fasteners, Battens or splices should not be included. 2.3.2 Net area ‘The net area of a section or element of a section should be token as its gross area less deductions for fastener holes a¢ piven in 2. 3.3.3 Etfective ares at connections ‘The effective area, Ag, of each element of a rember at a connection, where fastener holes occur may be taken at Ke times ite net area, but not mare than its grace area, whe for steels complying with BS 4360: K, = 1.2 for grade 40 or 43 1.1 for grade 50 or WR 50 1.0 for grade 55 Us for other steels, Ky = 0.75 but S12 whore U, is the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength; Y¥. is the specifivd minimum yield strength 15BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section three 3.4 Deductions for holes 3.4.1 Hole area {In deducting for holes for fasteners (Including countersunk holes), the yross area of the hole in the plane of its exis and rot that of the fastener thould be deducted. 3.4.2 Holes not staggered ‘The area ta be deducted should be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of the holes in any cross sections at right angles to the direction of stross in the member. 343 Staggered holes When holes are staggered th the greater of: {0} the deduction for non staggered holes (see 9.4.2); {b) the sum of the sectional areas of all holes in any zigzag line extending progressively aeross the member or part of the member, les 6/49 foreach gauge space in the chain of ales where rea to be deducted should be the staggored pitch, ie, the distance, measured ‘parallel to the direction ot stress in the member, centre-to-centre of holes in consecutive lines, see figure 1; {Is the thickness of the holed materia 9 is the gauge, ie. the distance, measured at right angles to the direction of stress in the member, entre to-centre of holes in consecutive lines, see figure 1 For sections such as angles with holes in both lags the gauge should he taken as the sum of the hack marks to each hole, less the leg thickness. See figure 2. 3.5. Limiting proportions of cross sections 3.5.1 General Local buckling can be avoided by limiting the width to thickness ratios of each element uf @ ciuss section subject to compression due to moment or axial load. Elements and cross sections are classified as plastie, compact, semi compact or slender. Cross sections may be composed of elements of different clases, 3.5.2 Classification of erose sections Clas 1. Plastie eross sections are those in which all elements subject to compression comply with the values given in table 7 for plastic elements. A plastic hinge can be developed with sufficient rotation capacity to ellow redistribution of moments within the structure. Only class 1 sections may be used for plastic design. lass 2. Compact cross sections are those in which all, clements subject to compression comply with the values given in table 7 for compact elements, The full plastic ‘moment capacity can be developed but local buckling may preverit development of a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to permit plastic design. Class 2 sections can be used without restriction except for plastic design Class 3. Semi-compact sections are those in which all loments subject to compression comply with the values given in table 7 for semi-compact elements. The stress at the extreme fibres can reach the design strength but local Duckling may prevent the development of the full plastic Class 3 sections are subject to limitations on their capacity which are given in section four. Figure 1. Staggered holes Direction of stress | aeck mark | Back mark 1 Figure 2, Angles with holes in both legs 16BS 5960 : Part 1 : 1990 Section thr ‘Table 7. Limiting width to thickness ratios —— ——— ae = 7 SS Ovisandeement tree | euinptyweising [2 <7se [2 case |2 2 the {ection shouldbe taken as naving compression throughout. NOTE 2. Check webs for sar buckling in accordance with 44 when de> 62 75\" NOTE 2.<~ ® 7BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section three Class 4. Slender sections are those which contain slender elements subject to compression due tw moment or axial loed. Local buekling may provent the stress in a slender tection from reaching the design strength. Design of class 4 sections is considered in 3.6. 38.3 Classitication of elements Flat elements in # erase section are either: {2} internal elements attached on both longitudinal edges to other elements or to longitudinal stitteners which are connected at suitable intervals to transverse stiffeners, oF {(b) outstand elements attached on only one horizontal ledge to an adjacent element, te other edge being free, Flat elements are generally of constant thickness, Tapered elements may be treated as flat elements having the average thicknest defined in BS 4. Elements may be clasified as plastic, compact or semi compact if they moot the limits given in table 7. Those which do not meat the limits for semi-compact elements are classified as slender. 3.5.4 Webs of sami-compact sections ‘The limiting width to thickness ratio, d/t, for the web of a ‘semi-compact section is given by the following: (a) when & is positive (1) for sections built-up by welding fg BO ane (Ss) tors set tet aac (M 2) a 1206 and < 7506 PTR in which A is the ratio of the mean longitudinal stress in the web to p,. compression being taken as positive and tension as negative, 4.5.5 Compound flanges The following width to thickness ratios should be con: sidered: {a} the outetand of the compound flange compared to the thickness of the original flange: {(b) tho internal width of each added plate between the lines of welds or fasteners which connect it to the ‘original flange, compared to its owri thickness, {c} any outstand of an added plate beyond the lines of ‘welds or fastuners which connect it w the original flange, ‘compared to its own thickness 3.8.6 Longitudinally stiffened flanges The unsupported width, b, ofa flange or part ofa tlange, ‘which is effectively supported along both edges either by 2 web or 2 longitudinal stiffener, should be taken as the width between adjacant linet of welds or fasteners connecting it to the supporting elements. In rolled sections b should be ‘measured as shown in figure 3. Where the tree edge of the flange is supported by a Tongitudinal stiffener, the flange thickress, 7, should not be less than 6/20 unless the edge stiffener is itself supported at suitable intervals Whore the flange is stiffened by transverse as well as longitudinal stiffeners or a web, the thickness, T, should not be less than 1/100 of the smaller panel dimension a or 4, where ais a spacing of transverse stiffeners on the flange. 3.6 Slender cross sections 3.6.1 General Local buckling may become the design criterion when the proportions of elements in 2 cross section exceed those ‘iven for semi-compact elements in table 7. Such cross sections are defined as slender and their capacity i limited, 2.6.2 Scotions with thin webs required to carry shear Where thin webs which have a d/t ratio > 63e are required to carry shear the capacity of the erose section should be calculated from 4.4.4.2. 3.3. Webs subject to moments and axial loads and tular hollow sections {In the absence of a more rigorous method of analysis a value lf the design steongth, py, should he assumed such that the limiting proportions for Semi-compact sections are met (see table 7), The seme reduced velue of py should be used for that element throughout the design of the section whenever it isin compression, except that such reduction need not be made in the design of connections to that clement. 3.6.4 Other elements Where a slender element is in enmpression the design strenath, p,. should be reduced by the factor given in table 8. The same reduced value of p, should be used for that element throughout the detign of the section whenever, itis in compression except that such reduction need not be made in the design of connections to that element. 18‘Table 8, Strength reduction factors for slender elements ‘Type of element Type of mation | Stree Outstend element of | Built up 10 compression flange | by welding | 5 3 Te Rolled " sections 7 a4 Te Internal element of | Buildup 2 compression tiange | by welding | 3 2-7 Te Rolled a sections 7 z-8 Te ‘Legs of single angie | Hoalled angle | The lesser of and double anale section "1 members with C ‘components separated Fa and 19 (oa Te Outstand legs of 4 double angle members | Rolled angle | with anges in no ‘contact back-to-back ‘Stoms of T-seetions 14 a, 5 te NOTE 1. Dimensions b, ot, Ten as defined in favre 3, ey > NOTE 9, The strength of lander eros sections may be obtained {rom 3.6.2, 30.3 snl 3.6.4 as approprite. Alternatively the ‘nore rigorous aporoach given in BS BUBD | Part 8 may De used. note 2. 19 BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section threeBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section three qd iT 7 } ch Le + Let pe eg ey = & ut | TF : 4 er : ae 4 + ae Febcected vtinn Built-up sections (see 3.5.5) a! ah T a} mt Figure 3. Dimensions of sectionsBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four Section four. Design of structural elements 4.1 General AAA Scope ‘This section gives rules for the design of simple elements or elements comprising parts of frames. 4.1.2 Clase of eross section Reference should be made to 3.5 for the classification of crass sections, 4.4.3 Design strength ‘The design strength should be obtained from table 6. ‘The reduction of 20 N/mm? given in 4.7.6 for welded laments in compression does not apply to the element when it is checked for other effects such as bending, shear and connections, 42 Members in bending 42.1 General 4.2.1.1. Span of beams. The span of a beam should be taken between the effective points of support, 4.2.1.2 Length of cantilevers. The length of a cantilever should be taken as the distance from the affective point of the support to the tip of the cantilever. 4.2.1.3 General conditions. All members in bending should rect the following conditions. {a} At critical points the combination of maximum moment and co-existent shear, and the combination of maximum shear and en-existent moment should be checked (b) The deflection limits given in 2.8.1 should be considered. (c} Uniess the compression flange has tull lateral restraint, as indicated In 4.2.2, the resistance of the member to lateral torsional buckling should be checked in accordance with 4.3. (4) Local buckling should be considered as given in 2.6. (e) When loads or reactions are applied through the flange to the web the conditions of 4.6 for bearing and buckling should be met 4.2.2 Full averal restraint ‘When full lateral restraint is provided no reference need be ‘made to 4.3 which deals with the lateral torsional buckling resistance of the member, Full restraint exists ifthe frictional or positive connection of a floor or other construction to the compression flange of the member is capable of resisting # lateral force of not less than 2.5 & of the maximum factored force in the com. Dression tlange of the member. under factored loading, This load should be considered as distributed uniformly 2 along the flange, provided that the dead load of the floor and the imposed load it supports together constitute the dominant loading on the beam. The floor construction should be capable of resisting this lateral fores. 4.2.3 Shear Shear force F, not greater than shear capacity Py, where P, = O.8py Ay and Ay is the shear area taken ae follows: (a) rolled I, H anu channel sections, nip © (bap mtorr bow, load parallel to webs td {c} solid bars and plates 0.94 (0 urge termctors, rp imsreaala (;23) 4 (exe lon eto Ona (anyon one 08a, where fia the totel web thickness: 8 isthe breadth; D isthe overall depth: dis the depth of the web; A is the area of the section; Ag is the area of the rectilinear element of the section which has the largest dimension in the direction parallel to the load. ‘When the depth to thickness ratio, d/t, of a web exceeds {63e then it should be checked for shear buckling in accordance with 4.4.5. A.2A Elastic shear In sections where webs vary in thickness or have holes, significantly larger than thote required for fasteners, ‘the shear stress should be calculated trom tirst principles assuring elastic behaviour. In such cases the maximum shear stress, f,, should not exceed 0.7p,,. 4.2.8 Moment capacity with low shear load Where F, <0.6P, the moment capacity, M., should be taken as follows. For plastic or compact sections: Me = pyS but <1.2pyZ NOTE. The close limitation i to prevent plosticty ot working Joga. 11> 1.22 then the 1.2 constant may be replacea By the ‘tie of the fastortd load tothe unfactored load For temi-compact sectians: Me > eyZ For slender sections: Me BZ where py is the design strength (reduced for slender sections, see 3.6):BS 5950 : Part 1:1 Section four isthe plastic modulus of the section about the relevant axis; 2 is the olastic modulus of the section about the relevant axis When the depth to thickness ratio, dit, of a web exceeds {636 then it should be checked for shear buckling in accordance with 4.4.5. 4.2.6 Moment capacity with high shear load Where F, > 0.6, the moment capacity, Me, should be taken as follows. {a} For paste or compact sections: Me ~ py\S~ Spi) but <1.2py2 where ps and S, is taken a follows: For sections with equal flanges: the plastic modulus of the shear area, A, (see figure Als)); For sections with unequal flanges: the plastic modulus of the gross seotion less the plastic modulus of that part of the section remaining after deduction of the shear area (see tigure 4(b)). (b) For semi-compact sections Me Bye (6) For slender sections: Me Dye where py and Z are as defined in 4.2 When the depth to thickness ratio, dt, of a web exceeds 63e then it should be checked for shear buckling in accordance with 4.4.5, 43 Lateral torsional buckling 4.2.1 General ‘A beam not provided with full lateral restraint as defined in 4.2.2 should be checked for resistance to lateral torsional buckling. When a beam requires lateral restraint within its span, such restraint should have sufficient strength and stiffness {0 inhibit lateral moverent of the compression flange reletive to the supports. This may be provided by lateral reetrainte or torsional restraints (see 4.3.2 and 4.3.3), Al beams should alzo satisfy the requirements of 4.2.1 ‘and 4.2.3 to 4.2.6 inclusive, 432 Lateral restraints 4.3.2.1 Where one or more lateral restiaints are required at intervals within the spen of a beam, those intermediate lateral restraints chould be capable of resisting 2 total force ff not less than 2 5 % of the maximum factored force in ‘the compression flange, divided between the intermediate lateral restraints in proportion to their spacing, “The intermediate lateral restraints should elther be con nected Lv an appropriate system of bracing capable of transferring the restraint forees to the beam's effective pointe of support, ar else connected to an independant ‘robust part of the structure capable of fulfilling a similar function, Where two or more parallel members require lateral restraint at intervals itis not adequate merely to connect the members together such that they become mutually depen: dent. 4.3.2.2 Where three or more intermediate lateral restraints {are provided, each intermediate lateral restraint should be capable of resisting a force ot not less than 1 % of the maximum factored force In the compression flange. In this case, the bracing system should be capable ot ress: ‘ting the greater of the effects of: {2} the 1 % restraint force considered as acting at only fone point at a time: ()) the resteaint forces described in 4.3.2.1 4.3.2.3 Where more than three parallel members share the ‘ame system of rattrainte, the combined Iateral restraint force should be taken as the sum ot the three largest lateral restraint forces required for each individual restrained member, as determined in accordance with 4.3.2.1 and 43.2.2. aoe t Shear area = A, = 10 Shear area = A, = td Rolled section Welded section lat Equal anges Figure 4. Effective she of typical sections Shear aree= Ay= td Welded section (01 Uneguattarges 224.3.2.4 Purlins adequately restrained by sheeting need not normally he checked for the forces arising trom the restraining of rafters of root trusses or portal frames carrying predominantly roof loads, provided that either: (a) there is bracing of adequate stiiness in the plane of the rafters; or (b) the roof sheeting is capable of acting asa diaphragm: 4.3.3 Torsional restraints A beam may be taken as torsionally restrained (about its Tongitudinal axis) at any point in its length where both the tlanges are effectively held in position relative to each other by external means, (i the lateral direction). Torsional restraint at support positions may be provided by Lbeating stifeners acting in conjunction with the bearing of the beam (see 4.6.8) Torsional restraint may be provided at any point by means of a evitable diaphragm betwoen two similar members or ‘else an equivalent panel of bracing. Alternatively such restraint may be provided by external meas A torsional restraint should be capable of resisting a couple comprising forces of not less tart 1 5 of the maximum factored force in the compression flange, acting ata lever arm equal to the denth between the centroids ofthe flanges, 4.3.4 Destabilizing load Destabilizing load conditions exist when @ load is applied to the top flange of a beat and both the load and the flange are free to deflect laterally (and possibly rotationally also) relative to the eantraid of the heam 4.3.5 Effective lengths of beams ‘when considering lateral torsional buckling, the effective lengtt, Ce, of a beam should be taken as follows. BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four (2) For beams with lateral restraints at the ends only, the Value of Le should be obtained from table 9, taking L as Use span of the beam, Ifthe conditions of restraint at each tnd differ, the mean value of Ly. should be taken. (0) For beams with effective lateral restraints at intervals ‘within their length, the value of L¢ should be taken at 1.01 for normal lnading conditions or 1.2L for destabil- izing loading conditions (see 4.3.4), taking £ as the distance between restraints {6} For a portion of a beam between one end and the first intermediate restraint, account should be taken of the conditions of reetraint at the eupport. The effective length I~ should be taken as the mean of the value given in item (b) and the value given by table 9 for the condit ions of restraint at the support, taking L as the distance between the restraint and the eupport in both cates. 4.26 Effective langths of cantilev 4.3.6.1 With intermadiato lateral restraint. f 2 cantilever hhas intermediate restraints to the compression flange, or when a moment is applied at the tip, the lengths between restraints should be treated as beams; the effective length, Lg, should be taken from 4.35, 4.3.6.2 Without intermediate lateral restraint, When cantilever has no intermediate restraint to the compression flange and no moment is applied to the tip, the effective length, Uc, should he taken from table 10. 4.3.7 Lateral torsional buckling resistance of members subject to bonding 4.3.7.1 General. Equal tlanged rolled sections may be checked using the conservative approach in 4.8.7.7 Tor other members, or # portion of @ member, between Conditions of castrant at supports conditions ‘Normal Dertaiing ‘Compression flange laterally restrained | Both flanges fully restrained against on. 08st Ream fully restrained against torsion. rotation on plan Both flanges partially restrained against | 0.85L. 1.02 rotation on plan ‘Both flanges free to rorate on plan 1.0L 1.2L Compression flange laterally unrestrained | Resteaint againet torsion provided only by | 1.0L +20 | 1.2L +20 Both flanges free to rotate on plan Dositive connection of bottom tlange to supports Restraint against torsion provided only | 1.2L +20 | 1.41 +20 by dead bearing of bottom flange on supports D is the depth of the beam, 23BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four adjacent lateral restraints, subject to bending about their 4.3.7.2 Equivalent uniform moment, i. The equwalent major axls the following conaltion should be sais Uniform moment, His given by acm, i wher Mis the equivalent uniform moment; ‘Ma. is the maximum moment on the member or the ‘My isthe lateral torsional buckling resistance moment. portion of the member under consideration: NOTE. Fur box wctions of uniform thickness [including sructurel_ is an equivalent uniform moment fact hallow sections this check ic unoecastary wathin the limits given from 43.76. InB.6-1 and Mi may be taken at pySq-For circular hallow termined sections lateral forsional uekling check Is not requted ‘Table 10, Effective length, L¢, for cantilever of length £ Restraint conditions Loading conditions ‘At support atti ‘Normal | Destabilzing Continuous with lateral restraint only Free sor | rou Laterally restrained, ‘on top flange only ame | 7.5L Torsionally restrained only | 2.41 | 4.5L Laterally and torsionally restrained au | a6L Free 10L | 254 Laterally restrained (on top flange only oo | 252 Torsionally restrained only | 0.8L | 1.6L Loterelly end torsionally restrained ore | 120 Buil Free ose | iat Lateral restraint ‘on top flange onty ore | 1ae Torsionally restrained only | 064 | 0.6L Laterally and torsionally restrained os. | ose 7 e200 laterally in at least one Top flange restraint Torsional restraint Lateral and torsional restraint THOTE. Wien values rom this table ae used for Lg the mjlvalent uniform moment Factor, and he slendernen correction faeror, fnsahould be taken 2210, 244.3.1.3 Buckling resistance, M,,. For members with st least ‘ane axis of symmetry the buckling resistance moment, My, Is ven by: My = Sado where isthe plastie modulus of the section about the major ’Pp is the bending strength determined from 4.3.7.4. BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four 4.3.7.4 Bending strength, p.,. The bending strength. De, is related to the equivalent slenderness, A,r, the design strength of the material, py, and member type, ie. rolled or fabricated by welding. pp ean be obtained from table 11, 12.0r from the formulae in B.2.0n which these tables are based Table 11. Bending strength, nin N/mm?) for ‘Table 12. Bending strength, p,, (in N/mm?) for rolled sections welded sections p oy 245 | 265 | 27» | sz0 | sav | a0 | a19 | a30 | 450 1245 | 265 | 275 | 325 | 40 | 355 | 415 | a30 | as0 A a 30 [245 | 265 | 275 [38 [240 [sas [ane | 421 [aaa] [a0 |2as ]20s [ave [ze | oa0 | ae [aon [ana [ov 36 |245 | 265 | 273 |316 | 328 | 341 | 390 | 402 | 418 | | 35 {zap | 205 | 272 | 307 | 317 | 328 | 368 | 378 | 301 40 [209 | 264 | 262 | 302 | 313 | 225 | 371 | 292 | 297 | | 40 [aor | 24s |260 | 202 | 202 | 301 | 337 | 346 | 368 48 |z27 | 242 | 200 | 287 | 296 | 309 | so0 | 361 | 74 | | 45 [212 | 224 |230 | 259 | 268 | 276 | aoe | s16 | sz 0 |217 | 201 | 238 | 272 | 282 | 202 | 320 | 308 | 350 | | so [196 | 207 | 212 | 200 | zac | 209 | 262 | 288 | 207 88 |200 | 219 | 220 | 257 | 260 | 274 | 307 | 315 | 325 | | 55 zap | 292 | 257 | 26s | 275 60 [195 | 207 | 213 |2a1 | 249 | 257 | 2a5 | 292 | 200 | | 60 207 | 212 | 24s | 253 | 264 85 |185 | 196 | 201 | 225 | 232 |239 | 263 [269 | 276 | | oe 196 | 204 | 235 | 242 | 251 70 [174 | 194 | 198 | 210 | 216 | 222 | 242 | 247 | 252 | | 70 199 | 196 | 224 | 230 | 238 75 [164 | 172 | 176 | 195 |200 | 205 | 22s | 226 | 231 | | 75 182 | 188 | 212 | 218 | 220 0 |rs4 | rer | 165 |1a1 | 186 | 190 | 204 | 208 | 212 | | ao Jras | sar | rae | ren | 274 | 79 | 200 | 208 | 211 a5 [rag | ist | 156 | 108 [172 |175 | 198 | 190 | 198 | | as fz | 136 | 140 | 160 | 1065 | 171 | 188 | 190 | 194 90 }135 | rat } rae | 156 | 180 | 162 J173 ] 175 | 178 | | oo |x29 | 491 | 196 | 162 | 187 | 62 | 193 | 178 | 178 95 |126 | 131 | 134 | 144 | 147 | 180 ] 159 | 161 | 163 | | 96 Jat | 128 | 129 | 148 | 147 | 150 | 159 | 161 | 163 soo f1e | 129 | 126 } 194 [197 | s90 [rar | 148 | 160 | | 100 [119 | 120 | 29 | 194 | 197 | 190 | 147 | 148 | 160 ros far [rns | 117 fas fr27 [129] 196 | 197 | 199 | | 108 [109 | sas | 397 | 325 | 227 | 229 | 196 | 197 | 199 110 fro | 107 | 109 Jane fram [120 | 126 | 127 | 128 | | ss0 |r04 | 107 | 109 | a¥6 | a8 | 220 | 126 | 127 | 128 nis | 97 | 101 | 102 | 108 | aso Jari | r17 J ate | x19} Jane | 97 | r00 | a02 | roe | r10 | ann | an7 | 108 | 119 x20 | 01 | 04] 96 | 101 [102 | 104 | 108 | 109 | 11 | | 120 | 91 | 94 | 06 | 101 | 402 | 104 | 108 | 100 | 111 ws | we | wo | 90} 95 | 96 | a7 |ror [soz |r| | 125 | 6 | a9 | 90 | 95) 96) 97 | 101 | 102 | 109 130 | a1 | aa| aa} ap | 90] or] 94] o5| 96] |120] ax] a2] se] ao] oo] or| | 95] 96 135 | 76 | 78| 79] 63 | e¢| 85] 68 69| 90] |135 | 76 | 78| 79| 83] e¢| 25| 8 | 89] 90 tao | 72| 24] 25] 2¢| 79] 20 | e2| e4| aa] || 22] 24| 26 | 72] 70] 90| o2| a] ae va | os | ro] m1 | 74 | 75 | 75] 78] 79] 73] |145 | os | 70] 7] 74] ro] 78 78) 79] 79 seo | 6¢| 65 | 67 | 70] 70| 71] 73] 24] 26] | 150 | o| | e7| 70] 70] 71 72] 74] 76 185 | ot] 62| 63 | 06 | o6 | o7 70| 70| || 61] 62| es | e6) o6| o7| o9| 70] 70 sen | sa} sa | 60 | 62 | 62 | 62} 65] 65 a8] | 160 | s2| so] 60| e2| 62] 62| 65] 6a] 66 wes | 55 36] 57 | 59 | 60] 60| 62| o2| 62! | res | v5 | 96 | 97| 58] 60] 60] sz] oz] 09 yo | 62] 63] 54 | s6| se | 57 | so] so] 50 | | 170 | s2| so| s4| se] se| 57| 5o| so| so vs} so] s1/ 51/53/54] 5¢} 56] 56] 56] as | so] st] sr] 53] se] 54] 56] 36] v6 reo | a7] aa) ao] si | si] si] ss] ss] 53] | sao | a7] ae! ao] sr] sr] sr] sa] 53] 53 res | a5] 46] a0} 43] 49] 49] so] so] 51] | ies | 45| 46] 46] 48] 40| 49] 50] 50] 51 soo | aa| ae) ae | an | an | a7} an] an aa) | soo | 42] a4] ae] as] ac] a7] aa] an] as sa | ar] az] a2] a4] aa | 4s] a6] 40] 40] fags | ar] az] az] an] aa] a4] a6] 46] 40 200} 29] 40] 40] 42 | a2] a2] aa} aa] aa} | 200] 20] 40) 40| a2] az] az] aa] ae] ae 2} a6] a7] 37 | ae | so | a0 | 20] 20] 20] | ato] a6] a7] a7| 28] a0] 99] 40] 0] 40 zo} 33} 34] 3¢| 35| 35| 36] 36] 37] 37] | 220] 22] 34] 24] a5] a5] a6] 36] 37] 37 200} av { av} ar | 32 | 39 30] 39] a4] a4} | 290] 31] 31| a1] 52] 93] a3] 3] 34] 34 240 | 29] 29] 29] ao} a0] 20} a1} ax] a1} | 240] 20] 29| 29{ 30] a0] ao] ar] ar] at 20 | 27| 27| 27 | 28] 28 | 28 | 29] 29] 29] | 200 | 27| 27| 27| 28] 28] 28] 29] 20] 29 25BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990, Section four 4.3.75 Determinetion of dy. For flanged members symmetrical about at least one axis and uniform through its length: Aur sau For mombert of other cross section, or of non-uniform section, refer to B.2.6, B.2.7 and B.2 In the above equation: 2is the minor axis tenderness: = Le /ry where Lg 1S the ettective length trom 4.3.5 t0 4.3.8: 1 isthe radius of gyration about the minor axis of the member. visa buckling parameter (} for a ROLLED I, H, or channel section, u may be taken from appendix B, published tables or canserv. atively as 0.9; (b) for any other section, u may be taken feam appendix B or conservatively as 1.0. ¥ isa slenderness factor: (1) for flanged members symmetric about one axis of Uniform section v may be determined from table 14 Using M and Nx in which: latte where Jeg. lg are the second moments of area of the ‘compression and tension flanges respectively about the minor axis of the section; D is defined above; Xs the torsional index and may be determined from B.25 or published tables. Alternetively, x may be taken at D/T, provided that u is taken OS for rolled sections, or 1.0 tor other sections, NOTE. = 05 for memberswith equal anges (2) For other sections v may be determined from B.2.5 using the formulac on which table 14 is based. ‘isa slenderness correction factor: determined from 4378. 4.3.7.6 Factors m and n. Factors m and n should be determined trom the following, (2) Members of uniform cross section, sae table 13, (b) Members of non-uniform eross section, reference should be made to B.3. ‘Table 13, Use of m and n factors for members of uniform section Description Mombers not subject to Members subject to ‘destabiizing loace ‘destabilizing tones 43.4) Woe 43. Members loaded between adjacent lateral — | Sections with | 1.0 From bles | 1.0 10 restraints ‘equal flanges 18 and 16 Sections with 10 10 10 10 unequal flanges Members nat loaded between adjacent Sections with | From table | 1.0 10 10 lateral restraints equal flanges 18 Sections with | 1.0 10 10 10 Unequal tlanges Cantilevers without intermediate lateral restraints 10 10 10 1.0BS 6950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four Table 14. Slenderness factor v for flanged beems of uniform section TH compression I C L ‘Comoression| Tension Tension . a 10 [os fos jor Joe | os oa jos |o2 for foo os [or [oa [ose [oar [oss | 100 a [aaa fasr [220 | i267 xo Jove |oso |oss |osr |osz | ose tao | 1a7 {rsa [2a | 036 ts or |oao Joe Joss joo | 007 yoa | 124 [sae [aga] 427 20 |o7% |o7 Jos: joas joss | os6 198 | 120 |14z [ise | 320 28 |o7s |o77 |oso joss joss | oss 103 [rte [tas [170 | 22 sv joss joss Jove Jose joss | os too faz |rzs jisr [az 3s [072 |or |or |os0 joss | oso 097 | 107 132 |rae [iar ao far |ora Jor |o7a joa | oss ose [ros fate faze | uz 43 oes [o71 ors |o7e | oso | oss os1 [oss fat [rz | 16 s0 lose |o7 Jor |o7 |or | oa ona [oss |105 }120 | 141 ss |oss |oss Jor Jor |o76 | 070 ows {oor ro faaa | tat so loss |oar jos jo [ora | 07 os2 {oso |os7 |1or | 12 6s loss |oss Jos |oz |or | ors oso joss joss [ro | 114 70 Joss |os« joss |oss |o7 | 073 ova |oas |oao joo | 108 7s |osr [oss Jos» joss |oss | o72 ore |oso |oss joss | 102 ao |oso |oe oss Joes Jos? | o70 074 |o78 |oas joss | oss ss |ose |oso Joe Joss jose | cos o72 |o7e |os0 Jose | oss 90 Jose |oso Jos: Joss jose | os 070 |o7 }o7e joa | ogo gs |os7 [oss |osv jus: juss | use vss love ow oso | ose roo Jose |osr Joss [ooo |osz | oss os? |o7 Jor jor | oss tio Joss |oss |osr Joss [oso | os oe |osr |o70 ors | o76 rzo joss |oss Joss |oss joss | oso os: |oss joss |o7 | 073 sao jos: |osz joss Jose |oss | os7 oss |ost jose joss | oes rao oso fos: Jose Joss joss | oss os {ose jos foc | ose 150 oa [oa [oso [ost |os2 | oss oss |osr jose fost | aaa roo joa? |ose Joao oso jos: | ose oss |oss |osr jose | ost wo joss [oar Jose Joa |oao | 050 os2 |oss joss |os7 | oss wo joss [ose [oar foar |oas | 049 oso jose joss joss | oso roo fora |oas Joss [oss |oar | 048 o49 [oso |os2 joss | os 200 [oss joss fos joa oss | var vas |oas juny fost | oss NOTE, 1 For beams with EGUAL Tanaes, N= 0.5, For Beams with UNEQUAL flanges refer 1043.7. [NOTE 2. snould be cetermined trom te genera formulae given in 8.2.8, on which this table Is bused. (a) for wections with LIPPED longer (eg. guntry yitders ompuned of chante + universal Lear), aid (b) for intermediate values tothe ight ofthe stepped line inthe table. 27BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four t ned Fength a [tee NOTE 1. All hooaina moments ae +. NOTE 2 Bis detined in table 18 NOTE 3, Mi the midiength moment ona simply ‘uipnoried span ania #9 tha unrectained length ‘Table 18. Slenderness correction factor... for members with applied loading substantially concentrated within ‘the middle fifth of the unrest [NOTE 4. Te values of 7 inthis table apply only to members of UNIFORM section. NOTE 5. Values for intermediate values of # and 7 may be interpolned, NOTE 6. When 2 rom this table is vsed, n= 1.00. } (soe able 17) Unrestrained length £ Boositve Brrogative MIM vo [os [os [oa [oz 09 02 [0s [08 |-08 |-10 5000 [100 [ose lose [oar | osz 077 072 [osr [oss [oss | oa +1000 Joos |oa joss | oso | ons ono 075 Joss jose jos | oa? +s00 [oss |oss |os7 | 093 | oso one 079 |o73 Jor ozo | o70 z200 |ose | 096 oss | oo | os 094 oso joss |o7 |o7 | 076 sso [oss oss Jose | ove | oss ogs ose }oso fous [oso | ow v190 |oa2 jos |osz jose | os2 oan oor fost oa |os2 | 092 +050 [090 joao |oao |osa |oao 089 os joao jose |oaa | oss 00 [oss [oss joss | oss | osc 036 oss [oss [oss [oss | oss oro fos [oss |oss joss | oss 036 cas jose [oss |oss | oss -o20 [082 [oss |oss | oss | oss os, cas joss |oas |oas | 085 030 jos |osz |osz joss | oss ons oss joss |oss oss | os7 soa 07a [ono jos [om | oar ona one fons foas ons | oar -os0 |o77 [07 |o79 | oso | osz 083 cas joss [oss |oa7 | oss os jos: |oss |o7 |o7 |os0 oz ose joss [oss |os7 | oss -e70 oss |oze joc: |osr |o7 079 003 Joos |oor |oso | oo» com joss jos: jose |oso | ons an o77 Joa: joa |oso | oo 090 [oss |osr jose Joss |os7 04 om |o77 Jose Joss | ost -100 |os2 Jose Joss |os2 |osa 059 oss |o72 |0s0 |oas | os2 sso [ose fosz |osr Joss |ose os? oso oss |o7s }oss | os0 120 070 |oss }oso | oss |os« 055 oso joss |o73 |oao | oa7 -130 |o7s |oos joss |os7 |oss oa os? |osr |oe |oz7 | oa van [078 070 Joss Joss |oss ose oss [oso |oss jor |om -1s0 [07s |o70 Joss |os9 | ose osa oss joss |oss ozs | 080 170 077 |o7 joss jos: | oso 056 oss joss joss |o7 | 070 -180 079 |077 |oss |oss | ose 056 oss jos? |os2 joss | 076 -130 oso |o79 Jose |oos | 060 os? oss jos? jos: [ocr | 07 -200 Joa joa jor |oas joss ose ass joss joao Jans | a7 -s00 Jos: [oa Joss |or |or 8 ose fos: |oso |osz | oss -so0o [oss |ov fos |oss | ov ora o7 joer |oes Joss | oss torinty [1.00 [oss [oor | oss | osz on 72 [oss | 045 28BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 ‘Section four Table 16. Slenderness correction factor, , for members with applied loading other than as for table 18 [NOTE 1. All hoagina moments are +e NOTE 3, Mis the mic-iengtn moment on simply tuipported span equal te the unrestrained length {see table 17). L Unrestrained length £ postive Bowgatiee MIM : —_— 19 [os los os oz 00 2 |o« [os [os |-10 +6000 [100 [ose [ose Jor | oss o77 o7z Jos jose |oss | oss tro00 | 090 [oss | oss |os: | ose ost o7e |o70 Joss |oss | os? +500 | 099 |oss |os7 joss | 030 085 ogo [07s |o7 |o70 | 070 1200 | 09 |ose |os7 Joss | oss 082 030 |oas |osz |o7 | oz s60 |o97 |oa7 Joa7 Jose | ons 093 092 [oss joss |oas | 070 vio os? |os7 |os7 }ose | 036 035 ose joss |oss |ost | oss soso [ose [oss jose joes | ose 006 oot [oor |ooa |oos | oor 000 [oss [oss Joss [oss |oos 094 ose [oss [oss oss | oss -o10 [oss [oss [oss [oss [oss 034) ose [oss [ose [oss | ose -020 |092 |os2 |os2 |oo2 |o93 092 093 [oss |oos |oss | 00s 40 | 090 |o90 |oo: Jos: | 002 92 a2 |oo2 |oos |oss |oos 050 |oa9 joao jos: Jos: |osz 092 os2 Jos joa |os2 | os -o60 fom |o7 Joss Jonr |oas oat a Joa fosr |os |o0 -070 }os7 |osa Joro Jor |osz 087 os jos: fosz |osz jos -os0 [oar |os2 [oso fos | ora 080 eas |os0 [oor |os2 | coz oy oar |oas oso joss | os» ous va |osr jos |osv | ose 100 oso jose joss jos: | ose oe 72 |oa: |oar |oso | oso -110 Jose Jos: |oss [oss jose ost oss |o77 Joss |osr | oxs “m0 fos: [ose asa foar [oss Osa ose [or |oao [ore |oar -130 |os: |oss |osz Joa |oa9 033 os: |o70 |o77 |osz |oas sta0 [oss foso oss joao | oxo ost oss |os7 |o7 |o7 | oss svso fos jose |osr fos: |var vay vss foes Jun for | oss -160 [ose [oss oso Jose |o4s 050 oss joss joss |o7 | oss “170 |or: [ose joe Joss |os0 ost oss jos: joes Jor |osz may be interoolated NOTE 6. When n trom this table is used, m= 1.00, 29BS 6960 : Part 1: 1990, Section four ‘Table 17. Moment diagram between adjacent points of lateral rest on Bove y-veBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990, Section four "ie 18, uate unitorm moment eam 8 a online ee : os | Ese , oy | Gee a Jan oo | Gao —_—_— —— os [ar ” BM oA 0.72 aa os tas o2| Ses ot Sea ere a fom 23 [oe lee 0s NOTE 1 The values of m in thi table apply only #0 end moments applied a beams af UNIFORM ection with EQUAL Hangee In all other cases, n= 1.0, NOTE 2. Value of m for intermadiat valuct of # may be 157 + 0.398 + 0.105"; but not les than 0.43, NOTE 9. Bie the rata far the eal sed moment to the larger end moment an # span equal tothe unceetrsined length 4.3.1.7 Equal flanged rolled sections. This clause gives 8 When using table 19 the effect of the loads and moments conservative approach, Ifa full analysis is required or the between restraints may be considered by multiplying the sections are equal flanged rolled sections, then the provisions effective length by the tlanderness correction factor. (01 4.3.7.1 to 4.3.7.6 should be used, Reference may be made to 4.3.7.6 for value of n. Altern: In each length between lateral restraints, the maximum atively, except for destabilizing loads (see 4.3.4), n may be ‘moment should not exceed the bucklina resistance moment, _t#ken from table 20. My, of the section taken as Pi Sy. 4.3.8 Buckling resistance moment for single angles Where determined tom table 19a), (bf) orf), tora TRE Buekling resistance momen for a sngle angle should be ae taken as: My = 0.8p,2 for L/ty, 100 Sis the plastic modulus of the section about the xx My © O.?py2 for Lity, 180 A. fethe slenddarness of section = Le ir My = 0.6py2 for Lrg, 300 Le it tho effective longth from 4.3.5 oF 4.3.6, where 7 ithe radius of gyration about the member minor Z 1 the smaller elastic modulus about the appropriate x inthe torsional index (coe 4.3.7.6} which may be ‘ra i the rads of gyration about the weakest axis: taken ae DIT Lis the unrestrained length 31BS 5950: Part 1: 1! Section four ‘Tabla 19. Bending strength, p., (in N/mm®) for rolled sections with equal flanges (a) py = 205 Nimm? ale 10 6 20 2s 2 26 “0 4s 50 » 30 [265 [20s | 205 | 205 | 20s | 05 | 208 =| 20s | zon | 208 as [265 26s | 268 | 268) | 2s =| 265 | 268) | nas =| 265 | (208 40 [265 |205 | 265 | 268 «| 208 | 264 | 26e =| 26) | 263 | 203 a [266 aes | 261 | ace | ass | 255 | 258 © | asa | 25a | 250 so [265 fze1 | zes | ay fz | cas | zap | za | cas | za ss [265 ass | 245 =| 2a1 fz | 236) | 208 | 2s | 238 | 238 00 |265 250 | 239 | 209 | azo | 227 | 228. | 2s | 228 | zee es [765 2s 27 | 208 fon f aan | ane ots | ta | ot ro |265 | 200 225 fair faz | 209 | 207 | 208 | 208 | 208 7m [2a 205 [20 | 210 | 204 | 200 | toe) | tos | 105 | 108 0 © [200 |200 Jara zoe) | toe) toy J neo) [tor aos | te as |asr [708 | 207 | a08 fama] aaa tao faa fe | 08, 90 | 2se zzz J 201 tea | go favs fam | 09 ter | 08. os [252 217 toe) | naz fu | ser] ten | to] asa | 57 wo [ze ars fa fave | tes] to] tee fans] apo | ta wos |2ar 209 faas. favo feo] ts tae tas] tas | tat io [24s 200 90 | toe fase | tar tae fase | a6 | 138 ws [22 202 fae tsa f tae] tao tas naa | aap | 27 wo |zo fase fas fase fee | zs zs faze J as | tat 12s [207 x05 tor naa far | zo faze fu J aay | tts, ra [235 fsx tos tae fase fae tte fata fate | 09, ras [aaa fxm tsa nan foe na tne toe | to | 10 wo fzsr tes fase J g5 faze fis | toe | 105 | 102 99 ras 200 Juez fitz fitz f 120 fast | t058 | to 7 08 wo [zr fxg tae tz9 fe | 07 | 10 7 3 3 ass [228 fue, tas fxs fanz | 108 a 9a 29 a roo |z2s fas, saz fuzz | 109 | 100 94 80 86 3 wes [221 x0 ta9 ft | 08 °° 3 86 3 80 mo jag ter J tz6 fate | 103 94 cd 83 80 n ts [27 res fitaa sf ta | 00 or 3 80 n ” was ]212 isa | 428 | to 95 a8 2 1% n © wo [2 fisr | x28 | 108, 2 83 n B ° os ros |200 sss fitzz | t0 0 a 8 0 8 ee 200 f20r ass 120 to 2 1” B cy ca 62 zw foe tae | 6 96 Ba 18 eo ea 6 58 zo [200 tae | a2 93 80 n 6 et =o 55 zo fio7 tao | 108 a9 n 6 a 58 5 52 20 free fase | 108 86 74 05 59 55 82 2 ro |sg0 x32} sor aa n a 5 52 2 o 32BS 5950 : Part 1: Section four Table 19 (continued) Wb) py = 275 Nien? Ns 10 16 20 28 20 28 0 s 50 30 fas 27s [ars | 27s | areas | are) | ars | ars | a5 2s fam | fame [ams | a6 fare f as, | as eS ae | 26 ao fz zs) fas 25 J re fas | oe fee) am | oe as [27s 27s | 200 | 200 | zoe =| 20 | 200 | 22 | ace | 202 so [27s ze) | 261 | 257 | ass | 252 | sa | ono) | eo | 2 ss Jars 263] asa | zap | zap | za | 2a | zanna | 2a wo fz 28 | 208 | 2a) 258 fase | 23 fase) fan | 20 es 27s |2s2 | 200 | | 202 | aor zee | 223 aes | 200 wo 27a zen | 22 22a, fare fats | ata fa | ato | 209 7 2 242 | 225 | 215 | 208 | 206 | 203 | 201 | 200 | 189 so 208 jzs7 zie =f 208) 201 | 96 fas | tar] 190 | 8 as [ze = [292 1a | 200 toa [toe fae | a2 | tao | 70 wo fase fxs jaw fs we fe fae fos fa | te os [260 [228 = 201 J see, [77 a7s nerf tee | sez | 00 roo |2s7 21g | 195 tao f tof tee] sof tse fsa | 82 tos fase fais | t90 faze ftw] tse] st tae ta | te tio f2sz fzi1 [na fee J tsy | a0 figs f tat fina | 136 a5 [250 207 190 sez f ass fsa J age faze aay | 129 vo fazer fos fare fay fae fase fase sf te | as rs |24s |200 favs fase | t4o | uaz] aa, faze J to | at ro [ase |r90 ter asrfass |] az6 x20 nef asda yas aan soa ter tea sao aay fists fast J toe | 08. vo fase [ayo fay fsp ze fry fam | ef nas ar us [26 [tes ass, fas 122) [a9 | 05 | t02 ry 96 wo f23j tes fas) fas tte | t09 | 02 98 9% 2 wes faa faao fae | ts 9 oe a aa wo [229 fary fase fae fa | a 9 80 a 24 ses [227 fava nas, azn | t07 98 2 7 e a wo |225 amt fxss J ta | 0 8 9 a4 8 78 ws [223 [too fas] asf to 2 86 a ey 8 wo f2ar fase asa] riz 99 89 8 8 ~ n res 2% sez s30 | 300 96 7 20 76 n 70 wo fav [rer faz ar 9 a4 8 1 0 8 ros fas fase sz | 108 o 2 7 n eo 6 oo fang fase [122 | 102 3 80 14 ao 6 8 20 [ong fast [118 oa 88, 8 m 6 @ 59 zo |208 aay | tna 94 a 2 cy 62 38 25 230 [202 Jas [110 90 mB 6 3 59 55 2 zo fie9 fass | 108 8 14 88 cy 28 82 80 260 [tos ft | 100 a n 6 87 5 50 o 1990BS 5960 : Part 1: 1990 Section four Table 19 (continued) (cl, = 340 N/mm? Nod 5 10 » 20 cy 0 Fe “0 4 20 » 20 [2 faao [aan [aan [aan [azo | sao | a0) | sao | 340 we [ae — faao | 300 sao 3a0 | ago | 309 | a9 | 09 | 209 40 | 200 = fae | ann J a20 | ae) | aan far | asf 25 | a8 45 [300 asa faa Jaw sis fate fae [aie fats J ais so | 240 322 | az 07 | 304 =| a02 J aor | gor | 300 | 200 ss [a0 Jars | 200 206 202 | 250 zen | 287 | 205 | 20 eo |2a7 aoe | 200 208) fng0 fam) fs | aa favs | an 6 [333 sor [ass | zee =| 20s | 202) | 200) |u| 288 7 |229 208 | ara 253 ass || s1 fas ate | ous | aaa [ars 2ey | 205 fase fzae =| 239 235] 233 zat | 20 eo jaar far fasy nan [am apr | 9 J npn oe at a fae [a fzae faz zzz zis, | 211207 | 208 | 20. 9 © fara [260 f2a0 fag) | ts 208 | too) J 196 ft | 101 as fan [263 fzsz 21s |r tye || we J tae te | 180 soo aor fzer|.z25§= | 20s) toe) te J tna faze furs] t00 wos aoe fasz favs fer ftes favs | top tos fst | a to jar fas fans | tao fasts, || ten tse | fs | 180 me fz fzar 208 fgets tse J sz tay fae | ta x20 |204 [206 | 100 | 7g ftet ttf tas tao fsa | 34 rs fan fza1 193 J 70 ts tas fas ftss faa | tar ta an [aor [nme ftp [tas faze Jn tas fsa] 20 vas 20s |z2z fuss fass [tas fas] 125 faa fist | at vo 202 fare faves faze fazy x20 fans fata | si ws fae [zis favs fags tas fuzz ts fro J t06 | 103 sso 27 [200 see fate faze tte [10 tos 101 90 ws ars [208 ses tsp faze fata | 106 to 7 94 reo 270 |20r, | seo. faas x70 so | so 97 a 90 we 2s, ftsrfts6 fase fis | 06 98 93 29 86 smo 26s [toe sea fae tsa | to 96 90 86 a 1s |2e2 [igo fag] t25 | 109) Py 2 88 82 19 veo aso funy fas fat | to 96 ea ra a 8 ves 257 fase uaz fare | 103 93 88 80 7 74 wo 26a seo | 130, Jass | 100, 90 a3 ” 7m n ws fast far tse dn 98 8 80 8 n 68 200 zag are [38 | t10 rs 2s 7” a o 6 zo eas fxs [128 | 105, 90 a m4 o os e mo |29 faesf23 tor 86 n 70 85, at 5a zo fase fsa | ng 98 82 2 66 61 58 25 mo 20 fas [ats 2 7” 70 6 sa 5 52 20 fs |tag fin ct 78 e wo 38 2 a 34BS 5950 : Part 1: 1 Section four Table 19 (concluded) (6) py = 3b Niemen* als wo |e 20 Jas fo fas ao fas | 0 aN 30 [ass [ass [ass [oss | [oss | [oss | ass) [ass | ass | acs as [ass [ass [ass ase ass | a3 | 352 | 352 asa | 52 0 fass faz aaa ez fuer | 540 | 502 | 509 | aa0 | 30 a [ass fae [305 azo] zp, | aay fans | ons |aas | a5 so fase fe fe fos ate fats fe fs ff sn ss fase [or Jara ans aan | 200 | asa =f 257 amr | 208 eo [380 fas [30s Jase | 269 | 250 | zee | 28s | zee | 28 os fous [312 200 203 fae) | 202 | 270 | 0 266 ro ser | 308 | zusJ2 zoe | ey | 205 | ze se | zon 7 [so [200 [zr |250 251 | ous | zan | om [208 | 236 ao fass fz 208 f2ap fae ass | zap faze zea | ae os faz [zee 258 200 faze) | aan | ae fara |at0 | 200 90 faze zm fer fxs fz zee | 208 ws | 96 as |az2 [271 fap fata 200 | 190 | 109 vos | 104 soo fase [one oan, ota | tay | tna | a rm [ama tos Jars aco 224202 sae 2 fre tes | t62 vio fat) fase zr te [a7 ws [9 [155 | 153 us 308 2a 20 foo avs wo [150 uaz | ta v0 |305 243 20ers | at v7 fee faa | 138 Ja |2s8 Jase fis apr vo fics fast | 28 rao Jona [zane ar fasy te fits fre [tas fae rss [200 [228 fey fxer nas tse sar faze fate | tn waa 202 [229 aay fase feo. faz faze fain fata | nto vas fee fate fare fst faze ize fez at tas | 0 wo [200 [zie dave aac ft30 fe fanz for 0 | 100 rss jez Jaro fuer ftez fae J ns J tor toe] ge | 8 wo [27 foe [sea ize, fas, sty soa | ce | ae | ot wes [276202 tsa fase fate tor 100, | ge) | go | 170 [arate sss [soo ase ton] 96 | os | or | ms [2 figs ftsz fas. fats, too | os] ay | a | so 200 aor fas fsan. sor for | oo | ow | | was [aes [ama tas, sz0 aoe foe a) | ms | | 7 10 |2e2 free free arr for, for] os = | | | oe sos 250 fer fa0 fata gp | ge] ot | oe foe] wo far fiw fue fr we ws J | ef | wr zo far fare faa tos, sft fat] sf eo | ws | ae zo |20 roo [128 soa | or) | wy] | sf | zo fa faer fat |'p fas te] wf ef se | os zo ze fi fief xe = fo | | oe fe | oe |e zo fast ass, ft? foo ff or | of se | se | 0 35BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four Table 20, Slanderness correction factor, n, for standard load adhe ecco ene 5 a: > 32 ‘The thickness of webs should comply with both 44.2.2 @ ay"? and 44.2.3, (2) where stitenerspacinga 32° (5) (c) With Longitudinal stiffeners: as given in BS 5400. 364.4.2.3 Minimum web thickness to avold flange buckling. In order to avoid the flange buckling into the web: ( poe 350 Put a Without intermediate stiffeners: > > a) fed oa isi (8) Wit ited amr err (te 6 Cawnn eter snore 50:2 2 (Bt (1) where stiffener spacing a> 1.5d: ¢> ) ) 4.4.3 Design strength of components “The design strength should be obtained from 3.1.1. For hybrid girders due account should be taken of the ation in design strength between the component parts. 4.44 Momont capacity 4.8.1 General. The moment capacity for a section with webs where d/t < 63¢ should be determined in accordance with 4.25 and 4.2.6. ‘4.4.8.2 Sections with thin or slender webs. Where the tlanges of a section are plastic, compact ur semi-compact, but the web is thin (i. d/t > 63) or slender (see table 7), the moment capacity should be calculated using one of the following methods. {a} The moment and axial load may be atsumed to be ‘asisted by the flanges alone (each flange being assumed ‘to be subject to uniform stress ay) and the web designed for shear only, see 4.45. {(b) The moment and axial load may by assured to be resisted by the whole section, the web being designed for ‘combined thear and longitudinal stresses, see H.3. For @ section with semi-compact flanges the moment in the web should be determined from simple elastic theory. For a section with plastic or compact flange plastic theory may be used. {c} A proportion of the loading may be assumed to be resisted by method (b), the remainder of the loading being resisted by method (a) and the web designed accordingly. simple 4.4.3 Sections with slender flanges. The moment capacity should be calculated from the reduced stress as given in 3.6. 4.85 Shear buckling resistanos of thin webs 4.4.5.1 General, This clause applies to webs which are assumed to carry shear only, axial load and bending moment being carried entirely by the flanges. For webs carrying shear and direct stress, see H.3. Webs without intermediate stiffeners should he designed according to 4.4.5.3. Webs with intermediate stiffeners may be designed according 10445307 4.4.5.4. Webs with longitudinal stitteners should be designed to 8S 5400, 37 BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four 4.48.2 Design of internal and and panels. Internal panele may be designed using tension field action and the end, panels designed accordingly. Alternatively internal and end panels may be designed simply (but conservatively) without using tension field action. 4.8.8.3 Design without using tension field action. This clause should be used for the design of unstiffened girders and may be used (conservatively) for the design of internal and end panels of 9 stiffened gied ‘The shear buckling resistance, Ver, ofa stiffened or unstiffened panel is given by: Ver = Gert where ‘er isthe evitcal shear strength as obtained trom tables 21(a) to (d) as appropriate, For girders without intermediate stiffeners the spacing should be taken as infinity; q ‘ 4.4.8.4 Design using tension field action 4.4.5.4. General. Ths clause may be used forthe design ‘of internal and end panels providing the end panels are designed according to 4A S.A.2 or 4.4.5.4.3 0s appropriate, ‘The shear buckling resistance of a stiffened panel i given by: Ye ~ aot It the flanges inthe pane! are not fully stessed the shear resistance may be inereased to: Ve lap + a¢-VK) dt but <0.8py de is the depth of the web; is te thickness of the web, where diy isthe hasc shear strength as obtained from tables 22(a) to (a) as appropriate, dy isthe tlange dependent shear stenath factor obtained from tables 23{a) to (d) as appropriate; 4 etme depin of ne wed: inthe thickness of the wa M, ' K, - Me (1-4), ce) Me isthe paste moment capacity ofthe smaller Henge Shout ts own equal sree ans pars to the fang 1 isthe mean tongiudina tes inthe smaller flange due 19 moment andor axial oad; Dy isthe design strength ofthe lange; Me is the plastic moment capacity of the web about its ‘own equal area axis perpendicular to the web. 4484.2 End ponele designed not using tension field ‘action (see figure 5). This clause may be used tor the design, ff end panels in girders designed using tension field action. Ins this ease the end pane! should be designed according 10 4.45.3. ‘Additionally they should be checked a a beam spanning bbotween the flanger of the girder capable of resisting a shear force Ry and a moment My as ven in 4.8.5.4.4.BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four ‘The end stiffener should be capable of resisting the reaction. plus @ compressive force due to the moment My. 4.45.43 End panels designed using tension field action (see fiqures 6 and 7). This clause may be used for the design Of end panels in girders designed using tension field action. In this eaze the end panel should be designed according 1445.41 Additionally it should be provided with an end post con. sisting of a single or double stiffener, see figures 6 and 7, satisfying the following. (a) Single stittener, see tigure 6. The top of the end post should be rigidly connected to the flange using full strength welds. ‘The end post should be capable of resisting the reaction plus a moment from the anchor forces equal to 7/5 Myr; whore My is obtained from 4.4.5.4.4 The width and thickness of dhe end post are not Lo ‘exceed the width and thickness of the flange. (b) Double stiffener, see Figure 7. The end post should be checked as.a beam spanning between the flangos of the girder capable of resisting a shear force Ry and a moment My due to the anchor forcesasqiven in 4.4.5.4.8. 4.45.44 Anchor force. The resultant longitudinal shear force Ay, and moment My, due to the anchor force Hq should he obtained from the following: nan te 4 dea Be Ger"? ss07800, (1 gi 07m, (1-8) is the wb depth; Is the web thickness; 1, Is the applied shear stress in the panel utilizing tension field action; Is the basic shear strength of the panel utilicing tension field action; Ger isthe critical shear strength for the panel designed, utilizing tension field ection: Fe, 200 Gey are for the panel designed utilizing tension field action, ie. panel A in figure 5 and panel B in figures 6 and 7. % If fy

t to | 22 [ae [aoe | sor [soe | sos fare [sar [300 face [330 | aoe [ase | 210 tis | ba [ace | ase | sro [era |soo [tea [seo |aor [ace [330 | 300 las [200 120 | 220 [126 | soo |sce [sro [eos fase | aco laos fase |oar | 10 |2ee | 10 ws | 300 [aes [sis [sot [ses [soo lass |aas aos |aeo |aae | a1 | 260 | 220 two | ase |40a | sar | toe |s20 [ers aso |aar [aoc [aro [ove | arz [209 | 220 tas | ar [as [sae [san [sae [sty [aos | tea [aon [an [a0 | ara |>e0 | 201 zoo | are {201 [sae [sez | oso Jozo [see | as: foo |ar2 fant | ara [200 | za1 wo» |e lore joss |soe fous [sas lsu lass foro far Jace [ore foe |2zr Bo [ao [sce [see [eco [ese [eae feos [ver [ar [are |ae0 | ae act [200 ais [ar |sas [srs |e | sor |s2o sos [aso Jer [ars [ae [ars | ast | 22 z20 | asa | esr [200 [ora |ese lear 200 fac [ara [aro [ae | aro | aor | zee gos [arn {ser [sen {srr |ser leas son [asa [aie [are (300 | ate | m0 | 220 aso | aac srr [sor [eer [seo [sae feo [aso [ais [arr foes | at7 [aca [20 zi | oon | sue [sur | se |soe lose lor [aco [are fare [ae far | aoe | zee pao [sat lene [ec sor [ses leon ler [ac [air [are [3a [arr [aco [220 zs | sa6 |eot }ece | seo | ser |se0 |sia [aso [air Jaro [346 | ate | asa | 22aBS 5950 ; Part 1 : 1990 Section four Table 23 (concluded) (4) Grade 50 stee! (py = 355 Nii?) ‘Stifenerepacing ratio 21d at [oa Jos Jos Jo? Joa [os ]10 |12 |1# |ts [1s |z0 [zs [so ss | of of o| o] of of of of of of of of oj o so | of of ojo}]ofofo}ojvfofofo]ojo a | of of} of] oj] of] of of} o} of ofa | m | 0 | 09 wm | of of}o]o]}o] o] 0} o | e4 fr20 }s33 | 137 | 134 | 126 wm} of] of of of o | of o Jrar jroo |rra |s76 | 179 | 100 | s45 a | o | of] o |} of] o | o |r Jase | 208 | 202 |z0e | 200 | 179 | 100 as | o | o | o | o | o |aze | 192 J220 | 200 | 207 |230 | 220 | 105 | 172 a | o | o | a | o | a fas |240 J 266 | 267 | 260 |249 | 237 | 208 | 183 x | o | o | o | o arr |2aa |278 |293 | 290 | 280 |z60 | 263 | 221 | 199 roo | o | 0 | o Jase Jaa2 }2e2 310 3: | 311 | 209 | ans | 267 | 220 | 200 ros | 0 | 0 | 0 soo Jara fars |asr ato |aa1 |ars |206 | are | 237 | 206 tio | o | o | 7 |243 | 309 | sae | 361 | 362 | sas |sz7 |s0e | ze | zas | 210 tis | 0 | o res |2es | 580 | acs | 302 | 200 | 261 ]oa7 Jara | 209 | 248 | 213 120 | 0 | 0 |2a2 |are | 367 [a | aor | aes [an | ses |r | 298 | 251 |216 vw | vo | a | 266 |aao | sez | air |aze | sor | 380 |ss2 |sze | 20s | 254 | 210 130 | 0 {122 |303 | are | are a [arr |se7 {357 [320 | 306 | 297 | 220 tae | 0 |190 |a05 |4or | 430 asz_|426 [300 | 362 3a | 300 | 260 | 222 rao | 0 2a |asa | ara | 450 463 [432 [08 36s [ase | a |e |x vas | 0 278 |300 | aa7 | 477 47 [430 [400 |370 [340 | 515 | 263 | 224 wo | 0 212 [are favo | aor ao [aaa | aor | 37a |aas | 317 | 264 | 225 tss | 74 [ana [ase |aao | soa | 490 | aoe | ace [aro |ors |sas | aie | 265 | 270 wo | tse [370 |as7 [505 | ss | ovr jax |asz Jars |a7e |s7 | azo | 268 |227 ws ]2i0 |205 |aao [sso |sza |sra | aoe | ase [ase |aa0 |3a0 | 201 | 267 | 220 470 Josr [aia |sor |sa2 |s22 | 520 |602 |as9 | ais |se2 | 350 | 323 | 28 | ze is | 208 [aso [sre | sas | so |s26 | sor |acz |4z0 | 0a | ast | a2 | 260 | 220 reo 316 Jas | asa oz |oar |o31 |s10 |aoe fazz | 389 [se |s28 | 270 | 200 ses | 246 ]4ao |sae |sor |sso sas [ora |aer |r | 3a [ase | 226 | 270 | 220 190 J asa |sor |seo |s6o |ssa |sse |517 | 469 |az6 | sus se |e | zm | 230 rs 292 |s21 |or1 |s7e | 503 | ses |s2o | 471 |az7 | aoa Jose |r | 271 [201 zoo [ata fese [ser {sea |ser |sas [52 | ara [aoa |aeo Jase | a2 | 272 | 231 20s |42s |ssa [soo |see |er1 |r | sor | are |4ao | 01 | 57 | are | 272 jaa 210 |as¢ |s6s soe [ses [575 |ssz |szr |are |asr |ouz |sce [ozo | 272 | 222 ass [ara car Joos [oso [570 |ssa |szo | 477 432 | 202 | sso [0 | 273 | 202 220 | aso |se2 Jor |aor |sar |ss7 |sso |a7e | 433 |3e3 | asa |as0 | 279 | 232 225 | 507 |so2 |617 |oos |ses |sso |ssz |as0 45s |30e |s00 | ss0 | 273 | 202 200 [526 er Jezs low jew, |oor |ose | esr |43e |se¢ | sco [sar |27e |2s9 205 [saa |cz2o Joze |c12 |soo |sea |sas | ae |aa6 | 205 | 261 [a1 | ar |233 pan [sar [are ear lore |sez [ses |s36 | ass |a36 | 305 | 361 |asz | 27 | 23s zen |o7s [ess esr fore |sss [sco |sse | 400 |49¢ | osc | ace [ose | 274 | 200 260 | 509 |ca2 eat ser [sae jaa | aay [306 |asr as | 275 | 233 61BS 5950 ; Part 1: 1990 Section four 4.4.8.1 General, Intermediate transverse sttteners may be fn one or both sides of the web. 44.62 Spacing. The spacing of intermediate stiffeners, where they ere provided, should comply with 44.2, dependent on the thickness of the web. 4.4.8.3 Outstand of stiffeners. The outstand of the stiffeners should comply with 4.5.1. 4.4.64 Minimum stiffness. Transverse web stiffeners not subject to external loads or moments should have a second ‘moment of area, /,, about the centreline of the web such that: 1,2 0.78dt9 fora /24 and 180% 2 fora where |, is the external load or reaction: A. ig the area of the stiffener in contact with the flange; ‘ys is the design strength of the stiffener. 4.55 Design of bearing stiffeners Bearing stiffeners should be designed for the applied load or reaction less the local capacity of the web as given in 4.5.3. ‘Whore the web and the stiffener material are of different strengths the lesser value should be assumed to calculate the capacity of the web and the stiffener. 4.86 Datign of diagonal stiffeners Diagonal sttfeners chould be designed to carry the portion of the applied shear and bearing that exceeds the capacity of the web, Where the web and the stittener are of different strengths ‘the value taken for design should be taker as given in 4.5.5. 45.7 Design of tension stiffeners ‘Tension stiffeners should be designed to carry the portion of the applied load or caactian less the capacity of the web as gven in 4.5.3 for bearing stiffeners. Where the web and the stiffener are of ditterent strengths ‘the value taken for design should be taken as given in 4.5.5, 4.58 Torsion stiffeners Where bearing stiffeners are required to provide torsional restraint at the supports of the beam, they should meet the following criteria, {0} The conditions of 4.5.3. (b) The second moment of area of the stiffener section about the centraline of the web, ly, should be such that 1,2 0344,0°T. where , = 0.006 for < 50;0.3/A for 50< 2 100; ay = 30/4? for N> 100; D Isoverall depth of beam at support; T. isthe maximum thickness of compression flange Of the span under consideration A= Lely tor the beam: Le isthe effective length of the beam £9 Connection to web of load carrying and bearing ‘Stiffenwers which resist loads oF reactions applied through flange should be connected to the web by sufficient welds ff fasteners to tranemit a design force equal to the lesser of: (a) the tension capacity of the stiffener; (b) the sum of the forces applied when they act in the same direction or the larger of the foroes when they act in opposite directions Stiffoners which do not extend right across the web should be of such length that the shear stress in the web due to the design force transmitted by the stiffener does not exceed the shear strength of the web. In eddition, the capacity of the web beyond the ond of the stiffener should be sufficient to resist the applied torce. 4.5.10 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in tension Stiffeners required to resist tension should be connected to the flange transmitting the load by continuous welds or on slip fasteners 4.5.11 Connection to flanges: stiffer ‘Stiffeners required ro resist compression should either be fitted against the loaded flange or connected by continuous wolds oF non-slip fasteners ‘The stiffener should be fitted against or connected to both flanges when: (2) @ load is applied directly over a support; cr (b) it forms the end stiffener of a stiffened web, in compression fr (c) it acts a5 @ torsion stiffener. 4.5.12 Hollow sections Where concentiated loads are applied to hollow sections ‘consideration should be given to local stresses and deforma tian and the section reinforced ae neceseary 4.6 Axially loaded tension members 4.6.1. Tension capacity ‘The tension capacity, P,, of e member should be taken from: Pee Aady where A, is the ettective area of the section as determined from 3.3.3 oF 4.6.2 10 4. 55 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four 46.2 Eccentric connections When members are connceted eccentric to the axit of the member the resulting moment has to be allowed for in accordance with 4.8.2, except for angles, channels and ‘T-sections designed 10 4.8.3 or 4.6.4 which may be treated 425 axially loaded members. 4.6.3 Effective areas of simple tension members 4.6.3.1 Single angies, channels and T-sections. For single ie ties connected through one leg only, single channel rections conneeted only through the web, and T-sectioné connected only through the flange, the effective area should be taken as the net area of the connected lea, plus the area of the vutstanding leg multiplied by: 3a, Ja tay where 2 is the net sectional area of the connected leg as given in 3.3.2; 2 is the sectional aree of the unconnected leg. For double angle ties, connected to one side of a gusset or section, the angles may be designed individually as given above. 4.6.3.2 Double angles. For back-to-back double angles ‘connected to one side of a gusset or section which are: (2) in contact or separated by a distance not exceeding the aggregate thickness of the parts with solid packing pieces; (} connected by belts or welding such that the slender: ness of the individual components dors not exceed BO; then the effective area, Ag, may be taken as the net area of the connected legs plus the area of the autstanding legs ‘multiplied by 5a, Ba, +a, where «4 is the net sectional area of the connected parts as given in 3.3.2; 42; is the sectional area of the unconnected parts. Draduct of the thickness By the length from the outer corner minus Fall she thicknenn,and the aren of the leg of # T-section a the Droduct of the thickness By the depth minus the thks ot tne Mange 4.6.3.3 Uther types, The following types of members should be designed using the net area from 3.3.2 and troated ae axially loaded members (a) Single angle ties connected through both legs by lug angles or otherwise, single channel sections connected by both flanges and T-sections connected only through the leg or both the flange and the leg. () Double anale ties connected to both sides of a qusset tr section provided that the components are heldBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four longitudinally parallel and connected by bolts or welds tn at least two places ang hela apart by solid packing pieces. The gutermost of such connections should be at ‘distance from each end of approximately nine times the smallest leg length, The halts should be of the same diameter as the end connections. {c} The internal bays of continuous ties. 4.6.4 Laced or battened ties ‘Any lacing or battening systems should be designed tw resist the greater of the following, {a} Forces and/or moments induced by ecventric loads, applied moments or transverse forces, including self ‘weight and wind retitance. (0) Forces and/or moments induced by a transverse thear on the complete member at any point in its length equal to 1 % of the factored axial load in the member. ‘These forces may be taken as shared equally between all transverse lecing or battening systems in parallel planes, 47 Compression members 4.1.1 General AIA4 Length, The length, [, of a compression member in ‘any plane should be taken as the distance benween the points at which it has effective positional or directional restraint against buckling in that plar ATA Restraints, A restraint should have sufficient strength and stiffness to inhibit movernent of the reetrained paint in position or direction as appropriate. Positional restraints should be connected to an appropriate shear diaphragm or system of triangulated bracing Positional restraints to compression members forming the flanges of lattice girders should satisty the recommendations for lateral restraint of beams given in 4.3.2. All other positional restraints to compression members should be capable of resisting a force uf not less thar 1 % of the axial force in the restrained member and transferring it to the adjacent pointe of positional restraint. 4.7.2 Effective lengths For angles, chennels and T-sections the effective length should be dotermined from its length centre-to-centre of intersections with restraining members in accordance with the conditions of restraint in the appropriate plane as given in table 24 or as limited by 4.7.10, Inother cases the effective length, Le, should be determined from the actual length and the conditions of restraint in the relevant plane, as follows. (a) In determining the conditions of restraint, restraining ‘members which under the same loading conditions are required to carry more than 90 % of their reduced moment capacity (i.e. reduced for axial load) should be taken as incapable of providing directional restraint to the member under consideration. (b) For standard conditions of restraint see table 24. 56 Table 24, Nominal effective length, Le, for a strut NOTE. For anal, channel and Tisection strats, 86 4.7.10 Conditions of restraint at ends lin plane Effective Under consideration! vena, Ce Effectively | Restrained in direction held in at hath ends. om position at both ends | Partially restrained in direction at both ende 0.882 Restrained in direction at one end o.g5L NOT restrained in direction at either end 1.06 One ane Other ond Enfectively | Notheid | Effectively held in in restrained position and | position | in direction 124 restrained — in direction Partially restrained in direction 151 NOT restrained in direction 2.0L (c} For stanchions in single storey buildings of simple construction see D.1. (@) For members forming part of a frame with rigid Ioints see appendix E. 413 4.7.3.1 General, The value of the slenderness, should be taken as the effeetive length, Le, divided by the radius of yration about the relevant axis except as given in 4.7.9 for battened struts or 4.7.13 for back-to-back struts. lenderness 4.7.3.2 Maximum slenderness. The velue of } should not exceed the following: (2) for members resisting loads other than wind loads 180 (b) for members resisting self weight and wind loads only 250. (6) for any member normally acting a tie bbut subject to reversal of stress resulting from the action of wind 350 ‘Members whose slenderness exceeds 180 should be checked {or self weight deflection. If Uns exceeds length/1000 the cffeet of ending should be taken into account in designBS 6960 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four 4.7.4 Compression resistance For single angle, channel and T-section struts reference ‘The compression resistance, Pc, of a member should be should be made to 4.7.10, obtained from: (a) for plastic, compact or semi-compact sections: 4.7.8 Compressive strongth The compressive strength, Pc, depends on the slenderness, A, Pe=AgPe of the gross section, the design strength, p,. or the reduced (b) slender sections: design strength for slender sections {see 3.6) and the Pe= Ay Py relevant suut curve, wahes ‘be may be established frst by reference to tables 25 ‘and 26. These indicate, for any shape, thickness of steel and ‘Ag is the aross sectional area (see 3.3.1); ‘axis of buckling, which of the four strut tables 27(a) to (d), pis the compressive strength (see 4.7.5); is relevant to the case. Alternatively, p, may he obtained cs is the compressive strength for slender sections ‘trom the formula given in appendix C. (c00 4.7.5 and 3.6) For seetions fabricated from plate by welding, the value ‘Steel sections encased in structural concrete may be of p,, should be reduced by 20 N/mm? ‘designed as cated struts in accordance with 4.14 ‘Table 25, Strut table selection ‘Type of section ‘Thickneee Ate of buckling (20 now 1) Hotcolled structural hollow section 27a) | 2710) Rolled I-seetion (or as shown in table 26\al) 2a) | 2716) Rolled H-section (or at chown in table 26(3)) up to 40. mm 2b) | 2746) fever 40 mm. 7e) | 271d) Welded plate I or H-section (see note 2 and 4.7.5) up to 40. mm zo) | 2710) (or as shown in table 26(c)) over 40 mm. 2) | 271d) Rolled 1 or H-section with welded flenge cover plates up 10 40 min 27) | 271) (as shown in table 26(0)) over 40 mm. 27(e) | 2746) Welded box section (see note 9 and 4.7.6) up to 40 mm 2b) | 2716) over 40 mm. We) | 27le) Round, square or flat har up to 40 mm zo) | 271) cover 40 mm ze} 270) Rolled angle Buckling about Rolled chennel or T-seetion any axis Two rolled sections laced or bettened 276) Two rolled sections back-to back Compound rolled sections [NOTE 1. For rhiknesses between 40 mm and 80 mm the valuy of e May Be taker! ws he avery Othe valves for Tikes ip 10-40 men and over 40 om. [NOTE 2. For welded late I or H-sections where it can be guaranteed thatthe edges ofthe tlanges will only be flame cut, table 271b) moy be used for buckling about the yy axe for Hlangas up to 40 mmm thick, and tabla 27) for flanges over 40 mm thick NOTE 3, ‘Welded b lagna wale Included in thao fear tha cornareat the caction Bax eetions with welded longiudinal 87BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four ‘Table 26, Type of section obtained for table 25 (a) Rolled I or H-section B 8 oo ow ors<-t 4 NOTE. Large outstands may be subject to Focal bucking, se 36. LY (b) Rolled I or H-seetion with welded flange cover plate troe (6) Welded plate I or H-section ¥ | res |ree Ja9s |zuz | 20» | 206 | 208 jai ee |ras fase ase fae: |res x7 | 17 | 100 | 162 Jseo | 197 |10s | 108 | 190 | 201 | 208 go [143 iso fase [157 [rer fries favs favs |rvr [ae [rei [res [192 | 192 | 198 | 197 92 [190 |ra7 |r60 |sea | se6 | 165 x70 | 17/179 | s76 [sea [rae | re6 | 190 | 19s ye |1g6 ras fray [10° | 152 | 160 wes | rer [res fim faz7 |a79 | ro | wz | we 9c |s90 |r40 fran [rac rao [asc fass | 100 |rcz [rca fice faz: fara faze [ae [170 roo rar frag rae fae [rar Jrar [aso | ass | rea [reo | rss |r6r re | rea | 164 | s66 woz |r2e fro ise fags [rar [ras [ras | 146 [ras [ras [151 [156 [157 | 158 | 159 | aer roa x22 |x27 |y29 sar [199 |199 ass | a42 fase free | 140 vez [tsa fica [is0 ros frig fs |i98 sae [rao |1as [aay | rae fase fran | ra van | ran | saa fast ros fare fizr fi23 ras fr2e fist ass | 134¢ f 138 fase | 18 143 | 143 | 14a | rae 61BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four Table 27(b) (concluded! NY] 225 | es [208 ase | ze | soe feo [sve | sso |owo | ass s10 asa [ase [s20 [oa [aaa [a2 faso [130 [rar [ase | 134 uz [an [ais [air fate | 120 | sae | x20 Jaz7 | 28 | 328 | 130 sia [toe fara [ase Jars faz | azar [123 J 123 [ze | 28 | 126 nis | fro fam faz fave | avy [ris J iz0 fazn | azn | 12 nia [tos |ive [toe | too fast | ta fore fate fatz [re | 10 120 | 100 | 104 |105 |sor | 100 | 111 [tia Jaro fare fae | ais. x7 | on }aor [tor | so | 105 | toa [tro Jaro fatr fri | 112 12s | 96 | 29 | 100 | 101 | 102 | 105 | 107 | 107 | 108 | 106 | 109 s2¢ | 94 | 96 | 97 | 99 | 100 | 103 | 10a | soe | 105 | 105 | 106 ws | ar | ga | x | ve | er | awe ror fron face | 102 | 103 130 | 9 | a2 | oa | 9¢ | 95 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 99 100 | 01 sa | es | eo | 7 | es | e9 | 91 | oz | 99 | 90 | 90 | 94 tao | 79 [er | a2 | az | ae | as | a7 | ar | a7 | ae | oo ve | 79 | 77 |e | 7 | 79 | or | ax | oz | az | a2 | os wo |r | 92 | 72 | mm | m0 | r6 | 7 | or [oor | | ve tx | or | oo | co | 70 | 7 | x | 72 | 72 | 79 | 79 | 79 wo | ea | 6s | 66 | 6 | 65 | 6a | oa | oe | oo | oo | oo ts | 60 | 61 | 6z | os | os | 6 | 65 | os | o | 0 | 60 smo |e | sa |e | so | co |e | or |e jor |e | vs | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 57 | ss | os | 28 | 28 | oe | 09 so | so | sr |oa [se | se | 5s | ss | ss | 55 | 55 | 56 ws | a | so | or | 1 | st | sz | sz | sz | ss | 5s | 5s to | a7 | ae | ae | ae | a | a | so | so | 50 | 50 | 51 ws | a5 | a5 | as | as | a7 | a7 far | as | os |e | ae zoo fas [ae fas | ae | ae | as [as | as | 4 | ae | as ao | 29 | ao [ao | so | ar [ar [ar [ar | ae | ae | a2 20 | 26 | a | 37 | a7 | a | oe fon | oe | on | oe | zo | a0 | ae | as | a4 | a6 | a5 | a5 | 35 | as | as | as zo | a1 far | ar | a: | 22 | a | a2 | 2 | a2 | a2 | 2 20 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 2 | 2 | 30 | 30 | 30 | wo | wo 2e0 | a7 | 2 [27 | ar | av | 27 | ze | 20 | 28 | 28 | 20 20 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 26 200 | a2 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 2a | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 wo |x | 2 |x | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |2 | | xz | 2 200 | 20 | 21 far jar | a far jar far | ar | ar | 21 aw [12 |r | 19 | 1 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 mo [ia fae faa jae |e | te fae |e | ie | 12 | 10 so far far far far | fa far [a foe | we | ve wo [is fas fae [ie fie | te fas ae | | foe so [a fis fu jis | is | s ]as | is | ie | w | 16 395 197 133 129 125 12 18 115 m2 108 108, Bassa BBeBe Sages 410 139 120 126 123 119 "6 412 108 108, sessed essia 228 EBeBs Be 415 139 sat 127 123 19 "6 13 410 108 106 a a n 57 34 5 2 0 8 26 24 23 2 430 | 450 rao | 141 136 | 197 saa | 132 wze_| 129 r20 | 120 n7 | 118 na | an4 si | any tor | 108 roa | 10» a7 | 98 ar | 0 | a 7 | 76 n fn or | o7 eo | 60 st | 57 o4 | oa Br | 52 «| o}a a2 | 4 m | 20 a6 | 36 a | 3 xo | 90 we | 2 2c | 26 2a | 24 23 | 23 a | 2 20 | 20 is | 19 wo | 10 wv ian 16 | 6 62BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four Table 27(¢). Compressive strength, pe, (in N/mm?) for strute by 22s 24s | 25s | 266 | 276 | 206 | 220 | 226 | 226 | a0 |a5s | 205 | 410 | «16 | «00 | 460 1 [225 [245 [255 [265 [275 | 30s |s20 [320 [sso [seo [ase [ses [aos | ais | azr | aso 20 | 224 | 202 | 262 | 261 | 201 |200 | ai2 |ar7 | a6 | 331 | 245 | a2 | 06 | 401 | a1 | 433 2s | 217 [25 | 245 | 254 | 263 |290 | 303 | 308 | 317 | 321 |335 | 370 | sua | ses | aoz | a19 a0 211 faze [207 | 24c | 26s | 201 | 204 | 200 | 207 [ors [228 | aso | ars | 975 | 00 | 40. as [20a [221 | 230 | 208 | 2a7 | 272 | ane | 20a | 206 | 00 | 313 |2as | 57 | 261 | 74 | 200 40 | 100 |21e | 222 | 200 | 200 | 262 |2rs [are | 205 | 260 |o01 | 202 | aso | 247 | a5 | 79 42 {ras |2i1 [219 [227 | 295 | 258 | 260 | 27a | 281 | 205 | 206 | 226 | aa7 | a0 | 261 | 266 44 [193 |208 |2ie | 224 | 231 |25¢ | 209 | 209 | 276 | 280 |201 | 320 | 330 | a4 | se4 | 38 4 [190 | 20s 213 | 220 |22@ 250 | 261 | 26a | 271 | 275 | 206 | are | 324 | 927 | 297 | 261 48 [187 | 202 | 209 | 217 | 224 |z45 | 256 | 260 | 267 | 200 [zw | 307 | arr | sz1 | 350 | 30s so [rea [199 206 ]2r2 |220 |2ar | 262 [oss | 262 | 265 [275 |a0r Jaro | are | 229 | x6 vz {rer five fzus [zi |zir |zsr | 2a | 200 | 207 | 260 |270 | 29 | sos | soe | st | 327 54 |170 | 199 190 | 206 213 |202 | 242 | 24s | 252 |255 |26¢ | 208 | 206 | 200 | 208 | 319 se [tm [aga |aae 202 | 200 |228 | 27 | 240 | 248 | 24a |2sa | ons | 22a | 292 | 200 | a10 ss [17s fies |is2 | 199 | 209 22a | 252 | a5 | 281 |24e |2sz | 274 | 202 | 204 | 292 | 302 0 [170 |ts [rs | 15 | 201 [21 |z27 |zs0 | 236 | 28 | 247 |267 | 276 | 277 | 2¥4 | 293 oz |sor sve [ros |se1 | 197 |21s | 222 |z2e | 200 | 209 | 241 | 200 | 207 | 209 | 270 | 205 ea [rea |a7e Jan Jama |iex |ar0 217 | 720 | 2258 | 227 | a5 |2sa | 260 | 262 | 268 | 278 os [ier is fie fies | 19 |205 212 |2is | 220 |222 | 229° | 246 | 252 | 254 | 260 | 268 ea [rsa reo 176 [180 | 126 [200 |207 210 | 214 |2t6 [223 |200 | 248 | 247 | 262 | 260 70 |185 |r60 171 }a76 | 181 | 195 | 202 } 204 | 209 J2t1 Jar7 |2s2 | 298 | 259 | 244 | 251 ya |asz [sez [ree [a92 [197 [ser [197 [199 | 202 | 205 Jar | 226 | 2ar | 22 | 227 | 20 re fr fiss free | 169 |r7s ies | is2 ] ive | ise |z00 | 208 [zis | zzs | 225 | 229 | 235 76 |ras rss 160 |s65 | 360 |ser | x07 |1a0 | 109 | 104 |200 |212 [217 | ae | 222 | 297 ye [ras 152 |as7 Jrer | 165 | 177 | 12 | rea | 187 | 189 |198 |206 | 210 | 211 | 215 | 220 ao frao |rao fase fasy fer fara [a77 [179 | rer | ree rea |200 | 202 | 205 | 208 | 219 sz fisr [rae faso fase [is7 fies [irs [ize [av [are |x | ies | 197 | 196 | 200 | 208 ae [ise [raz [ras aso |s6¢ [reo | 16a | 160 | 172 |r Jaze |se7 | 101 | 192 | 106 | 109 ap fiaz [rao [ras | ras | 160 | 159 | 163 | 165 | t68 | reo 179 | 1e2 | 1a5 | 1a6 | 129 | 192 as fs2e [x36 [139 [123 [rae fass 159 | 160 | 163 |r6e res |a7e | 179 | 160 | 163 | 186 yo free frss [198 [rsa [raz fren [roo fase free fase fres far favs [ave fave | r80 92 |r2a |190 [199 1396 [190 [raz [150 |rs2 [ase lass |e | aes | 160 | 100 | a1 | 174 a [190 |127 fran fisa | ras fras ras fray | rag | 150 | 153 | 160 | 162 | t6a | 168 | 168 a6 frie lize Jiz7 }i29 |isz jise | raz fies | 14s | 146 | igo | iss | ise | 158 | 160 | 163 oa [aie [rar [129 [sae [120 [rae rae faa | x41 faa2 [ass [oer [sez | see | s65 | 169 too farz |r1e |120 | 129 Jas fase [roe 19s | 197 198 140 Jas | 148 | t49 | ts1 | 153 sor fara [ris [sie |a20 [22 Jaan [sar fray [rar [sae faae [aaa | saa | rae free | rae wos ior furz furs fair fre | i26 tas} 130 J 130 | 133 [138 | 130 | 140 | 142 | 143 ros [ros ]r10 [a2 fare fase [rar [roe |r26 [x26 |s27 [azo [196 | ras | 136 | 197 | 130 woe [102 ]1or [109 far [aaa fate | 120 fiat | 12a f 12a fi25 | rao | rar | ra | 13a | 135BS 5950 : Part 1: 1 Section four Table 27(c) (concluded) Yt 225 |24s | ass | 265 |275 | 20s | 20 | 225 | 235 | 240 | ass | 205 | a10 | 41s | 420 | 450 tio ro fro [roe [roe frre fuse [uz [ars frre [rz [ize [ozs | iar | ve | ize | isn s12 | 98 |s02 | 104 | 06 [aor fara [ata ars fare tix [rte | saz | sz | 124 | 126 | 127 sia | 96 | 99 tor | tos f ros frog Jana farz fais fis [1s fang | 120 | rt | vze | 123 ne | 93 | s7 | 99 | ror | 102 }s0c | 10a ros fri fro | a2 fase fair | raz | a3 | 320 se | 91 | 05 | 96 | 98 foo | roe | 105 | tos | tor | ror | 109 fara frre | ta | ots | 16 120 | 99 | 02 | 04 | 06 | 07 Jaor | 102 | ror J roe | ros | 106 | 100 Jax | 111 | a2 | 19 v2 | er | or | oz | 93 | 95 | as |r00 | roo fro |r | 10s | 105 | 107 | rs | re | 110 se | as | 90 | 90 | 9: | 92 | 06 | 97 | 96 | 90 | 99 | 100 | 103 | 108 | 105 | 106 | 107 16 | aa | as | aa | a9 | 90 | 94 | 95 | 5 | 96 | g7 | sa | tor | 102 | 102 | 103 | 104 ws | az | se | a6 | a7 | es | a | 93 | a3 | 9¢ | 94 | 95 | 96 | a9 | 99 | 100 | 101 ro | eo | az | a | a | os | | 9 | or | 91 | oz | os | 9 | 96 | 9 | 9 | 8 vas | 75 | 78 | 70 | 80 | er |e | es | a | a6 | a6 | a7 | 20 | 90 | 00 | or | 0 wo | 7 | 7 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | a2 | 86 | as | a5 | a | 86 15 | 8 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 72 | za | 75 | 76 | zo | 76 | 77 | 79 | oo | 00 | oo | or sso |e | es | a7 | os | oa | ro | m1 | m1 | 2 | 9 | a3 | 24 | a5 | 8 | 76 | 76 see |r | 62 | co | oe | os | os | o | or | oe | oe | oo | vo | mm | mr | mr | 22 to | se | sa | oo | or | or | os | os | os | os | os | oo | oe | or | or | or | oe ses | ss | se | s7 | se | 52 | co | 6 | so | or | or | cr | oo | oo | 2 | oe | oe wo | s2 | 54 | ss | ss | 55 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 53 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 | ot ws | so | 5: | sz | sz | 53 | se | se | se | os | ss | 5s | 56 | 57 | or | or | co wo | | 42 | 49 | so | so | 51 | sz | sz | sz | sz | 53 | 54 | 56 | 56 | se | 55 ws [as | as | a | ar | ae | ao | ao | a | 60 | co | co | 6: | 51 | or | oz | 52 so fas | aa [as | a5 | as | as | a7 | a7 | a7 | a7 | ae | a | ao | a | ao | ao soe faz | a2 fas | ar | aa | ae fas | as | as | as | ae | ao | ac | a | a | a poo | 4a fat | ar | ar | az | a2 | a2 | aa | aa | as | a2 | ae | aa | ae | as | as 210 a | ae | ae | ae | a | 2 | 2 | 20 | 30 | ao | ao | a | ar | ar | or zo se | as | ao | se | a6 | a6 | se | ss | ae | oe | or | or | oy | a7 | ow 2 “ zoo | ar | 22 | a2 | a2 | a2 | 29 | 29 | a2 | a0 | 20 | 06 | 24 | a4 | on | oe | os aa [2 | 20 | a | a | a | ar [ar fa | ar | a | a | 2 | 2] 2 | 2 a | 27 | 27 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 29 | 29 | 20 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 20 zo | 2 | 2 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | ar | 27 | 27 | 27 | 2 | or | 270 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 zo | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 26 | 26 | 20 zoo | 21 f2r | ar | ar [2 | 2a | 2s far | 2 | 2 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 22 a0 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 2 | a1 | ar | ar | 2 ao | [re |e | | | | | w | | | we | w | w | w | w | 20 so fu fw fa fa fw jw fw fw | ow |e |e | ow ] ow | wf] ow | oe so Jae fre fae |e [a fa fa far fa fa fa la la | fe |e wo fas fas [as | ie | 1s | 16 | we |e | 6 | ie | 16 | te | te | we | a6 | 16 so fae fas fas |e [as | as fas fas | as | as | as | as | ws | os | as | a8 6aBS 6960 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four ‘Table 27(d). Compressive strangth, 2¢, (in N/mm?) for struts *| 225 | 24s | 265 | 265 275 | 305 | 320 | 925 |aa5 | a40 [256 | 205 | a0 | ars | 490 | 460 » 18 [225 | 245 | 258 | 265 [275 [30s |sz0 | s25 |s35 | s40 [aos | 303 | 07 | ar |a2s | aaa 20 |223 | 241 | 260 | 260 | 260 | 206 | 00 | a1 |o23 | 227 [aa | 276 | 200 | 204 | 40s | «26 2s |2ia | 231 | 240 | 249 | 257 | 283 | 206 | 301 | 309 | 313 [326 | 360 | 373 | 377 | 390 | 407 20 |z0s | 222 | 200 | 200 |zar | 271 | 209 | 207 |20c | 200 |a12 | o4a | a5 | 200 | a2 |o00 a [196 | 212 | 220 | 228 2x6 | 26a |ars | 274 |2e2 |2a6 [207 | 227 | 230 | ser | as | 60 40 |19¢ | 209 | 210 | 21 | 206 | 247 | 26s | 261 |269 |272 |209 | a0 | 221 | 224 | aoe | 40 42 {1a | 199 | 206 |21¢ | 221 | 262 | 252 | 256 |263 |266 |277 | a04 | ata | 317 | 327 | 340 44 [rer | 195 | 202 | 209 Jase | 207 | 247 |2s1 |2s7 |2cr |271 | 297 | 200 | 209 Jars | oor a [re | 192 | 199 205 | 212 | 22 | 242 | 245 [252 255 [265 | 200 | 200 | 202 | art | 23 ag [ira [res [ig | 201 | 208 | 227 |2sr | 240 [240 |2a9 [209 | 2es | 291 | 290 | 303 | r4 so 171 |e rar | 197 | 20a } 222 |2a2 |2a5 [241 |2ae [252 | 276 | 2a¢ | 207 | 205 | 206 s2 [10s |1e: | 187 | 193 199 | 217 | 226 | 229 |255 |2se |2a0 | 209 | 277 | 279 | 257 | 296 sa [res | 177 | rea 199 |19s [219 [221 | 226 }229 202 240 | 262 | 260 | 272 | 270 | 200 se fier favs fave |r avr fos far fz [zee |zzr use | 258 | 262 | 260 fan |e so [150 [170 [17s ror |x | 200 Jars [21s [zie 221 | 220 | 240 | 255 | 257 | 204 | 272 0 Jiss res | iz fas7 Jres | ioe 208 | 208 fais fais [22s | 261 | 267 | 250 | 256 | 264 e2 [tsz [res | 1a fara J17e | 10s 201 | 203 |20a [210 Jai | 24 | 240 | 242 [248 | 256 e4 [ra fsa | 164 [169 |174 |189 196 | 198 | 202 |208 }2i | 227 | 233 | 295 | 241 | 248 6 |ra5 156 | 100 |365 |170 |1e4 |a91 | 195 Jis7 |199 |205 | 221 | 220 | 228 [238 | 240 ee [raz |as2 |as7 [ser 166 170 ras |1es fro2 |198 }200 | 214 | 220 | 221 |226 | 233 70 |r |r49 | 150 Jaso |roe ave 10x }aoo fror [roo [104 | 200 Jaro [ars [21 | 225 rm [rae [ras | iso [ase Jrsa ftv Jar [aoe frar [ran |ana | 902 | 207 | 0a [ria [rie ra [iss fuse | a5 ]iso Jase fies fire favs fizz [ive J1es | 196 | 200 | 202 | 206 | 211 76 [130 10 | 14a faar rer [re |a62 faeo far2 [17a |x7e | 100 | 104 | 105 | 100 | 204 ye |127 196 | 19 [14s [ray |t57 x62 J res fre7 | 169 [173 | vee | 198 | rap | 193 | 198 eo fr2s 12 Jase frao ras |aso Jase ]a6o frcr [ree free | 170 |re2 free | rer | a9 sz fizz ra |iss [ise [rau ry 14 favs fase [ree fas favs fase fave | rer | 19. ae aio [re | 130 133 fase [14s Jaso fasi |ise [ass faso [roe fara | a72 fare | 179 as ary [aaa | 97 Jaan fran [raz [ran fra fran fast fase [rer foes | ae7 | a70 [170 as fine |iz0 | 123 fier fiso [ise ]r4z fxs [res [ras fiso | ise | ior | 162 | 165 | 168 go fas1 fare | 121 fa23 fr2e | 138 J138 J 139 |1a1 | raz ras | 154 | 1ss | 157 | 160° | 163, sz |ro9 Jr | 16 120 fras |rat Jase fa95 iar fica fraz | ta fase | ss2 [155 | 150 oa fros |r [ass [arr [rao [sar [xan fo [2a [sas faze [tas far | rae [aso | 152 96 [ios Jioy | iz fins fair |rze Jazr faze 130 fist fise | 140 fas | 14s | ia | 148 9 fror ror | 100 fasz fase |rar [12¢ 126 [126 Jrar |ra0 | 136 fae | 190 [amr | 140 too} 99 roe | 107 Jaoo fasr [riz x20 Jazr |az0 faze |r2e | 192 [soe | sa5 | sar | 199 sor _|a7 107 | 10 Jron fron |tra [avy fata fi90 frat faze [aa paar rar [aaa | 128 soe] 95 | 99 | 102 fios fios Jim fra fats fie fanz frzo | a2s Jazy fizz faze fist soe | 92 | 07 | 00 |sor |ior |ioo as fara [asa fara Jove | sar faze faze [196 | 127 ws | 90 | 95 | 97 | 99 [ror |10s |r fia aro fart firs | 118 [120 J 120 | 122 | 124 65BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990, Section four Table 2714) (concluded) axe [zs [28 [208 | 27/08 [520 [ses Jsa5 | seo Yass [95 |s10 | ais [aso | aso tio [ae [oa [os | a6 | oe [ror [ros [son [roe [roe [rio [ars [are [v7 fave | 320 nz | 6 | 90 | s2 | 96 | 96 ror }1os | 103 | 105 | 10s Jior rz Jus frie fos | nz ra | 2a | ea | 90 | 92 | 9¢ | 98 | 100 | 101 | 102 | 102 104 |roo Jrs0 J rio fara | 12 ns | ss | 6 | as | 90 | 91 | 9 | 98 | oe | ve [rv Jae |ro5 [ror | ror fas | no se | er | e¢ | ss | es | a9 | 03 | 95 | 95 | or | ar | 99 | 103 |ro4 | 10s | 106 | x07 er | or | 95 | os | os | 25 | 96 | 100 |roz | roz | 103 | 104 a5 | aa | 91 | 91 | 92 | 93 | 94 | 97 | 09 | 99 | t00 | 102 vo | 79 | os | o¢ 1 | | at | a wa | 76 | 79 | at 16 | | 2 | 20 ws | | 75 | 77 ar | a1 | as | or | a2 | 2 | a9 | oo | os | os | 08 | 96 aeeee 8 & € € & 130 | 7 | 7 fos fom | a7 | ar | ar | an | ar | ae | as | oa | ao | a | oo | 91 13s | er | 70 | 7 | 72 | 73 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 7@ | eo | os | as | am | a | ob sao jee | 6s | 67 | os | oo | 72 | 73 | 7 | 24 | 24 | 6 | re | 70 | 70 | 0 | or vs | oo | 6x | ee | es | 65 |e | 9 | 70 | 70 | 7 | 7 | 73 | 74 | 76 | 75 | 76 sso | sa | so | cr | or | oe | os | cs | oo | oo | oc | cr | o@ | 70 | 70 | a | a vss | 55 | 57 | oe | 6 29 56 ws ov | or | sz |x | ss | ss | s6 | 56 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 59 | 59 | 59 | oo | 60 10 | 47 | 4 | so | 50 | 51 | s2 | so | so | os | os | oe | oe | 56 | co | sr | sr vs [as [ar [ar | aa | aa | 50 | 50 | 5: | 5: | st | 52 | 52 | sa | se | se | sa reo far fas [as | as | as wes [az [az [as | as | ae fae | as | as | as | ae | a7 | ae | we | as | ao | ao soo | ao far | ar | ar | az jaa | as | ae | as | as | as | ac | ao | ac | a7 | a7 ws | ae | a9 | 40 | 40 | 40 zo |os fos [as fas | as [se far | ar [ar | lar | | | | wo | ao far | az | a2 | a2 | 33 | aa | a1 | a4 | a4 | ae | oe | os | os | 35 | a8 | a6 zo fa fw jw [wo] w fa fa ja ja |e |x | | as | as jas | oo 200 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 20 | 20 | 29 | 20 | 2 | 29 | a0 | a0 | 20 | 20 | 230 zo | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 22 | om | on | om | 20 p00 [2a | 2a | 2a | re | 2@ [a5 | as | as | as | as |as | a6 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 zo [a2 | az | 2 | 2s | 23 | 23 | 2s | 2 | 2a |e | za | zs | zs | ze | ze | za aw far jar joe | oe | we | as |e |e fas | we fas | is jas | ie | ve | is wo fw fi fa far fay far far far far far Jar fe foe |e | se | ve so fis [is fis fie |e |e fie J te fae fw fae far fa | fa far ao ju jw jae fre [we fas | is fas fas fas [as | ae fac | ae | so | 6 so fre [re fre fre | a fre fas fe fas |e fas Jas fas fs [as | os 664.7.6 Eccentric connections Moments due to eccentricity of connections should be ‘calculated and allowed for in design in accordance with 4.8 except at follows, (a) Columns in simple construction. The eccentricity of the beam end reactions or other Inads shauild be as tollows. (1) For a ham supported on the cap plate, the load should be taken as acting at the face of the wulum, ‘or edge of packing if used, towards the span of the beam. (2) For @ roof truss supported on the cap plate, secentricity may be neglected provided simple connections are used which do not develop significant ‘moments adversely affecting the suucture. (3) In all other cases the load should be taken as acting ata distance from the face of the steel column equal to 100 mm, or at the centre of the length of tiff bearing whichever gives the greater eccentricity. (b) Laced, battened struts and batten-starred angle struts ‘These may he treated as single integral members ‘and designed as axially loaded struts in accordance with 4.7.8, 4.7.9 and 4.7.11 respectively. (c} Angles, channels and T-sections. The effect of ‘eccentric end connections may be neglected and the members designed in accordance with 4.7.10. (a) Continuous construction. This should be in accord ‘ance with section five 4.2.7 Golumns in simple constructio In structures of simple construction itis not necessary to ‘consider the effect on columns of pattern loading. For the Purpose of column detign, all beams supported by 2 column at any one level may be assumed to he fully loaded. The ‘nominal moments applied to the column by simple beams should be calculated from the eccentricities given in 4.7.6(a. Moments due to partial fixity in zemirigid design should be added (see 2.1.2.4) In multistorey columns which are effectively continuous at their splices, the net moment apolied at any one level should be divided between the column lengths above and below that level in proportion to the stiffnese, //L, of each length, except that when the ratio of the stiffrecces dees not exceed 1.5 the moment may be divided equally. The nominal moments applied to the column (including any restraint moments from 2.1.2.4(b}) may be assuined tw have tno effect at the levels above and below the level at which they are applied When only nominal moments are applied, the column should satisfy the following relationship: Fis the compressive force due to axial load pe iv the compressive strength, Ag. isthe aross cross-sectional area; 67 BS 5960 : Part 1 Section four Mi the nominal moment about the major axis My, isthe nominal moment about the minor axi ‘My, the buckling resistance moment for simple columns; Z,_|s the elastic modulus about the minor axis; ‘py Is the design strength. ‘The buckling ratictanee moment for simple columns M,,, should be taken as the value of Mj, determined as described in 4.3.7.3 and 4,3,7.4 but using the equivalent slenderness Avr of the column given by: Aur #05 (Liry) where L Is the aistance between levels at which bot axes are restrained; 1 isthe radius of gyration about the minor axis, NOTE Far circular hallow sections and for box sections of uniform Ire hiekpess, including MUS, within the lite given in B28.4, Mog eas YS, 478 Laced strate A laced strut consisting of two or more main components may be designed as a single integral member, provided that ‘the following conditions are met. {2} The main eamponents are effectively restrained, ‘against buckling by a lacing system of flats or sections. (b) The lacing comprises an effectively triangulated system on each face and as far as practicable the lacing should not vary throughout the length of the member. (c} Except for the panels referred to in (f), double intersection lacing systems and single intersection lacing ystems mutually opposed in direction on opposite sides ff two main components should not be combined with members or diaphragms perpendicular to the longitudinal ‘xis of the strut unless all forces resulting from the daformation of the strut members are calculated and allowed tor in the desig. (ci) Single lacing systems mutually opposed in direction (on opposite sides of two main components should not be used unless the resulting torsional effects are allowed for, {6} All lacings, whether in double or single intersection systems, should be inclined at an angle between 40° ‘and 70" to the axis of the member. (f) Tie panels should be provided at the ends of the lacing systems, at points where the lacing is interrupted, ‘and at connections with other members. Tie panels may take the form of battens complying with 4.7.9; alternatively erozs braced panels of equivalent rigidity may be used In either cate the tie panels should be designed to carry the loads for which the lacing system is designed. (4) The maximum slenderness, , of a main component (based on its minimum radius of gyration) between consecutive points whrere the lacing is attached should not exceed 50. The maximum slenderness of the strut at fa whole should not be taken a¢ late than 1.44,BS 5950 : Part 1: Section four 1990 (hn) The effective length of a lacing should be taken as the distance between the inner end walds or fasteners for single intersection lacing and as 0.7 times this distance tor double intersection lacing connected by welds or fasteners at the intersection, The slenderness of a lacing should not exceed 180. (i) The facings and their connections should be designed to carry the forces induced by a trancv 5 at any point in the length of the member equal to not less than 2.5 % of the maximum axial oad in the member, divided equally amongst al transverse lacing systems in parallel planes. For members carrying bending stresses calculated from eccentricity of loading, applied endl maments or lateral loading, the lacing should be proportioned to tesist any shear due to bending in addition to the above mentioned value of not loss than 2.5%. 4.7.9 Battaned struts ‘A attened strut consisting of two or mare main eampanents ‘may be designed as a single integral member. provided that Ue Following conditions are met {2} The main components are effectively restrained agsinst buckling by 2 system of battens consisting of plates or sections, 20 connected to the main components sto form with them an effectively rigid joint frame. {b) Bastons are poritioned opposite each other in each plane atthe ends of the member and at points where iti laterally restrained. intermediate bartens should be positioned opposite esch other end be spaced and proportioned uniformly throughout the length of 2 member. (6) The maximum slenderness, )., of a main component {eased on its minimum radius of gyration) between end welds or end fasteners of avjacent battens should not exceed 50, The slenderness of the battened strut, Ay, about the axie perpendicular to the plane of the battens Should be calculated trom: d= Ou? #2) where Am isthe ratio Le/rof a whole member about thet Ae. is as defined above, ‘The maximum slenderness of the battened strut about the axis perpendicular to the plane of the battens should not be taken as less than 1 4), (d) The thickness of plate battens should be not less than 1/80 of the minimum distances between welds or fasteners. The slenderness of sections used as battens should not exceed 180. The width of an end batten along the axis of the main components should be not less than the distance between centroids of the main ‘members and not less than half this distance for inter mediate battene, Further, tha width of any batten should be not less than twice the width of the narrower ‘main component, (e} The battens and the connections between them and the main components should be designed to carry the forces and moments induced by a transverse shear at any point in the length of a member equal to not less than 2.5 % of themaximum factored axial load in the member. For members carrying bending stresses calculated from eccentricity of loading, applied end moments or lateral loads, the battens should be proportioned to resist any shear due to bending in addition to the above mentioned value of not less than 2.5 %, NOTE, For appropriate, sed angle members 200 4.7.11 or 8.12 38 4.7.10 Angles, channels and T-toetion struts 4.7.10.1. General. For struts composed of angles, channels and T-sections, the eccentricity of normal end connections may be ignored and the strut designed as an axially loaded member provided that the conditions of 4.7.10.2 10 AAS are met. Alternatively, in the internal bays of continuous struts, such {8 those forming the legs of towers or the compression flanges of lattice girders, the effective length may be deter ‘mined trom 4,7.2 and table 24. ‘The length L should be taken a: the dietance between the intersection of centeoidal axes or the intersections of the setting out lines of the bolts, and isthe radius of gyration ‘about the relevant axis, Axes are defined in table 28 Intermediate restraints may be allowed for in determining the relevant length L for buckling ebout each axis, provided they lie at an angle of not more than 48 ° to the plane of buckling considered. 47.102 Single angle struts. Fora single angle connected by one log to a qustet, or directly to another member, by (0) two oF more fasteners in line along the angle at each end or by an equivalent welded connection, the slender ness A should be taken as the areatest of: (NORGE ity DUE DOM ylhyy + 18: (2) 1.0L g5/roq BUH O.7L yyy +30; (3) 085L ppp BUEP OTL pp/rby #90; (01a single tastener ax each end. the compression resistance should be taken as 00 % of the compression resistance of an axially loaded member and the slander ‘ess should be taken asthe greatest of (OL yylhyy BU HOM yylhyy +15; (2) 1.0L yairyq BUD O.7Lg4/raq + 30: (3) NOL pnlinn — DUE O7Lpnlinn + 30, 4.7.10. Double ange struts For double angle struts inter. ‘connected back-to-back as recommended in 4.7.13 or boattened as recommended in 4.7.12 and connected at each end by one leg of each angle to 8 gust, or directly to another member, a follows wltyy (a t0 one side of 2 gusset or member at each end by two ‘or mare fasteners in ine along each angle or by an equiv alent weld, the slenderness ) should be taken a5 the greater of (1) 1.0L pelten BU? OTL alte + 30: (2) (BEL, yiryy)? +R?) but 2 1.4A,: 68{) to one side of » gusset or member at cach end by one fastener in each angle, the slenderness ) should he taken asthe oreater of: (100 ax hut 2070 g/rgg +30: (2) [(1.0Lyy/ryy)? #2¢2 J! bur > 1.4%; {c) t0 both sides of a gusset or member at each end by two or more fatteners in line along the angles, the Alanderness } should be taken as the greater ot: (1) 0.85 L Iran but > OTL ity, +30: (2) [leyylryy) ATS — bur d 14,2 {) to both sides of a gusset or member at each end by & single fastener through each angle, the compression resistance should be taken as 80 % of the compression resistance of an axially loaded member and the slender ness \ should be taken asthe greater of, (1.00 allo Dut 2 0.7L galley #30: Pay bu (2) [llyyiryy)? #22) — bute 14d: In (a) t0 (4) Ag = Lyyryy With L,,, measured between inter ‘connecting fasteners for back-to-back struts or between end welds or end fasteners of adjacent battens for battened anale struts 47.104 Single channel struts. For a single channel conn ected only by its web to a yuset, oF directly to another member, by {e) two oF more rows of fasteners arranged symmetrically acrozs the web at cach end, or an equivalent welded connection, the slendernest 2 should he taken as the areater of: (1) OBB Inga (2) 1.0L yy/ryy but 2 O7Lyy/ryy +30: {0} two or more fasteners arranged symmetrically in 9 single row across the web at each end, or an equivalent Welded connection, the slenderness i should be taken as the greater of (1.00 alla: OL iy but 20.7Lyyiryy + 47.108 Single Tsection struts, For a single T-section connected only by its flange to a gusset. or directly to another member, by: (a) two ormore rows of fasteners arranged symmetrically across the flange at each end, or a eguivaleni welded Connection, the slenderness k should be taken as the areater of (1.0L gh ae (2) 0.85Lyy/ryy (0) two or more fasteners arranged symmetrically In 2 single row across the flange at each end, or an equivalent walded connection, the slendernets X should be taken at the greater of (OL Man (2) 1.0L yiryyi 30: Dut > 0.7L gy /hgx +90: but 2 OIL y/hgy #30: 69 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four AIAN Batton-starred anglo struts A bottened strut of eruciform section may be designed a: 8 ‘ingle integral member provided that it meets the conditions iven in 4.7.9 except as follows {a} Battens should be connected to the hacks of angles parallel to both the rectangular axes of the member. ‘They should alternate in each plane and the effective length of a main component zhould be taken as the spacing centre-to-centre of the hattens in the same plane. (b) The transverse shear of not less than 2.6 % of the factored axial load should be taken as acting nernendli- cular to the minor axis of the member. The battens in teach plane should be desigued for the components of, this shear resolved perpendicular to the rectangular ‘axes plus any transverse shear due to the weight or wind resistance of the member. 4.7.42 Battened perallel angle struts A vattened parallel angle suut composed of two similar tangles arranged symmetrically with their corresponding rectangular axes aligned may be designed asa single integral ‘member providing that in all other respects it meets the conditions yiven in 4.7.9, The eccentricity of end connections should be allowed for as recommetnded in 4.7.10.3, 7.13 Back-to-back struts 4.1.13.1 Components separated. A strut composed of 1wo angles, channels or T-sections, separated back-to-back by @ distance not exceeding that required for the ond gusset annection, may be designed as a single integral member provided the following conditions are met. (a) The main components should be of similar cross section with their corresponding rectangular axes aligned. (0) The main components should be interconnected by fasteners. Where the components are connected together by welding the member should be designed at a battoned strut as given in 4.7.9. (6) The member should not be subjected to transverse lads perpendicular ta the connected surfaces other than ‘the weight or the wind resistance of the member. (a) The slenderness, A, of the compound strut about the axis parallel t0 the connected surfaces should be calculated from 4.7.9(c) for battened struts. (e) The main components should be connected at intervals so that the member is divided into at least three bays of approximately equal length. At the ends of the member the main components should be interconnected by not less than two fasteners along each lie along the length of the member. (1) The interconnecting fasteners should be designed to tronzmit the longitudinal shear between the main components induced hy a transverse shear U at any point in the member; Q should be taken a5 riot less that 2.5% of the factored axial compression in the member plus any load due to self weight or wind resistance of ‘the member. In no case should the fasteners be less that» 16 min in diameterot Table 20. Angle, channel and T-section struts Clouse ‘Connection Standarnas ration (eta nat Vn?) 47.10.2(0) WARS: OBBL yy /Fyy BUT OTL yyltyy + 15 & 2a axis: LOL galtgg DUE? OTL gg /lag +30 bb axis: O.85L py /rop but> O7Lypiryp +30 47.1020) WLS: LOL yihyy DUE? OL yylhy + 1D 90 axis: 1.0L j4/ryq bUt> OTL alryy + 90 RS a/Faq bt uo, Lexis: LOLpy/tgp but > O7L py lrg + 30 (see nore 3) (s2@ note 3) 47.10.310), WH ANI: LOL, IF, BUT OTL ity, +30 = vy axie: []OBBLy, yy)? #2.2] but 21.42. (see note 5) (Gee nave 4) 47.10.3101 WHAM LOL HF, DUT OTL lg +30 yy axis: [Ly ty}? + Ae? J? but > 1th, IE (see now 5) | (s0e nore 4) k m 47.10316) ox axis: OB5L,,/F,,, BUTE OTL, ,/r,, +30 vy axis: [yy /ryy)® + Ae?) but 2 1.4, fp eres) (500 note 4) Yy 47.10.34) fe (see notes 3 and a) AMIE LOL MPa BUED OTL ly +20 weaxis: (Lyylryy)? Ne? J but > 1g (see notes 3 and 5) no} wong 2 L ued : 0969 SE 0661va Table 28 (continued) ue ‘Connection ‘Slendernes ratioe (aae moter t and 2) 47.1040) 1 OxI8: 0.85 L ly Waris: 1.0L, yyy but > O7Lyy/ryy +30 47.10.410) 1 0X8: LOL alan 2 WARIS LOL iryy UT ZOTL iryy +30 « fir « i 47.10.5(a) B Hx ARS LOL ig, DUE OTL ql gy +30 YY BRIE OBL yy/Fyy 47.10.5(6) wx axis: LOL ging, hut > OTL ity, +30 Wy axis: LOLyy/ryy ix TNOTE 1, The length Li taken beiweon the Intenections of the centoidal exes or the Intersections of the setting out lines ofthe bolts, ivoapoctive of whethor the stut i connected toa gue orairecly to another member. NOTE 2. Intermediate lateral restraints radvce the value of L for buckling sbout the relovant axe ar single ang members, Ly taken hetwenn laters restrinte perpendicular to either 33 oF bb, [NOI 3 Fr single or couble angles conn 7.40.20) and 8,710.80 NOTE 4, Double angles, fide of member NOTE 6, Ae = Lyylry ith Lyy mestured Between interconnecting fatten bottened angle cute ‘by one lt, the comaression resistance Is also reduced to 80% uf that furan wxaly luau member, see either battened {see 4.7.12] or interconnected back-to-back (se 47.18). Battons oF intorzonnoeting fastener 963 2no} uon2ag. 0861 1 ued : 0565 SEBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four The longitudinal shear per interconnection should be taker a 0.250Xc, where Xe is the slenderness of the ‘main component contre: to centre of interconnections. (g) At all interconnections the fasteners should pass ‘through solid stee! packings, washers or guste. In strute at least two fasteners should he provided in line across ‘the width of all members that are sufficiently wide to accommodate them. 4.7.43.2. Components in contact. A strut composed of two angles, channels or T-sactions in contact back-to-back or separated by continuous steel packing may be designed as # ingle integral member providing that the following ‘conditions are met. {0} The main components should be arranged symmetrically with their corresponding rectangular axes aligned. (b) Interconnection should be as follows. (1) When interconnection is by means of fasteners at least two fasteners should be provided in line across the width of the member providing itis sufficiently wide. The spacing of the fasteners should not exceed 300 mm or 32t where ¢ is the thickness of the thinner part joined, (2) When interconnection is by means of welds both pire of edger of the main components should he Welded. The spacing centre-to-centre of interconnec- tigre should be taken as the spacing centie-to-centre of consecutive effective lengths of weld on the same ‘edge. The space hetween consecutive welds on the Same edge should not exceed 300 mm or 16r where r is the minimum thickness of the parts joined. {c} The member should not be subject to transverse load perpendicular to the connected surfaces other than the ‘weight or wind resistance of the member. (4) The slonderness,d, of the compound strut about the axis parallel to the connected surfaces should be calculated from 4.7.9(c). {0} The main components should he connected at intervals so that the member is divided into at least three bays of approximately equal length. At the ends of the ‘member the main components chould be interconnected bby not less than two fasteners in each line along the length of the member, or by equivalent welds. (1) The interconnecting welds or fasteners should be designed to transmit the longitudinal shear between the ‘components as given in 4.7.13.1(f). {g} Inmembers exposed to the weather or other corrosive influences the components should be connected by continuous welds, or fasteners as lid down in 6.2.4. 48 Axially loaded members with moments 48.1 Goneral Members should comply with 4.2 to 4.7 inclusive, covering the treatmant of members subject to moments and axial loads applied separately. in addition to the recommend ati yen in 4.8.2 and 4.8.3, ‘Moments in anale, channel and T-section members due t0 eccentricity of connections may be treated as recommended jn 4.6.3 for tension members or 4.7.10 for struts 4.8.2 Tension members with moments Tension members with moments should be checked for resistance to lateral-torsional buckling in accordance with 4.3 under moment alone. They should also be checked tor capacity under the combined effects ot axial load and ‘moment at the points of greatest bending moments anid axial loads, usuelly at the ends. Th folowing relationship sould bested FE Ls My i Me Me Tp, wm, where A is the applied axial load in member; Ag isthe effective area (see 3.3.3); Dy, the design strength: ‘My. is the applied moment about the major axis at critical region: ‘Mex is the moment capacity about the major axis in the absence of axial load (see 4.2.5 and 4.2.6): is the applied moment about the minor axis at critical regia: My My, is the moment capacity about the minor axis in the absence ot axial load (see 4.2.9 and 4.2.6). Alternatively for greater economy in plastic or compact ‘cross sections only the following relationship should be "ey + ey ( Ma where ‘Mx isthe reduced moment capacity about the major ‘axis in the presence of axial load obtained from published tables: is the reduced mamant capacity ahout the minor axis in the presence of axial load obtained from published tables; | a constant taken as: 2.0 tor | and H sections: 2.0 for solid and hollow circular sections; 5/3 for solid and hollow rectangular sections; 1.0 forall ather cates. My May May 21 is a constant taken as: 1.0 for | and I! sections; 2.0 for solid and hollow circular sections; ‘5/3 tor solid and hollow rectangular sections: 1.0 for all otter cases. 4.8.3 Compression members with moments 4.8.3.1 General. Compression members should be checked for local capacity at the points of greatest bending moment ‘and axial load (usually at the onde). This capacity may be limited either by yielding or local buckling denending on the section properties. The member should also be checked 72{or overall buckling by either the simplified or more exact approach 4832 Local capacity check. The appropriate relationship given below should be satisfied. {a} For semi-compact and slender cross sections (and a5 an alternative simplified approach for plastic or compact cross sections): MM mM gy AcPy Mex Mey NOTE. For slender ere sections a should be used in accordance with 36 (0) For plastic and compact cross sections: CC where for (a) and (b) Ag is the gross cross-sectional area and other notations are as given in 4. tend atactve valun of By 48.3.3 Overall buckling check 4.83.1 Simplified approach. The following relationship should be setae: Fills Fae Me where mM, +t Dz, is the applied axial load in the member; is the compressive strength; is the gross cross-sectional area, {s the equivalent uniform moment factor obtained. from table 18; ‘the buckling resistance moment capacity (about major axis) (see 4.3.7), Z, Is the elastic section modulus about the minor axis; By, is the design strength, 4.8.3.3.2 More exact approach. The following relationship should be setisfied, (i, rly Max May where ‘Max is the maximum buckling moment about the major axis in the presence of axial Inad, taken to be the lesser of A tn (1- £) soning teri! kg 4 isthe maximutn buckling moment about the minor ‘xis in the presence of axial load taken as: BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four wher ‘Moy it the moment eapecity about the major axis obtained from 4.2.5 or 4.2.6; ‘My is the moment eapacity about the minor axis, obtained from 4.2.5 or 4.2.6 but not subject to the restriction M, © 1.20, 2: Pox. is the compression resistance about the major Poy it the compression resistance about the minor NOTE. In cases where Mo My anproaches zero the more exact roach may be mare concaratve than the simplified approach uch situations the values stistying the simplified approach may 4.9 Members with biaxial moments Members subject to biaxial moments in the absence of both tensile and compressive axial forces may be designed in accordance with the rules given in 4.8.3, with the value of F taken 2210. 4.10 Empirical design rules for members in lattice frames and trusses This clause is applicable to the design of lattice frames and trusses except where fatigue is @ design consideration. Generally it may be assumed that secondary stresses will be insigniticant it the slenderness of the chord members Ue plane of the tuss is greater than 50 and that of most of the web members is greater than 100. The following assumptions may be made. (@) For the purpose of calculating the forces in the member the connections are pinned. (0) For the purpose of calculating the effective length of ‘mombers the fixity of the connections and the rigidity Of adjacent members may be taken into account. {c) Whore the exact positon of point loads relative to the connection of the rafter to the web members is not known the local bendina moment may be taken as equal to: we 6 (4) Ties to chords should be properly connected to an adequate restraint system. (6) The length of chord members may he taken a6 the distance between connection to the web members in plane end the distance between longitudinal ties or purling out of plane. (1) Purtins in tight frames and trusses need not be checked for comprassive stresses originating from their function as rastraints, () Where the shooting spane from truss to truss in the absence of purlins the stability of the rafter should be considered and the sheeting should be adequately fixed This method of providing restraint to the rafter should ‘only be used where the loading is mainly roof loading, 73BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four 4.11 Additional provisions for gantry girders 4.41.1 General In addition wo the general rules for beams given in 42 10.45 gantry girders should fulfl the conditions given in 4.11.2 toate Gantry girdore should be designed to resist factored loading as given in 2.2.3 and 2.4.1 4.11.2 Crabbing of trolley Gantry girders intended to carry cranes of loading class Q1 and Q2 as defined in BS 2573 : Part 1 need not be designed for the effects of erabbing action. Gantry girders intended to carry erenes of class Q3 and O4 at defined in 8S 2573 : Part 1 thould be designed for the following couple due to crabbing action. This couple need ‘not be combined with the horizontal loads obtained from 2.2.3, The couple is due to the crabbing action of two wheels or bogies comprising two equal and opposite forces, FF. acting transverse to the rail, one at each end of the wheelbase, Le Wo 7 but > Be 20 where Leis the span of the crane, W_ isthe factored maximum load on a wheel or boaie pivot; Is the distance between the centres of the two end. wheels or between the pivots of the bogies (where horizontal guide rails are used ay, is the wheolbase of the guide rails). 4.11.3 Lateral torsional buckling [No account should be taken of the effect of moment gradient, im and m should be taken os 1.0 (see 4.3). 4.114 Shear buckling The shear buckling resistance should be calculated without Using tension tield action (see 4.4.6.3). 4.11.8 Local compression under wheels Local compression on the web may be obtained by disvributing the crane whee! load over a length xp, where! ata iT) where Ha Is the rail height: T isthe flange thickness, Alternatively wher Ny + IP en (4) were fis the web thickness: the propartias of the rail are known: J, the second moment of area of the flange about its horizontal centroidal axis Jp it the eecond moment of area of the erane rail about its horizontal cantroidal axis; Kp isa constant taken at: (e) when the erene rail is mounted directly on the beam flange Ky = 3.25; (b) where 8 suitable resilient pad not less than § mm thick is interposed betwoon the crane rail and the beam tlange Kn = 4.0. ‘The stress obtained by dispersing the load over this length should not be greater than Dy. 4.11.6 Welded girders Welds should be continuous throughout, Top flange welds should preferably be full penetration butt welds and should bbe checked for the effects of local eomprestion, see 4.11.5, In addition to all other effects. It should be assumed that this force is wholly transmitted by the welds to the web. 4,12 Purlins and side rails 4.12.1 General Purling and side rails may be designed on the assumption ‘that the cladding provides lateral restraint to an angle section, oF to the face against which itis connected in the ‘ace of other sections. In both eates, the type of cladding and its fixings should he such that it is capable of acting in this manner. 4.12.2 Deflections ‘The deflections of purlins end side cals should be limited to suit the characteristis of the particular cladding system. 4.12.3. Wind loading Wind loading should be determined in accordance with GP 3: Chapter V : Part 2. The effects of local pressures need not be considered in the design of the purlins end side rail 4.12.4 Empirical design of purlins and side rails 4.12.4.1. General. Az an alternative to other methods of design, purlins and side rails fabricated from hot rolled angles or hollow sections may be designed in accordance with empirical rules given in 4.12.4.3 oF 4.12.4.4. Puslins and zide rails fabrieated from cold formed zoetions should be designed in accordance with BS 5950 = Part 5 4.12.4.2 General rules for empirical design (a) The members should be of steel 10 a minimum of grade 43 of BS 4360. (©) Unfactored loads should be considered for empirical design, ie. eectively 14 = 1.0 (c) The span of the members should not exceed 8.5 m ‘centre-to-centee of main supports (a) Where the members generally span only one bay each member should be connected by at loast two fasteners at ‘each end, {c} Where the members are generally continuous over two or more bays, with staggered joints in adjacent lines 74ff members, at least ane end of any single hay members should be connected by not less than two fasteners. 4124.3 Specitic rules for the empirical design of purlins (2) Slope. The slope of the roof should not exceed 30°. (b) Loading (1) The loading on the purlin should be substantially uniformly distributed. Not greater than 10% of the ‘otal roof load on the member should be due to other ‘types of load. (2) Imposed load should be determined as recom- ‘mended in 2.2, but should not be taken as less than 0.75 kN/m? (c) Elastic modulus. The elastic modulus, Z, of 8 purlin about its axis parallel to the plane ot the cladding should ‘be not less than the values given in table 29. (4) Dimensions, The dimension D of the member perpendicular to the plane of the cladding, and, where ‘epplicable, the dimension parallel to the plane of the cladding should be not less than the values given in table 28. Table 20, Empirical values for purlins Purlin section | Ziminy | D 8 em? mm mm Wy Angle ae Las 4/60 ° 800 Wot HS oe = CHS. Tam i865 Wat RHS P 4/70 4/150 1800 ‘We isthe total unfestored load on one span of the purlin {in KN) due to either (deed + imposed) or (wind ~ cesa) whichever isthe greater. Lin the length eantreto.eentre of main (vertical) supports, bbut where properly supported seg rods are provided, ‘may be taken asthe sag rod spacing for the determination AAZAA Specific rules for empirical design of side rails, (a) Slope. The slope of the cladding should not exceed 16° from the vertical (b) Loading. Side rails should not generally be subjected 10 loads other than wind load and the self weight of the cladding. Not more than 10 % of the total load on the ‘member about the axis under consideration should be due to loading from other sources or due to loads which are not uniformly distributed. Notwithstanding the ahove, side rails may he used ta provide restraint ta thelr supporting members. {c] Section moduli. Ihe elastic section moduli, Z, and Zz, of the side rail about its axes parallel to and perpendicular to the plane of the cladding respectively should be not lets than the values given in table 30. 75 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four (a) Dimensions. The dimension D of the member perpendicular to the plane of the cladding and the dimension B parallel to the plane of the cladding should be not less than the values given in table 30, except that when Z, is greater than the minimum value from table 30, the minimum value of D may be reduced in the same proportion, However, in no ease should D be les than B, Table 30, Empirical values for side rails Side rait | Z, (mind | 2, (mind | 8 cm? om? mm — | mm Wo Wal Angle | Te oa was | ceo Wk ns es | cus | ES Lk We Wak is | Mt 100 ans |S oa 70 | eno 12 total unfactored losds on one span ofthe side Fall, acting perpendicular «o and parallel to te plane ff the clacding rspactively lin ND) isthe soan of the callin ml. taken as (a) for Z, and D: the span centreto-centre ot main lb) forZ, and B: the span centreta-cente of main supports OR where properly supported say rods Provided, the snacing a the tag rod 4.13 Column bases 4.13.1. Gon Colum bases should be of sufficient size, stiffness and strength to transmit the axial load, bending moments and shear forces in columns to their foundations or other support without exceeding the load carryina capacity of such supports ‘The nominal bearing pressure between the baseplate and the support may be determined on the basis ofa linear distribution of pressure. For concrete foundations the bearing strength may be taken as 0.4f., where fey is the Characteristic concrete cube strength at 28 days, Baseplates may be designed either by the empirical method given in 4.13.2 oF by other vationel means, ‘The connection of the column to the baseplate should comply with 4.13.3, Baseplates of grade 49A steel subject to compression only should not be limited in thickness by the brittle fracture requirements. Grade 434 baceplates tranemitting moments to the foundation should not exceed 50 mm unless special ‘consideration is given to brittle fracture.BS 5960 : Part 1: 1990 Section four 4.13.2. Empirical design of basoplates 4.1.2.1. Oversized haseplates. When the size of a baseplate {s more than the minimum required, any portion of its area may be laken as ineffective, provided that the bearing pressure caloulated on the remaining effective area does not fxceed the bearing strength 4.13.2.2 Concentric forces. It @ rectangular plate is loaded ‘concentrically by I, H, channel, box or RHS, its minimum thickness should be: % 038? | 25 a ce |S we? Pv but not less than the flange thickness of the column supported, where: Is the areater projection of the plate beyond the column; ‘bis the lesser projection of the plate beyond the column, Wis the pressure on the underside of the plate assuming a uniform distribution; yp is the design strength of the plate (from 3.1.1 oF table 6) but not greater than 270 N/mm? {If gussets are used for transmitting forces to the baseplate. the projecting distances, end 0, are measured from the ‘extremities of the gustets, provided that the gussets are designed for the resulting Forces (sae 4.13.2.6) For colid round or hollow columns, where loading on the cap or under the base is uniformly distributed aver the whole area Including the column shaft, the minimum ‘thickness (in mm) of a square or circular cap or baseplate should be [af 200-000 on ra 4.13.23 Eccentric forces and non-rectanaular plates. tthe bearing pressure beneath a baseplate is not uniform, or if the baseplate i not rectangular, ealeulations chould be carried out to determine the hending moments in tha baseplate. The maximum moment should not exceed 1.20y9z Wyp < 270 Nimm? | where isthe elastic modulus of the barplate, 4.13.24 Gussets. Ina sittened base, the moment in a gusset due to the beating pressure on the effective area used in the design of the baseplate should not excced PygZ where Z is the elastic modulus of the gusset; yg the design strength of the gusset < 270 Nimm* When the effective area of the baseplate is less than its grass, area, the connections of the gussets should be checked for the effects of a nominal dst bution of bearing pressure on the gross area as wel as forthe effects of the distribution Used in the design of the baseplate 76 4.18.3 Connection of baseplates Provided that the contact areas on the baseplate and the tend of the column (including, in stiffened bases, the contact surfaces on the stiffeners) are in tight hearing contact, compression may be transmitted to the baseplate in direct beating. Welds or fasteners should be provided to wansinit ‘any shear or tension developed at the connection dus to all realistic combinations of factored loads (see 2.2.1) Where the contact surfaces are not auitable to transmit compression in direct bearing, welds or fasteners should be provided to transmit all forces and moments. 4.14 Cased sections 4.14.1 General ‘As an alternative to the method given in BS 6950 : Section 3.2", a section encased in conerete may be designed by the empirical method presented in 4.14.2, 4.14.3 or 4.14.4 as appropriate, provided that it meets the following conditions. (a) The steel section is either a single rolled or fabricated Tor H-scetion with equal flanges or two similar rolled channel seetions in contact back-to-back or separated back-to-back by not less then 20 mm nor more than half their depth, double channel sections should meet the conditions of 4.7.13.2 if in contact, otherwise they shoul he laced! or attend to ment the conditions of 4.7 8 of 4.7.9 respectively. (b) The overall dimensions of the steel section does not exceed 1000 mm x 500 mm, the dimension of 1000 mm. being measured parallel to the web or webs. (c} Primary structural connections to the member should preferably be made directly to the steel section. In such ccatar the eccentricity given in 4.7.6(a) should be taken ‘rom the tace of the steel section. (4) The steal eaction is unpainted and feee from oil, ‘arease, dirt, oF loose rust and millscale. (e) The steel section is solidly encased in ordinary dense structural concrete of at least grade 20 to BS 8110. (t) There is @ minimum rectangle of solid casing, which ‘may be chamfered at the corners and provides @ cover to the outer face and edges of the steel of not less than 50 mm. (g) The conerete casing extends the full longth of the member and connections. Concrete is thoroughly compacted especially in areas under cleats, cap plates and beam soffits, Sufficient clearance is provided at all points so that the concrete ean be efficiently worked Around tha steol alemants. {h) The cating is reinforced using tee! fabrie complying with BS 4483, reterence DOB. Alternatively, steel reinforcement or wire of not less than § mm diameter or theic equivalent, complying with BS 4449 or BS 4482 may be used at 2 maximum spacing of 200 mm to form ‘a cave of closed links and longitudinal bars‘The reinforcement is so arranged as to pass through the centre of the concrete cover of the flanges; the minimum lap of the reinforcement, and the details of the links, should comply with BS 8110. (i) The effective length, Le, of the cated section is limited to 40b., 10042 /d or 250r whichever is least, where ‘bg it the minimum width of colid casing within the dopth of the steel section; ei the minimum depth of tolid eating within the width of the steel section: Fig the minimum radius of gyration of the steel seetion alone. 4.14.2 Cased members subject to bending Cased beams which meet te conditions giver in 4.14.4 should be designed o3 for an uncased section (soe 4.2 and 4.3) except that the radius of gyration, ry, may be taken as 0.218 + 100) mm or r, of the uncased section whichever is greater. All other properties should be taken as for the uncased section. The buckling resistance moment, M,, should not exceed 1% times that permitted for the luncased section, where 6 is the width of the flange. In the calculation of deflections, the affective moment of inertia of the cased section may be taken to be that of the stwel section plus the transformed net area of the concrete, les where Jeg it the second moment of area of cated section; Is te is the second moment of area of steel section; ip the second moment of area of yross concrete section; ‘gis the modular ratio. 4.143 Cased struts Cased struts which meet the conditions given in 4.14.1 may be designed on the following basi. (a) The radius of gyration, r,, of the member about its ‘axis in the plane ofits web or webs should be taken 2 0.2b,, but not more than 0.2(8 + 160) mm where be ig the minimum width of solid easing within the depth of the steel section and B is the overall width ot the steel flange or flanges. Where the radius uf yyration of dhe steel cection alone is greater than that of the composite ‘retin, the radius of gyration of the steel section alone may be used. The radius of gyration, r,, of the member abou its axis parallel ro the planes of the flanaes should be taken as ‘thet ofthe steel section alone, (b) The compression resistance, P,, of the cased section should be determined from: h Pee (40 +0.45 = A.) , but not greater than 2 the short strut capacity given by: 7 BS 5950 : Part 1: Section four 1990 Py 28 days of the encasement but < 40 N/mm?; cea arise acs arteaaere Setnat i Settings © 385 Kr pp witeduign event ot tocol 356 Nl 144 Seedtnmton ners wel ood sd moter oper cocombined ut cooprenan red being omer (0) For capacity: fee egy Fea” Max” Mey (b) For bucking resistance: Fe, milly. mth Pe . My * May © where Fe 1 the compressive force due to axial load Pie thecompresion resistance (ee 4.14.3) Pox is the short strut capacity (i.e. the compression resistance of a cased strut of zero slenderness); ‘M,_ is the applied moment about the major axis: ‘My. is the applied moment about the minor axis is the equivalent uniform moment factor obtained from table 18; Mx is the major axis moment capacity of the steel section (see 4.2.6 oF 4.2.6); Mey is the minor axis moment capacity of the stee! section (tee 4.2.5 oF 4.2.6); ‘My. is the buckling resistance moment obtained from 4.3.7.3 using section propertias as given naa. 4.15 Web openings 4.18.1. General Except 09 provided for in 3.3 for holes for fasteners, the effects of openings should be considered in the design AC all points where the applied shear or moment at the net section exceeds the capacity of the member adeyuate reinforcement should be provided. Members should comply with 4.2 to 4.4 as appropriate and 4.6. In addition they should comply with 4.18.2 fr 4.15.3 a¢ appropriateBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four A182 S06 4.18.2.1. General. Where holes occur which will affect the strength of the member, consideration should be given 10 the clauses which apply to castellated bears. ions other than castollated 4.18.2.2. Unreinforced circular openings. Unreinforced circular openings may be located in the webs ot compact ‘beams and girders without considering net section properties provided the (a) the load on the member is substantially uniformly distributed and point loads should not be situsted within 2 distance equal to the depth of the member from the centre line ot the hole nor should they generate a shear in the web greater than 10 % of the shear resistance of the section; (0) the section has an axis of symmetry in te plane of bending: {ec} the openings are located within the middle third of the depth and the middle half of the span of the member; (a) the spacing between the centres of any two adjacent ‘openings measured parallal to the axie of the member i a minimum of 2. times the diameter of the larger opening, {6} the factored maximum shear at the support does not exceed 50 % of the shear resistance of te seetion. When the dimensions and position of openings are not in ‘accordance with (a) tu (e), consideration should be given ‘to the net section properties and design should be in accordance with 4.15.3, 4,182.3. Reinforced openings. Web relntorcement should bbe provided adjacent to the openings to equal the cross sectional aroa of the web removed. The reinforcement should be carried past the opening for such a distance that the local shear stress, due to load being transferred from the reinforcement to the web, does not exceed 0.6). 4.15.3 Castellated beams 4.19.3.1. Iypes. The following rules apply to a castellated bbeam of dimensions as shown in figure 9 and care should be ‘exercised when applying them to sections of different dimensions. 4.18.3.2. Moment capacity. The moment capacity of the section should be calculated from the net section properties (ee 3.3) with due allowance for the eecondary vierendee! effects of shear at the openings and the local effects of point loads if any, at any point in the length of the beam. 4.15.3.3 Sheer stress. The shear stress across the net section of the wab, and between openings should be calculated using elastic distribution and the maximum shear stress should not exceed 0.7 py. 4.18.3.4 Incomplete lateral restraint. Beams with incomplete lataral restraint should be designed in accordance with 4.3 except thar the equivalent slenderness, Xi +. should be calculated using the section properties applicable ‘to 2 cross section through the centraline of the opening. 4.18.3.5 Local buckling. The constituent parts of the section should be checked for local buckling in accordance with 3.5, 4.18.26 Deflection. The secondary deflections occurring at openings should be added to the principal deflections of the section, 4.18.3.7 Supports and concentrated loads. At points of support and concentrated load the affects of hearing and buckling should be considered in accordance with 4.8. Openings excent for fasteners should be filled and stiffeners provided as necessary. 4a 1080 MOO OG 1 ss tne seat aegtn oF the orginal Deam, Figure 9, Dimensions of eastellated tectione 78BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section five Section five. Continuous construction 5.1 General 5.1.1 Scope Section five applies to structures or clements of structures which are connected by rigid joints (see 6.1.4) or are continuous over supports. Hules are given for both elastic and plastic methous of desig. In adgition to the limitations for sway stabllity glven in this section itis recommended that the deflection limits given jn 2.6.1 are not excoeded. 5.1.2 Loading 5.1.2.1. Vertical load. Vertical loads should be arranged in the most unfavourable but realistic pattern for each element. Dead load 74 factors need not be varied when considering such pattern loading, but should be varied when considering stability against overturning 5.1.2.2 Horizontal laads. For load cases involving horizontal loads, pattern loading of vertical loads need not be considered, 5.1.2.3 Notional horizontal loads, To check the sway stability of the structure notional horizontal torces should be applied. These notional forces may aise from practical imperfections such as lack of verticality end should be taken as: 0.5 % of the fectored dead plus vertical imposed load applied horizontally. ‘These notional forces should be assumed to act in any one 48; ODhee Be (2) wnen 4.6 Rep < 10 : Ry (3) when A, 2 10:2, > 1 where Der is the elesic ertical loed factor from eppendix F; Dp Is the rigid-plastic load factor of the over ‘but should not be less then 1 locally. Ay is Une ratio by which each of the factored loads ‘would have to be increased to cauze plastic collapee of ‘the actual frame determined in accordance with (a) and (), “Further details of subtrames may be obtained from: Institution of Structural Engineers. Joint Committee Report on Fully Rigkd Mut ‘Storay Welded Stoo! Frames, Dee. YO6A 83BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section five Where the steel frame is suitably encased in concrete the (Wg > 6.78; increased second moment of area of the section may be nee tuted to determine A, (expressed in equivalent steel units). (2) when 5.75 < Ne <20 : Ny DE {c} In unclad frames or in clad frames whore the stiffness Man ‘of the cladding is taken into account the following (3) when Ay 2 20: Ay > 1 relationship should be satisfied: where Xo and Np areas in (A). 4a “LE SS ~~ / ‘Span considered ? 77 7 General Sub-span NOTE, Full length of beems and columns isto be used, except for roof beams where ther (a) Beam design sub-frames Mls LL/ | | WS SS ET SET General External NOTE. Full length of beams and columns isto be usta except forthe top storey where there are no upper columns. (©) Column design sub-trames Figure 11. Subframes 84Section six. Connections 6.1 General recommendations 6.1.1 General Connections should be designed on the basis of a realistic ‘assumption of the distribution of internal forces, having regard to relative stiffnesses. Such assumption should correspond with direct load paths through the elements of ‘connections. Its essential that equiliorium with the ‘external applied factored loads is maintained. Where members are connected 10 the surface of a web or flange or a section, the local ability of the web or flange to fansfor the applied forces should be checked and stiffening provided where necessary Eate of fabrication and erection should he considered in the design of joints and splices. Attention should be paid to Clearances necessary for tightening of fasteners, welding procedures, subsequent inspection, surface treatment and maintenance, ‘The ductility of steel assists the distribution of forces ‘generated within a joint Tharafore residual stresses and stresses due to tlahtening of fasteners and normal accuracy of fitup need not usually be calculated. When different forms of fasteners are used to carry a shear load or when welding and festeners are combined, then cone form of connection should normally be designed to carry the total load except that torqued friction arip fasteners may be designed (o share the load with welding provided the bolts are fully tightened after welding 6.1.2 Interseetions Usually, members mecting at a joint should be arranged with their eentroidal axes meeting at a point. Where there is eccentricity at intersections the members and connections. should be designed to accommodate the moments which result. In the case of bolted framing of anglas and tooe the setting out lines of the bolts may be adopted instead of the ‘controidal axis. 6.1.3 Joints in simple construction Joints between members in simple construction should be capable of transmitting the forces calculated in design and should be capable of accepting the resulting rotation (see 2.1.2.2). They should not develop significant moments adversely affecting members of the structure. 6.1.4 Joints in rigid construction Joints between members in rigid construction should be capable of transmitting the forces and maments calculated ‘rom the design method. For elastic design the rigidity of the joint should be not less than that of the members For plastic design the moment capacity of a joint at 2 plastic hinge location should be not less than that ot the member and in addition the joint should possess sufficient plastic rotation capacity, The fabrication restrictions given in §.3.7 should alse be ‘applied where local yield lines are assumed in the design of tlements of rigid connections. This applies irespective of Whether elastic or plastic desian is used for the structure, BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section six 6.1.5. Joints in semi-rigid construction Joints between members in semi-rigid construction should provide e predictable degree of interaction between members, as deceribed in 2.1.2.4. They should be capable of trancmitting the restraint maments in addition to the other forces and moments at the joints. Its important that ‘the connection Is neither too rigid nor too flexible to fulfil ‘accurately the assumptions made in design. 6.1.6 Joints subject to vibration and/or load reversal Where a connection is subject to impact or vibration, pretensioned friction grip fastaners, locking devices ar Welding should be used. Where a connection is subject to reversal of stress (unless such stress is due solely to wind) or where for some special reason slipping of bolts is unacceptable, then pretensioned friction grip fasteners or welding should be used. Where repetition of loading makes fatigue a design criterion {see 2.4.3), the fabrication restrictions given in 5.3.7, should be applied 6.1.7 Splices 6.1.7.1 General, Spices should be designed to hold the ‘connacted members in place and wherever practicable the ‘members should be arranged so that the centroidal axis ot the splice coincides with the centroidal axis of the members joined. If eccentricity is present then the resulting forces should be eatered for. 6.1.7.2 Splices in compression members. Where the members are not prepered for full contact in bearing the splice should be detigned to transmit all the moments and forces to which the member at that point is subjected. Where the members are prepared for full contact in bearing the splice should provide continuity of stiffness about both anus and resist any tension where bending is present. ‘The splice should be as near as possible to the ends of the ‘member or points of inflexion. Where this is not achieved ‘account should be taken of the moment induced by strut action. See €.3. 6.1.7.3 Splices in cension members. The splice covers should be dezigned to transmit all the moments and forces to which the member at that point is subjected 6.1.7.4 Splices in beams. Beam splices should be designed +0 transmit all the forces and moments in the member at that point and have adequate stiffness. 62 Fastener spacing and edge distances 6.2.1. Minimum spacing ‘The distance between centres of fasteners should be not less than 2.5 times the nominal diameter of the fastener 6.2.2 Maximum spacing in unstifened plates The distance between centres of two adjacent fasteners in a line Ivina in the direction of stress should not exceed 14¢ where ¢ is the thickness of the thinner element. Where the members are exposed to corrosive influences the maximumBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section six spacing of fasteners in any direction should net exceed 16¢ (or 200 mm, where tis the thickness of the thinner outside ly. 6.2.3 Minimum edge and ond distances ‘The distance from the centre of a fastener hole to the edge ‘or end of any part should be not les than the value given in table 31. The edge distance is the distance from the centre ‘of aliole to the adjacert edge at right angles to the direction, fof stress, The end distance is the distance from the centre fof ahole to the adjacent edge in the direction in which the fastener bears, The end distance should also be sutticient to provide adequate bearing capacity (swe 6.3.3.3 anu 6.4.2.2). For slotted holes. edge and end distances should be measured from the centre of the end radius of the slot, atthe end nearest the edge or end of the material, soe figure 11a ‘Table 31. Minimum edge and end distances to farteners ‘uatry of eur ge and For a rolled, machine flame cut, sawn or planned edge 1.250 For a sheared or hand flame cut ‘edge and any end 1.400 se tne ciameter of the noe bt CE 2 = end or edge cistance Figure 112, Mi 1um edge and end distances 6.2.4 Maximum edge distances ‘The maximum distance to the nearest line of fasteners from an edge of eny unstiffened part should not exceed 11¢¢, ‘This rule does not apply to fasteners interconnecting the ‘components of back-to-hack tension members (see 4.6.3). Where the members are exposed 10 corrosive Influences the maximum edge distance should-not exceed 40 mm ! 4¢, 63 Ordinary bolting 6.3.1 Effective areas of bolts Since threads ean occur in the thear plane, the area A, for resisting shear should normally be taken as the tensile strase area, A, e8 specified in the eppropriete British Standard, For bolts whore the tensile stress area is not defined A, should be taken as the area at the bottom of the threads. Where it can be shown that the threads do not occur in the shear plane A, may be taken as the shank area A In the calculation of thread length allowance should be ‘made for tolerance and thraad run off. 6.3.2 Shear capacity Provided that no reductions are required for fona joints {see 6.3.4) or large grips (se 6.3.5) the shear capacity, Py, of a bolt should be taken as: Pam PAs where ', ts the shear stength obtained from table 32: Axis the shear area a defined in 6.3.1, i. A oF A, 6.3.3 Beating capacity 6.3.3.1 General. The effective capacity of a bolt in bearing fon any ply should be taken as the leser of the bearing capacity of the bult (see 6.3.3.2) and the bearing capacity lof the connected ply (s00 6.3.3.3) 6.3.32 Capacity of bolt. The bearing capacity of the bolt itself should be taken as: Pow = ato, where a ' ie the nominal diameter {s the thickness of the connected ply, or, if the bolts are countersunk, the thickness of the ply minus half the depth of countersinking; ‘Pop it the bearing strength of the bolt obtained from tale 32 6.3.3.3 Capacity of connected ply. The bearing capacity, Pox. of the connected ply should be taken as Phe = Ati S12 OD ng where Puy is the bearing strength of the connected parte ‘obtained from table 33; is the naminal diameter of the bolt; is the end distance, ae defined in 6.2.2; is the thickness of the ply, as defined in 6.3.3.2. 6.3.4 Long joints When the jaint length, L;, of a splice or end connection in a ‘Compression or tension element containing more than two bolts (i. the distance between the frst and last rows of bolts, measured in the direotion of which the load is transferred) exceeds 500 mm, the shear capacity, P,, should be taken as: 000 bbut not more than given in 6.3.5 for large grips, if applicable 86where Bg is the shear strength of the bolt, able 32; Ay isthe shear area L, i the joint length (in men), see figure 12. 6.3.5 Large grip lengths When the grip length, T,, (1. the total thickness of the connected plies) excoeds five times the nominal diameter, ¢, of the bolts, the shear eapacity, Py, should be taken a¢ Pes PAs os (Seer) but not more than given in 6.3.4 tor long Joints it applicable. 6.3.6 Bolts subject to tension 6.2.6.1. Tension capacity. The tension capacity, P,, of a bolt (including countersunk bolts) should be obtained from: P= DA, wher iy is the tension strength obtained from table 32; Ay Is the tensile stress area as specified in the ‘oppropriate British Standard. For bolts where the tonsile stress area is not defined A, should be taken as the area at the bottom of the threads. 6.3.6.2 Pring. In connections subject to tension prying action need not be taken into account provided the strengths given in table 32 are used. 6.3.6.3 Combined shear and tansion. When bolts are subject to both shear and tension then in addition to the conditions in 6.3.1 to 6.3.6.2 the following relationship should be satistied: Fey fe rhea BAS where Fis the applied shear; Fis the applied tension, is the shear capacity (see 6.3.2) , is the tension capacity (see 6.2.6.1). BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990, Section six Table 32. Strength of bolts in clearance holes Dok rade Other sates of testers rent | ream | wine? Shear serength,p, | 160 | 975 | 0.48U, but <0.69 ¥, Bearing strength, agp | 460 | 1035 | 0.72 (U, +¥;) {but see table 33) Tension strength, pe | 108 | 450 | 0.58U, bur 0.83 ¥, 4 a he specified sina ye strength ofthe fester, Us is the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength of the fastener, ‘Table 33. Beating strength of connected parts for ordinary bolts in clearance holes, Pos Stott BS 4360 tae grade ott was] or50 | as wom? ntiom® | rent | Wm 460 | 550 | 650, | o88(U, + ¥,) Ye 18th specified minum viel strength (Ups the speciied minimum utimate te rent 64 Friction grip fasteners 6.4.1 General For a parallel shank friction grip tastener the transverse capacity should be obtained from the minimum value given by the slip resistance (see 6.4.2.1), the bearing capacity {seo 6.4.2.2) and, where appropriste, the resistance of long soints (see 6.4.2.3). Figure 12. Joint length at splice 87BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 ‘Section six For a waisted shank fastener the capacity should be Obtained from the slip resistance (see 6.4.3) only and the beating and long joint capacities need not be checks NOTE, Tho slip reitance of «parallel ehank tition arin fatanee ‘sbesed one servewabity eterion Out for ease of calculation has been precented ina form which may be chacked aging factored toed, The result of this thet the conection wil sip nto bearing theranon the working and the fallure load, and for this reason the bearing capecity should be checked sgeinatfetored load. Tha shear capacity a the failure toad automaticaly satistied Dy tmiting tne he connection ie not along shear capecity check, {allo erteion. The connection will not slip into bearing until the {factored loud has been reached ond it is, therefore, not necesery 10 cheek the Besna and fonaioint capacities. 6.4.2 Parallel shank friation gr 6.4.2.1 Slip resistance The slip resistance, P,,, provided by a parallel shank friction arip fastener should be taken as: Py LAK Py where is the minimum shank tension os specified in Bs 4604; K, = 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes; 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes, and for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded perpendicular to the slot: = 0.6 for fastoners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to the slot; is the slip factor as defined below <0.56. The slip factor, 4, should be determined from the results of tests at specified in BS 4604, except that for general grade fasteners (i, friction grip fasteners complying with [BS 4395 : Part 1 or having similar mechanical properties) in connections where the surfaces in contact meet the requirements for untreated surfaces spacified in BS A604 : Part 1 the slip factor may be taken as 0.45. fasteners 8.4.2.2 Bearing resistance. The bearing capacity, Pog, or parallel shank friction grip fasteners should be taken as: Poa deg <"/ exe where is the nominal diameter of the fastener: 9 is the and distance (ie. the edge distance in the ditection in which the fastener bears): Is the thiskness of the connected ply; og isthe bearing strength of the parts connected ‘obtained trom table 3. 6.4.2.9 Long joints. Where the juint length, lj, of a spice ‘rend connection containing more than two fasteners (ie. the distance between the first and last rows af fasteners measured in the direction which the load is transferred) exceeds 500 mm, the slip resistance, Py. of parallel shank fasteners should be taken a a (222 fe ” 5000 where L, isthe joint length (in mm), see figure 12. Butnot groater than that given by 6.4.2.1 and 6.4. Pa Table 34. Beating strangth of parts connected by parallel shank friction grip fasteners, 0. Steel to 86 4360 Other grades of set aa [orca [ares wwe | vm | vm | N/mm 825 1065 | 1210 | 2.2U, burA, (312 x Dg xed 1.934 Figure 13, Pin-ended tension members 6.8.2.3 End connections. Whe connected only by longitudinal fillet welds the length ot each weld, C, should be not less than the transverse spacing, Try (se figure 14) =” ao » —_I t Weld stopped short L> Tw Figure 14. Welded end connections 6.6.2.4 Single fillet welds. A single fillet weld should not bbe subject to a bending moment about the longitudinal axis ot the weld. 6.6.2.5 Intermitcent fillet welds. Intermittent fillet welds should not be used in fatigue situations or where capillary {2etion could lead ta the formation of rust pockets ‘The longitudinal spacing along any one adge of the slament between effective lengths of weld, as given in 66.5.2, should not exceed the lesser of 300 mm or 16r for compression elements or 24¢ for tension elements, where t ig the thickness of the thinner part joinet Back to back struts and ties should have spacing of welds in accordance with 4.7.13 and 4.6.3 respectively End rune of fillet welds should extend to the end of the part connected 90 6.6.3 Partial penetration butt welds Partial penetration butt welds should not be used inter- _itently or in fatigue situations. 6.6.4 Welded details for structural hollow seotions ‘Aweld connecting two structural hollow sections end-to-end should be a full penetration butt weld. ‘Aweld connecting the end of a structural hollow section ‘to the surface of another member should be continuous and may be either a butt weld throughaut.,a fillet weld ‘throughout or a fillet weld In one part with a butt weld in ‘another with # continuous chenge from one to the other. 6.6.5 Design of fillet welds 6.6.5.1 Design strength. The design strength, Py, of 2 fillet weld made using covered electrodes complying with BS 639 an steel complying with BS 4360 should be obtained from table 36 for the lowest grade of material joined. Table 36. Design strength, ., Grade of ste! | Electrode strength to BS 629] Other types ins 4360) ear [est | cr uimm* | im | Aime? | N/mm? 40 oF 43, as fais |— wnsoand 50 | 215 | 255 |- — |o.5U, but KOGAU, 56 2668 | 276" “Only applies to electrodes having @ minimum tensile strenath (0 550 Nimm? end a minimum yield strength of 160 Nim! Usis the minimum tensile srenath of the electrode based on il weld tenia teeta spcttod in BS 700, U, ie the specified minimum ultimate tensile strangth of the Where the fillet welds are symmetrically disposed as shown in figure 15 the strength of the weld may be taken as equal to the design strangth of the parent metal provided that: {o} tho weld is made with a suitable electrode (or other welding consumable) which will produce all weld tensile specimens as specified in 8S 709 having both a minimum Yield strength and a minimum tensile sirength ot than those specified for the parent metal; Tension in connected plate = Figure 18. Symmetrical fl(©) the sum of the throat sizes is not less thar the connected plate thickness; (c) the weld Is principally subject to uirect compression 6.6.5.2 Effective length. The effective length of a run of tillet weld shoula be taken as the overall length less one leg length, 5, for each end which does not continue round a ‘The effective length should be not less than 4s. 6.6.5.3 Throat size, The effective throat size, a, of 2 fillet ‘weld should be taken as the perpendicular distance trom ‘the root of the weld t0 a straight line juining the fusion faces which lies within the cross section of the weld. Itshould not, however, be taken as greater than 0.7 times ‘the ettectve leg length, s 6.6.5.4 Angle of incersection of members connected by fillet welds. Where the fusion faces form an angle of greater than 120 og less than 601° the adequacy ot the Joint should be demonstrated by test. 6.6.5.5 Design rules for fillec welds. The vector sum of the design stresses due to all forces and moments transmitted by the weld should nat exceed the design strength, 2... “The design stress in a fillet weld should be calculated on ‘thickness equal to the effective throat size, a Fora tllet weld with unequal siz legs, a deep penetration fillet weld or a pertial penetration butt weld with a superimposed fillet weld, the shear and tension stress on the fusion line should not exceed U./p,, and 1.00, respectively. 6.6.6 Design of butt welds 6.6.6.1 Design strength of butt welds. The design strength of a full or partial penetration butt weld should be taken as equal to that of the parent metal, provided that the weld is ‘made with a suitable electrode (or other welding consumabl Which will produce all weld tensile specimens as specitieg in BS 709 having both a minimum yield strength and a ‘minimum tensile strength not less than those specified for the parent metal. le) 1 BS 5950 ; Part 1: Section six 6.8.6.2 Thrust thickness of partial penetration butt welds ‘The throat thickness of a partial penetration butt weld Welded from one side or the thickness af each throat ‘welded trom both sides should be taken as the minimum depth of penetration, In the case of a V or bevel weld the depth of penetration should be taken as the depth of preparation minus 3 mm. Except where it can be shown that greater penetration car), consistently be achieved the depth of penetration on one side for 2 J or U weld should be taken as the depth of weld preparation, ‘The specified penetration should be not less than 2Vt ‘whore ¢ is the thickness of the thinner part joined (in mm). 6.6.6.3 Design rules for parcial pervetration butt welds. When the weld is unsymmetrical relative to the parts joined the resulting eccentricity should be allowed for when. calculating the maximum stress and the joint restrained against rotation ‘The capacity of @ weld comprising of a partial penetration ‘bull weld and a superimposed fillet weld should be calculated as fora fillet wold, as given in 6.6.5. 67 Holding-down bolts Holding-down bolts should be designed to resist the effect of factored loads determined in accordance with 2.4, ‘They should provide resistance to tension due to uplitt ‘forces and bending moments and shear where appropriate. Holding-down bolts required to transmit tension should be anchored into the foundation by a washer plate or other loed distributing member embedded in the concrete; this plate or member should be designed to span any grout, tubes or adjustment tubes provided for the holdina-down bolts, “The embedment length of the holding down bolts and the arrangement of the load distributing assernbly should be such that in transmitting the loads from the anchorage to the foundation the load eapacity of the foundation is not exceeded, Ihe tension capacity of the bolt should be determined in accordance with 6.3.6, fag bolts and indented foundation bolts should not be used to resist uplift forces.BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section seven Section seven. Loading tests 7.1 General ‘Testing may be undertaken when: {2} the design oF construction is not entirely in accord- ance with sections one to six of this standard and uee ie made of experimental verification as recommended. in 2.1.2.5 (see tests (1) and (2) below); (b) design load limits are to be established trom a knowledge of the ultimate capacity of a component or structure (se test (3) below); (6) confirmation is required of the consistency of production of components or structures originally justified by test (see test (4) below); (d) the actual performance of an existing structure is to ‘bo established if its capacity is in question (see test (1) below). “To meet these situations a basis i presented for four types of tests: (1) an acceptance test for confirmation of general structural behaviour: (2) a strength test against the required factored loads; (3) a test to determine the ultimate capacity and mode of fale: (4) a check teet to eetablith consistency of production. Becouse circumstances and test facilities vary greatly, the test procedure should be agreed in advance by all concerned. ‘These test procedures are intended for steel structures only. For structures of composite construction in stee! and concrete reference should be made to BS 5950 : Section 9.1 and Part 4, ‘Structures qualifying for acceptance from loading tests should be of robust and practical construction and Teasonably insensitive to incidental loads. Testing of scale models or of items subject to fluctuating loads which could cause fatigue to become the design criterion is not covered by this section, 7.2 Test conditions ‘The detign of the test rig should be such that the loading system adequately simulates the magnitude and distribution Of the loading and allows the specimen to perform in a manner representative of service conditions. The specimen should be free to daflect under load and lateral and torsional restraints should be representative of those in service. Care should be taken to avold inadvertent eccentricities at the points of applicetion of the test loads and at the supports Due attention should be paid to the safety of the test arrangements particularly in ultimate tests. Failure of a test specimen should not lead to general instability of the test ig, Careful consideration should be given to the positions at which deflections are to be measured. The anticipated ‘magnitude of such deflections should be estimated in advance with generous allowances made for movement, beyond the elastic range. It is important to ensure that the loading system can follow the movements of the specimen without interruption or abnormal restraint. Load and deflection measurements should be controlled as closely 35, practicable. In some situations it may be desirable to determine the ‘magnitude of stresses in a specimen. This may be demon- strated qualitatively by means of brittle coatings or quantitatively by measurements of strain. Such information should be considered supplementary to the overall behaviour as determined by deflections. ‘Where test retults are used to establish or confirm the behaviour of similar structures or components the properties, (Of the steel used in the relevant items should be established by coupon tests to validate comparizone botween teste carried out on different specimens or at different times. Coupons should either be cut from the same sections or plates or else recovered fromunyivided ares of the specimen after test Loading should be applied ina number of regular increments ‘at regular intervals in each phase. At each increment the specimen should he carefully examined for signs of rupture, Yield or buckling, A running plot should be maintained ot loading against principal deflection. When this indicates significant non linearity, load increments should be reduced. (On the attainment of maximum load for either acceptance for strength teste, the load should be maintained for at least 1 hour with recordings of load and deflection heing taken at the beainning and end of this period to establish whether, the specimen is subject to creep. Unloading should be completed in regular decrements with deflection readings taken at each stage. 7.3 Test procedures 7.8.1 Test loads “The test load for an acceptance test should be actusl desd load prasent during test x 1.0 + remainder af the dead oad x 1.15 + Imposed load x 1.25 but need not be taken as more then the average of the fectored and unfactored load, ‘The test load for a strength test should be based on the factored load calculated in accordance with section two of this standard with appropriate factors applied to dead, imposed and wind loads separately or in combination as appropriate. It is important to recognize that the self weight of the. specimen may not be representative of the actual dead toad in service. Allowance for any difference should be made in the ealeulation of the test loads to be applied. 7.3.2 Preliminary loading Prior to any test It may be advantageous to apply (and then remove) preliminary bedding down losding not exceeding the unfactored loads, 927.3.3 Acceptance test ‘This test is intended as @ non-destructive test for confirming structural performance. ‘The assembly should prove capable of sustaining the test loading as given in7.3.1. Itshould be recognized thet such loading appliad to certain structures may cause pormanent. local distortions. Such ettects may not indicate structural failure in an acceptance test but the possibility of their ‘occurrence should be agreed before testing ‘The assembly should demonstiate substantially lines behaviour under test loading and on removal of the test load the residual deflection should not exceed 20 % of the ‘maximum recorded, If these conditions are not met the test should be repeated and the assembly should demonstrate tubstantally linear behaviour under test loading and the ‘esiduval deflection should not excead 10 % of the maximum recorded. Where this testis being used to relate to pertormance established in earlier tests, the deflections should be ‘measured at the same positions. The original maximum deflections should nat be exceeded by mare than 20 %. 7.34 Strength test ‘The strength testis used to confirm the calculated capacity of a structure or component. Where @ number of items are to be constructed to a common design, and one or more prototypes are tested to confirm their strangth, the others may be accepted without further tests provided they are similar in all relevant respects to the prototype (see 7.3.6). Before carrving out the strength test the specimen should first be submitted to and satisty the acceptance test deecribed in 7.3.3, ‘The capacity of the assembly under test will be dependent ‘on the material propertis. The actual yield strength of the steel or steels in the assembly should be determined fram ‘voupon tests. An averaged value should be taken from such tests having regard to the importance of each clement in the assembly. The test load (including self weight) is given by: averaged yield strength design strength AL this load there should be no failure by buckling or rupture of any part of the specimen. On removal of the wst toad the deflection should be reduced by at least 20 %. 7.35 Test to failur It is only from a test to failure that the real mode of failure ‘and true capacity of a specimen can be determined, Where the item is not required for use it may be advantageous to s0cure this additional information after a strangth test. Alternatively the objective may be to determine the true Effects of Yps%e1 Yu2 Ox Tent Tt ‘ function (J2.) > etc of 10, (dead lads) + 1 140 imposed toads) where Ym = Ym Yona 80d taken account ot in table 6 for design strength; 4 = Tom You Ter Yeo and is as given in table 2, ‘A6.3 In BS 5400 : Part 3 the relationship in A.6.1 is expressed ae: fur se 1 (fq) > The effects of 74. A Wa ImiYns where 16 "Tom Ton Tons NG Tony ate LRU a a Siig FACLO Toy HIN 6 Comparison of partial safety factors ‘A.comparison of methods of application of partial safety factors in ISO 2304, 8S 5400 : Part 3 and BS 5950 is given in table 37,BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 ‘Appendix A Table 37. Comparison of partial safety factors Portia safety factors | 74 n Yom Toe Tm ma Yer Ye 180 2308 om oa ts Ym ms Ye Yee % Bss400:Pat3 | a 8 Ye Tm Ya Yer Yea Im Te Bsso50:rett | aw Yes om Yor Toa Yona Te Yer Ye= Yen Yen p= Tom Tos 1m 1. Hen. included in design strength NOTE >, implicitly covered in modification of other factors where necssary: Appendix B. Lateral torsional buckling of members subject to bending B.1 Introduction When an unrestrained beam deflects due to bending in plane, it also deforms out of plane and twists about its longitudinal axis due to imperfections and initial out-of straightness. This effect is then amplified by the application ff further moment and eventually the beam may buckle at {an applied moment less than the Tull moment capacity ot ‘the section, This effect is known as ‘lateral torsional buckling’ ‘The theoretical case for lateral torsional buckling is taken as the elactie critical moment of a simply supported member of uniform section with a uniform moment applied about 118 major axis, the member being restrained at its supports against torsion (ie. rotation about its longitudinal axis) and laterol deflection but otherwise unrestrained, For real members with other conditions of support, toading ‘or restraint, the actual elastic critical moment varies and ‘modification to the theoretical case may be made in two ways {a} When the member earries no transverse loading in the length hetween restraints (i.e. bending is induced by moments applied at its end or the restraints) the equivalent uniform moment factor, m, (S 1) should be uted. This factor is used to modify the factored applied ‘moment to produce an equivalent uniform moment hich is then considered as the design moment. (b) For other eases, the value of the equivalent slender. hess should be adjusted by use ot the slenderness ‘correction factor, 1), cesulting in a modified value of the buckling resistance moment, Whichever method is used the factor for the other method should be taken a 1.0, B2 Buckling resistance moment 8.2.1 General The buckling resistance moment, My, may be ubteined from MeM, Mn = So ee 0 + (05 MEM)" + hice + 1M oy = where Me is the elastic eritical moment (see 8.2.2): M,, is the plastic moment capacity =p,S, 95BS 6960 : Part 1: 1990 Appendix B s, is the plastic modulus about the major axis: py. i the design strength; nur is the Perry coefficient (see B.2.9) ‘The above formula for My isthe smaller root of: (Me = My)My~ My) = TuxMeMy 8.2.2 Elastic criti! moment “Th elastic critical moment should be taken a: Mote ary whore ir it the equivalent slondernat (90 8.2.5). 8.2.3 Perry costticient The Perry coefficient, n., fr ateraltorsional buckling should be taken as follows: (a) for rolled sections: Tur =a,0.7- diols but nr >0 (0) for welded sections: Ter =20hio but uy <2ag0r~ Ao! tur Papi ~ Aro} nr20 whe ex ifthe equivalontslondernots (t0¢B.2.8); Aco it the limiting equivalent slonderness (see B.2.4); 4% isa constant, taken 2s 0.007. 8.24 Limiting equivalent sandarnest The limiting equivalent slenderness should be taken es: eh rio 0.4 on ) By 8.2.5 Determination of equivalent slondernest ‘The equivalent slenderness should be taken as: Aur = nua where A=Lelry 1, u, ware defined at follows. (a) 1 is determined from consideration of the loeding ang restraint conditions of the member. For members of Luniform cross section throughout their length. may be obtained from table 19. For snembers of varying cross section throughout their length, 1 should be obtained from B.3. 96 (b) u, the buckling parameter, and x, the torsional index, are glven by serv Cane = 0.5660,(AiN 2 ‘or flanged sections symmetrical about the major (8 ny" APH vse (24) In the above: ‘1s the plastic modulus about the major axis: Ny a)! Ig isthe second moment of area about the major 7 ieatactor= (1 |y i the second moment of area about the minor A is the cross seotional area of the member: His the warping constant which may be obtained from published tablot oF the approximate formula for flanged sections given in B.2.5(c); J. isthe torsion constant which may be obtained from published tablas or the approximate formula for flanged sections given in B.2.5(c); ‘h, 18 the distance between the shear centres of the flanges. {(c) J, the torsion constant, and H,, the warping constant, for flanged sections (see figure 16) may be obtained from the following approximate formulee: 1 Jeb te 86y 6 62802 + 3h 3! ) hgevenbs ba? Tino, +Gbs) where ‘hy and hy are the flange widths: 1 and f; are the flange thickne ty isthe web thickness; ‘hy. is the distance between the shear centres of the flanges; hy isthe webs depth. For plates of normal proportions J = 0.326t? and thus, for flanged sections symmetrical about the minor exis: ( BOC + Mate MeBS 5950 : Part 1: ‘Appendix B 1990 Aur = 92.25 (bp A)" ey" where J is the torsion constant which may be obtained from ‘the approximate value given in B.2.6.2; S27 p it the buckling index. AD A isthe area, 1 weeteaor (1-4) (1- 2) for lateral torsional buckling etfocte provided that = (Lelry) ie not greater than the limiting values of & given in tate 8, tl h Figure 16. Dimensions for symmetrical plato girder where isthe breadth of each plate element; the thickness of each plate element. (a) v, the slendorness factor, is given by: v [lwrme SCY +e) 4] ” W reshma gs Jeg isthe second moment of area of the compression flange about the minor axis of the cection; 18 the second moment of area of the tension flange about the minor axis of the eection; ¥ is the monosymmetry index, determined as follows: For I or T section with lipped flanges, Y ean be calculated from: y-oaten- 1) (1+ 24) ern>os o vesoan-n (++ where Dy is the depth of the lip; ° 2) ncaa is the overall depth of the section, ge ofthe section isnot led, DL - 0, BIZN-1) tor N > 0.8 ¥* 1012-1) for < 0.8 97 Table 38, Limiting \ for box sections of uniform wall thickness, including RHS oe [x | 9 | ox 278 Py 3 | xz os 170 . 218 re overall depth, breadth of box respectively. 8.2.62 For abox section the value of the torsion constant, ‘J. may be obtained from the following approximate Tormula: I= 4A,2/2\s/t) where {5 is the breadth of each enclosing element; «isthe thickness of each element. For an RHS a more accurate value is glven by: h ‘Ay I the area enclosed by the mean perimet is the mean perimeter, 1 ig the thickness of the sectionBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Appendix C and D B.2.7 Plates and flats For am individual plate, flat, or othe solid rectangular section subject to a moment about its major axis waa (42) dr where Le is the effective length; isthe depth; isthe thickness, 1 Isasaivenin 4. 6. B.3 Beams of varying section throughout their length When the section of a beam varies along its length between restraint points, the bending strength, Pp, is determined using the properties of the section at the point of maximum ‘moment. This value of 9}, applies throughout the lenath between adjacent restraints. Provided that Ar Is not less than 0.2, the value of n to be used in the expression for Myr should be determined from: = (1.5- O.5Ay) but > 1.0; where Ry is the ratio of the flange area at the point of ‘minimum moment to that at the point ot maximum, ‘moment between adjacent restraint points; Ag reters either to the ratio ot total area ot both flanges or to the area of the compression flange only, whichever gives the smaller value of Ay. 1 sections, m ~ 1.0 (see 4.3). For non-unitor Appendix C. Compression strength: Perry strut formula C.1 Basis ‘The compressive strength, 2g, may be obtained from: PEPy 9+ (0 - Depy)? py tint Nae Pete iee » where @ where Be is the Euler strength (1? E/A?); », is the design strength ‘1 isthe Perry factor Tho above formula for a¢ is the emaller root of: be PNey Pe) ~ Were C2 Perry factor ‘The Perry factor, n, for flexural buckling under load should bbe obtained from: = 0.001a(X- 2g) but not les than zero where 4 Is the Robertson constant, which has the following values: 2.0 tor table 27(a) 3.5 for table 27(b) 5.5 for table 27(c) 8.0 for table 271d) A. i the slenderness (see 4.7.3); Ag is the limiting slenderness, which should be taken as: 2 (ey By C3 Strutaction The moment due to strut action has 4 maximum value Mrnax Midway between points of inflexion of the buckled shape (the points between which the effective length it measured) aiven by: af, Maran = nae * 7 where Is the compressive stress due to axial load; Sis the plastic modulus, ‘The moment at any other point can he abtained by assuming a sinusoidal varation, ie. the moment due to strut action at a point, distance L,, from a point of inflexion, is given by: 1004s) ann (Ue Appendix D. Effective lengths of struts in simple construction D.1 Stanchions for single storey buildings (see 4.7.2(c)) 1.1.1. Typical cases Figures 17 to 21 illustrate how the effective lengths of typical stanchions in single storey buildings may be determined provided the following conditions apply. (a) to the plane of the diagram the stanchions act as cantilevers tiod together by the roof trusses, but in this plane the tops of the stanchions are not otherwise held in position or restrained in direction. 98BS 6950 : Part 1: 1990 Appendix 0 Is on | ln |e | r-- ts x Attornative methods | of restraint | Etfective length of stanchion BaeXXe TEL AniSY-¥ = 0856,,1.06, or 1.0L, Figure 18, Side stanchion with reetraints Ertective length of Axi XoK= 1.9L ‘Anis YY = 0854, Figure 19, Simplo side stanchion with 100BS 5950 : Pert 1 : 1990 Appendix D Upper roof stanchion rane stanchion \ Upp oot stanchion Ana xox = 1.5t Bua yoveYen¥, =, Lower rot stanenion Aurea +005. AME YoY = bya by lg Oly ihe genet rane saenion wo5e 1 baba ky ot by coher e Combine roo! an rane stanchions An ACA “1.8L is 8 UL st Lower roof stanchion Figure 20. Compound side stanchion with erane gantry 101BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990, Appendix D oof stanchion Crane stanchion —e4 |} | ‘ i Ettoctivelngth of stanchions N Root stanchion io uw Axis 8,-By = Ly 1 Bui aLat18L, 1 | Crane stanchion Ann O-B 0.95 Axis YY = Lyle oF Ly es Vahichever i te greatest Axis AWA= TL t Anis 8-8 ~ 0.6L, Figure 21, Compound vallay stanchion with erane gantry 102Appendix E. Effective lengths of struts in rigid frames E.1 General ‘The effective length, Le, of a column in a multi-storey ‘beam and column-type trame with rigid joints may be assessed using the limited frame method yiven in E.2. For buildings which do not satisfy the conditions for 2 non-sway frame given in 6.1.3 the stiffening effect of infill wall panels may be taken into account using the method given in E,3, Other cases including the effects of axial loads in the restraining membors may be dealt with by reference Ed, E.2 Limited frame method E.2.1 Effective length ‘The effective length, Le. of a column may be obtained by Using the limited frame shown in figury 22. Thy effective length retio, Le/L, may be obtained from figures 22 or 24 ‘a& appropriate using the joint restraint coefficients, ky and ks , obtained from: Total column stiffness at joint Total stiffness of all mombore at joint Where any member stow in figure 22 is not present in the actual structure or is not rigidly connected to the column being designed its stiffness should be taken as 2er0. Where under the same loading condition any restraining member is required to carry more than 90% of its reduced moment capacity (ie. moment capacity reduced for axial load) its stiffness should be taken as zero. If one end of the ‘column is loaded to more than 90 % of its reduced moment capacity then the joint restraint coefficient, k, for that end should be taken as unity £.2.2 Bam stiffness ‘The stiffness, Kp, of a beam directly cupporting 2 conerete floor slab should be taken as J. Inany other case K,, should be determined as given in E.4.1 E23. Base stiffness ‘The base stiffness should be determined by reference 10 6.1.2.4, BS 5950 ; Part 1: 1990 Appendix E 103 Column being | designed Ko Ket ky Ket K+ Kr + Kia ke Ket ky ROR, Ke Kan where Ky and Kare the values for I/L for the adjacent upper and lower column lengths and Kru Kra. Key and Kaa are the values of I/L ‘or the adjacent beamsnm ARS i of Ss Fed oN oD oF 0} Gk 8s os 7k Fined 8+ Poet Figure 23. Etfective langth ratio L_/Z for a column in a Figid-jointed frame braced against sidesway for Ky = °° Pinned 40 | eo Fed og HT Hy] y i / . | MAL Figure 24, Effective length ratio Le/t for a column ina rigid jointed frama with unrestricted sidesway for ky = © 3 xipueddy: 0661 : | Hed | 0985 SABS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Appendix EBS 6950 : Part 1: 1990 Appendix E E3 Partial sway bracing £.3.1 Introduction Where buildings do nor satisty the conditions fur nutsway ‘eames given in 6.1.3 the stiffening effect of wall pancls may be taken into account. Providing that the panels. comply with E.3.2, figures 25 and 26 may be used in association with the method given in E.2. where ‘his the storey nelaht; bis the width af the panel; is the thickness of the panel; E,. is the modulus of elasticity for the panel material E4 Critical buckling mode of frames ‘Tho relative stiffness, ks, is given in E.3.3. For intermediate values of k between 0 and 1 or 1 and 2 interpolation mey be carried out using figure 24 for ks = 0. E32 Wall panels To be effective a wall panel should be located in the plane of the frame and extend the full clear height of the storey. It may be composed uf any material capable of resisting © iagonal compressive fore. £33 Relative sitness ‘The relative tifness, ks, ofthe effective bracing in any storey may be taken as: mys, ae bur? aoere, is the storey height; storey of the frame (see E.3.4) E is the modulus of elasticity of ste: EK is the sum of the stiffresses //L of the columns in that storey of the frame E.3.4 Stiffness of panels ‘The spring stittness, S,, of a wall panel may be determined from 08nio_ tno Te is the sum of the spring stifnesses (horizontal force per horizontal unit deflection) of the panels in that £.4.1 Rectilinear frames In a beam and column type rigid jointed frame (other than a frame where the beams support a concrete floor slab) the limited frame method given in E.2 may be used provided that the frame is reasonably regular in layout. In detarmining the stiffness, K. of a beam due account should be taken of the degree Of fixity afforded to its far tend in the relevant buckling mode of the frame. “The critical mode for #rectiliner frame in which sway is prevented is shown in figure 27, The beams are bent in tingle curvature and the relevant beam stiffness Ky = O.5//L. ‘The critical sway mode for 2 rectilinear frame is shown in figure 28. The beams are hent in double curvature and the relevant beam stiffness, K,, should be taken as 1.5/4. Where the in-plane effective lengths have a significant influence on the design it may be preferable to obtain the affective langths from the elastic critical load factor, Aer. of the frame (see appendix F). Axial loads ‘The limited frame method given in E.2 may be extended to rigid jointed frames in which the restraining members are subject to axial loads. This is providing that: (a) the frame satisfing the conditinns of 5.1.3 for non- sway frames (b) proper account is taken of the effects of axial load (on the stiffness of the restraining members Figure 27. Critical buckling mode of frame braced against sidesway 28. cr Figu free to sway ical buckling mode of frame 106Appendix F. Frame instability F.1 General Frame instability, as covered by this appendix. is related to the design of multi-storey rigid-jinted frames subject to sidesway. The elastic eritial load factor, Ney, which may be determined using the deflection method as given in F.2 or any other recognized method, is used in the amplified sway moments method (see 5.6.3(b)) for elastic design and in the simple check for frame-sability (see 6.7.3.3) for plastic detign. The elastic critial load factor, i, of a frame is the ratio by which each of the factored loads would have to be Increased to cause elastic instability F.2 Deflection method F.2.1 Introduction An accurate method (ordinary linear elastic) should be used ‘to determine the horizontal deflections of the frame due to horizontal forces appliad at each floor Invel and equal to 045 % of the factored vertical loads applied at that level. Allowance should be made in this deflection calculation tor ‘the dearee of rigidity of the base as giver in F.2.2. F.2.2 Bate stiffness ‘The bate stiffness should be determined by reference 8.1.24, F.2.3 Value of hey 1 2000 men where $m it the largest value for any storey of the sway index. 6, (see F.2.4). F.2.4 Sway index, The sway index, gy, of each storey is given by: bo Be a o where is the storey height; 6,, is the horizontal deflection of the top of the storey, 5, |s the horizontal deflection of the bottom of the storey. F.2.5 Partial eway bracing In any storay the stiffening effect of infill wall panels as ‘iven in E.3.3 (up to a maximum relative stiffness, ky. of 2) may be allowed for by introducing a diagonal strut in that storey of area A given by: = BEA [4 (no)"]” ‘nunioy BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 ‘Appendix F and G where fn Isthe storey height; ‘bis the width of the braced bay: BK, it the sum of the stiffness, //L, of the columns in that storey. Appendix G. Design of restrained members with an unrestrained compression flange G.1 General G.1.1 Introduction This appendix deals with the design of members or portions ‘ot members between effective torsional restraints to both flanges which are restrained by intermediate restraints in such 2 way a& to leave a compression Flange unrestrained. See figure 29. 6.1.2 Failure mode 6.1.2.1 The capacity of the member should be checked in acrardance with 4.8.3.2. G.1.2.2 The buckling resistance should be checked between intermediate restraints es given in 4.9.3.3 using an ‘offoctive langth L.~ equal to the spacing of the intermediate restraints, 6.1.2.3 The overall buckling of the member in the ‘torsional mode between effeetive torsional restraints to both flanges should be checked according to the provisions of this appendix. G.1.3 Elastic stability Members or portions of members restrained as in G.1.1 which do not contain plastic hinge locations should be hacked according to G.2(a) to ensure stability between effective torsional restraints to both flanges. G.1.4 Plastic stability Members or portions of members restrained as in G.1.4 which contain plastic hinge locations should be checked according to G.2(b) to ensure stability between ettective torsional restraints to both flanges. Full lateral restraint should be provided to the compression flange at all plastic hinge locations, or where this is impracticable within D/2 of the hinge location where D is the depth of the member. G2 Stability Members or portions of members restrained a in @.1.4 should satity one ofthe following conditions to ensure stability between effective torsional restraint. (0) Elati stabiity (see @.1.3) (1) Uniform members pif fi4e, eM 107BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Appendix G Compression flange a A = = = x ‘Compression flange bo Tapered members fective torsional retrain to both flange, Lateral restraints to one fara. as ‘Applied moment in either diction mows Figure 29, Members restrained on tension flange nn (2) Tapered members fan At 5, tray= [9+ 27F] so (oy nen 08 A, < 1.25 wera [ate Ge = U.6P yy [1 - OBIA, ~ BDI fe} When hy 2 1.25 Ge arr 2 Is the spacing of transverse stiffeners; 4 isthe depth of the web; tis the thickness of the web; ‘yw is the design strength of the web.BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 ‘Appendix H H.2 Shear buckling util field action ‘The basie shear strength of the web panel, gp, is given by: X aan4e* FTaiae (1 wha Ye aay the bate tension field strength given by: Yo ~ Wyw? ~ Bae? +9212 ~ o 1.8 ¢er (+ olen 1 ‘The flange-dependnt shear strangth factor, ay ie given by: ave [ava un ($)(24)"] x 087m In which oy = where # 42 Is the spacing of transverse stiffeners; dis the depth ot the web; isthe thickness of the web; Py is the design strength of the web. NOTE. If apis groater than 0.67eyw it may be taken ae equal to Dut not greater tHaM 0.8? H.3 Thin or slender webs designed for combined stresses H3.1 General ‘This clause is for checking thin or slondor webs which have ‘been designed as subject to longitudinal stresses due to ‘bending or directly applied loads. The longitudinal stresses should be considered as consisting of either (2) pure bending stress (equal compressive and tans stresses symmetrical about the mid-depth of the panel); (D) pure bending stress combined with uniform axial ‘tes, This arises whenever the mid-depth of the panel docs not coincide with the neutral axis of the girder, whether or not an axial load ie applied, H.3.2 Combination of stresses The following interaction expression should be satstie! Ma? WY el" (HY Mer) Dg) Whon compressive odge loading is also applied (sce 4.6.2.2) the term 73, «should be replaced a fll Pear (a) when f, is compressive (Gy) T* le) -G (b) whon f, is tensile Ga) Gz) k\? [f o{( =) ( wen Peer Poa) | where ‘My isthe maximum moment in the web panel; “Moy isthe buckling retttance moment of the web panel given by: Mer™PoerSwi ocr it the critical bending strength of the web panel sven by: 112 = (202) Poo (Se): ; Sq _ the plastic modulus of the web (*) : 3 f, is the mean longitudinal compressive stress in the wed (if this stress is tensile f, is negative: ig the critical axial strength of the web panel aiven by the following (1) when ane flange isin ten . (8 ) - Peet (ae) (2) when both flanges are subject to compressa (i) for sections built-up by welding 2 a Rae (@) but ait 16+ dhe (ii) for rolled sections * 4%, sea (8) meat, Pest fy is the maximum shear stress in the panel; Pq _ Is the shear buckling strength of the web panel. rally Pq = Ge, but if the web is designed ‘tention field action as given in 4.4.6.4 then % strength of the wob panel at eis the critical chear strangth of the webs panel as given in 4.4.53; gq 1S the compression stress due to edge loading as given in 4.5.2.2 (if edge loading is tensile Fg is zero}: Pad _ is the compressive strength for edge loading as given in 4.6.2.2,Publications referred to asa ws 18 8s 29 98 639 85 709 85.2672 2s 2655 8S 2853 5 9092 Bs a190 Bg 4220 8s 4360 BS aa08 8s <0ag aS ean? 3 4403 8s 4608, as 4048 9s 4033 85.5135 aS 5400 95 5109 185 5950 bs 69 as gona esario cpa Structural ste! sections ort 1 Specification for hot roled sctione ‘Metnod for tensile testing 0 metas (Including aerospace materials) Part 1 Stet (general, Pare 4 See! tutes Specification for carbon steel forgings above 180 mm ruling section Specification for covered carbon and carbon mangarere steal slactradss for manual met Methods of dest-uctive testing fusion welded joints and weld mel in steel Rules forthe dvign of cranes Part 1 Specification for clasiicavion stress ealelations wind ues vier for strvetu ‘Specification for it, aeealatare, paecanger conveyors and pateresters Specification fur the denign and testing Of see! overhead runway beers Specification for stael casting for oeneral enaineerina purboses| Specification for IGO metric provision hexagon bolts, corens and nuts. Mewie unite Spectiation tor ISU metric black nexagon BOIS, screws and nuts Specification for motal wathore for general enginearing urnnese. Marie unite Specitleation for weldeble ruetural stews Sherifietion for high stvengt tition orio bolts and associated nuts and washers for structural engineering Port 1 General grade Pact 2 Higher grade bolts and nuts anc general grade washers Port 3 Higher gra bolte (waited shank), nute ane general are washers Specitiation for carbon steel bars forthe reinfurcennart of concrete Shecifiatin for ead reduced stee! wire forthe reinforcement of concrete Specification forsee fabric forthe reinforeoment of conerste Specification forthe use of high strength tiction grip bolts n structural steelwork. Metric series ort 1 General grade Part 2 Higher ged (pale: shank) Part 3 Higher arede (wie! chan) ‘hnvilieation for Not solled structural sel sections Part 2 Hollow sections Part & Equal ond unequal anglet art 9 wulb fits ‘Speciftestion for ISO metric black eun andl countersunk head holt and serews with hexagon nuts ‘Sprcilication for tne rovers of arc walding Of carbon and carbon manganese steels Steel, eancrte and composite bridaes Pare 3 Gaae af practice forthe design of te! bridgee Part 10 Code of practice Yor tatgue {Code of protic for protective coating of iron and stel structures againetearaian Structural ui of steelwork in bulaing Part 2 Speciticatian fr materiale, fabrication and erection : hot rolled sections Part 3 Desig composite vonstruction Section 21 Corte of practice fr eign of sinale and continuous composite beams *Seution 9.2 Code of practice fr design af composite columns and frames Part 8 Code of oracles for desian of Tiears with protied stee! sneeting Port 8 Code of proctice for design of cold formed vectione LLosaing tor puicings Bart 1 Code of proctce for ded and imposed inace Part 3 Code of practice (or imposed rout lowds Casi of practice for foundations Part 1 Cade or practice tor design ana construction Ccraprer V Loaaing Part? Wind Inarte sre welding 180 2394 Generel riniples on elability for structures“This British Standard, having heen prepared under the drsction of the Chil Enaineerina and ulding Structures standards Poti ‘Committe, vse published under the authority of the Boerd of BSI land comes into ettect on 3 July 1990 (©privan Standards Institution, 1990 Fiat published August 1905 ‘Second edition July 1900 san 0 620 19666 4 “The following BSI reterences lat tothe woke an thi tandard Committee reference C$B/27 Draft for vonvnent 87/16223 OC trian Standards Institution Incorporated by Foye! Cette, BS! fhe indopndiant national badly forthe breparanon of Beitish Stands. 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(Contract requiements A British Standard does not purport 10 include ll the noversry provisions of a contract Urert oF Bitch Standards are respansibie for ther correct application, Revision of Unitish Standards, itisy Standards ae revised, when rocenery, Dy ref amendments or Of resend sation Fe simportant thet users of British Standards should ascertain that ‘they are in poteesion f tha Intet amandmants or editions. Automatic updating aries. BSI provides an economic, individu and automate standords uBdating service caleg PLUS. Detsis ste (308 221 166, ees 825777 Information on al BSI publications i nthe BS! Cateloque fupplamented each month by BS! Nowe whih i Srallble Suosctig members of BS! ond ges deta fnew pubis ‘nen maxing oso! @ British Stanuar) ewounters an inaccursey o muy. quested to natty BSI without delay n order that (ne matte nay be investigated and appropriate action token Committees responsible for this British Standard “Tne preparation of thie British Standard was enteunted by the Chl Engineering and Bulling Structures Standards Policy ‘Committe |C50/) to Technical Committee CSB/27, upon which ‘the Tallowing bodies were represented frien constructional steelwork Assocation Ld Brith Ravinays Base Brith Siew! Industry Department ofthe Environment (Prooerty Services Agency} Department ofthe Environment (Building Research Establizhment) Department ot tne Environment (Construction Industries Directorate) Health and Suey Executive Institution of Cuil Engineers Inatitution of Structural Engineers oval Iestute of Brit Afensects Stet! Conttuction institute Wetaing insite Amendments issued since publication Amd. 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