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Serologi Sifilis PDF
Serologi Sifilis PDF
Notes
VDRL antigen coated onto wells of microtitre EIA (Reagin)
Syphilis is most infectious to other adults through sexual contact plates and attached antibody detected by enzyme
during primary and secondary syphilis, but transmission has also immunoasssay
been recorded during early latent syphilis.
Mother to child transmission can occur throughout early VDRL antigen coated onto well of microtitre SPEA (solid
syphilis in the mother, which is also called congenitally transmissible plates; attached antibody detected by anti-IgG phase
syphilis. Transmission has been reported from mothers with late plus anti-IgM-coated indicator red blood cells erythrocyte
latent syphilis. adherence)
HIV infection. Non-treponemal tests also lack of a combination of a non-treponemal test and a
sensitivity in late stage infection 1 and screening with treponemal test for screening and diagnostic purposes 9
a non-treponemal test alone may also yield false and current practice in many centres in the UK has
positive reactions in various acute and chronic moved on. Published data show both that screening
conditions in the absence of syphilis (biological false with a treponemal IgG EIA gives comparable results
positive reactions) 2. Recently in the US, however, to the VDRL and TPHA combination10,11 and that it may
treponemal tests have been introduced for screening be a useful method for detecting treponemal antibody
in blood banks 6 and their use has been also been in patients who are infected with HIV 12. Furthermore,
advocated for screening psychiatric patients because a recent report suggested that a new recombinant
of their greater ability to detect late stage infection7. antigen-based treponemal IgG and IgM EIA is the most
In some European countries such as Germany and sensitive treponemal test, and that it is also highly
the Netherlands the TPHA is used for screening1. This specific and thus suitable for screening13.
provides a good screen for all stages of syphilis beyond
the early primary stage but, because more primary Confirmatory tests
infections are detected by a combination of VDRL and The FTA-abs is still generally regarded as the ‘gold
TPHA tests, the use of the TPHA alone has found standard’, but it has a number of limitations. It is a
limited favour in UK diagnostic laboratories where subjective test and difficult to standardise. It is
screening with both VDRL and TPHA has been sensitive, but the TPHA is more sensitive, except in
common practice for many years8. The combination the third and fourth weeks of infection; the TPHA is
of VDRL and TPHA tests provides sensitive and also more specific2. In addition, false negative FTA-
specific screening for all stages of syphilis other than abs results have been described in HIV infection 14 and
very early primary infection but it is more labour false positive FTA-abs results have been described in
intensive than a single screening test, requires association with false reactivity on screening with a
subjective interpretation, and cannot readily be particular commercial (antiglobulin) treponemal IgG
automated8. With these practical disadvantages, and EIA that has been used widely in the UK15. The TPHA
with the recent commercial availability of EIAs, the is therefore the most appropriate test for confirming
VDRL and TPHA combination for screening is being reactive EIA results at present; equally, if TPHA is used
replaced increasingly in UK diagnostic microbiology for screening, an EIA can be used as the confirmatory
laboratories by the use of EIA tests that detect test8. Although immunoblotting has been suggested
treponemal IgG or IgG and IgM. The advantages of as a possible confirmatory test16 further evaluation is
the EIA format include the production of objective needed in order to define its precise role. Potentially,
results, the ability to link EIA plate readers directly to an EIA of a different format17 to the screening EIA could
laboratory computer systems (reducing the potential be employed for confirmatory testing but this also
for errors transcribing results), and the facility for requires further evaluation.
automation. These factors make EIA attractive for
laboratories with large workloads. Assessment of the stage of infection and
Commercial EIA tests have been developed since monitoring the effect of treatment
the World Health Organization recommended the use In treponemal infection, a quantitative non-
treponemal test and/or a test for specific anti-
treponemal IgM helps to assess of the stage of
BOX 3 Basis of treponemal tests infection, and provides a baseline for monitoring the
Antigen Capture system Test
effect of treatment. In general, IgM becomes
undetectable within three to nine months after
Intact Treponemes fixed onto FTA-ABS adequate treatment of early syphilis, but it may persist
treponemes microscope slides for 12 to 18 months after treatment of late disease2.
Detection of specific anti-treponemal IgM in patients
Purified and Attached to red blood TPHA with no history of recent treatment suggests active
sonicated cells
disease and the need for treatment. Quantitative non-
treponemes
Attached to gelatin TPPA treponemal tests such as the VDRL/RPR remain the
particles method of choice for follow up testing, the object being
to demonstrate a decline in titre, depending on a range
Attached to microtitre EIA of factors including the initial titre, stage of infection
Plates
when treated, treatment regimen, and HIV status 8.
Proteins separated by Immunoblots Detection of specific antitreponemal IgM may also
PAGE and transferred to be useful in the diagnosis of congenital infection but,
filters by Western blotting because a negative result around the time of delivery
does not exclude congenital infection, serological
Recombinant Attached to microtitre Recombinant follow up is necessary. This should include repeat IgM
antigens plates EIA testing, together with repeat quantitative non-
Attached to latex particles Latex agglutination
treponemal and treponemal testing to demonstrate
loss of passive maternal antibody.8
Reactive Negative
Confirm with treponemal test different from that used in Report: treponemal antibody not detected but advise repeat if at
screening (eg TPHA if EIA screen) risk of recent infection
Perform quantitative non-treponemal test (VDRL or RPR)*
Consider IgM EIA depending on non- Perform additional confirmatory test(s) or refer to PHLS or
treponemal test titre and clinical details reference laboratory for further testing
Non-treponemal Non-treponemal
IgM reactive IgM negative IgM reactive IgM negative test negative test reactive
* Testing up to a dilution of, for example, 1 in 6 will detect a prozone; reactive sera should not be titrated to the endpoint.
In the absence of a history of adequate treatment, a negative result does not exclude the need for treatment.
Add 'at some time' if VDRL titre <1 in 16.
recommended because of the potential for false 2. Luger AFH. Serological diagnosis of syphilis: current methods.
negative results. In: Young H, McMillan A, editors. Immunological diagnosis of
sexually transmitted diseases. New York: Marcel Decker, 1988:
3. A treponemal EIA alone (IgG or IgG/IgM), or a 249-74.
combination of a non-treponemal test and a 3. Baker-Zander SA, Hook EW, Bonin P, Hansfield HH, Lukehart
SA. Antigens of Treponema pallidum recognised by IgG and
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appropriate for screening in the UK. 4. Rufli T. Syphilis and HIV infection. Dermatologica 1989; 179:
113-7.
4. Specimens that are reactive on screening require 5. Larson SA, Steiner BM, Rudolph AH. Laboratory diagnosis
confirmatory testing with a different treponemal test and interpretation of tests for syphilis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995:
of equal sensitivity to that used for screening and, 8: 1-21.
ideally, greater specificity. 6. Larson SA, Pope V, Johnson RE, Kennedy EJ jr, editors. A
manual of tests for syphilis (9th edition). Washington DC:
5. Specimens giving discrepant treponemal test results American Public Health Association, 1998.
on confirmatory testing need further testing; the 7. Reeves RR, Pinovsky HB, Kennedy KK. Unreliability of current
screening tests for syphilis in chronic psychiatric patients. Am
PHLs that perform confirmatory treponemal testing
J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1487-8.
– Birmingham PHL, Bristol PHL, Manchester PHL, 8. Young H. Syphilis serology. Dermatol Clin 1998; 16: 691-8.
Newcastle PHL and Sheffield PHL – can provide this 9. World Health Organization. Treponemal infections. Technical
service. reports series 674. Geneva: WHO, 1982.
10. Young H, Moyes A, McMillan A, Robertson DHH. Screening
6. All confirmed reactive specimens should be referred for treponemal infection by a new enzyme immunoassay.
to one of the above PHLs for reference testing and Genitourin Med 1989; 65: 72-8.
to allow collection of surveillance data. 11. Young H, Moyes A, McMillan A, Patterson J. Enzyme
immunoassay for anti-treponemal IgG: screening or
7. Following confirmation of a reactive specimen, a confirmatory test? J Clin Pathol 1992; 45: 37-41.
second specimen should be tested to confirm the 12. Young H, Moyes A, Ross JCD. Markers of past syphilis in
HIV infection comparing Captia Syphilis G anti-treponemal
results and the correct identification of the patient.
IgG enzyme immunoassay with other treponemal antigen
Consideration should then be given to referring the tests. Int J STD AIDS 1995; 6: 101-4.
patient to a consultant in genitourinary medicine 13. Young H, Moyes A, Seagar L, McMillan A. Novel recombinant-
for expert advice on clinical management. antigen enzyme immunoassay for the serological diagnosis of
syphilis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 913-7.
8. In treponemal infection a quantitative non- 14. Erbelding EJ, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Rompalo, AM, Cohn S,
treponemal test and/or a test for specific Sanchez P, et al. Syphilis serology in human immunodeficiency
treponemal IgM should be performed as part of the virus infection: evidence for false-negative fluorescent treponemal
testing. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 1397-400.
assessment of the stage of infection and to monitor
15. Chronas G, Moyes A, Young H. Syphilis diagnosis: screening
the efficacy of treatment. by enzyme immunoassay and variation in fluorescent antibody
absorbed (FTA-ABS) confirmatory test performance. Med Lab
Detailed guidance for the UK on specific areas of Sci 1992; 49: 50-5.
syphilis serology – congenital infection, neurosyphilis, 16. Byrne RE, Laska S, Bell M, Larson D, Phillips J, Todd J. Evaluation
of a Treponema pallidum western immunoblot assay as a
and in patients with HIV infection – is to be prepared.
confirmatory test for syphilis. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 115-22.
17. Ebel A, Bachelart L, Alonso J-M. Evaluation of a new
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