Physics Complete - Read-only on == Couldn't download proofing tools for En... v layers. Thus a ray of light traveling from point O of a tree passes through air of gradually decreasing refractive index and is therefore refracted more and more away from the normal and accordingly the angle of incidence goes on increasing. At a layer, when the angle of incidence becomes greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection takes place. Then the ray of light starts traversing layers of increasing refractive index and goes on bending more and more towards the normal. Ultimately, when the ray reaches the eye of the observer, it appears to be coming from the point |. Hence the inverted image of the tree produces the impression of reflection from a pool of water. 3. Brilliance of Diamonds and Other Precious Stones : Diamond shines very brightly because it has a very high refractive index and very low critical angle i.e. = 2.47 & C= 230. Due to low critical angle, a diamond cut so as to have a large number of faces, such that a ray of light Il O <Noe hae ae | Physics Complete - Read-only oe =e (=a Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v Contents 1. Introduction 2. Total internal Reflection(TIR) 3. Conditions for TIR 4. Relation between Refractive index() and Critical Angle(C) 5. Applications of TIR 6. Uses 7. Bibliography Introduction HI O <4G cere eee | Physics Complete - Read-only oe =e (= Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v Reflection : The phenomenon in which a ray comes from one medium and bending of that ray in same medium i.e. Total Internal Reflection takes place called reflection. normal incident le of | angle of Li angle of | angle of ‘ reflected ray incidence | reflection Total Internal Reflection Total internal reflection is the phenomenen of reflection of light which occurs when a ray of light traveling in a denser medium is incident at the interfere of the two media at an angle greater than the critical angle for that pair of media. Consider a surface xy separates the rarer medium a from the denser medium b. A ray of light OA from the object O in denser medium incident normally on the surface of separation, gets refracted into the rarer medium as such along AL. Another ray of light incident NN Ra DR Il O <Physics Complete - Read-only pon Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v Total Internal Reflection Il O <Physics Complete - Read-only n= n= Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v Introduction Whenever a ray of incident light travels from one medium to another, its path is changed i.e. it gets refracted. if the ray travels from denser medium to rarer medium, it suffers deviation away from the normal at the point of incidence. As the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction also keeps on increasing. At a certain angle of incidence, called the critical angle, the refracted ray grazes along the surface of separation i.e. angle of refraction becomes just go. If the angle of incidence is further increased, no refraction takes place. Instead such a ray gets reflection inside the medium itself. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. Refraction : The phenomenon of bending of light when it come fram one medium to another medium is called refraction. Il O <LCL hae eeie | Physics Complete - Read-only 2 Ee Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v medium as such along AL. Another ray of light incident along the oblique path OA, is refracted away from normal along the path A1B1 in rarer medium. As the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction also goes on increasing, till for a certain angle of incidence C, called the critical angle. When angle of incidence is greater than critical angle then total internal reflection takes place. Air s Critical angie % " SARE water Conditions for Total Internal Reflection: 1. The ray incident on the interface should travel in optically denser medium. 2. The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle for the given pair of media. Relation between refractive index (m) and critical angle (C) Ulhan enfenctinn talar alacant anine 0 ie fallauie that Il O <4G hee ae | Physics Complete - Read-only poe = ee (a Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v Applications of Total Internal Reflection 1. Totally Reflection Prism : To deviate a ray of light through 902 and 1802. A right angled isosceles prism can be used to cause total internal reflection. In such a right angled prism when a ray of light is incident normally to its face AB, it passes into prism as incidence is 45°. But for glass (m= 1.5), the value of critical angle is about 41.82. Since the value of incident angle is greater than the critical angle for glass, the ray of right suffers total internal refection. As a result, it gets incident on the force AC at 902 and comes out of the prism as such. It follows that the path of the ray of right was been deviated by the prism through 902. The path of a ray undergoing a deviation of 90° due to one internal reflection but in same way and by same process due to twa internal reflection, a ray can be deviated through 1802. This arrangement is used in prism-binoculars. Advantages of Totally Reflecting Prism over the Silvered Plane Mirror: Il O <LC) hie eee | Physics Complete - Read-only 2 rica Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v When refraction takes place at point C, it follows that the refractive index of medium a w.r.t. medium b is given by PPPRRRPE PRPRPRPE if i=c (critical angle) r=902 sina Refractive index is inversely propartional to sin of critical angle. its relation with polarizing angle : According to Brewster’s Law, when light is incident at polarizing angle at the interface of a refracting medium, the refractive index of the medium is equal to the tengent of the polarizing angle. If P is polarizing angle and u, the refractive index of the refracting medium, then u = tan P. Il O <Physics Complete - Read-only = = Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v Advantages of Totally Reflecting Prism over the Silvered Plane Mirror: 1. A reflecting prism does not require any silvering. 2. A silvered plane mirror always absorbs some light. In a good mirror, the reflection of light about 90- 95%. However, in a reflecting prism, almost 100% reflection is secured. 3. Due to imperfect and non-uniform silvering of the mirror, the image obtained with a mirror is oftenly not of a good quality. 2. Mirage : It is an optical illusion observed in desert in a hot day. The object such as tree is observed inverted and observer gets an impression that there is a pool of water. This phenomena is known as mirage. Due to intense heat, the surface of earth becomes quite hot and the temperature of air near the surface of earth is max. The temp of the other layers of the air goes on decreasing as one goes up. Dimity as well as refractive index of air increases slightly for higher layers. Thus a ray of light traveling from point O of arte chia ee a Physics Complete - Read-only poe =e (=a Couldn't download proofing tools for En... v C = 230. Due to low critical angle, a diamond cut so as to have a large number of faces, such that a ray of light entering it from one face undergoes repeated total internal reflections from other faces. As a result, the faces through which the light emerges, shine very brilliantly. Toiat AI" reflection 4. Optical Fibres : In 1870, John Tyndall, a British physicist demonstrated that light could be made to follow curved path along a thin stream of water coming out of a water tank. This effect was made use of an illuminated fountains. The light follows curved path it suffers a series of total internal reflections. Optical fibres commits of thousands of strands of a very fine quality glass or quartz of refractive index about 1.7 Il O <ye hia ere Physics Complete - Read-only pe) Ee Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v Certificate This is to certify that Mr. Sahil Saifi 5/0 Mr.Moin Uddin Saifi Student of Class 12 Sci B School HOLY PUBLIC SCHOOL Has secured marks in the practical examination held on Date: Teacher's Signature: Il O <LC caer eee Physics Complete - Read-only © 8 @ & Couldn't download proofing tools for En.. = Bibliography 1. Modern’s abc of Physics. 2. Pradeep’s Fundamental Physics. 3. Dinesh a to z in Physics. Il O <Physics Complete - Read-only poe = = Couldn't download proofing tools for En... v or so. The thickness of a strand is about 10-6 cm. The strands are coated with a layer of some material of lower refractive index (m=1.5). When light is incident at a small angle at are end, it gets refracted into strands and gets incident on the interface of the fibres and the coating. The angle of incidence being greater than critical angle, the ray of light undergoes total internal reflections. Each fibre act as a pipe and such a bundle of fibres can be used to convey images along paths of any shape. The optical fibre does not bend light. Instead, light follows the zin- zag path through the fibres. Il O <De et || Physics Complete - Read-only oe = ee a Read Only - You can't save changes to t... v Acknowledgement ! would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher as well as our principal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project, which is also helped me in doing a lot of Research and | came to know about so many things |. am really thankful to them. Secondly | would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame. Sahil Saifi 12" Sci B Il O <