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Jayanthi Vijay Sarathy, M.E, CEng, MIChemE, Chartered Chemical Engineer, IChemE, UK
Often engineers are tasked with The process conditions are 40 bara, 500C &
communicating equipment specifications 1,000 kmol/h of natural gas. The process data
with suppliers, where process data needs to requested by the vendor is as follows,
be exchanged for engineering quotations & 1. Natural Gas Molecular Weight & Density
orders. Any dearth of data would need to be
2. Component & Total Mass flow
computed for which process related queries
3. Component & Total Actual Volume flow
are sometimes sent back to the process
engineer’s desk for the requested data. 4. Component & Total Standard Volume flow
5. Component mass %
The following tutorial is a refresher for non-
process engineers such as project engineers, 6. Component Volume %
Piping, Instrumentation, Static & Rotating 7. Component Parts per million (ppm) by
Equipment engineers to conduct basic weight.
process calculations related to estimation of 8. Component Parts per million (ppm) by
mass %, volume %, mass flow, actual & volume.
standard volumetric flow, gas density, parts
Component Molar Flow [M]
per million (ppm) by weight & by volume.
To estimate the component molar flow, the
Problem Statement mixture molecular weight [MW] is evaluated
A vendor requests the project engineer to first by using Kay’s mixing rule as follows,
provide certain natural gas process data for
𝑀𝑊 = ∑ 𝑦𝑖 𝑀𝑊𝑖 , Where, i = 1 to n (1)
evaluation. The gas composition is as follows,
Where,
Table 1. Natural Gas Composition & Properties
yi = Mole fraction of each component, -
Component MW Mol%
MWi = Component MW, kg/kmol
- kg/kmol %
The component molar flow rate is computed
Methane 16.04 76.23 as,
Ethane 30.07 10.00 𝑀𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖 × 𝑀, Where, i = 1 to n (2)
account the gas compressibility factor, Z as, From the above, Kay’s Mixing Rule does not
𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡 ×𝑀𝑊 give accurate pseudocritical properties for
𝜌𝑁𝐺 = 𝑍 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (10)
𝑎𝑐𝑡 ×𝑅×𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡 higher molecular weight mixtures
R = 0.0831447 m3.bar/kmol.K (particularly C7+ mixtures) of hydrocarbon
The gas compressibility factor, Z of natural gases when estimating gas compressibility
gas can be computed based on the DAK factors [Z] and deviations can be as high as
Equation of State [EOS] as described in 15%. Therefore, to account for these
Appendix A. Alternatively the standard differences, Sutton’s correlations based on
volumetric flow rate can also be computed as, gas specific gravity can be utilized as follows,
𝑃 ×𝑄
𝑄𝑠𝑡𝑑 = ∑ 𝑄𝑖 = [ 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡 ×𝑇𝑎𝑐𝑡 ] × [
𝑍𝑠𝑡𝑑 ×𝑇𝑠𝑡𝑑
] 𝑆𝑚3 /ℎ (11) 𝑃𝑝𝑐 = 756.8 − 131.07𝛾𝑔 − 3.6𝛾𝑔2 (18)
𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑑
𝑇𝑝𝑐 = 169.2 − 349.5𝛾𝑔 − 74.0𝛾𝑔2 (19)
Where, Zstd is taken to be 1.0
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The above equations are valid for the gas Where,
specific gravities range of 0.57 < g < 1.68. 0.27𝑃𝑟
𝜌𝑟 = (23)
Using the Sutton correlations, the reduced 𝑍𝑇𝑟
the Z-chart, as shown below in the Standing & A5 –0.05165 A11 0.7210
Katz, 1959 chart for natural gases. A6 0.5475
0.27𝑃𝑝𝑟
𝜌𝑝𝑟 = (29)
𝑍𝑇𝑝𝑟
References
1. “Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering”,
Katz, D.L., 1959, McGraw-Hill Higher
Education, New York
2. “Gases and Vapors At High Temperature
and Pressure - Density of Hydrocarbon”, Kay
W, 1936 Ind. Eng. Chem. 28 (9): 1014-1019
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie50321a008)
3. “Density of Natural Gases”, Standing, M.B.
and Katz, D.L. 1942 In Transactions of the
American Institute of Mining and
Metallurgical Engineers, No. 142, SPE-
942140-G, 140–149, New York
4. “Compressibility Factors for High-
Molecular-Weight Reservoir Gases”, Sutton,
R.P. 1985. SPE Annual Technical
Conference & Exhibition, Las Vegas,
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Appendix B: Natural Gas Composition Results
Page 5 of 5