MEDICAL BOTANY (FOR BOARD & COMPETITIVE EXAMS) Study Package-4 @) Aakash Medical] IIT- JEE| Foundations (Divisions of Aakash Educational Servos Pvt, Lis,ALL RIGHTS RESERVED All rights including copyright and translation rights etc. reserved and vests ‘exclusively with AESPL. No part of this publication may be reproduces. distributed, redistributed, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means- graphical, electronic or mechanical methods including photocopying. recording. taping or stored on information retrieval systems of any nature or reproduced om any disc, tape, media, information storage device, without the prior writen permission of AESPL. Breach of this condition is liable for legal action (civ as wet as criminal) under the applicable Laws, Edition: 2018-19 © Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. [AESPL]' Contents CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO. NO. 1. Reproduction in Organisms .....cssnsennsnnennennnenennnnOl = 48 2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants. 49-100 / 3. Principles of Inheritance and Variation ....scmsnsnee 101 ~ 186 4, Molecular Basis of Inheritance «sneer 87 = 250 Answers... 251 ~ 261Chapter 1 keno © Introduction * Life Span |) Basic Features of | Reproduction | | ‘© Types of Reproduction © Asexual Reproduction © Sexual Reproduction © Events in Sexual Reproduction © Some Important Definitions © Quick Recap Reproduction in Organisms Introduction Every living organism remains alive on earth for a limited period time, grows old and then dies. Inspite of this harsh reality, va number of plant and animal species have existed on earth f several thousand years. It means that, there must be som processes that ensure the production of a new organism in place those that die. The "biological process" which allows the productic of new organism from the existing organism is called "reproduction Reproduction is one of the most fundamental attributes of all livir organisms as it is essential for the survival of a species. It help them to produce their own kind to maintain the life of their specie on earth. It is clear from the above discussion that for a species of a plant ¢ animal to continue living on this earth, it must reproduce itself. would be really interesting to know how reproduction occurs? Whi processes are involved in this? What are the differential modes « reproduction? What are the life spans of different organisms? Let u try to understand all these. LIFE SPAN ‘The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its if span. Life span is a specific trait of each organism. Life span varies fro few days to several thousand years. Life spans are not necessarily correlate with size or complexity of organisms. As for example, crow and parrot a of almost equal size, but crow has a life span of only 15 years while parr lives for about 140 years. Similarly|mango tree lives for 200 years whi peepal has'a life span of about 2500 years. Figure given below give appropriate lfe spans of some organisms. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Oelhi-110005 Ph.011-476234!2 Reproduction in Organisms Sears & Competitive Exams Board Whatever be the life span, the death of every organism § Sune MME means =o vidual is living forever. So we can say living organisms are mortal. Now 2 QUeStom ame Sts me tr single-celled organisms also? No, single-celled organisms when they Grow Up Sey SAREE heer C=. 2 mother cell divides into two daughter cells. No body part is left to die. So Sey Smal gee lager anc then divide which is not considered as death. Such organisms are immortal od Soluti Examy Butortly 2 weoks) Banana tree Parrot (25 years) (140 years) Crocodil Seryan tree a (228-300 years) gi BASIC 1. ¢ Example 1: Which of the following st (a) Characteristic feature of (b) Certainly associated mite (0) Always correlated with Solution: (a) Correct, specific trait of (b), (¢) ; Incorrect. Not Ph.01-47628456 ‘Aakas! , t d ' f c c ] 20k 8 c n f | F F ntive Exams. ving forever. e organisms divides into hich is not 147623456 Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms Example 2: From the given organisms, choose those which do not show senescence. { &¢ Solution: Unicellular organisms ie., A - Amoeba, C - Bacteria D Try Yourself 1. Arrange the following organisms w.rt. increasing ife span Peepal, Wheat, Banyan tree, Rose 2. Rice plant, Elephant, Fruit ly, Banana tree From the above given organisms select the organism having (Minimum fife span (i) Maximum tife span 3. State true or false () Mutticeliutar organisms are immortal (i) Reproduction maintains continuity of species on earth surface. ‘At the beginning of this chapter, it was discussed that reproduction is a biological process in which an organis gives rise to young ones similar to itself. Let us discuss the details of reproduction, BASIC FEATURES OF REPRODUCTION 1. Cell jon ‘A key event which ocours during reproduction is cell division. In the previous classes you have studied tv types of cell division ie., mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is a division in which replicated chromosomes equal {istributed into two daughter nuclei'so that the daughter cells have same number and type of chromosom ‘as present in the parent cell. It is therefore called equational division. However, in meiosis daughter ce formed have half the number of chromosomes as compared to the parent cell. So it is a reductional divisio Crossing over occurs during this division. It introduces new combinations of genes or recombinations whi ‘esult in variations i, degree of diferences amongst the progeny and between the progeny and the parer 2. Duplication of Cellular Apparatus Before a cell divides, all the cellular apparatus must be duplicated so that cellular material present in pare cell can be equally distributed amongst two daughter calls. It involves replication of chromosomes in tt ‘nucleus of a cell which contain information for inheritance of features from parents to next generation in t form of DNA and involves formation of RNA, proteins and other biochemicals. 3. Formation of Reproductive Units Reproductive units are specialised or non-specialised parts of an organism which after separation ‘modification results in the formation of new individuallofisprings. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623454 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. TYPES OF REPRODUCTION ‘There is a large diversity in the biological world. Each organism has evolved its own mechanism to multiply and produce offsprings. Both external (habitat) as well as internal (physiology) factors are collectively responsible for how it reproduces. Broadly speaking there are two types of reproduction, asexual and sexual. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION It is a mode of reproduction/multiplication in which new individuals develop from a single parent. Features of asexual reproduction : 1. As there is involvement of only one parent so it is uniparental. 2, Itcan ocour with or without gamete formation but gametic fusion is absent. “The individuals produced are exact copies of each other and their parents because the new organisms produced inherit all ofits chromosomes from one parent. Moreover, it involves only mitotic division. Such ‘a group of morphologically and genetically similar individuals is called clone. 4, It.can occur through unspecialised or specialised parts of parent. 5. _ Its widespread among different groups of organisms. It is common method of reproduction in organisms that have a relatively simple organisation like single celled organisms belonging to group monera, protista 2s well as plants and animals with relatively simple organisation like algae, fungi, sponges. Though it is a common mode of reproduction in lower organisms, but it should be very much clear that higher plants also exhibit this type of reproduction where it is known as vegetative reproduction. 8. _ Simple and quick method of reproduction, Lot us discuss different ways of asexual reproduction : (Binary fission (i) Budding Sporulation (iv) Fragmentation (¥) Vegetative reproduction/ propagation Example 3: In which type of reproduction genetically similar offsprings are produced? Give reason. Solution : Asexual reproduction is involved in production of genetically similar offsprings. There is involvement of one parent, the new organism thus, produced inherits all of its chromosomes from one parent 0 it is genetically similar or identical copy of the parent. Try Yourself Oe 4. State true or false = () Asexual reproduction results in production of clone. ; (i). Meiosis ig required for the formation of asexual reproductive structures. (ii) Asexval reproduction ie absent in higher plants. (¥) Only internal factors regulate reproductive processes. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi 110005 Ph.011-47623456ew organisms division. Such In organisms nera, protista . uch clear that \duction involvement one parent 011-47623456 Board & Competitive Exams. @ (il) cell exists. Example 4: How binary fission in Amoeba can be differentiated from budding in yeast? Solution : i Budding 1. Divisionofcytoplasmis equal 1. Division ofcytoplasmis unequal 2. Protuberanceis absent 2. Protuberanceis present 3. Parentcell disappears 3. Parentcell remains intact Binary Fission Occurrence : It occurs in many single celled organisms belonging to kingdom Monera (Bacteria), and Protista (Amoeba and Paramecium), Mechanism : In this process, the parent organism divides into two halves, each half forming an independent daughter organism. It means, the parent body as a whole forms Feproductive unit and the parent continues living as two daughter individuals. Thus, here cell division itself is a mode of reproduction. Itivelves amitosis in bacteria and mitotic division of nucleus in yeast and amoeba i.e, karyokinesis followed by division of cytoplasm i.e,, cytokinesis resulting in formation of daughter cells. The given figure is the representation of binary fission in Amoeba Depending upon the plane of division, binary fission is of the following types (a) Simple Binary Fission (Irregular Binary Fission) : Divi- sion can occur through any plane, e.g., Amoeba. (b) Longitudinal Binary Fission : The plane of fission passes along the longitudinal axis of the organism, e.g,, Euglena. (©) Transverse Binary Fission : The plane of this division runs along the transverse axis of the individual, e.g., Bacteria, Paramoecium, Diatoms, Budding : Occurrence : Occurs in single celled organisms like yeast. Mechanism : In this process unicellular structure develops an outgrowth (bud) on one side. Daughter nuclei produced through karyokinesis shifts into the bud, The bud grows, constricts at the base and separates. So bud remains attached initially to the parent cells which eventually separates and mature into new organism (cell). Unlike binary fission, cytoplasmic division is unequal and parental Parent col Repreducton in Organisms | ‘2 Nucleus L Nucleus enlarge: Daughter cols Fig, : Binary fission in Amoeba Fig. : Budding in yeast ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476234566 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. Try Yourself 5. Complete the sequence involved in binary fission in Amoeba. Nucleus enlarges—+[__A__]—® Cytokinesis —> 6. State true or false: Cell division itself is a mode of reproduction in single celled organisms. (iii). Sporulation : Asexual reproduction can also occur through formation of specialised reproductive structure like spores. Occurrence : These are formed by members of the kingdom fungi and simple plants such as algae. Types : The most commonly produced spores are zoospores and conidia, Zoospores : These are microscopic motile spores that _move by means of flagella formed under favourable conditions. Origin of zoospores is endogenous because its formation occurs inside zoosporangia. ‘They are most common asexual structures formed in algae. In unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas _z00spore is pyramid shaped, anteriorly ageliated, resembiing parent cell. During zoospore formation parent sis generally, Fig. : Asexual structure :Zoospores of Chlamydomonas Conidia : These are non-motile spores! produced! by special hyphal branches called Gonidiophores. ‘These are most common asexual spores produced by fungi. In Penicillium conidiophore may shows branching and over these branches there is formation of flask shape structures called sterigmata (phialides). Each sterigmata produces/cuts a chain of conidia. Fig. : Asexual structure : Conidia of Penicilium FILE| ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623458 | Apetitive Exams. ductive structure uch as algae. ja formed under fe zoosporangia. Shlamycomonas formation parent generally, The parent call viduals ! conidiophores. ore may shows, led sterigmata Ph.011-47623456 Board & Competitive Exams, Reproduction in Organisms 7 (w) Example Solution : ™ Aakash Edt After this discussion now we can easily distinguish between zoospore and conidia Zoospore [Conidia Flagellated | 1. Non-lagellated 2. Molile |_2. Non-motile 3. Formed inside sporangia 3. Formed outside over conidiophore 2.g., Chlamydomonas e.g.,Penicilium Under unfavourable condition the Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three layered hard Covering or cyst around itself. This phenomenon is termed as encystation. When favourable conditions return, the eneysted Amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many minute amoeba or Pesudopodiospores; the cyst wall bursts out, and the spores are liberated in the surrounding medium 'o grow up into many amoebae\(exeystation). This phenomenon is known as sporulation, Fragmentation: Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where an organism splits into fragments, Each of these fragments develops into mature fully grown individual followed by mitosis. it occurs in some algae (Spirogyra), fungi, Hydra, ete. 5: Can asexual reproduction occur through the formation of specialised reproductive structures? ‘Mention name of two such structures. ‘Specialised structures called spores can be produced in asexual reproduction.’ The most common Of these are zoospores produced in algae and conidia produced in fungi Try Yourself 7. Fill n the blanks w.rt. given figure (Structure ‘A’ represents (i) Organism bearing reproductive structure is 8. State true or false Specialised asexual structures are produced in lower plants. Vegetative Reproduction/Propagation : It is method of multiplication in which a somatic part of the plant detaches from the body of the mother and develops into a new independent plant under suitable environmental conditions. The detachable somatic part involved in vegetative propagation is called vegetative propagule. It would be interesting to know how the vegetative parts can give rise to new plant? What are the essential structures required for this? These somatic parts carry buds. Bud is a ‘compact immature shoot protected by immature leaves. Bud is generally present on node and when part of plant having node is placed in contact with damp soil, the bud sprout producing new plant. What do you think — Is vegetative reproduction a type of asexual reproduction? Yes, surely it is a method of ‘asexual reproduction as it does not involve two parents as well as sex cells, ‘There are two types of vegetative reproduction ‘A. Natural methods of vegetative reproduction B. Artificial or Horticultural method of vegetative reproduction, lucational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110005 Ph.011-476234568 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. |B Knowledge Cloud Bud types: Nodal bus Adventitous bud (Present at nodes) (Present other than nodes) + Axilary bud + Foliar bud - overleaf Axil of leaf '* Cauline bud — over stem + Extra-axillary bud * Radical bud — over root ‘Avy trom axi 2 | A. Natural Methods of Vegetative Reproduction : 4. Stem : ()_ Underground stem (i) Subaerial stem (ii) Aerial stem (w) Bulbils 2. Leaves 3. Root : 4. Stems {()_ Underground stem : It is non-green, food storing, perennating structure present below the surface of the soll. It is of several types like tuber, rhizome, bulb. (a) Tuber : It is a terminal portion of an underground stem branch which is swollen on ! account of accumulation of food. They possess buds over their nodes or eyes. The ! buds sprout to produce new plantlets, when a stem tuber or a part of it having an eye is placed in the soil. e.g., Potato, Fig. : Eyes of Potato (b) Rhizome : I is the main underground perennial stem. Buds present on the node take part for formation of new aerial shoot during favourable season of growth, e.g., Banana, Ginger ‘Adventtious root Fig. : Rhizome of Ginger ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623458 | Aapetitive Exams, Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms (c) Bulb : Itis an underground unbranched reduced dise shaped stem. Terminal bud is ‘surrounded by several leaves e.g., Onion, Garlic. Base of scape Tune, a ‘Advontious roots Bulb of Onion Fi ) Subaerial stem : It is weak stem which takes support of ground for spreading. In this category we will study offset, runner, sucker. (a) Offset : Short horizontal branch producing a cluster of leaves above and the cluster of roots below is called offset, It occurs in some aquatic plants. Breaking of offsets helps in propagation. e.g., Eichhomia (water hyacinth), Pistia (water lettuce) , present below h is swollen on. es or eyes. The of it having an ffset of water hyacinth Water hyacinth was introduced in Bengal because of its beautiful flowers and shape of leaves. However, it tumed out to be highly invasive aquatic weed found growing in standing water and it not only spread to all water bodies of Bengal but also throughout India. It drains oxygen from the water, which leads to death of fishes and nthe node take. th. eg, Banana, cther animals. Fish is supplement food of people in Bengal. Fast growth of Eichhornia " causes death of fishes and food scarcity that's why itis called “Terror of Bengal’. Qus. Why is it difficult to get rid of Water Hyacinth? ‘Ans. Water Hyacinth was introduced in India, where its natural predator is absent. Moreover, it Propagates vegetatively by offset at a phenomenal rate and spread all over the water body in a short period of time. Ph.011-47623456| | Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345640 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. (©) Sucker : It arises by axllary bud of underground part of stem. This lateral branch Creeps below the soil surface and grows obliquely upward and produces new shoot ., Chrysanthemum, Pineapple Fig. : Sucker in Chrysanthemum (6) Runner : It is elongated, prostrate, subaerial branch with long internodes and roots, at nodes. ¢.g., Grasses | pore ee may | i seat at ‘Adventtious’ roots, Fig. : Runner of grass E (iil) Aerial shoots : Each segment of stem having at least one node can form a new plant. ] e4g., Sugarcane, Opuntia s E Young plant s Adveniious rots A Fig. : Propagation from aerial shoot in sugarcane (iv) Bulbils : These are large size fleshy buds which are specialised for vegetative reproduction. For this bulbil must fall from the plant and reach the soil. They can be present at variable positions on plant. In Agave bulbils are! modified floral buds that develop on the floral axis. | a @g., Agave (century plant), Oxalis, Ananas, Dioscorea, Lily Fig. : Bulbil of Agave ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 | JAtive Exams. teral branch ; new shoot. es and roots new plant, reproduction. nt at variable: 'e floral axis. )11-47623456 Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms 44 2. Leaves : Leaves of several plants having adventitious buds help in vegetative reproduction, in Bryophyllum adventitious buds arise from the notches present at margins of leaves. ., Adiantum (walking fern), Begonia, Kalanchoe Adventiious buds (lef buds) Fig. : Bryophyllum 3. Roots : It was discussed that one of the prerequisites for vegetative reproduction is presence of buds. Though bud is mainly the feature of stem but in some plants roots may also beer buds. ‘These adventitious buds sprout to form new plants @.g., Dahlia Example 6 : _{s the term clone applicable to the offspring formed by vegetative reproduction? Site two reasons for this Solution : Clone term is very much applicable for the offsprings produced through vegetative reproduction | because for the formation of new individual there is involvement of single parent moreover formation of sex cells/gametes is absent. Example 7: Site the name of few vegetative propagules with one example each. | Solution = ‘Vegetative propagules Example 1, Rhizome Ginger | 2. Tuber Potato | 3. Offset Eichhornia 4. Bulb Agave | 5. Leaf buds Bryophyta ——_ 9. From the given below organisms, how many can show vegetative propagule formation? Ginger, Potato, Chlamydomonas, Water hyacinth, Agave 10. Fill in the blanks, (In potato tuber new plantlet arises from (ii) Bryophylium shows formation of buds from leaf notches, Ratash Educational Services Pvt Ld. - Regd. Ofc : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110008 Phov14762946642> Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. EXERCISE 1. Select the odd one out w.rt. life-span (1) Life spans of organisms are not correlated with their size (2) Crows and parrots show wide difference in their lfe-spans (3) Life span of rice is 3- 4 weeks (4) Itis the period between birth and natural death of an organism 2. Select the plant having the shortest lfe span (1) Banyan (2) Peepal (3) Banana (4) Rose 3, Select the incorrect match (1) Asexual reproduction: Somatogenic reproduction . (2) Sexual reproduction Fusion of gametes (8) Vegetative propagation Rhizome (4) Clones Morphologically similar genetically dissimilar 4. Cell division is itself a mode of reproduction in (1) Protista and all fungi (2) Monera, fungi and higher plants } () Protista and monera (4) Protista only I 5. Most common special asexual reproductive structure seen in members of algae is: (1) Zoospore (2) Conidia (@) Sporangiospore (4) Gemmules 6. Select the correct match w.rt. vegetative propagules in angiosperms. (1), Rhizome Water hyacinth 2) Offset Bryophyllum () Bubb Oxalis: (4) Leaf buds Ginger 7. The site of origin of the new plantlets in potato, sugarcane and banana are (1), Nodes: (2) internodes (3) Both nodes and intemodes (4) Leaf margins 8 Match the Column | with Column I Column | Column tt (Plant) (Vegetative reproduction by) (@) Turmeric () Stoton (0) Crocus (i) Rhizome (6) Vallisneria (ii) Aerial shoot (@ Opuntia (w) Com (1) ai), bliv), efi, di) (2) atid, tiv), o(), di) ) ativ), BG), ct, d() ) afi), BO, efi), ai) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dalhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456cetitive Exams, Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms | 13 9. The vegetative propagules in aquatic plants like Vallisneria and Eichhornia are (1) Stolon in both (2) Sucker and offset respectively @) Stolon and offset respectively (4) Offset in both 10. Select correct statement wrt. vegetative reproduction in Dahlia (1) Adventitious buds present on root sprout to form new plants (2) Nodal buds of aerial stem form new plants (3) Underground stem buds grow into new plants (@) Bulbil present on floral axis grows into daughter plants B. Artificial Methods of Vegetative Reproduction: Artificial methods are man-made special technique inwhich, partof somaticbody of aplantis madeto develop into newindependent plant. Artificial method are used to propagate desired varieties according to human requirements. Rainy and spring season are the best periods for vegetative propagation. The various horticultural methods of vegetativ propagation are as follows: 4. Cuttings : Cuttings are cut piaces of stem, leaves and root which are planted in nurseries i natural polarised fashion. Pre-requisite to successful cutting is induction of rooting. For this ‘oot promoting chemicals lke IBA, NAA are used. ()_ Stem Cuttings : itis @ common artificial method of plant propagation 20-30 em long piece ‘of one year old stems.are cut and theirlowerendsare dippedin dilute auxin for several minute before planting in the soil. The lower ends develop adventitious roots. Buds present over th exposed parts sprout and form the shoot system, Rr ie sme | eae rhe ‘dipped in Soil nee Fig. : Stem cutting e.g., Rosa, Duranta, Citrus, Clerodendron, Thea, Bougainvillea, Croton and China rose (ii) LeafCuttings : Snake plant (Sansevieria) can be propagated by leaf cuttings. Leaves are cu transversely into two or three parts and planted in vertical position in the soil. For success leaf cutting, besides induction of rooting, formation of adventitious buds is also important, Aaventiious roots Root Cuttings : They are.long pieces of roots which are used to artificially propagate net plants. Ability to formadventitious roots and adventitious buds are pre-requisites. Roc ‘cuttings are used in propagation of Lemon, Tamarind, Blackberry and Raspberry 2. Layering : ()_Itis a type of rooting-cutting method in which adventitious roots are induced to develop 0 a soft stem while iti stil attached to the plant. (i) (Tis carried outon one year old basal shoot branches commonly during early spring or ear rainy season. (ii) A soft basal branch is defoliated in the middle where a small injury or cut is given, lik tongueing oblique cut), notching (V-shaped cut) ringing (removal ofaringofbark). The injure defoliated partis peggedin the soil o develop adventitious roots. The pegged down branch the plant is called layer. Later on as the roots develop, the layer is separated and planted Ph.0tt-47623456) | Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd, - Regd. Oifice : Akash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-10005 Ph.011-4762945644 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. (®) Layering is of following types (a). Tip Layering : A shoots bent down in he soilin such a way thattts basal endis slanting \while the tip is upright. Solis pressed. Itinduces root formation and later growth of shoot tip. e.g., Blackberry, Raspberry. ayer ip layering (b) Trench Layering : The basal branch is pegged ina horizontal position in a trench made in soil. It develops a number of vertical shoots. ¢.g., Walnut, Mulberry lew Plant New Pant Fig. : Trench layering (c) Gootee (Air Layering) : (tis an ancient horticultural technique for propagation of tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs where soft branches do not occur near the soll (i) During earty monsoon rains, 3-5 cm long ring of bark is removed from the basal region of a healthy and woody branch. Itis covered by a thick plaster of grafting clay. Grafting clay is made of 1 part cow dung, 1 part finely cut hay or moss and two parts clay. To itis added water and a small quantity of root promoting hormones lke IAA, IBA or NAA. itis then wrapped in polythene. After 2-3 months, roots appear. The shoot is now cut below the covered part and used for planting, 9, Litchi, Pomegranate. Ring of bark or tissue removed | Polyeione Cover by ted over it c i (| Fig. : Air layering in Rubber plant 3. Grafting : (Grafting is a technique of connecting two parts, usually a root system and a shoot system of two different plants in such a way that they unite and later develop as a composite plant. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-67623456sitive Exams. |] Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms 45 (i) tis used only in cambium containing eustelic plants. endis slanting (ii) A small shoot of plant with superior traits is employed. It is called graft or scion. It should Ceo have one to several buds. The root system of the other plant is allowed to remain intact It is called stock (understock). The shoot of the stock is often cut 10-30 cm above the base of the root. Leaves and buds present over the stump of stock are removed. atrench made Plant with superior shoot ‘system desirable root system Scion Stock Fig. : Grafting (\v) In grafting, scion is fixed over the stock in a manner that cambia ofthe two come in contact, The union s covered with grafting wax. Its then tied withthe help of a bandage, tape, rubber ornail. The buds ofthe stock are not allowed to sprout. They are removed as soon they are Serer noticed. e.g., Mango, Apple, Pear, Citrus, Guava, Plum, Peach, Pine etc. ‘The various types of grafting are as follows from the basal (2) Tongue (Slice or Whip) Grafting : Oblique sloping cut or notch is given to both stock ter of grafting and scion, The two perfectly ft upon one another. They are tied together. thay or moss 0 promating fer 2-3 months, Scion anti ed for planting, Same diameter Stock Fig. : Tongue grafting (b) Wedge Grafting: V-shaped notch is given to stock while wedge like cutis given to scion, ‘Scion a composite Same diameter Fig. : Wedge grafting 1.011-47623456, Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456416 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams (©) Crown Grafting: Many scions are selectedand shapedatthe base to form wedge. Man} sii are formed on the sides of stock. Scions are inserted inthe slits and are bandaged le Oferent ameter Fig. (4) Approach Grafting : Two independently growingplants are broughttogether. The shoot ofthe given cuts at the same level fora distance of 2,5 ~5.0 om. | the |cuts or deeper vertical cuts. In thi grafting, the scion the graft while stock is cut above the graft after th establishment of union. | Fig. : Approach grafting (e) Bud Grafting : Sciomis'@ bud with a small piece of bark andicambium, Stock is give ‘T-shaped cut. Barkis lifted to expose cambium. Budis inserted and the barkisallowe to come back to its original the bud is exposed. The joint is treated wit grafting wax and is bandaged. ‘after 3-5 weeks. Bud grafting is common! practised in apple, peach and rose. Go x econ T-shaped sit Stock] stock 5 Fig. : Bud grafting 4. Micropropagation : Micropropagation is the raising of new plants from a small plant tissue wit the help of tissue culture technique. Tissue culture is the technique of maintaining and growin cells, tissues, ete. and their differentiation on artificial medium under aseptic conditions ins suitable containers, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Difco : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph,011-4762346¢npettive Exams. | Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms | 47 mwedge. Many Note’: Shift from Asexual to Sexual Reproduction- Though the most common method of dare bandaged. reproduction in organisms having a relatively simple organisation is asexual but when food ‘sources have been depleted, the climate becomes hostile or individual survival is jeopardized then they show shift o sexual reproduction. Why it is so? What advantage sexual reproduction will elicit? To answer these questions let us look into detail the process of sexual reproduction. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ‘Sexual reproduction involves formation and fusion of gametes to form the zygote which develops to form a new organism, Characteristic 1. Two fusing gametes can be produced by same individual or different individuals. So it can be both ees uniparental as well as biparental (mostly) . The cuts are in 2. _Offsprings produced are not identical to parents or amongst themselves because organisms produce jeal cuts. inthis inherits chromosomelgenetic material contributed from two diferent gametes. So we can say it produces e graft after the variations. 3. _Itinvolves meiosis and syngamy (fusion of gametes) It is a slow, elaborate or complex process, so multiplication is not so rapid. Example 8 ; Justify the following terms/statements wr.t. mode of reproduction which is slow and complex. (@) Biparental | (b) _Offsprings show variations (©) Sex cells involvement Solution : (a) Involvement of two parents forming male and female gamete. (©) Variation arises due to contribution of genetic material from two different gametes (c) Formation and fusion of gametes is involved. Stock is given e bark isallowed | ntis treated with ing is commonly Try Yourself 11. State true or false (Sexual reproduction is always biparental (i) Gametic fusion may or may not be present in reproduction which produces variations. (ii)_Most common method of reproduction in lower plants is asexual one Al organisms have to reach a certain stage of growth and maturity in thelr lfe cycle before they reproduce ‘sexually. For understanding this better let us study the different phases in the life cycle of organism, Phases in Life Cycle Three phases are there in the organism's life cycle 1. Juvenile phase Reproductive phase plant tissue with ing and growing Juvenile phase/Pre-reproductive phase : During this phase organism will show growth so that it can onditions inside attain certain maturity 1o perform the sexual reproduction. This phase is known as vegetative phase in planta. Its of variable durations in different organisms. 2 3. Senescent phase 4 Ph.011-47623456 JB Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph.011-4762345618 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. 2 Reproductive phase : Reproductive organs develop and mature during this phase. In the higher plants (Angiosperms), end of juvenile phase or onset of reproductive phase is easily marked. In the higher plants during this phase, there is formation of reproductive structures ie., flowers. The motto of this phase is to produce the offsprings which may be similar or dissimilar to parental generation. This phase is also of variable duration in different organisms. ‘Based upon flowering and fruiting pattem there are two types of flowering plants, ie., monocarpic and polycarpic Monocarpic Plants : They are plants which flower only once in their life. After flowering, they, produce fruits and die. All annuals (¢.9., Wheat, Rice, Marigold) and biennial plants (@.g., Radish, Carrot, Henbane) ‘are monocarpic. A few perennial plants are also monocarpic. Certain bamboo species (e.g., Bambusa tulda ‘Melocanna bambusoides) live vegetatively for 50-100 years, flower and fruit abundantly and then die. ‘Strobilanthus kunthiana (vem. Neelakuranji) flowers once in 12 years. Last time it flowered in September ‘October 2006. The flowering converted large hilly areas of Kerala, Kamataka and Tamil Nadu into blue stretches that attracted a large number of tourists. It shows mass flowering Polycarpic Plants : They are perennial plants which after reaching maturity, flower repeatedly at intervals ‘e.g., Mango, Apple, Jackfruit, Grape vine, Orange. Very few perennial plants bear flowers throughout the year, e.g., China rose (Shoe flower). The period between two flowering phases is called interflowering period which is used for building up resources and is, therefore, a recovery phase. It is not the juvenile phase but is a part of the mature phase. ‘Senescent phase : It is a post-reproductive phase, It involves structural and functional deterioration 0 body by accumulation of waste metabolites which ultimately leads to death. In both plants and animals, hormones are responsible for the transitions between three phases Interaction between hormones and certain environmental factors regulates the reproductive processes an« the associated behavioral expressions of organisms. Knowledge Cloud (i) Gamete is a reproductive or sex cell that contains haploid set of chromosomes. (ii) Term gamete was given by Gregor Johann Mendel. (ii) Fleshy buds in aquatic plants like Potamogeton, Utricularia. Example (@) Mention the different phases in the life cycle of organism. a ad (0) For which category of plants clear cut distinction between three phases is absent? {6) Which phase involves structural and functional deterioration of body? Solution ; (a) Juvenile, Reproductive, Senescent phase (0) In polycarpic plants, clear cut distinction between all the three phases is absent because in these plants flowering occurs at repeated intervals, (0) Post-reproductive phase/senescent phase. "Try Yourself 12. Complete the sequence involved in the life cycle of polycarpic plant. Juvenile phase|—+ [Flowering|—+ [A ] —r[ Flowering] —+[Senescent phase] 43. State true or false : () Juvenile phase can be known as vegetative phase in all plants. {ii)_ Mango is polycarpic plant. © ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt, Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345npetitive Exams. he higher plants the higher plants t0 of this phase is phase is also ic and polycarpic. 1g, they. produce , Henbane), Bambusa tulda, nd then die. din September- Nadu into blue tedly at intervals, s throughout the { interflowering Snot the juvenile | deterioration of » three phases. e processes and bsent because Ls} Ph.011-47623486 Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms 19 EVENTS IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION After attainment of maturity, all sexually reproducing organisms exhibit events and processes that have remarkable fundamental similarity, even though the structures associated with sexual reproduction are indeed very different. These sequential events may be grouped into three distinct stages, namely, the pre-fertilization, fertilization and the post-fertilization events. 1. Pre-fertilization Events ‘These are events in sexual reproduction which occur prior to the process of fertilization. The two main prefertiization events are gametogenesis and gamete transfer. (a) Gametogenesis : It refers to the process of formation of gametes - male and female. Categories of Gametes : (i) _ tsogametes : When the fusing gametes are morphologically similar they are known as isogametes ‘or homogametes. They are produced in some algae and fungi 2.9, () Algae : Cladophora, Chlamydomonas debaryana, Ulothrix (i) Fungi: Synchytrium, Rhizopus (ii) Heterogametes :\When the fusing gametes are morphologically distinct types; they are known as heterogametes. It is the feature of majority of sexually reproducing organisms. eg. (i) Algae : Fucus, Volvox, Chara (AIL Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. In such organisms, imiale gamete is called antherozoid or sperm and the female ‘gamete is called ‘egg oF ovum. ui @ Fig. : Types of gametes : (a) Isogametes of Cladophora (an alga) ; (b) Heterogametes of Fucus (an alga) : (¢) Heterogametes of Homo sapiens (human beings) Example 10 : Which of the folowing statements are correct for events involved in sexual reproduction? dusty them. (@) Fundamental simitarty in events (0) Sexual structures are same | (6) Sequential events Solution : (a) & (c) are correct (a) Fundamental similarity is associated with events involved in sexual reproduction. In all the organisms three distinct stages occur namely, pre-fertilisation, fertilisation and postfertlisation, (©) Sexual structures are different. (c) Three stages involved in sexual reproduction occur in sequential order. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Pn.011-4762945620° Reproduction in Organisms Example 11 : Differentiate between two categories of gametes involved in sexual reproduction. Solution ‘Aakash Educational Servic Board & Competitive Exams. ea farsi Isogametes 4. _ Morphologically similar 4. __ Morphologically distinct 2. Homogametes 2 Anisogametes 3 Less common 3 More common 48. State true or false: In most of the sexually reproducing organisms isogametes are formed. Cell Division During Gamete Formation : Gametes are always haploid i.e, they possess only on ‘set of chromosomes or genome though the parent body producing gametes may be either haploid c diploid. As gametes are always haploid so surely in haploid parent, gametes are produced by mitol division. It is seen in several organisms belonging to group algae, fungi as well as bryophytes. in plants belonging to group pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms and animals the parent body is diploid. Here reductional division occurs before or at the time of gamete formation. The cel which undergo meiosis are called melocyte_ if meioeyle is) indulged in'gamete formation, -ther it called gamete mother cell. In haploid organisms, gametes are produced through mitosis but you must not think that meiosis nev occurs in fife cycle of haploid organisms. This could be made clear from what you have leamt in previow classes. In these organisms like haploid algae and some fungi, melosis occurs in zygote or zygospot which is called zygotic meiosis. In these organisms, gametic fusion leads to the formation of diplo zygote. Meiosis in zygote results in the formation of haploid spores. These spores divide miotica forming haploid body. So here meiosis occurs in the zygote and resulting organism is haploid In the sexual reproduction two fundamental processes occur i.e., meiosis that reduces the number chromosome from 2n to 1 and fertilisation or fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygot Meiosis is essential in sexual reproduction since it reduces the chromosome number to haif in gamet 0 that after fertilisation the number of chromasomes in species remains constant. Inithe/absence | meiosis, the number of chromosomes will double with every generation resulting in ‘excessive enlargeme of nucleus, genetic degeneration and death of living ‘organisms. Thus one of the significance of meio: is that it maintains chromosome number in species. Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.011-4762345etitive Exams. Board & Competitive Exams Reproduction in Organisms | 24 _ Table : Chromosome numbers in elocyts (ploid,2n) and gametes (hapold,n) of some organisms, ame | Name of organism: Chromosome number in ‘Chromosome number in meiocyte (2n) gamete (n) neo} Fruit fly 8 4 | Housefy 2 Onion 76 3 —— Maize 20 10 Rice 24 2 Apple ot 7 Rat 2 21 Humanbeige % 2 . Potato 8 24 Deg 78 38 Butery 80 780 Ophiogiossum 1260 630 (anadders tongue fern) Example 12 What eletohip ox bolweon te meio and gamle wr shGmosome namie? Solution : Meiocyte is a cell which undergoes reduction division Le., meiosis. it contain two sets of sess only one chromosomes i.e., diploid (2n) and after the meiosis it forms haploid gametes. So number of chromosomes in gamete is half that of meiocyte. ther haploid or 4 sced by mitotic Gamete chromosomes = > * meiocyte chromosomes | hytes. ee a Is the parental tion. The cells tion, then itis. { meiosis never amt in previous e or zygospore ation of diploid vide mitotically aploid in Organisms : the, number of Lower Organisms. Inymost of the lower sexually reproducing organisms /twe fusing gametes are diploid zygote. logically similar. If these gametes belong to the same [pafent then such organisms. are. called i halt in gametes ‘homothallic, e.g. fungi (Mucor mucedo). When these gametes belong to different parents then these edema organisms are called heterothallic. : Higher Organisms : In higher plants there are well-developed sex organs and there is clear distinction ive enlargement between male and female sex organs. Angiosperms possess flowers as reproductive structures, The male ex organ is called stamen and female sex organ is.carpel or ist if male and female sex organs ocour in the same flower then these plants are called bisexual, ¢.9., China rose. If lowers possess only ph.011-47625456 iakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345622, Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. " stamen or carpel then these plants are called unisexual. When male flower (staminate) and female stearidete ts) are present on same plant body such plants are monoecious, @.g., cucurbits, coconut ‘and maize. However, if they are present on separate plant body then these plants are known as dioecious, ¢.g., date palm and papaya. | samen % con! ) Fig. : Bisexual Flower (Sweet Potato) In some of the lower plants also the monoecious and dioecious condition occur. For knowing this, better let us study the sexuality in Chara and Marchantia Sexual Reproduction in Chara and Marchantia: The Chara is a green alga. The sex organs an highly specialised, Some workers prefer to call the male sex organ as, hile others Gid not favour this terminology. They cal the male Sex: | the female as nucule and this terminology is largely followed in Chara. These sex organs are) , exceptionally multicelled and covered by jacket. The jacket of nucule is formed cells and the jacket of globule Is formed by eight shield “The nucule has a cap of five coronary cells. The sex organs are bome on the adaxial surface of the sh lateral branch almost on each node, The nucule occupies an upper positon than the globule, While of the species of Chara are monoecious, C. wallichii is dioecious. The globule matures prior to {protandrous condition). Each antheridium produces many band shaped, spirally coiled, biflageliat ~antherozoids. The oogonium contains a single egg. The egg is laden with starch and oil lobules.» ‘OogoniunNucule (female sex organ) “Antheriiumiglobule (male 80x organ) Monoecious plant (Chara) Marchantia is a dioecious bryophyte where male’ sex organ is antheridilim and female sex organ is ear ‘Sex organs are borne on stalked upright receptacles or special branches called of male thallus is called antheridiophore and female thallus as archegoniophore. Antherisaphore —Arcregonophore Female talus Mate thallus Fig. : Dioecious plant (Marchantia) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph,011-4762:e Exams. | Board & Competitive Exams conmnct | Example 13 lusty the given Below terms for Ghar known as (2). Specialised sex organs (0) Monoecious (9) Heterogametes Solution: (a) Reproduction in Organisms | 2 Specialise sex organs OY — Anthericum, 9 — Oogonium (0) Monoecious ~ o and 9 sex organs on same body. (©) _Heterogametes is motie and smal, © non-matie and larger this, better Name* ‘Antheridium A Gamete B tr ser il os (Unie towers occurin china rose flagellate (ii) Monoecious condition in lower plants is absent. 18. State true or false (b) Gamete Transfer : ‘iter the formation of male and female gametes, compatible gametes must be physically brought together {o facilitate fusion (fertilisation or syngamy). in few fungi and algae, both types of gametes are motile. But in majority of organisms male gamete is motile and the female gamete is non-motile, So there is a need of ‘a medium through which the male gametes move. In algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes, water isthe medium for gamete transfer. large numberofthe male gametes however, fall to reach the female gametes. To compensate this loss of gametes, the number of male gametes produced in several thousand times the number of female gametes produced In seed plants both male and female gametes are non-motil. Here pollen grains are the carrier of male gametes and ovule has the egg. As the male gamete is non-motil soit cannot swim through water medium to reach female gamete rather pollen tube serve this purpose. For this pollen grain produced in anther (" part) are transferred to the stigma of female organ /e., carpel through the process of pollination. Polination is of two type i... self pollination and cross pollination. Self Polinatton i the transfer ofthe pollen grains from anther of a flower tothe stigma of same flower or different ‘gametes near egg to perform fusion. + In which group of plants there is involvement of pollen tube for mo vement of male gamete? Justify ] this. ‘Seeded plant because male gamete is non-motile. | Educational Services Pt. Ltd. - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph.ot1-4760946624° Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams, 49. Choose odd one wrt. categories of plants where pollen tube is required for gamete transfer. ‘Angiosperm, Gymnosperms, Bryophytes, Algae 20. State true or false : () In few lower plants both gametes are motile, (i) Pollen tube can carry both male or female gamete 2. Fertilisation } ‘The most vital event of sexual reproduction is the fusion of gametes. This process is called syngamy or fertilisation which results in the formation of a diploid zygote. ‘Syngamy can occur in external medium as well es inside the body of organism. On this basis syngamy can be distinguished into two types. (a). External fertilisation : Syngamy occurs outside the body of organism in external medium (water). It is shown by majority of aquatic organisms like most of algae, fishes as well as amphibians. Organisms exhibiting extemal fertilsation show great synchrony between the sexes and release @ large number of gametes into the surrounding medium in order to enhance the chances of syngamy. A maior disadvantage associated with itis that the offsprings are extremely vulnerable to predators threatening} their survival upto adulthood, {b) Internal fertilisation ; Syagamy occurs inside the bedy of organisms, I is present in majo of lars ike bryophytes, pleidophiytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. itoceurs in few algae like spirogyre I all these organisms egg is formed inside the female body where syngamy occurs. ‘The male gametes either through water or pollen tube are transferred to female gamete. In order gnhance the chances of syngamy large number of sperms are produced in these organisms and | Compensate for this there is significant reduction in number of eggs produced. do 69 @ Fusion of gametes Zogote Fig, : Homogametic contact in alga External and internal fertilisation should not be confused with exogamy and endogamy. Exogamy : Two fusing gametes belong to different individuals. Also known as cross-ertiisation. Endagamy : Two fusing gametes belong fo same individual. Also known as setf-fertlisation. Example 15 : Fill in the blanks External fertilisation | internal fertilisation ‘Syngamy ‘Outside body A Vulnerability to predator| 8 c Example Most of algae D Solution : _(A)— Inside body, (8)—More, (C)—Less, (0) ~ All land plants “pakash Educational Services Pvt. Lit. - Regd. Office : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Phovt-4itive Exams. | Board & Competitive Exams Reproduction in Organisms | 25 2 transfer. 21. Fill in the blanks : (Great synchrony between release of gametes is in fertlisation. (ii) To enhance the chances of syngamy the number of oY gametes show 5 and Q gametes show 3. Post-Fertilisation Events syngamy or Events in sexual reproduction after the formation of zygote are called postferilisation events. Ean on Zgote: Its the frst cell ofthe new generation in all sexually reproducing organisms. Zygote is always diploid ig, formed in the extemal aquatic medium in those organisms which perform external fertiizaion, Zygoto 's produced inside the body in cases where fertilization is internal Zygole is @ vital link between two successive generations, which ensures the continuity of race from Generation to generation. The body of all multicellular organisms develops from the single-celled zygote. All the cells of the body, therefore, contain the same genetic traits as present in the zygote. |r many algae and fungi the zygote secretes a thick wall that is resistant to desiccation and damage, which help oganisms to tde over unfavourable conditions. During unfavourable conditions it undergoes a pertel of rest unt a swing back to sustainability occurs. In addition variations found in ofspring of sexual repredrcton allow some individuals to be better suited for survival and provide a mechanism for selective advantage to ocour, So we can easily answer the question which was asked in the beginning ofthis chapter ~"\Why their is shit from asexual to, sexual reproduction, .before onset of unfavourable conditions?" Answer lies in the fact that Sexual reproduction ensures survival of organisms under unfavourable conditions. Now we can compare zoospore and zygote produced in Algae um (water). It ns. “lease a large: amy. A major rs threatening ory of plants > spirogyre. In @. In order to nisms and to Zoospore Zygote 1. Asexual structure 1. Sexual structure 2. Haploid or diploid 2._ Diploid 3.__ Usually naked 3.__Thin walled. Thick walled zygote is zygospore. 4. Motile always 4. May be motile or non - motile Example 16 : Explain features of zygote. ] gan elution: (a) Vital ink between two generations Always single celled Always diploid 22. State true or false () Zygote is always formed inside the body. (@)_Zygote may represent “over wintering stage" in life cycle of organism. Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476245626 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. Embryogenesis : Embryogenesis is the process of development of embryo from zygote. Embryo is a fmuticeltar stage in the life cycle of a plant or animal prior to formation of an independent individual. In-embryogenesis, the zygote undergoes repeated cell divisions through mitosis. The divisions help in growth of the embryo. Cells undergo differentiation attaining specific shape, size and function, Celt Sifferentiation occurs at specific locations resulting in production of different tissues, organs. and organ internal structures is called morphogenesis. In flowering plants, zygote develops into embryo. special fertlized ovule matures into a of the ovary also proliferates. It ripened ovary with pericarp ar stamens, style and stigma normally sheds, ‘gametic fusion and embryogenesis in different plant groups. 1 Ultimately, the. 9 tissue known as ef d. Inside the mature seed is the progenitor of the next generation, the ‘A number of seeds develop in an ovary depending upon the number of ovules. Meanwhil ‘wall. The pericarp can be dry or fleshy. The ‘As the fruit begins to develop, sepals, sepals persists in few cases like pea, dispersal, the seeds, upon reaching suitable substratum germinate and form new plants From the above discussion a comparative chart can be formed wrt. gamete formation, gamete transfer, petal Withania. After ‘Algae Isogametes +| H,Omainly | Intemal or Heterogametes External Bryophytes _| Heterogametes HO Intermal Present Pieridophytes | Heterogametes HO Intemal Present Gymnosperms| Heterogametes [ Pollen | Intemal Present ‘Angiosperms | Heterogametes | Pollen | Internal Present Fig. : A few kinds of fruit showing seeds (S) and pericarp (P) Differences between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction ~_ Asexual Reproduction ‘Sexual Reproduction |, New individuals are formed from a single | 1. Commonly two parents are involved in the parent. formation of new individuals through) sexual reproduction. 2. Asexual reproduction does not require the } 2. Formation of sex organs is a pre-requisi for sexual reproduction. production of sexorgans. J. Itdoes notinvoive meiosis. Alldivisionsare | 3. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis mitotic. ‘one of the other stage. In higher plants, it ‘occurs at the time of spore formation of ssporogenesis, “4. Asexual reproduction does not involve | 4 fusion of cells or gametes: involves fusion of gametes. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47petitive Exams. Board & Competitive Exams Reproduction in Organisms 127 te. Embryo is a = TT EN dent individual. Meesteabielisien's =! Seal Reprod divisions help in 5. New individual develops from one cellora | . New individual develops from zygote ie., part of one parent. fusion product oftwo gametes, 8. New individuals are genetically similar to] 6. Offepring or new Individuals are i ee the parents, genetically different from either ofthe two ps into embryo. parents ‘Ultimately, the ation, the 7. It does not introduce variability. Hence, | 7. It introduces varlabilly and is, hence of genera asexual reproduction has no evolutionary | evoluionsry importance eartaes importance. ‘sepals, petals, 8. Itisa quick method of multipication. ‘8 Sexual reproduction isa lower method of Withania. After ‘multiplication, Tis simple process, 3. Tis elaborate or complexprocess. gamete transfer, Solution } Try Yourself @ 23. Fill in the blanks Progenitor of next generation in seed is Example 17 : In the given below diagram what will be the fate of A, B, A. Shrivel away, B. Shrivel away, C. Pericarp, D. Seed (i)_Morphogenesis and differentiation is part of Cand D after fertilisation? ] Bn siti 1) Dev ‘shox re involved in the ) Develop jiduals through 3) Initiate roots olves meiosis at Jn higher plants, it pore formation or 05 Ph.Ot1-47623 1) Plum 3) Mango Select the odd or cutting method, auxin hormone is used to ots 2) Initiate leaves (4) Develop floral buds "which of the following plant, grafting is not possible? (2) Pear (4) Maize ne out W.rt. Sexual reproduction 1) Diverse organisms show great diversity in sexual mode of reproduction 2) Juvenile phase is called vegetative phase in plants 3) Offsprings are not identical to the parents '4) Fusion of gametes results in formation of zygote Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethit 10005 Ph.011-4762346628° Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. 44. Select the plant species which flower only once in their life time, generally after 50-100 years, produce large: number of fruits and die. (1) Strobilanthus (@) Bamboo (3) Rice (4) Teek 416. In diploid organisms, specialised gamete mother cells produce gametes. They are called (1), Meiocytes 2) Mitooytes @) E99 (4) Pollen 16. Find the correct match (1) Monoecious plant Bisexual flower (2) Dioecious plant Polygamous plant (@) Haploid parent Mitogametes (@) Dissimilar gametes Isogametes 47. In Chara, male sex organ is called as (1) Globule (2), Nucule (8) Oogonium (4) Carpocephalum 48. In majority of plants, fertlization is (1) External (2) Intemal and oogamous (@) Isogamous (4) External and oogamous 49. The vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one generation and the next is (1) Zygote (2) Sperm (@) Pollen grain @) E99 20. Few algae show (1), External fertiisation (2) Heterogametes (3) Internal fertilisation (4) Zygotic mitosis to develop embryo ‘+ Reproduction : A biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones simil to itself, ‘+ Asexual reproduction : Method of reproduction involving formation of offspring from sing parent with or without gamete formation. © Clone : Morphologically and genetically si © Zoospores : Motile asexual spores produced inside sporangia. ‘© Conidia : Non-motile asexual spores produced over conidiophore. ‘+ Binary fission : Cell divides into two halves and each rapidly grows into an adult. + Units of vegetative propagation capable of giving use to n jar individuals. ‘+ Sexual reproduction : Process involving formation of offsprings by contribution of two pla from gametic fusion. ‘+ Juvenile phase : Period of growth to attain certain maturity to perform sexual reprodu ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Offico : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762ive Exams. yduce large xt is I use to n Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms 29 Interflowering period : Recovery phase between two flowerings, Gametogenesis : Process of formation of two types of gametes i.e., male and female. Homogametes : Morphologically similar types of gametes. Heterogametes : Morphologically distinct types of gametes. Antherozoid : Male gamete also called sperm. Eat Monoeciou: Dioecious : Male and female flowers are on different plant body. 'emale gamete also called as ovum, + Male and female flowers are on same plant body. Unisexual flower : Flower having male or female part ‘Staminate flower : Unisexual male flower. Pistillate flower : Unisexual female flower. Bisexual flower : Flower having male as well as female part. Homothallic : Two fusing gametes belonging to the same parent. Heterothallic : Two fusing gametes belonging to different parents. Meiocytes : Specialised cells which undergo meiosis. Fertilisation : Fusion of male and female gamete. Pollination : Process of transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma, External fertilisation : Gametic fusion outside the body of an organism. Internal fertilisation : Gametic fusion inside the body of an organism. Embryogenesis : Process of development of embryo from zygote, Embryo : Progenitor of next generation. Seed : Product of sexual reproduction developed from ovule. Pericarp : Fruit wall developed from wall of ovary. we Quick Recap Reproduction enables a species to live generation after generation. Reproduction is classified under asexual and sexual reproduction. ‘Asexual reproduction involves formation of progeny without gametic fusion. Offsprings produced in asexual reproduction are identical among themselves and are called clones. The structures involved in asexual reproduction can be specialised (spores - conidia, zoospore) or unspecialised (budding, vegetative propagules like tuber, rhizome, offset, bulbil, leaf buds, root buds). !tis common among organisms having simple organisation like algae, fungi, monerans, protist but also occurs in higher plant by vegetative propagation. ‘Shift from asexual to sexual reproduction occurs in algae and fungi before the onset of ‘unfavourable conditions or adverse conditions so that the variations found in offsprings enable them for better survival, It results in the formation of a resistant structure that is able to endure adverse conditions. ssh Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345630 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. 8 10. " 2 2. 14, 15, ‘Sexual reproduction involves formation and fusion of gametes so offsprings produced are different amongst themselves as well as from parents. ‘Sexual events are characterised as pre-fertilisation (involving gametogenesis and gamete transfer), fertilisation (gametic fusion) and post-fertilisation (zygote formation and embryogenesis). ‘Sexuality in organisms is variable. In the higher plants specialised reproductive structures. are formed i.e., flowers. Pre-fertiisation events involves formation of gamete. Gametes are always haploid but plant body forming gamete is haploid or diploid. In majority of organisms gametes produced are two morphologically distinct types (heterogametes).. Water is medium of gamete transfer in simple plants lke algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes whereas non-motile gametes of seeded plants are carried by pollen grain. Fertilisation can be internal or external forming a specialised cell called zygote. Embryogenesis involved development of embryo from zygote. In flowering plants, post-erilisation events involve formation of fruit from ovary and seed from ‘ovule which contains progenitor of the next generation, the embryo. OB. 8produced are and gamete A i t produced are —_ ssignmen pleridophytes (SET - 1) School/Board Examinations Students are required to solve and write the solutions in their exercise book. For referring solutions to the assignment (Set-1), please visit our Library at the Centre or log on to our website: www.aakash.ac.in32 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exam SECTION -A School/Board Exam. Type Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions : 1. Mention the name of two groups where asexual reproduction is very common by cell division. 2. Mention the type of bud and its position involved in vegetative propagation in Bryophyilum. 3. Amongst the tee phases ofthe ie ycleoforgaisms canbe of variable curation in erent organisms Name the specialised branches over which ci and o gametes ae produced in Marchant, What is cell differentiation? Menton te name of vegetative propague trough which Daas cultivated Does formation of 2gote anc embryo ocours in all the sexual reproducing organisms? Gio an example where rans of pollen grains accurso the stigma of same plant “Asexual reproduction is exhibited only by lower plants", This statement is true or false. 10. Staminate and pistillate flowers produce the and. gametes respectively. Serene Short Answer Type Questions : 11. Name the biological process which ensures continuity of species generation after generation. Mention its two broad categories, 12. Which part of the given organism is used for vegetative propagation? Why this plant was introduced in India? ae 6G. 18. Which part of potato tuber and rhizome of ginger has the ability to form new plantiets? 14. Why Strobilanthus kunthiana is called neelakuranji? 15. Fill the vacant spaces in the below given flow chart wt. events in sexual reproduction. O... Vital ink - By | Embryogenesis | c ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph.011-4762%& Competitive Examsi on, ons in different on. Mention its two roduced in India? Board & Competitive Exams, Reproduction in Organisms 33 16. Explain sexuality in cucurbits 17. What isthe fate of zygote in plants showing haplontic life cycle? 18. How gametes are transferred in bryophytes and pteridophytes? 19. What is ploidy of gamete and meiocyte? Mention the number of chromosomes in melocyte of rice and maize. 20. What does § and P represent in below diagram? Labelled structures are formed at which stage of sexual reproduction? 21. Explain embryogenesis. Mention two main changes which occur in zygote during embryogenesis. 22. [Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Algae, Fungi, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms| From the box given above, choose the groups in which zygote develops a thick resistant wall 23. Mention the carrier/medium of male gamete in the following groups. a. Algae b. Bryophytes ©. Gymnosperms 4. Angiosperms 24 Write appropriate answers forthe life cycle of an alga having haploid body. (@) Type of division involvedin forming gamete. (0) Ploidy of zygote and gamete. 25. (@) Mention three events involved in sexual reproduction. (0) Which events involved in formation of vital ink between two generations? 2 Mention name of plants and their fruiting behaviour which can flower (@) After 50-100 years (0) Once in 12 years Z7__ Amongst two modes of reproduction which one is most common one and which one starts before onset of unfavourable conditions inalgae and fungi? 2 Mention name of four vegetative propagules with one example each. 2 (a) Mention two groups where special asexual reproductive structures are formed. (0) Write names of two such structures with examples. X Givelife span of (@) Bananatree (b) Rice plant (c) Rose (@) Banyan tree Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345684 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams) S Long Answer Type Questions : 31. Mention the number of chromosomes in following structures of maize plant. (a) Zygote (0) Ove (©) Sperm (@) Female gamete (e) Pollen 32, Give one word for each of the following statements. (a) Morphologically and genetically similar individuals. (&) Most vital event of sexual reproduction. (©) Morphologically distinct types of gametes. (@) Pattern of sexual reproduction in diverse types of organisms. (@) Motile asexual structures. 33, (a) Arrange the following structures in their correct sequence. 4b “ ®) (0) Mention the name of structuresfevents A, B and C. (©) Mention the name of plant group in which these events are shown. 34, Give correct answers for the given below questions, (@) Identity the vegetative propagule. (©) Label part A and 8. (©) This structure is involved in which type of reproduction? (@) Do the progeny produced can be considered as clone? (©) Mention name of two more underground vegetative propagules. 35. (a) Mention the terms used to denote bisexual condition and unisexual condition in lower plants. (b) Compare Marchantia and Charaw.r.. sexuality (c) Mention the factors that regulate the reproductive processes and the associated behavioural expression of organism. (@) Explain senescent phase. 36. (a) How can you justify inspite of having great variation in external, internal structure and physiology, sexual reproduction in organisms share a similar pattern? ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47%petitive Exams. ts, ral expression of siology, sexual 5 Ph.o11-476234 Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms | 35 (0) Give the name of events wt formation of following structures, (). Embryo (i) Fruit (i) Fusion of gamete (w) Gamete transfer () Gamete formation (2) Explain zygote formation. (b) Features of zygote. (6) Significance of zygote. Give five main distinguishing features of sexual reproduction Name few methods/structure through which asexual reproduction occurs. Explain two specialized asexual structures. (@) Whats life span? () Correlate life span, size, complexity of organism. () Can certain organisms escape harsh reality of life ie, "Natural death"? (@) Givelfe span of () Banana (ii) Banyan tree (i) Fruit ty (w) Butterfly 41. Fillthe correct options for following plants Monoecious/Dioecious) Gamete transfer (@)| Chara (b) | Marchantia| _ ni (c) | Cucurbits (@|Paaya | ma {(e) | Date palm | (@) Give one example of organism which reproduces through budding, (b)_ Give diagrammatic representation ofthis mechanism. (0) Also differentiate it from binary fission (three points). +5. Mark true or false for the given below statements. Give correct explanation of false statements (2) Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction. (0) Axillary bud arises from notches of leaves in Bryophylum, (©) Hormones are responsible for transition in three phases of lfe cycle in plants only. (@) Gametes are universally haploid. (©) Sweet potato produces bisexual flowers. 4 (@) Whatkind of development takes place in the zygote in organisms with haplodipiontic and haplontic life cycle? (0) Name the plant groups which shows ths life cycle pattern. (@) Differentiate between monoecious and dioecious plant. Site three examples each. (>) What terms are utilised for bisexual and unisexual condition in several fungi? ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345636 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams. SECTION - B Model Test Paper Very Short Answer Type Questions : 4. Define clone Do higher plants also show asexual reproduction? If yes, then through which method? Site an example of organism which reproduces through budding and binary fission, hen Choose odd one wrt. structure produced in sexual reproduction Gamete, zygote, conidiospore, embryo Name of juvenile phase in plantsis_. Name the areas where Strobilanthus kunthiana flourish in India? ‘Mention name of an alga which forms isogametes, Find the number of chromosomes in meiocyte of plant if gamete contain 21 chromosomes. © enon ‘Syngamy in sexual reproduction is preceded by Cell differentiation is part of which phase of sexual reproduction. ‘Short Answer Type Questions : [3 Mar 11. Among two categories of gamete which one is seen in majority of sexually reproducing organisms. n such organisms what o% and gamete is called? 12, (a) Whatis interflowering period? (b) Name two plants showing this condition. 13, Whatare the advantages of asexual reproduction over sexual one? 14, Give schematic representation of zoospore and coniia formation 15. Mention two main features of gamete 16. Name the most invasive aquatic weed. Is it an exotic species? 17. Can you differentiate between flowering pattern of bamboo and Strobilanthus? 18. Synctvony between release of and © gametes is present in which typeof fertlisaton? What ae disadvan: tages ofthis ertlsetion? 19, Mention about the motile nature of gametes shown in majority of organisms as well as in angiosperms. 20. Is embryogenesis universal feature in all sexually reproducing organisms? Justify, Long Answer Type Questions : [5 Mar 21. (@) Compare below given structures wt type of bud, presence, method of reproduction involved ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47ompetitive Exams. | Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms 37 (0) Mention name of two vegetative propagules which are sub-aerial (6) Define lite span (@) Give two special features about lfe spans with explanation, [1 Mark] (©) Give life span of: Banana tree, Banyan tree. 22. (@) Give fourdifferences between the below given thalli of Marchantia () Categorise the given below features into the three events of sexual reproduction [Zygote formation, Pollination, Transfer of male gamete, Cell differentiation, Syngamy, :mbryogenesis, Egg formation, Meiosis (haplontic life cycle) (@) (i) For which of the following organisms there is no natural death? [3 Marks] isms. In such Bacteria, Unicellular alga, Protists, Marchantia, Amoeba (ii) For above given organisms site main mode of reproduction involved, (©) Forthe given below structure give five points. hat are disadvan- josperms. \ 1s Marks} 2 @ ©. Site;exampies of ower plants showing monoecious and dioecious condition & (i) In these organisms at which stage meiosis occurs. (il) Mention type of life cycle, (0) Mention the ploidy of main body in the following. (i) Bryophytes (i) Pteridophytes (i) Gymnosperms (iv) Angiosperms () Most of algae 95 PON AT ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345638 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exams, 25, Give appropriate anawers oie cyte snquaren asi Juvenile —» [A __]—> Senescence (@) What does A represent? (0) Whats so unusual about flowering phenomenon? (c), Mention its category w.rt. flowering, fruiting pattern. (@) Can we say it shows clear cut distinction between three phases of its life cycle? (e). What is the other name of juvenile phase in this plant? 26. (a) Which mode of reproduction is responsible for creating genetic variations in progeny? (0) How is it possible? (c) Only sexual mode of reproduction is present in most of the plants. Is this statement true or false? Justify it. (@) Amongst two modes of reproduction which one is slow? gadaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47itive Exams, (SET - 2) NEET & AIITIMS (Competitive Entrance Exams.) 11-47620456)40 Reproduction in Organisms SECTION -A Objective Type Questions Life Span, Basic Features of Reproduction, Types of Reproduction, Asexual Reproduction 9 1 ‘Arrange the following wrt. increasing life span Rose, Fruit fly, Rice (1) Fruit fly, Rice, Rose (2) Rose, Rice, Fruit fly @) Rice, Rose, Frit fly (4) Fruit fy, Rose, Rice Which of the following factors is/are responsible for how organism reproduces? (1), Organisms habitat (2) Internal physiology @) Environmental factors (4) More than one option is correct Process of reproduction which results in production of identical offsprings is, (1) Complex, fast (2) Simple, slow (8) Fast, simple (4) Fast, elaborate ‘Asexual reproduction is common in (1) Single celled organisms (2) Organisms having simple organisation ) Aquatic plants (4) More than one option is correct For which of the following organisms there is no 12. natural death? (1) Bacteria reproducing by sporulation (2) Yeast reproducing by budding (3) Uniceltular organisms reproducing by spores (4) Unicellular organisms reproducing by binary 40, fission 3, Cell division itsetf is a mode of reproduction in (1) Amoeba, Penicilium (2) Chara, Bacteria (3) Chlamydomonas, Penicilium (4) Amoeba, Bacteria During budding in yeast 14, (1) Cytokinesis is unequal 2) Identity of parent is lost (3) Clones are produced (4) More than one option is correct Board & Competitive Exams. Most common asexual structure produced in algae is (1), Thick walled (2) Muttcetluiar @) Flagellated (4) Produced in chains In which of the following plants root bud is involved in vegetative propagation? (1), Sugarcane (2) Banana (8) Ginger @) Dahlia Choose incorrect option for given below organism (1), Scourge of the water bodies (2) Reproduction through offset (3) Found in running water (@) Drains oxygen from water For commercial propagation of banana and ginger which of the following parts are utilised respectively? (1) Rhizome, Sucker (@) Rhizome, Tuber (@) Tuber, Bulb (4) Sucker, Rhizome COffsprings produced through which ofthe folowing processes/structures represent clone? (1), Gametic fusion (2) Syngamy (3) Vegetative propagule (4) More than one option is correct "Vegetative reproduction is also a type of asexual reproduction." Which of the following statements justify this? (1), Involvement of one parent (2) Gametes are not involved (3) Does not involve meiosis (4) More than one option is correct Choose incorrect match (1) Butbil - Agave (2) Sucker - Pineapple (3) Tuber ~ Bryophyitum (4) Runner ~ Grasses ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110005 Ph.011-47etitve Exams. produced in lluiar ced in chains Dud is involved elow organism D oe na and ginger are utilised f the following, 7 pe of asexual ig statements orrarezsasel Board & Competitive Exams. 15. Which of the following vegetative propagule represents large size fleshy bud? (1) Bulbil 2) Bulb (3) Sucker (4) Rhizome 16. Choose odd one w.rt. vegetative propagule involved in cultivation in following plants (1) Banana 2) Ginger @) Bryophylium (4) Potato Sexual Reproduction, Events in Sexual Reproduction 7. In all the sexually reproducing organisms, events involved are (1) Same, sequential (2) Same, non-sequential (3) Different, sequential (4) Different, non-sequential "8. Choose odd one wrt. sexuality (1) Coconut (2) Cucurbits (3) Chara (4) Papaya "9. What would be the number of chromosomes in the meiocyte and gamete of onion respectively? (1) 24, 12 (2) 34,17 () 16,8 (4) 14,17, 20. Majority of sexually reproducing organisms form (1) Isogametes (2) Homogametes (3) Heterogametes (4) More than one option is correct, Chara possess (1) Sex organs above nodes (2) Multicetlular and jacketed sex organs @) oO structure - Globule, 9 ~ Nucule (4) Both (2) & (3) Give the ploidy of following structures in angiospermic plants. 8 [Zygote, Endosperm, Ovum] (1) n,n, 2n 2) 2n, 2n,n @) 2n,3n,n 4) 2,7, 2n ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29, Reproduction in Organisms | 44 From the given below processes how many are associated with post-fertilisation event? (1) Syngamy, gamete transfer (2) Gametogenesis, cell division (9) Col differentiation, gametic fusion (4) Embryogenesis, PEN formation In flowering plants, zygote is formed (1) Inside ovule (2) Inside archegonium (3) In water (4) More than one option is correct Which of the following feature is universal in all sexually reproducing organisms? (1) Embryo formation (2) Gametic meiosis (8) Zygote formation (4) Pollen grain transfer Arrange the following plants w.r.t. increasing number of chromosome Rice, Maize, Apple (1) Maize, Rice, Apple (2) Apple, Rice, Maize (3) Apple, Maize, Rice (4) Rice, Maize, Apple Strobilanthus kunthiana (1) Shows flowering once in 12 months (2) Transformed hilly tracks of Kerala, Kamataka, ‘Tamil Nadu into blue stretches (3) Showed flowering during Noverber-December 2006 (4) An annual plant In fungi homothallic term is used to represent (1) Dioecious condition (2) Unisexual condition (3) Bisexual condition (4) More than one option is correct Thick walled resistant zygote can be produced in the life cycle of (1) Algae, fungi (2) Bryophytes, pteridophytes 8) Gymnosperms, algae (4) Angiosperms, fungi ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345642 Reproduction in Organisms Board & Competitive Exar 30. Given figures labelled by A & B represent os B (| sogametes of Rhizopus | Heterogametes of Fucus (2)| sogametes of Heterogametes Cladophora of Fucus (3) tsogametes of Rhizopus | Heterogametes of angiosperms (4) | Tsogametes of Chara | Heterogametes of Synchytrium 31. Self fertilisation is seen in (1) Unisexual flower of papaya (2) Bisexual flower of pea (3) Unisexual flower of date palm (4) Bisexual flower of coconut 32. Choose incorrect option w.r.t. transition after fertilisation in angiosperms (1) Zygote —> Embryo (2) PEN —> Endosperm (3) Ovary —> Fruit (4) integument —> Pericarp 33. Choose correct sequence for different stages in the life cycle of rice. (1) Juvenile phase —> Recovery phase —*Flowering phase > Senescence (2) Juvenile phase -> Interflowering phase —> Reproductive phase (3) Juvenile phase > Reproductive phase —> ‘Senescence (4) Juvenile phase > Senescence —> Interflowering phase 34. Choose odd one wrt. flowering and fruiting pattern, (1) Rice, Wheat (2) Marigold, Maize (3) Pea, Rice (4) Mango, Apple 35. Choose odd one w.r.t. medium through which male gametes are transferred? (1) Algae, Bryophytes (2) Pteridophytes, Algae (3) Simple plant, Bryophytes (4) Gymnosperms, Angiosperms ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110006 Ph.011-47625 SECTION -B Objective Type Questions Life Span, Basic Features of Reproduction, Ty, of Reproduction, Asexual Reproduction 1. _ In the process of asexual reproduction (1) Large number of individuals are produced di to involvement of reduction division 2) Individuals are genetically similar to o another but not to their parent (3) There is no need to search for a mate (@) Gametes may or may not be fused 2. Members of which ofthe folowing groups reprodu through special asexual reproductive structures? (1) Algae, Bryophytes @) Fungi, Algae (@) Pleridophytes, Angiosperms (4) Fungi, Pteridophytes 3, _[Ze0spore, Conidia, Tuber. lOffset, Pollen, _Zygote From the structures given in above box how maf are not associated with asexual reproduction? (1) Tree @) Two (@) Four (4) One 4, In vegetative propagule of potato and Bryophy new plants arise from respectively (1) Axillary bud, Adventitious bud (2) Adventitious bud, Axillary bud 3) Axillary bud, Axillary bud (4) Leaf bud, Axillary bud 5. Fleshy buds in aquatic plants are known as (1) Bulbils (2) Offset (8) Turions: (4) Rhizome 6. Study the following statements and choose correct option. |. Life spans of organisms are correlated sizes, |. Death of all individuals is certain IIL The organism's habitat, intemal physiology are collectively responsible for how reproduces, IV. When offspring is produced by single pa with or without involvement of gam formation is called asexual reproduction. (1) |, are correct (2) II, \V are correct @) |. Mare correct (4) 1, IV are correctpetitive Exams. rd & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms 43 A portion of underground stem bearing bud forms 12, Examine the figure given below and select the a new plant in correct option for labelled parts, a, b, c, d. (1) Adiantum, Colocasia and Vallisneria (2) Narcissus, Gladiolus and Freesia (3) Gartic, Onion and Water hyacinth (4) Turmeric, Ginger and Strawberry Which of the following statement about vegetative reproduction is incorrect? re produced due sion similar to one! t (1), Stem cutting is a common horticultural method of plant propagation ra mate = (2) In trench layering, the basal branch may (1) a~ Buds el pegged at several places in soll at regular petANeninas ee soups reproduce| intervals ive structures? c — Leaves (3) Stock has large diameter than scion in crown grafting cece (4) Gootee is an ancient method of propagation in @) a —Nodes subtropical trees and shrubs b — Advenitious root Grafting method can be used © ~ Leaves (1) Inall tacheophytes 6 Buds (2) Only in aymnospermic piants @) a - Buds © box how many (3) In cambium containing eustelic plants b = Adventitious root production? (4) Only in atactostelc plants © ~ Nodes Study the following statement and choose the d — Leaves correct option (4) @ — Nodes |. Asexual reproduction is common among single b — Adventitious root celled organisms and organisms with relatively | simple organisation. Cg ece) |. Conidia, bud, gemmules are common sexual Shoeres structures. 18, From the given categories of bud choose the one which is present on potato tuber? lll, Runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb are known as vegetative propaguiles. Nodal bud, Adventitious bud, Axillary bud, Leaf bud, Extraaxllary b oa IV. The invasive weeds found growing in fresh pat ad pecendlary Di zome water bodies is Zostera, (1) Adventitious, axillary bud and choose (Nl (1) |, tare corect (2) Ill, IV are correct @) Nodal, axitary bud correlated wif ©) lil are correct (4) 1, IV are correct @) Leaf, extra-axitary bud Choose the correct options from the following (@), Nodal edventtious bud in of et |. Annual and biennial plants show clear cut S@xual_Reproduction, Events _in_Sexua al physiology et vegetative, reproductive and senscent phases. Reproduction ble for how |, Bamboo species flower only once in life 14 Select the incorrect statement generally after 50-100 years. (1) Zygote is thick walled diploid sexual spore ll Strobilanthus kunthiana is a monocarpic plant (2) Flowers are bisexual in sweet potato production. which flowers only once-after 8 years, (8) Ulotnnix shows external fetlsation V are correct (1) |, Mare correct @) IN is correct (4) The nucule in Chara has a cap of fve coronary V are correct (3) |, are correct (4) Ill is correct ols Ph 01-47629456§ Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd Oto : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhit10005 Ph.01-4762045644 Reproduction in Organisms 48. Choose correct option wrt. following structures T | Scum Flagella | Wall (2) Zoospore | Unicellular | Present | Thick (b) |Conidia ‘Absent | Thin 24 (c) Gamete |Unicellular | Can be | Thick present | (1) (a) & (0) (2) (b) & (c) (3) (a) & (c) (4) (b) only 16. Choose correct option for asexual and sexual reproduction in organisms that have a relatively simple organisation, Feature Asexual | Sexual in “reproduction reproduction| (@)|Condition | Favourable | Unfavourable (b)|Occurrence| More [Less (©)/Stuctures | Spore Gamete (@)|Division | Meiosis | Mitosis a () @&@) 2) (6) & (0) only @) (@), ©) & () 4) ©&() 17. Which of the following plants produce non-motile male gametes? (1) Uothnx, Marchantia (2) Strobilanthus, Chara 8) Spirogyra, Ulothnx (4) Mangitera, Pinus 18. Clear cut distinction between vegetative, reproductive and senescent phase is shown by (1) All annuats and perennials (2) All biennial and perennials 24 (8) All annuals and biennials (4) All perennials 419, In few fungi and most of the algae (1) of gamete ~ motile, 9 gamete ~ motile 25 (2) of gamete - non-motile, 9 gamete - non- motile (3) cM gamete ~ non-motile, @ gamete ~ motile (4) of gamete ~ motile, 9 gamete ~ non-motile 20. Select correct option w.r:t. chromosomes number, in sexual life cycle of apple. Board & Competitive Exams. (1) Megasporocyte - 34; Microspore - 17; PEN -51 (2) Oosphere - 34; Nucellus - 34; Pollengrain - 17 (3) Meiospore - 34; Microspore - 17; Embryo - 34 (4) Meiocyte -34; Sporocyte -34; Pollen tetrad - 34 Choose correct option wrt. division during gamete formation and division in zygote for organisms having haplontic life cycle respectively. (1) Mitosis, mitosis (2) Meiosis, meiosis (3) Mitosis, meiosis (4) Meiosis, mitosis Which of the following plant groups shows internal fertilisation only? (@) Algae (0) Bryophytes (6) Pteridophytes —_(d) Fungi (1) (6) & (0) @ @&() @ 8) @) @&o Which of the following features cannot be shown, by structure which is vital link between two generations ensuring continuity of species? (@) Thick walled (0) Mutticelied (c) One set of chromosomes (A) Meiocyte (@) Resting structure (1) @), (0) &(@) @) (@),()&) @) (0) & (©) (4) () &(@) Organisms showing internal fertilisation shows reduction in number of gamete and increase in number of gamete. MQ (2) Sperm, eggs aoe (4) Male, female Choose correct option w.rt. features of different plant groups. Group [Embryo] Gametes |As6xve! (1)| Bryophytes | Present | Homogamete | Absent (2)| Pteridophytes | Present | Homogamete | Present (3)| Ulotiie | Absent | Homogamete | Present (4)| Gymnosperms | Absent _|Heterogemete| Present Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456)ive Exams. 7;PEN-51 ngrain - 17 mbryo = 34 ntotrad -34 ing gamete organisms ows internal es it be shown tween two cies? ation shows gamete and ete, eggs male s of different | Asexual spore te | Absent + te | Present to | Present Present 011-47623456) Board & Competitive Exams. 26. Synchrony between the maturity of sexes and release of large number of gametes is shown by (1) All spermatophytes (2) All bryophytes (@) Most of the algae (4) Most of the land plants Choose correct option w.r. given bellow thallus (1) Produce male gamete (2) Form sexual branches as antheridiophore (@) After fertlisation possess zygote (4) More than one option is correct Which of the following represents the correct sequence of phases in the life cycle of wheat? [where J - Juvenile phase, R - Reproductive phase, | - Interflowering period, G - Gap phase, S- Senescence, V - Vegetative phase] () VaI5R5658 Q) J>oR5G5R58 @) JaR58 @) VoR3856 Examine the figures A, B, C & D given below and select the right option for female sex organs. tc) 1 (1) adat Q) bat @) ache @) ad&e 30. 31 33, Reproduction in Organisms | 45 Read the following statement carefully: “Further development of zygote depends on the type of life cycle the organism has and the environment it is exposed to.” Identify the correctly matched pair w.rt. the above statement. (1) Thickwalledzygote __— Haplonticife cyte (2) Zygoteformsnew —Heplodiplontic generation, bymitosis, lifecycle representedby few'cals (3) Zygote undergoes ~Diplonticlife cycle meiosis oform haploid generation (4) Zygote forms muticalular —Haplontic if cycle. diploid generation The vital link that ensures continuity of species between organisms of one generation and next are all, except (1) Zygospore (2) Oospore @) Zygote (4) Oosphere ‘Choose the correct options |. Gametes are always produced from diploid parent plant body. |. Meiocytes are sporocytes in all plants. Ii The gymnosperms and pteriodophytes have diploid parent body. IV. In seed plants, pollen grains are carrier of male gametes. (1) Mare correct (2) Ill, 1V are correct. @) L.illare correct (4) Il, 1V are correct, Choose the correct option from following statements. |. During embryogenesis, zygote undergoes mitotic cell division, |. In organisms with diplontic life cycle, zygote divides by meiotic cell division, Ii The pericarp (fruit wall) develop from integument of ovule, after fertilization IV. In brinjal, sepals remained attached to fruit even after fertilization. (1) 1, tare incorrect but Il, IV are correct 2) Ill 1V are incorrect but I, Ill are correct () 1, IV are incorrect but Il Ill are correct (4) 1, Ill are incorrect but |, IV are correct ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345646 Reproduction in Organisms 34. 36, 5, The progenitor of the next generation in mature seed is (1) Gamete (2) Spore (@) Oospore (4) Emrbyo What is the carrier of 6 gamete in the Pinus, Marchantia, Mango, Chara, Funaria respectively? [where A - Pollen tube, B - HO] MABBAA @ABABB @) BAABA A4ABAAB SECTION - C Previous Years Questions Which one of the following statements is not correct? INEET(Phase-2)-2016] (1) Offspring produced by the asexual reproduction are called clone (2) Microscopic, motile asexual reproductive structures are called zoospores (@) In potato, banana and ginger, the plantlets arise from the internodes present in the modified stem (4) Water hyacinth, growing in the standing water, drains oxygen from water that leads to the death of fishes Which one of the following generates new genetic, combinations leading to variation? INEET(Phase-2)-2016] (1) Vegetative reproduction (2) Parthenogenesis (3) Sexual reproduction (4) Nucellar polyembryony In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires: INEET-2016] (1) Water 2) Wind (@) Insects (4) Birds Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched? [Re-AIPMT-2015] Mode of reproduction Example (1) Conidia Penicilium (2) Ofset Water hyacinth (@) Rhizome Banana (4) Binary fission Sargassum In ginger vegetative propagation occurs through [AIPMT-2015), (2) Rhizome (4) Bulbils (1) Runners (3) Offsets ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456) Board & Competitive Exams. Which one of the following is wrong about Chara? [AIPMT-2014], (1) Upper oogonium and lower round antheridium (2) Globule and nucule present on the same plant (3) Upper antheridium and lower oogonium. (4) Globule is male reproductive structure Isogamous condition with non-flagellated gametes. is found in INEET-2013] (1) Spirogyra 2) Volvox @) Fucus (4) Chlamydomonas Product of sexual reproduction generally generates: INEET-2013] (1) Prolonged dormancy (2) New genetic combination leading to variation (3) Large biomass (4) Longer viability of seeds Which one of the following is correctly matched ? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012] (1) Chlamydomonas ~ Coniia (2) Yeast ~Zoospores @) Onion — Bulb (4) Ginger — Sucker Questions asked Prior to Medical Ent. Exams. 2005 10. n Select the wrong statement: (1) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function (or behaviour (2) In Oomycetes female gemete is smaller and motile, while male gamete is larger and non- motile @) Chlamydomomas exhibits both isogamy and anisogamy and Fucus shows oogamy (4) Isogametes are similar in structure, function ‘and behaviour Monoecious piant of Chara shows occurrence of (1) Stamen and carpel on the same plant (2) Upper antheridium and lower oogonium on the ‘same plant (8) Upper cogonium and lower antheridium on the: same plant (4) Antheridiophore and archegoniophore on the same plantxams. Board & Competitive Exams. Reproduction in Organisms | 47 hara? 12. Which one of the following is common to (4) A large motile female gamete and a small ote] multicellular fungi, filamentous algae and nnon-motile male gamete a protonema of mosses? 48. In which one of the following pair both the plants (1) Mode of Nutrition can be vegetatively propagated by leaf buds? lant (2) Mutiptication by fragmentation (1) Agave and Kalanchoe (8) Diplonti life cycle (2) Bryophylum and Kalanchoe (4) Members of kingdom Plantae (3) Asparagus and Bryophyllum P obe 13. The "Eyes" of the potato tuber are (4) Chrysanthemum and Agave -2013) (1) Axillary buds: (2) Root buds 19, Why is vivipary an undesirable character for annual (8) Flower buds (4) Shoot buds crop plants? +4. Which one of the following pairs is wrongly CL eit ecues ao Mcourcruielp at ca matched while the remaining three are correct? 2) It adversely affects the fertility of the plant sates (1) Bryophyilum — Leaf buds (3) The seeds exhibit long dormancy -2013] (2) Agave - Bulbils (4) The seeds cannot be stored under normal conditions for the next season Be oe 20. Vegetative propagation in mint occurs by jation (4) Water hyacinth — Runner 5 (1) Sucker (2) Runner 15. Examine the figure given below and select the right 2) Gtieet a) Aa eption giving all the four parts (a,b. c,d) covey 25, rich one ofthe following plants is monoecious? ned? (1) Papaya (@) Marchantia @) Pinus (4) Cycas p20 ta] 22. Which one of the following is a polygamous plant? (1) Maize @) Coconut @) Litehi (4) Papaya 23. Examine the figures (A-D) given below and select the right option out of 1-4, in which all the four structures A, B, C and D are identified correctly - 2005 Structures oe @ 0) © @ (1) Seta Sporophyte Protonema Rhizoids priend (2) Antherid- Male Globule Roots non jophore thallus (@) Archego- Female Gemma-_Rhizoids ny and niophore thallus cup (@) Archego- Female Bud Foot unction niophore thallus i +8. Which of the following propagates through leaf-tip? i er (1) Walking fern 2) Sproutieaf plant () Marchantia (4) Moss 7. In oogamy, fertiization involves on the (1) A'small non-motile female gamete and a large - : 3 5 prot mete Gane (| Rhizome | Sporangiophore | Polar col | Globule Jon the (2) A large non-motie female gamete and a smell ay] Runner_[Archogoniophore| Syrergid_| Anthonurm motile male gamete (@| Offset Antnerisiopnore | Antipodats |" Cogonium sare, (8) A large non-motile female gamete and a small fay] Sucker Saag] Meoepors | Garwma Gie non-motile male gamete mother cel 623486 Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Oifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345648 24. Vegetative propagation in Pistia occurs by Reproduction in Organisms (1) Stolen (2) Offset (3) Runner (4) Sucker (25. Syngamy can occur outside the body of the organism in (1) Fungi (2) Mosses @) Algae (4) Ferns SECTION - D Assertion-Reason Type Questions In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (1) (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (2) (3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3) (4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4) 1. A: Atthe end of juveniity, the organism develops the capacity to reproduce. R:: Itrepresents the time period between the frst and next flowering in plants, 2. A: Reproduction is a biological process of giving tise to young ones. R:: Reproduction increases population and maintains the continuity of species. 3. A: Endogamy is common is majority of animals, R : Fusing gametes are quit diferent and develop from the different individuals. 4. A: The higher organisms must evolve a special mechanism for gamete transfer. R: Male and female gametes are formed in different individuals. 5. A: Air layering does not produce a composite plant. R : Stock and scion are fused to form a composite plant during grafting, Qa 10. "1 12 43, 14. 16. a ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt Ltd. - Regd Ofc: Askash Tower, 8, Puse Road, New Dehi-110008 Pnott-47622486) Board & Competitive Exams, ‘A: Most of the species of Chara are monoecious but show cross fertilization. R.: The plant body shows protandrous condition. ‘A: Multiplication occurs rapidly with equal rate in apomixis as well as in amphimixis. R:: Both types show mitotic as well as meiotic division. Fucus, a brown alga shows oogamy. R: Female gamete is quite large as compare to male gamete. ‘A: Runner, tuber, sucker, offset etc, are vegetative propaguies. R: Two parents are involved in the formation of these structure. ‘A: Cereals are monocarpic plants. R: They have distinct juvenile, reproductive and senescent phases. ‘A: The number of male gametes produced is several times than the number of female gametes produced, R : This compensates the loss of male gametes during movement. ‘A: In Volvox, heterogametes are formed in sexual life cycle. R: Non-motile of gametes are transferred by water. A: Zygote is the first cell of the new generation in all sexually reproducing organisms, R : Cell division and cell differentiation are the slages of embryogenesis. ‘A: Water hyacinth is one of the most invasive weed It increases the dissolved oxygen of water. No individual is immortal except one celled organisms. R:: A few number of plants and animals species have existed on earth and do not die because of budding, aams. cious tion ate in Ch 2 ote 2 are to statve tion of Ceres fe and + Introduction 4 + lower -A Fascinating ced is Pt Organ of Angiosperms + Prefertilisation : Structures metes: and Events + Double Fertilisation sexval + Post-fertilisation : Structures and Events ed by + Apomixis and Polyembryony + Some Important Definitions tion in + Quick Recap re the vasive ter. celled species ecause 4 Aakash Educational Services . Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Introduction Reproduction is a vital process without which species cannot survive for long. An individual increases its number by asexual or sexual means. Sexual mode of reproduction enables creation of new variants so that survival advantage is enhanced. All flowering plants show sexual reproduction. A look at the diversity of structures of the inflorescence , flowers and floral parts, shows an amazing range of adaptations to ensure formation of the end products of sexual reproduction, the fruits and seeds. This chapter deals with morphology, structure and processes of sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms). FLOWER - A FASCINATING ORGAN OF ANGIOSPERMS Sigma ‘anther Petal Filament Fig. : A diagrammatic representation of L.S. of a Flower50 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams, AA typical angiospermic flower consists of four whorls of floral appendages attached on the receptacle, 1. Calyx (consists of sepals) : Non-essential whorl (stenle) 2. Corolla (consists of petals) : Non-essential whort (sterile) 3. _Androecium (consists of stamens) - Male unit : Essential whorl (fertile) 4, Gynoecium (consists of carpels) - Female unit : Essential whorl (Fertile) ‘The essential whorls androecium and gynoecium are the two most important units of sexual reproduction. PRE-FERTILIZATION - STRUCTURES AND EVENTS ‘Much before the actual flower is seen on a plant, the decision that the plant is going to flower has. place. A number of hormonal and structural transformation: androecium and gynoecium differentiate and develop, Stamen, Microspotangium, Pollen Grain A typical stamen consists of two parts 1. Anther : It is terminal bilobed structure. 2. Filament : It is long and slender stalk. Its proximal end remains attached to thalamus or the petal of the flower. i! \iecas ea ate a Ve Fig. : (a) A typical stamen, (b) Three-dimensional cut section of an anther Structure of Typical Anther : (i) Atypical anther is bilobed. The two anther lobes are separated by a deep groove in front and are attachad: to each other by a band of vasculated sterile tissue called cont Ww) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pus Road, New Delhi-t10006 Ph 011-47623466]e Exams, Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 51 le. Structure of Microsporangium : in a transverse section, a typical microsporangium appears near circular in outline. It consists of homogenous mass of meristematic cells called primary sporogenous cells surrounded by anther wall. QeimanisperogehOUs|cells form microspore mother cells (2n) —Epideemis Ro endtnecum eS hice oer Comectve sk oom Endothecium (ASS To. ‘Sporogenous duction, 4 Microspore mother cells has taken 100t apical sence axis (a) (o) jower, the Fig. : (a) T.S. of a young anther, (b) Enlarged view of one microsporangium Anther Wall Layers : Anther wall consists of following layers (1) Epidermis : Outermost, single layered and protective in function. The epidermis of Arcouthobium develops some fibrous thickenings and is called exothecium 2) Endothecium : Cells ofthis layer havel6BIIBSIG\nisrOUS|BERBS\SrIng ror IANEEIERGERLAIWallychich help in dehiscence of anther due to their nygroseopie nature, Fibrous bands are absent in ne petal of hydrophytes, e.g., Hydrocharitaceae. (3) Middle layer : Cells of this layer are ephemeral and are 1-3 layered. It degenerates at maturity. (4) Tapetum : This is the innermost layer of anther wall which surrounds the sporogenous tissue. Tapetal cells nourishes the. Geveloping pollen. rains Cells of the tapelum possess dense cytoplasm and general hhave more than one nucleus. They are polyploid. The tapetal cells show increase in their DNA content, Knowledge Cloud 1. Increase in DNA content of tapetum may be achieved by the following ways (i) Endomitosis : It involves DNA replication and splitting of chromosomes through endoprophase, ‘endometaphase, endoanaphase and endotelophase, (i) Restitution nucleus : It involves normal mitosis upto anaphase but the chromosomes at two poles get surrounded by a common nuclear membrane so as to form a restitution nucleus. (ii) Polyteny : If DNA replication is not accompanied by splitting of chromosomes, polytenic chromosomes are formed. 2. Tapetum is of two types | (Secretory or glandular tapetum : These cells secrete sporopollenin, pollenkitt and compatibility ‘These cells provide Ubisch bodies which help in the ornamentation of exine as they have called sporopollenin which is deposited on them, (i) Amoeboid tapetum : Cells undergo breakdown and their entire protoplast move towards centre to nourish microspores. re attached Sporogenous Tissue : When the anther is young, a group of compactly arranged homogenous cells called the sporogenous tissue occupies the centre of each microsporangium Saar Microsporogenesis : The formation of haploid microspores from diploid microspore mother cell inside pollen sac by meiotic division is called as microsporogenesis. The haploid microspores formed from a single microspore mother cell (pollen mother cell) are arranged in the form of four cells called microspore tetrad (haploid), 11-47623456) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110006 Ph.011-47623456es 52) Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, Board & Competitive Exams. Knowledge Cloud Cytokinesis, after the meiotic divisions in PMCS, is of two types (i) Successive : In this type, cytokinesis occurs after each meiotic division, thus isobilateral tetrad of microspores is formed, e.g., monocots. Figure A-D. Various stages during successive type of division during microsporogenesis, (A-B) Dividing mother cell, (C) Dividing dyad, (0) Telrad (i) Simuttaneous : It occurs after completo meiotic (1 and Il) division, thus, tetrahedral tetrad of microspores is formed, e.g., dicots. Successive type of cytokinesis is advanced type. Fig. : AF: rious stages during simultaneous type of division during microsporogenesis ras the anthors mature and dehydrate, the microspores associate from each other and develop ino Polen grains. Inside each microsporangium, several thousands of microspores or pollen grains are formed that are released with the dehiscence of anther Epidermis Endotnecium Pollen: grains Fig, : A mature dehisced anther Example 1 Which ofthe following statement for lower is wrong? (1) Morphological and embryological marvels in angiosperms 2) Sites of sexual reproduction (@) Objects of aesthetic, oramental, social, religious and cultura value Y (4) Calyx and gynoecium are essential whorls Ey Solution: (4) Androecium and gynoecium are essential whorls. . — i a". Trresusna Sersce Pvt Li. - Rep Fo: Aakash Towa 6, Psa Road, Naw Dai 10006 PuOve2s4eExams. spores to pollen d that are Board & Competitive Exams. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 53) Example 2: Select the odd one (w.rt. wall layers of microsporangium in flowering plants) (1) Endothecium (2) Tapetum | @ Hium (4) Midale layers | Solution: (3) Hilum | Try Yourself Give one word for the following : (The nutritional tayer of anther wall (i) End product of microsporogenesis i 2, _Ploidy level of the cells in microspore tetrad is Pollen Grain The pollen grains represent the male gametophytes. 4, These are generally spherical structures measuring about 25-50 micrometer in diameter. 2, The cell wall of pollen grain is called sporoderm which consists of two layers. , :e., exine and intine, (a) Exine : It is hard outer layer made up of sporopollenin (one of the most resistant organic materials known). It can withstand high temperature, strong acids and alkali. No enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is so far known, (This also helps in fossilization. Pollen grains are well-preserved as fossils because of the presence of sporopollenin. (ii) Itis hard so that the pollen grains are well protected from hazardous environment when they are pollinated by biotic/abiotic agents. (ii) It exhibits a fascinating array of pattems and designs which is of taxonomic significance. Fig. : Scanning electron micrographs of a few pollen grains () _Ithas prominent apertures called germ pores where sporopollenin is absent. (©) Intine : It is the inner wall which is thin and continuous and made up of cellulose and pectin (6) Cytopiasm of pollen grain is surrounded by plasma membrane Pollen Allergy : Pollen grains of many species (especially anemophilous plants) cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some people often leading to chronic respiratory disorders like asthma and bronchitis. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. 154) Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Examples of plants causing pollen allergy (i) Partheniumlcarrot grass (came into India a8 2 ‘contaminant with imported wheat). (i) Amaranthus (ii) Chenopodium Pollen Produets : Pollen grains are rich in nutrients. Pol performance of athletes and race horses. It has bechte cet supplements. In western countries, a large number of Po ‘are available in market. len consumption has been claimed to inerease the «i fashion in recent years to use pollen tablets as len products in the form of tablets and syrups 30 Me |g Bee Pollen, Fig. : Pollen products Pollen Viability = {@)__The peti for which the pollen grains retain the ability to germi as pollen viability (b)_ itis highly variable and depends on prevaling temperature and humidity Pollen viability periods in plants + 4.30 minutes (% hour) — Rice, wheat (cereals) 2. Several months ~ Leguminosae, Rosaceae and Solanaceae pollen grains for years in liquid Np (~196°C) for laler Ue plant breeding Pollen Banks : Storage of programmes is called as cryopreservation. These centres for storage of pollens are called pollen banks. 4. Atypical angiospermic anther is bilobed and tetragonal consisting of (2) Three microsporangia (4) Only one miorosporangium inate on landing on the stigma is called (1) Two microsporangia (3) Four microsporangia 2. Select the odd one out wrt wall layers of microsporangium flowering plants 2) Middle layers (4) Integument (1) Endothecium @) Tepetum 3, Pollen grains are well preserved as fssis because of the Preserl® of (1) Sporopotienin 2) Cellulose (4) Carotenoids @) Pectin 4, Which of the folowing option about tapetum is correct? (1) Nutritive tissue (2) Sporogenous tissue (8) Protective and haploid tissue (4) External layer of microsporangium wall 5. The prominent pollen grain apertures called germ pores are present on (1). Vegetative cell (2) Intine (3) Exine (4) Generative cell ‘Aasat Basucational Services Pvt: Lid Ropel/OMES| Aakaah Tow, 8, Pose Road, New Del-110005 Phott-6 ase the ets as syrups s called preeding nks. all cams. Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 55 Which of the following weed has become a major cause of pollen allergy in India? (1) Pistia (2) Myosotis (3) Parthenium (4) Mirabilis ‘cellulose fibrous thickening is present inion (1) Epidermis (2) Tapetum (3) Outer tangential wall of endothecium (4) Inner tangential wall of endothecium Intine is made of (1) Sporopotienin (2) Pecto-cellulose (3) Silica and cellulose (4) Only cellulose Select the odd one out wrt. the pollen grains (1) Pollen grains are rich in nutrients (2) Its consumption increases the performance of athletes and race horses (3) _It.can be stored for years in liquid nitrogen (4) Pollen grains possess non-sticky covering called pollen kitt Pollen viability for rice and wheat plant is (1) 30 hours (2) Several months: (3) % hour (4) 30 seconds Structure and Development of Male Gametophyte Fig. : Development of Male Gametophyte 447623486] J Askash Educational Services Pvt. Ld. - Regd. Ofc : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.t-4762348556 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exan Pollen grain or microspore divides mitotically into two cells 1. Vegetative cell : Bigger in size having abundant food reserve and a large irregularly shaped nucleus 2. Generative cell : Small and floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell. It is spindle shaped with den cytoplasm and a nucleus. Pollination or shedding of pollen grains takes place at two-celled stage in 60 percent of angiosperms. In re the generative cell divides to form two male gametes and pollen is shed at three-celled stage. The mi gametes are non-motile and amoeboid. They are slightly unequal in size, such a pollen will be called thr celled pollen or mature male gametophyte. Example 3: Exine of pollen grain (1) Is pectoceltulosic (2) Exhibits a fascinating array of pattems and designs (3) Has micropyle (4) Is degraded by enzymes Solution: (2) Exhibits a fascinating array of pattems and designs. Example 4 Which of the following plant came into India as a contaminant with imported wheat? (1) Zea mays 2) Mangiera (Rosa indica (4) Parthenium Solution: (4) Parthenium 3. Fill in the blanks (The intine is made of. and (i) There are meiotic division(s) and mitotic divisions required to fon ‘two male gametes from a PMC. (i) is the most resistant organic material known on earth associated with poller 4, State True or False ()_ Shedding of pollen grains takes place at three-celled stage in 60% of angiosperms. (i) Pollen viability period for rice is 30 minutes. The Pistil, Megasporangium (Ovule) and Embryo sac 1. Gynoecium Itis the female reproductive part of the flower. It consists of single pistil (monocarpellary) or may have rm than one pistl (mutticarpellary).. ‘A multicarpellary pistil may be (@) Apocarpous ~ Carpels free from each other, e.g., Michelia (b) Synearpous ~ Carpels fused together, ¢.g., Papaver ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt, Ltd. - Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476234Je Exams. Board & Competitive Exams. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants "5 Parts of a pistil: it has three parts nucleus. (a) Stigma : Serves as a landing platform for pollen grains afer polination with dense (b) Style : Elongated slender part beneath the stigma (©) Ovary : The basal bulged part ofthe pistil 3. In rest The male called three . Stigma = . Style Stigma ; Syncarpous ovary Ovary Thalamus 0) w Fig. : (i) A dissected flower of Hibiscus showing pisti, (ii) Multicarpellary, syncarpous pistil of Papaver, i) A multicarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium of Michelia aa ovary may have a single ovule as in wheat, rice, mango or many ovules as in papaya, water melon and orchids. I, Ovule (Integumented indehiscent megasporangium) ic Funicle ‘Micropyle ‘Micropyiar pole iw Outer intepument Inner integument pired to form {with pollen. perms. Nucellus Embryo sac nay have more X CChalazal pole = = |. Atypical anatropous ovule *.011-47623456) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd, - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476234565B Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Piants Board & Competitive Exams. The structure of ovule can be studied under the following headings (a) Funicle : The stalk of the ovule by which it remains attached to placenta (b) Hilum : It is the junction between ovule and funicle or the point of attachment of funiculus to the body of ovue, (©) integument : The one or more protective envelops surrounding the body of ovule. (@) Micropyle : The pore or passage present at the tip of ovule where the integument is absent. (©) Chalaza : Opposite to micropylar end representing the basal part of ovule, (9 Nucetlus : The parenchymatous mass of tissue enclosed within the integuments and forms the body of ovule. Depending upon the development of nucellus, ovules are of two types: i. Crassinucellate ovule : The nucellus is well developed, e.g. polypetalae ii, Tenuinucellate ovule : The nucellus is poorly developed, e.g. gamopetalae Embryo sac : It is also called the female gametophyte and is located in the nucellus. An ovule generally has a single embryo sac formed from a megaspore. Knowledge Cloud Classification of ovules (on the basis of number of integuments) Ovules Uniteg Bitegmic Ategmic Single integument ‘Two integuments No integument @.g., gymnosperms, members Members of polypetalae, _@.g., Santalum, Loranthus of gamopetalae ‘monocots Types of Ovule : On the basis of the relative position of micropyle, body of the ovule and funicle, ie, the degree of curvature, there are six types of ovules 1 (a) Orthotropous : The micropyle, chalaza and funicle are in a straight line. This is the most primitive type of ovule, e.g., Piper, Polygonum, Cycas. (b) Anatropous : The ovule turns at 180° angle. Thus itis inverted ovule. Micropyle lies close to hilum or at side of hilum, e.g, It is most common ovule and found in 82% of angiosperm families, (c) Hemianatropous : Ovule tums at 90° angle upon the funicle or body of ovule is at right angle to the funicle, e.g., Ranunculus, Campylotropous : Ovule is curved more or less at right angle to funicle. Micropylar end is bend down slightly, e.g., in members of Leguminosae, Cruciferae. Amphitropous : Ovule as well as embryo sac is curved like horse shoe, e.g., Lemna, Poppy, Alisa Circinotropous : The ovule turns at more than 360° angle, so funicle becomes coiled around the ovule, €.g., Opuntia (Cactaceae), Plumbaginaceze. Fig. : Types of Ovule: a. Onhotopous b. Anatropous ¢. Hemianatropous 4. Campylotropous @. Amphitropous, f. Circinotropous ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456etitive Exams. lus to the body sent e body of ovule. ellus. An ovule Hunicle, i.e., the 4 _ most primitive close to hilum of es. ght angle to the: nd is bend down , Poppy, Alisa. around the ovule, Board & Compettive Exams. ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants | 6G ‘Bakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 EXERCISE ‘Two-celled stage of pollen grains is the result of (1) Meiosis (2) Symmetric mitosis (3) Asymmetric mitosis (4) Amitosis In most of the flowering plants, pollination takes place at celled stage. (1) 2 @3 @) 4 @ 5 What is incorrect for generative cell? (1) Floats in cytoplasm of vegetative cell (2) Spindie-shaped (3) Having abundant food reserve (4) Has dense cytoplasm and a nucleus Mature male gametophyte is (1) One-celled (2) Two celled (3) One-celled and two-nucleate (4) Thwee-celled When ovule as well as embryo sac is curved like horse shoe, the type is called as (1) Circinotropous (2) Amphitropous (3) Hemianatropous (4) Anatropous The point of attachment of funiculus to the body of ovule is (1) Placenta (2) Micropyle (3) Integument (4) Hilum ‘The gynoecium of Michelia is (1) Monocarpellary (2) Muticarpellary, apocarpous (3) Mutticarpellary, syncarpous (4) Bicarpeliary, syncarpous (Ovule found in 82% of angiosperm families is (1) Anatropous (2) Orthotropous (3) Amphitropous. (4) Circinotropous In which of the following plant the number of ovules in an ovary is one ? (1) Mango (2) Orchids (3) Water melon (4) Papaya ‘A multicarpeliary, syncarpous gynoecium is found in (1) Papaver 2) Michelia @) Hibiscus (4) More than one option is correct,60. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. Ww. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4 Megasporogenesis Definition : The process of formation of megaspores from megaspore mother cell (MMC) is called ‘megasporogenesis. ()Ovules generally differentiate @ single megaspore mother cell (MMC) in the micropylar region of the nucellus. (ji) MMC is a large cell containing dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus, (ii) The MMC undergoes meiosis and forms a linear tetrad of four haploid megaspores. Out of which one remains functional (chalazal end) and three degenerate (micropylar end). Micropylar end Micropylar end Nucellus Megaspore mother call Fig. : (A) Large megaspore mother cell, (B) A dyad of megaspore, (C) A tetrad of megaspore Importance of meiosis in megaspore mother cell : To ensure the formation of a haploid female gamete before fertilization Female Gametophyte or Embryo sac (i) P. Maheshwari classified the embryo sac on the basis of number of megaspore nuclei participating in embryo sac formation into following types (1) Monosporic embryo sac : The formation of embryo sac from single megaspore is termed monosporic development., @.g., Polygonum, Oenothera. (2) Bisporic embryo sac : Two megaspore nuclei take part in development of embryo sac, e.g., Allium, Endymion. (3) Tetrasporic embryo sac : All the four megaspore nuclei take part in development of embryo sac, e4g., Adoxa, Plumbago, Drusa, Fiitilaria, Paenaea, Plumbagella, Peperomia. (ii) Development of Monosporic Embryo sac (Polygonum type) (A) In majority of angiosperms, one of the megaspore is functional while the other three degener Only the functional megaspore (n) develops into the female gametophyte. This process of embr sac formation from a single megaspore is termed monosporic development. (®) Polygonum type of embryo sac is found in 80% flowering plants. This development has been studi in Polygonum by Strasburger. The nucleus of chalazal functional megaspore (4 from micropyl divides mitotically to form two nuclei which move to opposite poles, forming the 2-nucleate em! sac. Two more sequential mitotic nuclear divisions result inthe formation of the 4-nucleate and lal the @-nucleate stages of the embryo sac. One nucleus from each pole moves to the middle and th form polar nuclei. These mitotic divisions are strictly free nuclear, j.e., nuclear divisions are followed immediately by cell wall formation. At this stage, following changes occur (@) Three of the nuclei (n) get organised as cells at micropylar end forming egg apparatus. Or is the egg cell (n) and two are synergids (n). (>) Three nuclei get organised as antipodal cells (n) at chalazal end. (c) Two nuclei in the centre are called polar nuclel (n) This constitutes @ 7-celled and 8-nucleated embryo sac.— ee ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 64 Chataza ond — Astipoals IC) is call region of Polar nucle f which Centra cet ge £09 vend Syerpas aes Fifrm Micropylar eng erstus Fig. : Development of female gametophyte (Polygonum type) -Megaspore tetrad ‘rsenization of Embryo Sac = Synergids or helper cells or co-oj Perative calls: These cols generaly possess a mirople nx Bagmazal vacua, Te decyon mcoszop ses have veld at Ye gBORGGRRR They are characterised by the presence of a filiform apparatus ore ore inger like projections, each projection comprisi fibrs enclosed in a sheath le gar ne Egg : The egg shows cytoplasmic polarity opposite jid anc snicipating ar tree enon agetative cells: These are vegetative cele of embryo sac. In most of he plans there are three antipodal cells re is tent Sc : 670 tac, I! italy contains NSIS PNOSNEERIRDY smbryo embryo a Try Yourselh sibs 5. Fill in the blanks (P_ The megaspore mother call undergoes ___and forms a near tetrad of megespores w ‘embryo sac is most common in angiospermic plants, (ii) Mature female gametophyte in angiosperms is celled and nucleated, 5m micro i) are the vegetative cells ofthe embryo sac. leate emt ()_Filiform apparatus is Present in of embryo sac. 2ate and Mark the odd one (wt. ploidy level, ] () Nucelus (2) integument | 9) Funice | (4) Embryo sac | (4) Embryo sac S| * Put. Ltd. Regd Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dahi-110008 Ph.011-47620456 sions are paratus, Educational Servi62 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. Example 6: Which of the following cel is binucleate in an embryo sac? (1) Antipodal cell: (2) Central ceil (Female gamete (4) Symergia Solution : (2) Central cell Try Yourself State true oF false and correct each false statement to make it true : (i) The ploidy level of female gametophyte is diploid in flowering plants. (i) Integumented megasporangium is also called as ovary. (ii) The embryo sac lies at chalazal end of ovule. 7. Fillin the blanks . () An apocarpous gynoecium has several carpels, and respectively. “Pollination ; "points. alates ane 3 patent nha tn gan noo em ore ey Fave tobe Dott m mechanism to achieve this'objective. The transfer of pollen grains to the stigma is called pollination. ‘Types of pollination : Depending on the source of pollen, polination is of three types 1. Autogamy : The transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. Adaptations seen in plant to ensure self-pollination : () Bisexuality : Presence of both the essential whorts in the same flower. (i) Homogamy : Maturation of both androecium and gynoecium at the same time, i.e., there should be ‘synchrony in release of pollen and stigma maturation. (ii) Cleistogamy: A condition in which flower does not open, In such flowers, the anthers and stigma lie close to _——Chasmogamous: each other. When anther dehisce in the flower buds, pollen grains come in contact with stigma to effect pollination. Some plants like Viola (common pansy), Oxalis and ‘Commelina produce both types of flowers, ie., open flowers (chasmogamous) and closed flowers (cleistogamous). Advantage of Cleistogamy : (a) _ It ensures seed formation even in the absence of any pollinating agent. (©) tis cheaper for the plant as there is no costly LSS nectar or fagrance whch the plat has PILED, for pollination. Fig. : Cleistogamous Flowers Disadvantage of Cleistogamy: The offsprings produced have limited genetic diversity (¥) Bud pollination : When self pollination occurs in the bud stage before the opening of eg. Pea, Rice ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Oifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762: (i) During the life cycle of flowering plants, male and female gametes are formed in. 4Board & Competitive Exams. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 63 2. Geitonogamy : The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant This transfer involves an agent of pollination, hence functionally it is cross-pollination. Genetically, itis similar to autogamy since the pollen grains come from the same plant. 3. Xenogamy : The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of another flower of different plant of the same species. This is the only type of pollination which brings genetically different types of pollen grains to stigma, Agents of pollination a Abiotic agents (Wind, Water) Biotic agents (Animals) (Used only by a small proportion of plants) (Used by majorty of plants) Abiotic Agents : (1) Wind (Anemophily) : This is the more common amongst abiotic pollinations. Characteristics of wind pollinated flowers : (The pollen grains are light and non-sticky, so that they can easily be carried by air currents (ii) The flowers have well-exposed stamens, so that the pollens are easily dispersed into wind currents. (ii) Flowers have large feathery stigma to easily trap the air borne pollen grains. (¥) Nectaries absent (\) Presence of single ovule in each ovary. (\) Flowers packed into inflorescence. | Fig. : A wind-pollinated plant showing compact inflorescence and well-exposed stamens Examples of wind pollinated plants : It is quite common in grasses. () Maize i) Wheat (i) Sugarcane (®) Bamboo 2) phily) : Pollination by water is quite rare in flowering plants and ed OagneFasFrosty monocots, og, Fresh water plans tke Valisnerie, Hyde; marine water ant Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph.011-4762345664 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. Characteristic Features : ohne w (i) Light, unwettable pollen grains. Generally, surrounded by mucilagenous covering, hence protected from wetting Long, sticky unwettable stigma, Polination by water may occur at two places (On the surface of water (Epihydrophily): Example : Vallisneria Fig. : Pollination by water in Vallisneria © The female flower have a very long pedicel, therefore it reaches the surface of water. © Male flowers after breakage floats on the surface of water. + Pollen grains are released on to the surface of water. They are carried passively by water currents, some of them eventually reach the female flowers and the stigma. (ii) Beneath the surface of water (Hypohydrophily) : Example : Zostera (sea grass) Zostera is a marine water plant. Female flowers remain submerged in water. Pollen {grains are long ribbon like and they are carried passively inside the water, some of them reach the stigma and achieve pollination. In a majority of aquatic plants, the flowers emerge above the level of water and are pollinated by insects or wind. e.g., Water hyacinth and water lly are pollinated by insects. Flowers polinated by abiotic egents are not very colourful and do not produce nectar because: the bright colours of flowers are to attract insects to pollinate them and the nectar they give Is a reward for the pollinator. Pollen grains coming in contact with stigma is a chance factor in both wind and water polation. To compensate for these uncertainties and associated loss of pollen grains, the flowers produce enormous amount of pollen when compared to the number of ovules availabe for polination. Blotic Agents : ‘Majority of flowering plants use a range of animals as pollinating agents. Bees, butterfes, fies, beetles, wasps, ants, moths, birds (sun birds and humming birds) and bats are the common pollinating agents. Larger animals like some primates (Lemur), arboreal (tree-dwelling) rodents, or even reptiles (gecko lizard and garden lizard) have also been reported as polinators in some species. e.g, Lemur in Ravenela plant and lizard in flax. + Insects (Entomophily) : These are the most common biotic agents of pollination, % . Bees are the most common insect which acts as a pollinating agents. Other inséet pollinators are butterflies, flies, beetles, wasps, ants, moths. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.041-47623486etitive Exams, vering, hence sface of water. med passively pwers and the | (sea grass) | water. Pollen some of them, stigma is inties and pollen when. fies, beetle ng agents. ‘gecko lizard venela plant inators are 1-47623486) Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Soxval Reproduction in Floworing Plants 65 Characteristic features of flowers pollinated by insects (1) Majority of insect-polinated flowers are large-sized. (2) Smaitsized flowers are clustered into an inflorescence, (3) Colourful, fragrant (4) Nectaries present. (6). Sticky pollen grain. (6) Foulodoured flowers if pollinated by flies and beetles, Floral rewards for insects : (1) Nectar (2) Pollen (8) Safe place to lay eggs. For example, Amorphophallus (flower is 6 feet in height). (4) Pronuba moth lays its eggs in the ovary of Yucca plant and its flowers get pollinated by the moth Both the organisms cannot complete their life cycle without each other. The moth deposits its egg inthe locule of the ovary and the flower, in turn, gets polinated by the moth. The larvae of the mot ‘come out of the eggs as seeds start developing, Pollen/nectar Robbers : Insects which consume pollen or nectar without bringing about pollinatior @.g., Queens of Bombus affinis perforate Aquilegia spurs and steal nectar. Examples of Insect Pollinated Flowers : Yucca, Salvia, Ficus, Calotropis, Centaurea, Aristolochia. Other biotic agents of pollination Name ofthe agent Term used Examples 1. Bird Omithophily Bombax, Callistemon 2. Bats Chiropterophily | Anthocephalus, Adansonia 3. Snails Malacophily Arisaema (Cobra Plant) 4. Snakes Ophiophily ‘Santalum, Michelia Outbreeding Devices : Devices which discourage self-pollination and encourag cross-poliination are called as the loss in genetic variation or inbreedin depression which may be a result of continued self-pollination. Examples of these devices : (1) Unisexuality : Formation of unisexual flowers. Two conditions are their. (®) Monoecious plants : Male and female flowers are produced on the same plant. This prevent ‘autogamy but not geltonogamy. .g., Castor, maize. (&) Divecious : Male and female flowers are produced on two separate plants. It prevent autogamy as well as geitonogamy. e.g., Vallisneria, Papaya. (2) Dichogamy : Different maturation time of androscium and gynoecium in the same flower. Either the pollan is released before the stigma becomes receptive (protandrous, e.g., Sunflower, Cotton) or stigma becomes receptive much before the release of pollen (protogynous, e.g. Ficus, Aristolochia). (3) Setf-incompatibility : The failure of the pollen grains (from the same flower or other flowers of the same plant) from fertilising the ovule by inhibiting pollen germination or pollen tube growth in the Pisti. It is a genetically controlled mechanism. (4) In.some species, the anther and stigma are placed at diferent position, so that pollen cannot come in contact with the stigma of the same flower. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345666. Sexuel Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. (1) Commelina (2) Arachis hypogea (3) Mangitera indica (4) Zea mays Solution: (1) Commelina | Example 8 Female Towers remain submerged in waor and te polen gain are released inside watorin | (1) Vallisneria (2) Sea grasses | (3) Water hyacinth (4) Water fly Solution: (2) Sea grasses 8. Fillin the blanks () Autogamy is obligatory in flowers. (i) The shedding of pollen grains occurs at ‘stage in 40% of angiosperms. 9. State True of False : (Light and non-sticky pollen grains are characteristic of wind-pollinated flowers. ()_Dicecious condition in plants prevents xenogamy. 21. Polygonum type of embryo sac is (1) 8-celled (2) 15nucleated 3) Haploid (4) Exosporic type 22, Mark the odd option (w.r-. contrivances of autogamy) (1) Homogamy 2) Cleistogamy (3) Dictiny (4) Bud pollination 23, Which of the following pollination is common amongst abiotic agents? (1) Hydrophity (2) Entomophily 8) Omithophily (4) Anemophily 24. Epihydrophily is found in (1) Tape grass (2) Sea grass @) Lotus (4) Alisma 25. Mark the incorrect match (w.rt. polination) (1) Yucca = Pronuba 2) Ficus = Anemophily (3) Aristolochia - ——_Protogynous (4) Arachis: - — Cleistogamy ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47625456ms. Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 67 28. Which of the following plant provide safe place to insect for laying eggs? (1) Sage piant 2) Ophys (3) Centaurea (4) Amorphophaltus 27. Pollination occurs by pseudocopulation mechanism in (1) phys @ Fig (3) Mango (4) Zea mays 28. Lemur, a large animal, acts as pollinator in (1) Flax 2) Ravenela 3) Capselia (4) Hydra 29. Which of the following type of pollination is present in Santalum? (1) Omnithophity 2) Ophiophly (3) Malacophily (4) Entomophily In entomophily, flowers are (1) Dut coloured Q) Nectarless ) With sticky pollen grains (4) Small sized solitary Pollen-Pistil Interaction Polination does not guarantee the transfer of the right type of pollen on stigma. Often, pollen of the wrong type, either from other species or from the same plant (if itis selfincompatible), also land on the stigma. 2. The pistil has the ability to recognise the pollen, whether it is of the right type (compatible) or of the wrong type (incompatible) 3. The ability of the pistil to recognise the pollen followed by its acceptance or rejection is the result of a continuous chemical dialogue between pollen grain and the pisti 4 Post-pollination events after the compatible pollination are listed below (i)_The pollen grain germinates on the stigma to produce a pollen tube through one of the germ pores. The contents of the pollen grain move into the pollen tube. (ii) Pollen tube grows through the tissues of the stigma and style and reaches ovary, Growth of pollen tube is chemotropic. (i) The generative cell divides and forms two male gametes during the growth of the pollen tube in the stigma, if pollen grains are shed at two-celled condition. (Ww) If pollen grains are shed at three-celled stage, pollen tube carries two male gametes from the beginning. Male gametes _Tubo oy ee (v) Entry of pollen tube into ovule takes place through Micropyle (Porogamy) Chalaza (Chalazogamy) Integuments (Mesogamy) Thisiis the most common e condition and. takes place in most of the flowering plants, Casuarina e.9., Cucurbita Services Pvt. Lid. - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476234566B Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. Fig. : Entry of pollen tube in the ovule: (A) Porogamy, (B) Chalazogamy, (C) Mesogamy (¥)_ Entry of pollen tube into embryo sac : Irrespective of the place of entry of pollen tube into ovule, the tube invariably enters embryo sac at micropylar end, ie., degenerating synergid cell ‘Many recent studies have shown that filiform apparatus present at micropylar part of synergids guides the entry of pollen tube. Secondary Nucieus Secondary Nucleus fone vegetaive ruceus A Fig. : Release of pollen tube contents into the synergid (diagrammatic) ‘A. Showing two male gametes and a degenerating vegetative nucleus near the filiform apparatus, B. Release of male gametes inside the synergid, C. Movement of male gametes towards the egg nucleus and into the central cell {Al these events from pollen deposition on the stigma until pollen tube enters the ovule are together referred as pollen-pistil interaction. This interaction is a dynamic process. (vi) In-vitro pollen germination : Pollen germination can be studied by dusting pollen (e.g., pea, chick ea, Crotalaria, balsam, Vinca) on a glass slide containing a drop of 10% sugar solution with boric acid, Ca, Mg and K salts, After 15-30 minutes, pollen tubes will be observed to come out of the pollen grains. So, this germination of pollen grain in laboratory is called hanging drop method. Let us try to know how the pollination can be altered to obtain the superior varieties, (ii) Artificial hybridisation : itis a method of crop improvement in which crosses are made between diferent varieties, species and genera, in order to combine the desirable characters in a single ‘superior’ variety, This technique involve the following steps: (1) Selection of suitable parents. (2) Ifthe female parents bears bisexual flowers in such crossing experiments, it is important to make sure that only the desired pollen grains are used for pollination. (a) Emasculation : Removal of anthers from female parent fower buds before the anther dehisoes.. (0) Bagging : Covering of emasculated flowers with a bag of suitable size generally made of butter paper to prevent contamination of stigma with unwanted pollen. (3) Dusting of pollen grains from anthers of male parent on the stigma of female parent when stigma attains receptivity and then it is rebagged. (4) Fruits are then allowed to develop. (6) Ifthe female parent produces unisexual flowers, there is no need for emasculation. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams, ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 6S DOUBLE FERTILIZATION ‘After entering one of the synergids, the pollen tube releases the two male gametes into the cytoplasm of th synergid.The following two events take place in the embryo sac (1) Syngamy Sg sage Male gamete Egg (en) i) o Male gamete moves towards the egg cell and fuses with its nucleus. Thus, resulting in the formatio of a diploid cell, the zygote. (2) Triple fusion : oS + Twofused ——+» PEN polar nuclei Primary Mate gamete (@n) lendosperm a) Thuclous The other male gamete moves towards the two polar nuclei located in the central cell and fuses wit them to produce a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). The two types of fusion, /.¢., syngamy and triple fusion occurs in an embryo sac, itis termed as double fertilization Dogenerating synergias Zygote (20) Primary endosperm ‘all (PEC) Primary endosperm nucleus (3°) (PEN) } Degenerating antpodal calls Fig. : A Fertiized embryo sac showing zygote and PEN () Growth of pollen tube is chemotropie and apical. Entire cytoplasm of pollen grain is confined to the tip of pollen tube. (ii) Pollen tube was first observed by G.B. Amici (1824) in Portulaca. (ii) Strasburger discovered syngamy in Monotropa. (¥) Triple fusion and double fertilization was discovered by S.G. Nawaschin and Guignard in Lilium and Fnitilaria. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Oifce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345670 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. POST-FERTILIZATION : STRUCTURES AND EVENTS The post fertilization events includes. |. Endosperm development Il, Embryo development II Qvules maturing into seed IV. Ovary maturing into fruit Endosperm (2) This is a product of triple fusion and develops from central cell of embryo sac. It is generaly a triploid tissue. ‘The cells of this tissue are filled with reserve food materials and are used for the nutrition of the developing ‘embryo. It is absent in families such as Orchidaceae, Podostemaceae and Trapaceae. Plant Nature of Endosperm [Cereals (e.g. Rice, Wheat) Starchy Cereals (e.g. Maize) Proteinaceous (Aleurone layer) Castor, Coconut oily Wwory palm Cellulosic Date palm Hemicallulosic The stony endosperm is present in betel nut (Areca nut) and date palm (Phoenix dactyifera) Diploid endosperm is found in Oenothera Mode of Development of Endosperm : (1) Free nuclear endosperm development: It is most common type of endosperm development. PEN undergoes successive nuclear divisions to give rise to free nucle. Finally, wall formation begins and makes the endosperm a multicellular tissue. Fig. : Development of nuclear endosperm Examples : Cotton, maize. Cellular mode of development : Primary endosperm nucleus divides many times and each division is followed by wall formation. Fig. : Development of cellular endosperm Example : Petunia, ‘The coconut water from tender coconut is free nuclear endosperm (made up of thousands of nuclei) and the surrounding white kernel is the cellular endosperm, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456— Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 74 Fate of Endosperm : Endosperm is meant for nourishing the embryo. There are two possibilities ()_Endosperm is completely consumed during development of embryo before seed maturation. Such seeds are called as exalbuminous or non-endospermic seeds. Examples : Pea, Beans, Groundnut. (ii) Endosperm persists in mature seeds : Such seeds are called as albuminous or endospermic seeds, Examples : Castor, coconut, rice, wheat, maize, barley. (0) The seeds with double endosperm is found in coconut (Cocos nucifera), (a) liquid endosperm, (b) celuiar ‘endosperm. The stony endosperm is present in betel nut (areca nut) and date palm (Phoenix dactylfera). (i) Xenia : The effect of foreign pollen on endosperm character is called xenia, This term was given by Focke. This was first observed in maize e.g. endosperm colour. (il) Metaxenia : Discovered by Swingle. The effect of foreign pollen on somatic tissue lying outside the ‘endosperm is known as metaxenia, eg. in date palm size of fruits and maturity time depends upon foreign pollen. (jw) Ruminate Endosperm : Endosperm having surface iregularity .g., Passiflora, Annona, Myristica. (\)_Mosaic Endosperm : Endosperm with cifferent colour patches. e.g., Maize. d tissue. eveloping ll Embryo Development : The development of embryo from a zygote is called as embryogeny. (1) Embryogeny in Dicot Plants (@) Zygote (oospore) divides into two unequal cells, larger suspensor cell towards micropyle and a smaller embryonal cell (= terminal cell) towards antipodal region. (0) The suspensor cell undergoes transverse divisions forming 6-10 celled long suspensor. (©) The first coll of the suspensor (towards micropyie) is large and called haustorium or vesicular cell (¢) The last cell of the suspensor towards embryo cell is hypophysis. It forms radicle tip. {@) Embryonal cell divides twice vertically and once transversely to produce two tiered eight-celled embryo 0) ment. PEN and makes ‘The epibasal tier forms two cotyledons and a plumule while hypobasal tier produces only hypocotyl and most of radicle. (@) For this the octant embryo undergoes periciinal divisions producing protoderm, procambium and {round meristem. Its intially globular but with the growth of cotyledons it becomes heart-shaped and then assumes the typical shape. each division Radice (Sh96S prumi Embryo Mature Embryo s of nuclei) ° Fi ig. : Stages in the development of dicot embryo (A to |) Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623486 ph.011-476; —72. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. (n) Structure of a typical dicot embryo + \ = anne | qT Bayon ~ Root ap ‘A typical dicotyledonous embryo consists of () Anembryonal axis (i) Two cotyledons Parts of Embryonal axis: {)_Epicotyl : The portion of embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons which terminates into stem tip or plumule. {i Hypocoty! : The cylindrical portion below the level of cotyledons which terminates into root tip or radicle. ‘The root tip is covered by root cap. (2) Embryogeny in Monocotyledons: (Te zygote or cospore vides transversely producing @ suspensor ccell towards micropylar end and ‘embryo cell towards chalazal end. (i) Te embryo call divides transversely again into a top and @ middle cell (ii) The terminal cel divides vertically and transversely info @ globular embryo. Structure of a typical monocot embryo: {)A-single cotyledon called as scutellum that is situated towards one side (lateral) of embryonal axis. —sextollum Coleoptle host apex Epiblast TF cateeriza Fig. : LS. of an embryo of grass (i) Atits lower end, the embryonal axis has radical and root cap enclosed in an undifferential sheath called coleorhiza. (i) The portion of embryonal axis above the level of attachment of scutellum is the epicotyl. It has ‘hoot apex and few leaf primordia enclosed in a hollow foliar structure called coteoptile. {v)_ Remains of second cotyledon occur in some grasses. It IS called as epiblast. ‘askash Educatlonal Services Prt Ld, = Regd Ofc : Aakash Tower, 8 Puse Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph.01t-47Exams. Board & Competitive Exams. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 73 31. _ In flowering plants, the generative cell of pollen grain divides mitotically to give rise to the (1) 2male gametes 2) 3 male gametes (@) 1 male gamete (4) 4 male gametes 32. Porogamy is entry of pollen tube into ovule through the (1) Integument (2) Chalaza (3) Micropyie (4) Funicle | 33. _ Entry of pollen tube into the embryo sac is under guidance. (1). Chemotropic 2) Chemotactic (3) Phototropic (4) Thigmotropic into stem 34. The precautionary measures in artificial hybridisation is/are (1) Emasculation only root tip or 2) Bagging only @)_ Both emasculation and bagging @) Tagaing al 35. Double fertlization was discovered by Nawaschin and Guignard in (1) Litum and Atom 2) Lum and Fititeria (3) Zea mays and Mangifera (4) Nigella and Fritillaria 3 The cells of the endosperm are filled with reserve food materials and are used for the nutrition of developing embryo is generally a__in angiosperms. yonal axis. (1) Triploid tissue (2) Diploid tissue @) Haploid tissue (4) Hoxaploid tissue ‘Scutellum is (1) Single cotyledon in monocots (2) Radical sheath in monocots (3) Plumule covering in monocots (4) Cotyledons in dicots 32 The most common type of endosperm in angiosperms is (1) Helobial endosperm @) Collar endosperm (3) Nuclear endosperm (4) Mosaic endosperm 3 In embryogeny of dicot plants, the suspensor cell undergoes transverse divisions forming suspensor which is (1) 6- 10 celled (2) 1-5 celled jundifferentiat (3) 11-15 celled (4) 16 - 21 celled © _ The remains of second cotyledon occur in some grasses. Its caled a ‘7 1) Scutellum (2) Hypocotyl 3) Epicotyl () Epibiast Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476234567A Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. ll, Seed Definition : A fertilized ovule is called a seed. Seeds may be (1) Endospermic/Albuminous seeds : e.g., Wheat, maize, barley, sunflower, coconut, castor. (2) Non-endospermiciExalbuminous seeds : e.g., Pea, bean, groundnut (@) Perispermic seeds : Seeds in which remains of nucellus is seen. The residual, persistent nucellus is called perisperm, e.g., Black pepper, beet. Structure of Seed: A typical seed consists of (1) Seed coat : Formed from integuments of ovule. Its function is to give protection to the embryo. The outer layer of seed coat is called as testa and the inner one is called tegmen. The micropyle remains as a ‘small pore in the seed coat. This facilitates entry of O, and water into the seed during germination. (2) Endosperm : Present or absent. (3) Embryo : It gives rise to the mature plant and maintains continuity of generation, sen con ( \ ( \ Cotyledon. Shoot apical ‘. ss V ED tapacorn Boo cotasons ee Bean castor Seed coat Pericarp catyidon Endosperm: meristem Hypocety! Root tip Fig. : Structure of some seeds Dormancy and Seed Germination (1) Dormancy : It is a state of inactivity of embryo when the seed is not able to germinate. The moisture content of seed decreases and reaches 10-15%. @) Germination : The ability of a seed to produce a seedling in presence of favourable environmental Condition like adequate moisture, oxygen and suitable temperature, Advantages of Seed to Angiosperms (1) Seeds have better adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitat (2) thas sufficient food reserves for nourishment of young seedings. (3) Protection is provided to young embryo by the hard seed coat. (4) Generate new genetic recombination as it is a product of sexual reproduction, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Compeitive Exams. © ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 75 Seeds - Basis of our agriculture ‘Seeds form the basis of our agriculture as they show (1) Dehydration (2) Dormancy These two features help in storage of seeds which can be used as food throughout the year and also to raise crops in the next season. Viability ‘The period for which the seeds retain their power of germination is called seed viability. There are examples where $6ed/lose viability within few months) e.g, Oxalis, Seeds of a large number of Species live for several years. Some seeds can remain alive for hundreds of years. There are several records of very old yet viable seeds (1) Thetoldestis that of allupine, Lupinus arcticus excavated from Arctic Tundra The seed germinated and flowered after an estimated record of 10,000 years of dormancy. (2) During an archaeological excavation at King Herod's Palace near the Dead Sea, a 2000 years old viable seed of date palm, Phoenix dactylifera was found. The number of seeds in a fruit is generally equal to or less than the number of ovules in a ovary. It never exceeds the number of ovules (1) Orchia's fruit contains thousands of tiny seeds. (2) Parasitic species like Orobanche and Striga also contain many tiny seeds. Vv. Fruit (1) Aripened ovary is called a fruit. (2) The wall of the ovary forms the wall ofthe fruit which is called as pericarp. (3) Fruits may be () True fruit : Fruit which develops from the ovary, e.g., Mango. (i) False fruit : Fruit which develops from other floral parts and thalamus alongwith the development of ovary wall, €.g., Apple, strawberry, cashewnut. (il) Parthenocarpic fruit : When fruits develop without the process of fertilization. These fruits are ‘Seedless and can be produced through application of growth hormones like auxins. @.g., Banana Achone: rae Vascular buncle Fig. : False fruits of apple and strawberry ‘The first stimulus for fruit development comes from pollination while second stimulus is received from developing seeds and the third stimulus is provided by the availabilty of nutrients. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345676 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. ae APOMIXIS AND POLYEMBRYONY Apomixis: Although seeds, in general, are the products of fertilisation, a few flowering plants such as some species of Asteraceae and grasses, have evolved a special mechanism, to produce seeds without fertilisation, called apomixis. It is @ form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction ‘Types of Apomixis 1. Adventive Embryony (Sporophytic budding) : Embryo arises from diploid sporophytic cells such as ucellus or integuments (other than egg), e.g.. Citrus, Opuntia, Mango. 2, Recurrent Agamospermy : In this method, a diploid embryo sac is formed from megaspore mother cell cf nucellar cell which has a diploid egg or oosphere. The diploid egg develops into a diploid embryo, e.g. Apple, Pear. Polyembryony Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed is referred as polyembryony. Integument Nucellus Zygotic embryo. Endosperm Nuceliar embryo Fig. : Polyembryony The diagram above shows several embryo formation, ‘The embryos shown are 1. Zygotic 2. Nuvellar 3. Integumentary ‘The nucellar and integumentary embryos are apomictic. The genetic nature of these embryo is diploid (2n) land they would be genetically identical to each other and can be called as a clone.Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 77 Potential of Apomictic Polyembryony : Hybrid varieties are preferred by agricuturists because of their higher yield, vigour and resistance to stresses. They have increased crop productivity, ¢.g., Maize, Tomato, Cauliflower etc. scies of called Major problem of using hybrid varieties : Hybrid characters are not maintained because they segregate in the progeny in the second generation. So, in order to obtain higher yield hybrid seeds have to be produced every year. It is not economical for the farmers. Therefore, agricultural scientists are for the search of various methods to maintain hybrid traits indefinitely such as One of the possible methods is development of seeds through apomixis, Since embryo in apomictic seeds often develops from diploid cells, segregation of traits will not occur and the new seeds will contain all the traits of the hybrid variety ater cell Be, 004 ‘Apomixis is genetically controlled. Genes controlling apomixis are being searched. As soon as they are located, efforts will be made to transfer them into hybrid varieties. Example 9: Mark the odd one (wart. post-fertilsation events) (1) Ovules maturing into seed (2) Development of endosperm (9) Fruit maturing into ovary | (4) Development of embryo + (3) Fruit maturing into ovary Example 10 : In adventive embryony, embryo arises from (1) Cells of nucellus (2) Diploid embryo sac (9) Calls of integument (4) More than one option is correct Solution : (4) More than one option is correct. Try Yourself a 10. Fill in the blanks : (Double fertilization involves and (i) The most common type of endosperm in angiosperms is i (ii) Perispermic seeds have persistent 11. State true or false : (Single cotyledon of monocots is lateral in position and called as scutellum, (i) Wall of the fruit is called pericarp. ‘Matash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.011-47624567B) Soxual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. 41. Select the incorrect option wrt. endospermic seeds (1) Wheat (2) Pea (3) Castor (4) Coconut 42. Perisperm is found in the seeds of (1) Piper Q) Barley (3) Beans (4) Groundnut 43. Which of the following plant produces false fruits? (1) Apple 2) Strawberry 8) Cashewnut (4) More than one option is correct 44, Which of the following change does not ocour in ovary as a result of sexual reproduction? (1) Ovary wall + Pericarp (2) Ovary — Fruit (3) Ovule > Fruit wall (4) integument — Seed coat 45. Seeds of which plant were discovered during the archeological excavation at King Herod's palace near the Dead Sea? (1) Rose (2) Lupinus (3) Phoenix (4) Agave 46, Recurrent agamospermy is seen in (1) Banana 2) Apple (3) Pear (4) Both (2) & (3) 47. Select the odd one out w.r.t. polyembryony (1) Orion (2) Groundnut (3) Mango (4) Capsella 48. Mark the structure which facilitates entry of oxygen and water into the seed during germination. (1) Testa 2) Tegmen (3) Micropyle (4) Seed coat 49. The nucellar embryos are apomictic embryos, developed by (1) Sprophytic budding (2) Apogamy (8) Apospory (4). Diplospory 50. The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons is. (1) Hypocotyl (2) Epicotyl (8) Coleorhiza (4) Radicle ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456SSE E/T Soard & Competitive Exams. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 79) * _ Mlerosporogenesis : Process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother cel through meiosis. ‘+ Hllum : Body of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called hilum, * _ Megasporogenesis : Process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell. * Pollination : Transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of a pist * Autogamy : Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. * Geitonogamy : Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant, * Xenogamy : Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of another flower of different Plant of the same species, + Embryogeny : Development of embryo from zygote. + Apomixis : Development of seeds without fertilisation + Polyembryony : Occurrence of more than one embryo in a seed. 1. The site of sexual reproduction in angiosperms are flowers. 2, _Androecium consists of stamens (male reproductive structure) and gynoecium consists of pistils (female reproductive structure). 3. A typical anther is bilobed and tetrasporanglate. The anther is a four-sided structure Consisting of four microsporangia. Pollen grains develop inside the microsporangium. 4 Epidermis, endothecium, midle layers and tapetum make anther wall. Cells of sporogenous tissue, lying in the centre of microsporangium, undergo meiosis to form tetrads of microspores which individually mature as a pollen grain representing male gametophytic generation. 5. Pollen grain has two-layered wall, outer exine and inner intine. 6 Pollen grain may be two-celled (with one vegetative and one generative cell) or three-celled (one vegetative cell + two male gametes) at the time of shedding, 7. Pistil has stigma, style and ovary. Ovary contains ovules. Ovules have a stalk called funice, Protective integument and an opening called micropyle. Central tissue is nucellus in which archesporium differentiates into megaspore mother cell which divides meioticaly to form 'megaspores. Functional megaspore forms the seven-celled and eight-nucteated embryo sac (the female gametophyte) having egg apparatus, antipodals and polar nucte 8. Pollination is the mechanism to transfer pollen grains from the anther to the stigma Pollinating agents are either abiotic (wind/water) or biotic (animals) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt.Ltd. - Regd Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.ot1-4762045680 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams 10. " 12, 13. 14, Pollen-pistil interaction and compatible pollination results in pollen tube formation and Srowth of tube through the siyl. The pollen tube enters into ovules and finally discharges {wo male gametes in one of the synergids. Syngamy and triple fusion resul in the formation Of diploid zygote and triploid primary endosperm nucleus, respectively. This is called double fertilisation because two fusion events occur in each embryo sac. Zygote develops into the embryo and primary endosperm cell forms the endosperm tissue. Endosperm formation always precedes embryo development. ‘The developing embryo passes through stages like proembryo, globular and heart-shaped Stages and matures. Mature dicot embryo has two cotyledons and an embryonal axis with epicatyl and hypocotyl, Embryos of monocots have single cotyledon, Afier fertilization, ovary develops into fruit and ovules develop into seeds. 'n some angiosperms like grasses, seed formation without fertilisation called apomixis is found, which is advantageous in horticulture and agriculture. Polyembryony is seen in some angiosperms which means production of more than one embryo in a seed, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10006 Ph.0t1-476204867625456 (SET - 1) School/Board Examinations Students are required to solve and write the solutions in their exercise book. For referring solutions to the assignment (Set-1), please visit our Library at the Centre or log on to our website: www.aakash.ac.in82) Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Pants Board & Competve Exams SECTION -A School / Board Exam. Type Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions : Name the fertile whorls of a flower. Define tetrasporangiate condition in an anther. Name the wall layers of anther. What is the ploidy level of cells in a microspore tetrad? What is the function of germ pore? What is the function of pollen banks? What is the ploidy level of the calls in a female gametophyte? In which type of plants both autogamy and geitonogamy are prevented? Which type of plants are emasculated in artificial hybridisation experiments? 10. What type of endosperm is represented by coconut water? Short Answer Type Questions : 11, What are perispermic seeds? Give examples. 12. Which two properties of seeds are crucial for storage? 13, _List two features of pollen grains of lowers of maize plant. 14, Mention the name of outer pollen wall. What is its chemical composition? 18. What is inbreeding depression? 16. What is seed dormancy? What conditions are required for seed germination? 17. Mention the name of layer of anther wall having high DNA content. What is the ploidy level of innermost wall of anther? 18. Define ovule. Which part of ovule has abundant reserve food? 19. Differentiate between xenogamy and autogamy. 20. Write a short note on pollen reward. 21. List any three devices in plants to discourage self-pollination and to encourage cross-poliination, Explain the importance of each. 22. Why Is apple referred as false fruits? How are they different from parthenocarpic fruits? 23, How apomixis is differ from polyembryony? 24. Draw a vertical section of seed of onion and label the diferent parts. 25. Why is bagging of emasculated flowers essential during hybridisation experiments? 26. Name the cell from which endosperm of coconut develops. Give the characteristic features of endosperm of coconut. 27. What are the main differences between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis? 28. Discuss the distribution of cells within a mature embryo sac. 29. What are the advantages of fertilised ovule to angiosperms? 30, Explain what is double fertilisation. In which category of plants does it occur? Long Answer Type Questions : 31. (@) Draw a welhlabelled diagram representing L.S. of monocot embryo. (0) Endosperm development precedes embryo development. Explain. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-10005 Ph.011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 83 32, _Iilustrate the stages with labelled diagram for pollen developing into a mature pollen grain. 33. (a) Name the type of flowers which may cause inbreeding depression, (0) List the abiotic agents required for cross pollination. (6) State three differences between flowers pollinated by these abiotic agents and flowers pollinated by biotic agents, 34, (@)_If the leaf cell of an angiospermic plant contain 18 chromosomes, what would be the chromosome umber and ploidy level of (i) Megaspore mother cell (MMC) and (i) Endosperm cell (0) Name the cell that develops into embryo sac. (c) What is the role of synergids in embryo sac? 36. (@) Which type of ovule is shown in the figure? Give one reason. (0) What is the function of funicle? (6) What are the protective layers of this structure? (@) Where is the megaspore mother cell (MMC) seen in this structure? How many MMC differentiate? 36. State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct each false statement to make it true st wall (2) Apomixis mimics sexual reproduction because there is syngamy. (b) Development of fruits without fertilisation is called parthenogenesis. (c) The function of tapetum is to help in the dehiscence of anther. (a) The pollen viabilty in members of Solanaceae family is 30 minutes. (@) Coleoptile is a sheath enclosing shoot tip. in the} 37. Briefly describe the following (@)Polyembryony (©) Triple fusion 38, erm of 623456 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345684 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. ‘With respect to the above diagram answer the following questions (a) Label A to G. (b) Name the non-essential whorls of the flower. (©) Which structure forms the pollen grains? (@) Inside which structure are integumented megasporangia present? (@) State the function of non-essential whorls. 39, @) ®) (@) What type of conditions with reference to gynoecium are shown in the diagrams given below? () Differentiate between condition (A) and (B) and state one example of each, (©) Give examples of plants where single ovule is present in ovary 40. With reference to the above figure answer the following questions (a) Which celis make up the egg apparatus? (b) What is the function of fiform apparatus? (c) Which is the largest cell? Mention the type of fusion which takes in this cell (@) How many mitotic generations are required to obtain the condition as seen in the above diagram? ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4= Board & Competitive Exams. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants | 85 cay With reference to the above figure answer the following @) Label A, Bc. (0) Which cell forms the future nutritive tissue, Define the process by which itis formed. (c) What is formed by structure labelled 8? 42. Differentiate between (@) Albuminous and exalbuminous seed (0) Radicle and plumule (©) Coleoptie and coleorhiza (2) Pericarp and seed coat Fill in the blanks (@) Coconut water is made up of thousands of (b) Black pepper and beet have seeds, (6) Seodiess banana is an example of (@) Pollen pistil interaction is a inhibition of the pollen. (©) Outbreeding device in castor plant prevents but not Find out the wrongly matched pairs and correct each wrong pair to make it correct, (@) Egg apparatus - — Micropylar end (0) Polyembryony — Citrus (€) Tapetal cell - Low DNA content (2) Scutellum - Single cotyledon (€) PEN- Triple fusion (9 Mango - —Anemophily (@ Zostera - —Water-polinated (>) Hydrila——Cleistogamy (i) Triploid nutritive tissue — _Perisperm () Epiblast_ - — Trploid structure Which type of polination is less common in hydrophytes? (0) What adaptation is seen in pollen grains of hydrophilous species? (©) What is seltincompatibiliy? @) What is epibiast? ) What does mean by hilum in ovule? it process involving pollen recognition followed by promotion or a yam? SECTION -B Model Test Paper Short Answer Type Questions : [1 Mark] © the following figure of fruit, identity the part which is developed from ovary wall and that which is responsible ‘© producing new plants, Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345686 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams, Name the plant in which each fruit contain thousands of tiny seeds. ‘Which of the following plant showns insect pollination? (a) Vallisneria (b) Water hyacinth (©) Zostera (@) Maize 4, Why is strawberry called as false fruit? 5. The pollen grains can be well-preserved as fossils. Mention the characteristic of pollen grain that makes it happen. 6. What is the number of chromosomes in secondary nucleus if leaf cell of angiospermic plant contain 12 chromosomes? Short Answer Type Questions : [2 Marks] 7. Explain how geitonogamy is functionally similar to cross-pollination and genetically similar to autogamy. 8. Mention the reasons for difference in ploidy of zygote and primary endosperm nucleus in an angiosperm. 9. Name the haploid cells present at chalazal site of mature female gametophyle of a flowering plant. How many haploid nuclei are present in a mature embryo sac? 10. If you squeeze a seed of orange you might observe many embryos of different sizes. How is it possible? Explain, 11. _ In Viola, assured seed set is there. Give reasons. Short Answer Type Questions : [3 Marks] 12, How do flowers reward their insect pollinators. Explain, 18. Describe in brief the different wall layers of anther with the help of well-tabelled diagram. 14. Draw a welllabelled diagram of an anatropous ovule. 15. Differentiate between vegetative cells and generative cell of pollen. 16. Mention any four strategies adopted by flowering plants to promote setf-pollination, 47. ()__ Even though each pollen grain has two male gametes why are at least ten pollen grains and not five pollen grains are required to fertilise ten eggs present in a particular carpel (i) What is seed dormancy? 18. Make the labelled diagram of castor seed. 19. Explain the following terms () Parthenocarpie fruits (i) Apomixis (ii) Exaibuminous seeds Long Answer Type Questions : [5 Marks] 20. Explain the process of artificial hybridisation to get improved crop variety in (Plants bearing bisexual flowers, (i) Female parent producing unisexual flowers. 21. Draw labelled diagrams for (a) Angiospermic dicot embryo (©) Longitudinal section of a flower showing growth of pollen tube gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456e Exams. makes it ontain 12 2 Marks] = een Ma NEET & AIIMS (Competitive Entrance Exams.) ve pollen 5 Marks] 17623456)8B Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants SECTION -A Objective Type Questions Flower - A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms. Pre- fertilisation : Structures and Events 1. A typical angiosperm anther is and (1) Bilobed, tetrasporangiate (2) Bilobed, monosporangiate (@) Bilobed, bisporangiate (4) Tetralobed, monosporangiate 2. The innermost wall layer of anther (1) Is nutritive in function (2) Helps in dehiscence of anther @) |s haploid and protective in function (4) Forms microspores 3, The process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother cell is called (1) Megasporogenesis (2) Microsporogenesis (@) Megagametogenesis (4) Microgametogenesis 4, The pollen grain represents (1) Male gamete (2) Male gametophyte (@) Microsporophyil (4). Microsporangium 6. The most resistant organic material known which makes up the outermost layer of pollen wall is (1) Pectin (2) Cellulose ) Sporopolenin (4) Lignin 6. Choose the correct option wart. the function of the germ pore. (1) Itallows growth of pollen tube (2) It allows water absorption in seed @) Ithelps dehiscence of pollen grain (4) More than one option is correct 7. The thin and continuous wall layer of pollen is (1) Exine (2) Intine (3) Germ pore (4) Endothecium 8 The two-celled stage of mature pollen grain consists of (1) Vegetative cell, generative cell (2) Vegetative cell, one male gamete (@) Two male gametes (4) Generative cell, one male gamete 10. 11 12 13, 14, 15 16. 17. 18. 19. Board & Competitive Exams. In 40% angiosperms, the pollen grains are shed at (1) Four-celled stage (2) Three-celled stage (8) Two-celled stage (4) Five-celled stage Pollen allergy is caused by pollens of (1) Rose (2) Clematis (3) Parthenium (4) Sunflower The pollen viability period of rice and pea respectively, is (1) 30 minutes and several months (2) Several months and 30 minutes (3) Few days and few months (4) Few days in both the cases Integumented megasporangium is (1) Ovule (2) Pollen sac (3) Pollen grain (4) Embryo sac ‘The nutritive tissue present in the ovule is called (1) Nucettus (2) Funicle (3) Embryo (4) Integuments ‘The number of embryo sac in an ovule is generally (1) One (2) Many (3) Four (4) Three The ploidy level of nucellus and female gametophyte respectively is (an (2) n, 20 @) ann (4) 2n,2n ‘The number of nuclel in a mature embryo sac are (1) Eight (2) Seven (3) Six (4) Four The largest cell of the mature embryo sac is (1) Antipodal cells (2). Synergids, @) Central cell (4) Egg cell The structures which guide the pollen tube into synergid is (1) Antipodals @) Ari Geitonogamy is (1) Genetically autogamous (2) Ecologically autogamous @) Genetically llogamous (4) Functionally autogamous Which of the following plant provides safe place to insect for laying eggs? (1) Sage plant (3) Ophrys (2) Germ pore (4) Filform apparatus (2) Amorphophallus (4) Mango ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005 Ph.011-47623456Exams. Board & Competitive Exams. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 89 shed at 21. Examples of water polinated flowers are 31. The single cotyledon in monocots is stoge (1) Zostera, Lotus, water lily (1) Scutellum whichis lateral in position stage (2) Lotus, Vaisneria, Hyarila (2) Aleurone layer which is terminal in position (®) Potemogeton, Valisnera, Lotus @) Scutellum which is centrally placed (4) Valisneria, Hydla, Zostera (4) Eplblast which is haploid and lateral in postion 22. Which of the following is not a characteristic 32. The sheath enclosing plumule and radicle = feature of insect polinated flowers? respectively in monocot seed are S (1) Fragrance (1) Coleoptile and coleorhiza @) Nectaries @) Coleothiza and coleoptie @) Scutellum and epblast @) Foul odour alkane ese ee Aor ed pote 33, Perispermic seeds are 23. Pollen robbers (1) Gehan ago a (1) Castor, sunflower (2) Black pepper, beet 2) Are effective in bringing about pollination a ee Pak ce = bens ga G) Do not vist flowers for pollen é Wale ee obs act a oe bse mL ain atte ee Lao eae ee 35. Which ofthe folowing is a parthenocarpic frit? (1) Autogamy @) Geltonogamy aivegeaee psi is generally 2) enone 44) Bath. (11,82) (@) Stawbery (4) Pomegranate Double Fertilisation, Post-fertiisation : Structures and Events, Apomixis and Polyembryony SECTION -B tema 25, The role of tiple fusion in angiosperms is to produce peda teen annie (1) Cotyledons (2) PEN : mel aan OF Ee Wiel fertilisation : Structures and Events Pred sod Wit retin eed a rn ae geroaly in tine sec are (1) Parthenocarpy (2) Parthenogenesis eles iiSoomelars dieser @) Apomixis (4) Apogamy (1) Spherical 25-50 (2) Oblong, 25-60 27, The central cell ater triple fusion becomes the ‘eS ON No3s Gy Baca eibo is (1) Pec @ PEN 2. The vegetative cel is (8) Endosperm ee Embryo (1) Smal, has large irregularly shaped nucleus 28. The diploid and triploid product of double a ese ene (2) Large, has large irregularly shaped nucleus a (1) Zygote and primary endosperm nucleus fe eae tate eenenes nae of reuse aes eta (4) Smal, spindle shaped nucleus oO Rae aeee 3. Cryopreservation means storing of products in rats yeh see (1) Liquid nitrogen (2) Liquid oxygen be ote ei. (8) Liquid hydrogen (4) Liquid helium aa ee 4. Choose the odd one vert. gynoecium. am. peut (1, Gynoasu ersten to frleepedutve apy roue ceed sta @) The gynoecium may be syncarpous or place to (1) Wheat, pea, groundnut heey @) Castor, pea, grouncnut (@) The number of ovules in papaya and mango is lus (8) Pea, groundnut, beans one 7623458) (4) Wheat, castor, rice (4) The ovuies are attached to placenta ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt, Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph.011-4762845690 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, 5. The number of mitotic generations required to form 13, a mature embryo sac in most of the flowering plants is (1) One (2) Tro (3) Three (4) Four 6. The types of flowers which always produce seeds even in the absence of pollinators (1) Chasmogamous flowers (2) Cleistogamous flowers @) Bisexual flowers (4) Unisexual flowers 7. The type of pollination which brings genetically different types of pollen on the stigma is. (1) Autogamy (2) Xenogamy (@) Geitonogamy (4) Cleistogamy 8. Feathery stigma and versatile anthers are 15, characteristic of (1) Wind pollinated flowers (2) Insect pollinated flowers (3) Water pollinated flowers (4) Bat pollinated flowers 9. Hydrophily is limited to 30 genera which are mostly, (1) Gymnosperms (2) Monocots 3) Dicots, (4) More than one option is correct, 40. Common floral reward provided by plants to pollinator are 16. (1), Nectar and pollen @) Pollen and enzymes (3) Hormones and nectar (4) Allof these 41. Pollen pisti interaction is (1), Chemically mediated process 2) Dynamic process (@) Genetically controlled process (4) More than one option is correct 12. Emasculation (1), Prevent sett-poliination in female parent (@) Prevent cross pollination in female parent 8) Prevent selt-polination in male parent (4) Prevent cross pollination in male parent 14, 17. Board & Competitive Exams, Mark the incorrect statement (1) Outer three layers of anther wall are protective in function (2) Sporogenous tissue, occupies the centre each microsporangium (3) Cells of tapetum and endothecium shi increase in DNA contents by endomitosis polyteny (4) Ploidy level of microspore tetrad is haploid Which of the following statement is applicable all flowering plants? (1) Monosiphonous pollen tube (2) Non-motile and morphologically dissimilar gametes (3) Presence of pollinium (4) Division of generative cell after pollination Which is incorrect statement? |. Each cell of sporogenous tissue in anther is capable of giving rise to microspore tetrad. Il. The pollen grain represent male gametophyte. Ill. Pollen grains are usually triangular and 10-15 um in diameter. IV, Sporopollenin is one of the most resistance ‘organic material which can be destroyed only by strong acids and alka. (1) |, Ware incorrect but Ill, IV are correct, (2) Il, IV are incorrect but I, Il are correct @) Lill are incorrect but Il, IV are correct (4) 1, 1V are correct but I, Ill are incorrect Which statement is incorrect? (1) Intine is the inner wall of pollen grain and exhibit fascinating array of patterns and designs (2) The mature pollen grains has two cells, the bigger is vegetative cell and the smaller is {generative cell which floats in cytoplasm of vegetative cell (@) Carrot grass pollens cause pollen allergy (4) Pollen grains of pea and rose maintain viability for months In papaya male and female flowers are present on different plants. It permits (1) Autogamy (2) Geitonogamy (@) Both autogamy and geitonogamy (4) Xenogamy ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623466) 2 22, akipyed only. ee grain and ens and cells, the aller is plasm of ery in viability resent on, 17623456) Board & Competitive Exams, 18. Examine the figure given below and select the right option giving all the four parts a, b, ¢ and d. Correctly identify a a Microspore Middle ‘mother coll layers EndotheciumMicrospore Middle ‘mother cell layers Tapetum — Micro- (1) Endothecium Tapetum (2) Tapetum (3) Endothecium Middle layer spore ‘mother cell (4) Endothecium Microspore Middle —Tapetum mother cell layer 19. Select incorrect statement regarding microsporogenesis in an anther (1) Large number of microspore mother cells differentiate in one pollen sac (2) Each microsporogenesis involves one meiosis. ‘and two mitosis (3) Microspore tetrads may be tetrahedral or isobilateral (4) Itconsumes tapetum and middle layers 20. In castor, proliferation of the outer integumentary cells at micropylar region (1) Lacks hygroscopic ability (2) Attract ants and helps in myrmecophily @) Is called epibiast (4) Stores sugary substances 21. An angiospermic plant is having 24 chromosomes in its leaf cells. The number of chromosomes Present in synergid, pollen grain, nucellus & ‘endosperm will be respectively (1) 12,12, 12,72 (2) 8,8, 12,36 @) 12, 12,24, 36 (4) 12, 12, 12, 36 22. Examine the figure given below and select the right option giving all the four parts a, b, c and d. Correctly identify ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants "94 a a (1) Synergids Antipodal —Polar_—_—Filform cells nuclei apparatus (2) Filform Egg Polar Nucellus apparatus nuclei form — Synergids Polar Antipodal apparatus nuclei cell (4) Synergids Polar Filifrm — Antipodal nuclei appe- cell ratus 23. The devices to discourage self pollination are (1) Pollen release and stigma receptivity is not synchronised (2) Anther and stigma are placed at different position (8) Rejection of pollen by stigma of the same flowers (4) All of these 24, In monoecious plant like castor and maize (1) Autogamy and allogamy are not prevented (2) Geitonogamy is prevented (3) Autogamy is not prevented (4) Geitonogamy is not prevented 25. Select incorrect statement (w.r.t. artificial hybridisation) (1) Emasculation is removal of anther in their ‘mature condition from bisexual flower (2) Emasculation is not required in male sterile plants (3) Unisexual female flower is bagged in bud Condition to prevent contamination (4) Emasculated flowers are bagged in bud condition 26. The cylindrical portion below the level of cotyledons ‘on embryonal axis is (1) Epicotyl @) Radicle (2) Hypocoty! (4) Plumute ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt.Ltd - Regd. Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.ot1-4767048692) Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams. 27. Suitable environmental conditions for seed germination are (1) Adequate moisture, light, anaerobic conditions (2) Adequate moisture, low temperature, light (3) Adequate moisture, suitable temperature and oxygen (4) Light, water, absence of oxygen 28. Pericarp is dry in a b : c d (1) Guava, mango, mustard (1) Coleoptile Scutellum Radicle — Coleorhiza (2) Mango, groundnut, orange (2) Coleorthiza Radicle —_Soutellum Coleoptile Scutellum Coleorrhiza Radicle Coleoptile @) Groundnut, mustard 2) catalan, Coen, Restiagt tse (4) Radicle —Scutellum Coleoptile Coleorthiza (4) Orange, guava, mango 32, Choose the correct option from the following 28. “Pleksoul. wrong etateInen Dehydration and dormancy of mature seed are (1) Double fertilization is unique to angiosperms: crucial for seed storage. ll. Seed of Lupinus arcticus is the oldest one @ ja, a gymnosperm, is one of the tallest ® Sane PIMOS which germinated after 2000 year. I Orchid seed is one of largest seed in plant @) Exine has apertures where sporopollenin is Kingdom, resent on IV. Seeds of parasitic plants Orobanche and Striga @) Exine of pollen grains is made up of are tiny seeds. . sporopollein (1) |, Ware correct but I, 1V are incorrect 30, Examine the figure given below and select the right 2) IV are correct but I, tl are incorrect option giving all the four parts a, b, c and d. (2) WIV are correct but Il are incorrect Correctly identify 4) I, are correct but I, IV are incorrect 33, Examine the figure given below and select the ri ‘option giving all the four parts a, b,c and Correctly identify a b © ‘ (1) Suspensor Radicle _Cotyledons Plumule (2) Plumule Cotyledons Radicle Suspensor (8) Suspensor Plumule Radicle _Cotyledon (4) Radicle Plumule Cotyiedons Suspensor 31, Examine the figure given below and select the right ‘option giving all the four parts a, b, © and d. fa) ieee ood eae Correctly identity (4) Endocarp Seed Thalamus — Mesocarp (1) Thalamus Seed Endocarp Mesocarp (2) Thalamus Seed MesocarpEndocarp ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476234. 36. leoptile orthiza ing seed are est one in plant end Striga 1 2 3 4 Board & Competitive Exams, Select the correct statement from the following (1) Hanging drop method as in-vivo germination of pollen grain (2) Obturator directs the growth of pollen tube towards micropyle of seed (3) There are many embryos of different sizes and shapes in the seeds of orange (4) Embryo arises parthenogenetically from the diploid egg in adventive embryony Choose the correct option from the following statements. |. Apomixis is form of asexual reproduction which mimics sexual reproduction, IL In Apomixis seeds develop either from diploid ‘egg cell or from cells of nucellus. lI Seeds collected from hybrids plant maintain hybrid character for a longer times. IV. In Apomixis, there is segregation of characters. (1) All are correct (2) All are incorrect (3) Only | and Il are correct (4) Only Il, 1V are correct SECTION -C Previous Years Questions A dioecious flowering plant prevents both INEET-2017] (1), Autogamy and xenogamy (2) Autogamy and geitonogamy (3) Geitonogamy and xenogamy (4) Cleistogamy and xenogamy Functional megaspore in an angiosperm develops into INEET-2017] (1) Ove (2) Endosperm (3) Embryo sac (4) Embryo Attractants and rewards are required for INEET-2017] (1) Anemophily (2) Entomophily (3) Hydrophity (4) Cleistogamy Flowers which have single ovule in the ovary and are packed into inflorescence are usually pollinated by INEET-2017] (1) Water (2) Bee (3) Wind (4) Bat 10. 11 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants | § Double fertilization is exhibited by (1) Gymnosperms (2) Aigae (3) Fungi (4) Angiosperms In majorty of angiosperms [NEET(Phase-2)-201¢ (1) Egg has a flform apparatus (2) There are numerous antipodal cells (@) Reduction division occurs in the megaspo mother cells, (4) A small central cell is present in the emir sac Pollination in water hyacinth and water lily brought about by the agency of INEET-201 INEET(Phase-2)-201 (1) Water (2) Insects or wind ©) Birds @) Bats The ovule of an angiosperm is technical equivalent to [NEET(Phase-2)-201 (1) Megasporangium (2) Megasporophyi (8) Megaspore mother cell (4) Megaspore Which one of the following statements is not tru (NEET-201 (1) Stored pollen in iquid nitrogen can be used the crop breeding programmes (2) Tapetum helps in the dehiscence of anther (3) Exine of pollen grains is made up « ‘sporopolienin (4) Pollen grains of many species cause seve’ allergies Proximal end of the filament of stamen is attache to the INEET-201¢ (1) Thalamus or petal (2) Anther (3) Connective (4) Placenta ‘The coconut water from tender coconut represen INEET-2011 (1) Free nuclear endosperm (2) Endocarp (@) Fleshy mesocarp (4) Free nuclear proembryo ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345494 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 12. Which of the following statements is not correct? INEET-2016] (1) Some reptiles have also been reported as pollinators in some plant species (2) Pollen grains of many species can germinate on the stigma of a flower, but only one pollen tube of the same species grows into the style 3) Insects that consume pollen or nectar without bringing about pollination are called pollen/ nectar robbers (4) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth are regulated by chemical components of pollen interacting with those of the pistil 13. Seed formation without fertilization in flowering plants involves the process of [NEET-2016] (1) Apomixis (2) Sporuiation (8) Budding (4) Somatic hybridization 14, Male gametophyte in angiosperms produces [Re-AIPMT-2015] (1) Three sperms (2) Two sperms and a vegetative cell (@) Single sperm and a vegetative cell (4) Single sperm and two vegetative cells 18. Coconut water from a tender coconut is: [Re-AIPMT-2015] (1) Degenerated nucellus (2) Immature embryo (@) Free nuclear endosperm (@) Innermost layers of the seed coat 16. Filiform apparatus is characteristic feature of [Re-AIPMT-2015] (2) Generative cell (4) Aleurone cell 17. The wheat grain has an embryo with one large shield-shaped cotyledon known as: (1) Synergids @) Nuceliar embryo [Re-AIPMT-2015] (1) Coleoptle (2) Epiblast @) Coleorthiza (4) Scutellum Board & Competitive Exams, 18. Which one of the following fruits is parthenocarpic? [Re-AIPMT-2015] (1) Banana (2) Brinjal (3) Apple (4) Jackfruit 19. In angiosperms, microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis [Re-AIPMT-2015] (1) Occur in ovule (2) Occur in anther (@) Form gametes without further divisions (4) Involve meiosis 20. Which one of the following statements is not true? TalpMr-2015), (1) Honey is made by bees by digesting pollen collected from flowers (2) Pollen grains are rich in nutrients, and they are used in the form of tablets and syrups @) Pollen grains of some plants cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions in some People (4) The flowers pollinated by fies and bats secrete foul odour to attract them 21. The hilum is a scar on the [AIPMT-2015), (1) Seed, where micropyle was present (2) Seed, where funicle was attached (3) Fruit, where it was attached to pedicel (4) Fruit, where style was present 22. Which one of the following may require pollinators, but is genetically similar to autogamy? [AIPMT-2015] (1) Cleistogamy (2) Geitonogamy (3) Xenogamy (4) Apogamy 23. Which of the following are the important floral rewards to the animal pollinators? [AIPMT-2015] (1) Protein pellicle and stigmatic exudates (2) Colour and large size of flower (3) Nectar and pollen grains (4) Floral fragrance and calcium crystals 24. Transmission tissue is characteristic feature of TAipMr-2015} (1) Wet stigma (2) Hollow style (8) Solid style (4) Dry stigma ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456itive Exams. rhenocarpic? AIPMT-2015] it snesis and AIPMT-2015) sions s is not true? [AIPMT-2015] esting pollen nts, and they ind syrups. cause severe ons in some d bats secrete [AIPMT-2015] sent ad pedicel ire polinators, y? [AIPMT-205] ogamy my iportant floral [AIPMT-2015] cudates ystals c feature of [AIPMT-201 w style Board & Competitive Exams, 25. Geitonogamy involves 27. 2. [AIPMT-2014] (1) Fertilization of a flower by the pollen from another flower of the same plant (2) Fertilization of a flower by the pollen from the same flower (3) Fertilization of a flower by the pollen from a flower of another plant in the same population (4) Fertlization of a flower by the pollen from a flower of another plant belonging to a distant Population. Pollen tablets are available in the market for (aipwT-2014) (1) In vitro fertilization (2) Breeding Equisetum (8) Supplementing food (4) Ex situ conservation Function of filiform apparatus is to (AIPMT-2014] (1) Recognize the suitable pollen at stigma (2) Stimulate division of generative cell (8) Produce nectar (4) Guide the entry of pollen tube Perisperm differs from endosperm in. {NEET-2043] (1) Having no reserve food (2) Being a diploid tissue (3) Its formation by fusion of secondary nucleus with several sperms (4) Being a haploid tissue Megasporangium is equivalent to (1) Fruit (2) Nucellus (8) Owe (4) Embryo sac Advantage of cleistogamy is INEET-2013] INEET-2013] (1) More vigorous offspring (2) No dependence on pollinators (3) Vivipary (4) Higher genetic variability Which one of the following statements is correct ? INEET-2013] (1) Sporogenous tissue is haploid (2) Endothecium produces the microspores (3) Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen (4) Hard outer layer of pollen is called intine 33, 34, 36, 37. 38. 39, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 1g ‘An organic substance that can withsta environmental extremes and cannot be degraded any enzyme is [AIPMT (Prelims)-201 (1) ignin (2) Cellulose (8) Cuticle (4) Sporopotlenin The coconut water and the edible part of cocon are equivalent to [AIPMT (Prelims)-201: (2) Embryo (4) Endocarp (1) Mesocarp (3) Endosperm The gynoecium consists of many free pistils flowers of [AIPMT (Prelims)-201: (1) Papaver (2) Michelia (8) Aloe (4) Tomato Both, autogamy and geitonogamy are prevented [AIPMT (Prelims)-201: (2) Maize (4) Cucumber Even in absence of pollination agents seed-settin (1) Castor (@) Papaya is assured in [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012 (1) Salvia Q Fig @) Commelina (4) Zostera What is the function of germ pore? [AIPMT (Mains)-2012 (1) Emergence of radicie (2) Absorption of water for seed germination (3) Initiation of pollen tube (4) Release of male gametes Which one of the following statements is wrong’ [AIPMT (Mains)-2012 (1) When pollen is shed at two-celled stage double fertilization does not take place (2) Vegetative cell is larger than generative cell (3) Pollen grains in some plants remain viable for months (4) Intine is made up of cellulose and pectin Plants with ovaries having only one or a few ovules are generally pollinated by [AIPMT (Mains)-2012 (1) Bees (2) Butterflies @) Birds (4) Wind (Batson Educational Services Pv. Lid. - Regd Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Read, New Delhi: 10005 Ph011-476204540, a 42, 43, 468. 46. 47. 96 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Nuceliar polyembryony is reported in species of [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011] (1) Brassica 2) Citrus ) Gossypium (4) Triticum Filiform apparatus is a characteristic feature of IAIPMT (Pretims)-2014] (1) Zygote (2) Suspensor @) E99 (4) Synergid Wind potination is common in : [AIPMT (Prelims)-2014] (2) Legumes (4) Grasses (1) Orchids @) Lilies In which one of the following pollination is autogamous? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011] 2) Geitonogamy (4) Chasmogamy (1) Cleistogamy (3) Xenogamy In angiosperms, functional megaspore develops into [AIPMT (Mains)-2011] (1) Endosperm 2) Pollen sac (@) Embryo sac (4) Owe ‘What is common between vegetative reproduction and Apomixis? [AIPMT (Mains)-2011] (1) Both ocour round the year (2) Both produces progeny identical to the parent (8) Both are applicable to only dicot plants (@) Both bypass the flowering phase ‘What would be the number of chromosomes of the aleurone cells of a plant with 42 chromosomes in its root tip cells? IAIPMT (Prelims)-2011] (1) 24 (2) 42 @ 6 (4) 84 Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant is called IAIPMT (Prelims)-2010] (1) Autogamy (2) Xenogamy @) Geitonogamy (4) Karyogamy 48, 49, 51. 52. 53. Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Wind polinated flowers are [AIPMT (Protims)-2010] (1) Small, producing nectar and dry pollen (2) Small, brightly coloured, producing large umber of pollen grains (3) Small, producing large number of dry pollen grains (@) Large, producing abundant nectar and pollen ‘Apomictic embryos in Citrus arise from [AIPMT (Protims)-2010] (1) Diploid egg 2) Synergids () Maternal sporophytc tissue in ovule (4) Antipodal cells ‘Which one of the following pairs of plant structures has haploid number of chromosomes? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] (1) Egg nucteus and secondary nucleus (2) Megaspore mother cell and antipodal cells, @) Egg cell and antipodal cells, (4) Nucellus and antipodal cells What does the filiform apparatus do at the entrance into ovule? _[AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] (1) It guides pollen tube from a synergid to egg @) It helps in the entry of pollen tube into a synergid @) It prevents entry of more than one pollen tube into the embryosac (4) It brings about opening of the pollen tube Unisexualty of flowers prevents [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] (1) Autogamy and geitonogamy (2) Autogamy, but not geitonogamy @) Both geitonogamy and xenogamy (4) Geitonogamy, but not xenogamy ‘Which one of the following is resistant to enzyme action? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] (2) Cork (4) Pollen exine (1) Leaf cuticle @) Wood fibre ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623450ams. 2010) large pollen pollen )-2010] ructures s)-2008) cells > at the s)-2008] to egg e into a len tube tube ns)-2008), Board & Competitive Exams. 54, Male gametes in angiosperms are formed by the division of [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007] (1) Microspore mother cell (2) Microspore (3) Generative cell (4) Vegetative cell ‘Which one of the following is surrounded by a callose wall? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007] (1) Pollen grain (2) Microspore mother cell (3) Male gamete (4) Ego What would be the number of chromosomes in the cells of the aleurone layer in a plant species with 8 chromosomes in its synergids? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] (1) 16 (2) 24 @ 2 (4) 8 Long filamentous threads protruding at the end of ‘a young cob of maize are [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] (1) Anthers: 2) Styles (3) Ovaries (4) Hairs 52. The arrangement of the nuclei in a normal embryo sac in the dicot plants is IAIPMT (Prelims)-2006] () 24442 @) 34243 @) 24343 (@) 34342 5 Ina cereal grain the single cotyledon of embryo is represented by IAIPMT (Protims)-2006] (1), Coleorhiza (2) Scutellum (3) Prophylt (4) Coleoptile = Ina type of apomixis known as adventive ‘embryony, embryos develop directly from the [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005] +) Nucells or integuments 2) Synergids or antipodals in an embryo sac 3) Accessory embryo sacs in the ovule 4) Zygote 65. 67. ‘Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 97 61. Through which cell of the embryo sac, does the pollen tube enter the embryo sac? [AIPMT (Pretims)-2005] (1) Egg cell (2) Central cell @) Persistant synergid (4) Degenerated synergic Which one of the following represents an ovule, where the embryo sac becomes horse- shoe shaped and the funiculus and micropyle are close to each other? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005] (2) Anatropous (@) Atropous Questions asked Prior to Medical Ent. Exams. 2005 63. Which one of the following statements is correct? (1) Circinotropous (3) Amphitropous (1) Geitonogamy involves the pollen and stigma of flowers of diferent plants (2) Cleistogamous flowers are always autogamous (8) Xenogamy occurs only by wind pollination (4) Chasmogamous flowers do not open at all Megaspores are produced from the megaspore mother cells after (1), Metotic division (@) Mitotic division (@) Formation of a thick wall (4) Differentiation ‘Animal vectors are required for polination in (1) Maize (2) Vallisneria @) Mulbery (4) Cucumber Which of the following statements is correct? (1) Sporopolienin can withstand high temperatures. but not strong acids (2) Sporopolienin can be degraded by enzymes (3) Sporopollenin is made up of inorganic materials, (4) Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures. as well as strong acids and alkalis Albuminous seeds store their reserve food mainly in (1) Perisperm (8) Cotyledons 2 Endosperm (4) Hypocoty! IRetaeh Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Oe: Aakash Tower 8, Pusa Road, New Dehit10008 Phott-E23466400. Sexvel Reproduction in Flowering Pants 1" 12. 13, 14, 16. A 2 Triple fusion is associated with the sexual reproduction in all spermatophytes. : It is required to form definitive nucleus as nutritive tissue, Anatropous ovule is resupinate ovule, The body of ovule is completely bent with hilum close to micropylar end. More than one pollen tubes can enter an ‘embryo sac. Double fertilization can occur by contribution of gametes from different pollens. Hybrid seeds have to be produced every year because seeds collected from hybrid plants, if sown subsequently, do not maintain hybrid characters. Hybrid seeds show segregation of traits. Growth of male gametophyte is completed over the female reproductive organ. 2-celled stage of partial male gametophyte is developed in-situ. gaa 16. 17. 18. 20. R Board & Competitive Exams, Certain proteins of pollen origin identifies the compatible stigma Compatibility proteins are found located in ektexine. Tetraploid gametophyte can be produced from tetraploid sporophyte by means of apogamy. Apogamy involves fertilisation, not meiosis. Continued self-pollination checks inbreeding depression Pollen release and stigma receptivity are synchronised, Complete radicle is not produced by hypo- basal tier of octant embryo during Cruciferad development Hypophysis cell of suspensor contributes the tip of radicle in this type of development. Apomictic embryo is asexual mode of reproduction. It prevents the segregation of traits. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623486)pve Exams, entifies the ated in uced from eoogamy, Chapter 3 al sue fe Principles of Inheritance >» WM ON Variation Butea thal ee me aes ment. Introduction Introduction mode of * Mendel's Laws ofInheritance You have studied in the previous section, one ofthe most fundamental * Inheritance ofOneGene _ attributes ofall living organisms is reproduction, Progeny receives the bina prea characters from parents in the form of egg and sperm. Because of this ee feature, the progeny resembles its parents. For example, a mango seed > Law ef Segregation forms only a mango plant and not any other plant, and an elephant > Exceptions to Mendelian always gives birth only to a baby elephant and not some other animal Principles ‘This has been best summed up in the phrase ‘lke begets ike’. The &. Inhertiemce of Tivo Genes transfer of characters from parents to offspring is known as Inheritance. Progeny produced resembles the parents closely but is > Unwofindependent Variation is the degree by which progeny differ from their parents. The See test EE branch of science which deals with the inheritance as well as the Peecfien HET variation of characters from parents to offspring s Genetics. * ChromosomalTheory @f arly agriculturists (8,000 ~10,000 B.C.) knew that one of the causes alist S| of variation was hidden in sexual reproduction. Because of it, they > Linkage and successfully bred domesticated varieties from wild plants and animals Recombination through selective crossing and artificial selection. Indian cow (e.g. 8) SexDetennindton: Sahiwal of Punjab) is domesticated form of an ancestral wild cow. Nine However, our ancestors had very little idea about the scientific basis of inheritance and variation, © Genetic Disorders > Pedigree Analysis MENDE! » Mendelian Disorders > Chromosomal Disorders '§ LAWS OF INHERITANCE Gregor Johann Mendel was the first to demonstrate the scientific basis of inheritance and variation by conducting hybridisation experiment. But it should * Cytoplasmic Inheritance be very much clear that he was not the first to conduct these experiments, * Some Important Definitions __ “ether he was the first to consider one to three characters at one time and bi é this was perhaps the secret of his success. His experiments were in fact the ° Poa ‘extension and development of hybridisation experiments on pea conducted by * Quick Recap earlier workers like Knight and Goss. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi 10005 Ph.011-47623456102 Principles of inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive Exams, Mendel was born on July 22, in 1822. He worked on Pisum sativum (Garden pea or Edible pea) for 7 years (1856-1863) and proposed the law of inheritance in living organisms. Before discussing, why did Mendel select pea plant for genetics experiment, we must know what is the difference between character and trait, Feature of the individual. e.g., Stem] Distinguishable feature of a character and its height detectable variant. e.g, Tallness or dwartness. Selection of pea plant : The main reasons for adopting garden pea for experiments were as follows, (1) Pea has many distinct alternative traits (clear contrasting traits) 2) It produces a large number of seeds and completes its life cycle in one season. (8) Flowers show self (bud) pollination, so are true breeding, (4) Itis easy to artificially cross-pollinate the pea flowers. The hybrids thus produced were fertile. Mendel conducted artifical pollination or cross-poliination experiments using several true-breeding pea lines. ‘Atrue breeding line is one that having undergone continuous setf-polination, shows the stable trait inheritance land expression for several generations. Mendel selected 14 true-breeding pea plant varieties, as pairs which were similar except for one character with contrasting traits. It means, Mendel selected 7 characters in pea plant for carrying out hybridisation ‘experiments. These characters are listed in following table. trasting traits a Seed shape @ Round oO Yellow Seed colour Terminal Pod shape ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456cams. Board & Competitive Exams, Principles of Inheritance and Variation 4103 7 years is the 1. Initially Mendel took 34 varieties of pea plants, then 22 but ultimately worked with only 7 pairs of varieties. 2._Term Pure line’ was coined by Johannsen in 1900. Reasons for Mendel's Success (1) Mendel applied statistical methods and mathematical logics for analysing his results. (2) He kept accurate records of his experiments, giving all the details of number and type of individuals, which are a necessity in the genetic studies. (3) Mendel experimented on a number of plants for the same trait and obtained hundreds of offspring. A large sampling size gave credibilty to his results. Chances of error are litle in large samples. (4) He tried to formulate theoretical explanations for the observed results. These explanations were further tested by conducting experiments for successive generations of the test plants, that proved his results pointed to general rules of inheritance rather than being unsubstantiated ideas. lines. Example 1: State True or False. tance ” Garden pea has seven characters only. (2) Flowers of Pisum sativum naturally show cross pollination. saracter (3) A true breeding line shows the stable trait inheritance. (4) Mendel applied statistical methods and mathematical logic for analysing the results. Solution : (1) False 2) False @) Tne (4) Tue 1. Fill in the blanks : () ____ is the degree by which progeny differs from their parents, (i) Pisum sativum produces a umber of offspring and completes its life cycle in season. State True or False (The transfer of characters from parents to offspring is known as inheritance. (i)_Atrue breeding line shows stable trait inheritance and expression for several generations. (ii)_In total, Mendel selected 7 true-breeding pea plant varieties. 17623456 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456. | 104 Principles of Inheritance and Variation 1. The degree by which progeny differ from their parents is known as (1) Genetics 2) Variation @) Heredity (4) Inheritance 2. Sahiwal cows of Punjab are developed by (1) Attifcial selection (2) Domestication (Both (1) & (2) (4) Mutation 3, Which of the following genotype represents heterozygous condition? () TT @ tt @ T (@) RR 4, How many true breeding pea plant varieties were selected by Mendel? () 14 Q7 @ 2 @ 2 5, Mendel selected Pisum sativum for hybridisation experiments because of (1) Clear contrasting characters and short life span (2) Long life span and non-fertile hybrids @) Presence of unisexual flowers (4) _Infertile hybrids and production of large number of seeds by each plant 6. Mark the odd one (w.rt. dominant trait in garden pea) (1) Yellow pod (2) Inflated pod @) Axial flower (4) Yellow seed 7. Transmission of genetic characters from parents to offspring is. (1) Variation 2) Heredity (3) Blending (4) Somatoplasm 8 Who coined the term ‘allele"? (1) Saunders (2) Bateson () Johannsen (4) Mendel 9. Which of the following trait of garden pea is present on 7" chromosome? (1) Pod shape @) Pod colour (3) Seed shape (4) Stem height 10. Alltraits can express themselves in heterozygous condition, except () Tall 2) Violet (3) Axial (4) Wrinkled seed ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47 Board & Competitive Exams.Scard & Competitive Exams, Principles of Inheritance and Variation 4108 INHERITANCE OF ONE GENE Study of inheritance of single pair of contrasting traits of a character at a time is called one gene inheritance. Mendel crossed true breeding tall variety (6-7 ft) and true breeding dwarf variety (0.751 ft) pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. The plants used in initial cross are referred to as P, and P, of parents. Since pea is selfertlising, the anthers should be removed from the female parent before ‘maturity for the purpose of cross pollination. The method of removal ale rent plant is called emasculation. The pollens, then at the dehiscence stage, is brought from the male Parent and is dusted on the stigma of emasculated flower. He collected the seeds produced as a resutt of this cross and grew them to generate plants of the first hybrid generation. This generation is also called the filial, (offspring) progeny or the F,. Petal Stigma ‘Anther ‘Stamen -Carpel Removal of anthers (Emasculation) ink (P.) Transfer of potter i (Pollination) AD 33 gg333 steps in making a cross in pea Mendel found that all F, progeny plants were tall (6-7 ft), lke one of its parents; none were dwarf. He made similar crosses with other pairs of contrasting traits and in every case the result was the same. In each, F, plants were identical to one of the parents. [sie] charac OP Parents TTP . 1. | stemheight | Tat_—_| Dwart Tall 2_| Flowercolour | Violet | White Violet 3. | Flowerposiion | Axial | Terminal | Axial 4._| Pod shape Inflated | Constricted | Infated 5._| Pod colour Green _| Yelow Green 6. | Seedshape | Round | wrinkled | Round 7_| Seedcolour | Yellow | Green Yellow ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Oifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47629456406) Principles of Inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive Exams. When Mende! self-poliinated the tall F, plants, both tall and dwarf plants were obtained in F, generation. Offspring derived from selfing of the F, are termed as second filial or F, generation. The proportion of plants : ‘ here that dwarfness which disappeared in F, generation, reappeared in F,. The tall and dwarf traits in F, ‘generation were identical to their parental type and did not show any blending, /.., all the offsprings were either tall or dwarf, none were of in-between height. In the example discussed here, cross is performed involving single pair of contrasting traits of a character. Such cross is known as monohybrid cross. Parental x Tall (P, Dwarf (P, Tal) at (.) “Y ‘ $ Selfing. F, generation % Tall Tall ays F, generation x xv? wy Tal {7 Tal_¢j Tall Tt Fig, : Diagrammatic representation of monohybrid cross He made similar crosses with other pairs of contrasting traits and observed the F, generation in which both the traits were expressed in the proportion of 3: 1 +. Mendel eso worked on two other plants namely, Hawkweed (Hiracium) and Lablab and he failed to obtain same results as found in garden pea due to parthenogenesis non-availability of pureline seeds and parthenogenesis. 2. SBE - 1 gene is responsible for the synthesis of an enzyme SBE (starch branching enzyme) ‘essential for producing round seeds. Mutation in gene leads to failure in the production of this enzyme and hence in complex metabolic disturbances producing wrinkled seeds. Concept of ‘Factors’ Based on these observations, Mendel proposed that something was being stably passed down, unchanged, ‘rom parent to offspring through the gametes, over successive generations. He called these things as ‘actors’ We now call these factors as “genes”. Therefore, a gene is defined as the functional unit of inheritance. They ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd, Ofico : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623458Jn which both Board & Competitive Exams. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 107 contain the information that is required to express a particular trait in an organism, Chemically gene Is a segment of DNA that has a particular function, the common being synthesis of polypeptide. Genes which code for @ pair of contrasting traits are known as alleles i.e, they are slightly different forms of the same gene. Therefore, term gene can be used for any factor but term allele is used with reference to another allele. We use alphabetical symbols for each gene, the capital letter is used for the trait expressed at the F, stage and small alphabet for the other trait. For example, if T is used for the ‘tall trait and t for ‘dwart’ then T and t are alleles of each other. Therefore, in plants (Diploid) the pair of alleles for height would be TT, Tt or tt. We should not use T for tall and d for dwarf because we will find it difficult to remember whether T and d are alleles of the same character or not. ae SD Did You Know? ‘1. Term ‘gene’ was given by Johannsen while term ‘allele’ by Bateson, 2. Alleles are the abbreviated form of the term “allelomorphs". Homozygous and Heterozygous Mendel proposed that in a true breeding, tall or dwarf pea variety the allelic pair of genes for height are identical, TT and tt respectively. This condition was termed as homozygous! by Bateson and Saunders. An individual having two different alleles (It) will be called hybritBateson and Saunders termed this condition as “heterozygous Genotype and Phenotype Genotype is representation of genetic complement of an individual with respect to one or more characters. e.g, TT, Tt, tt. Phenotype is observable morphological appearance. The phenotypes of an individual is determined by different combinations of alleles e.g, taliness, dwarfness. Dominant and Recessive Based on the results obtained in F,, generation, Mendel was able to propose that when two dissimilar factors are present in a single individual, only one is able to express and the other is not. The one that expresses itself is called dominant factor while which fails to express is termed as recessive factor. In other words we can say that a dominant allele influences the appearance of the phenotype even in the presence of an alternative allele while recessive allele influences the appearance of the phenotype only in the presence of another identical allele. Concept of Segregation From the above observation that the recessive parental trait (dwarfness, tt) is expressed without any blending in the F, generation, we can infer that, when the tall and dwarf plant produce gametes by the process of meiosis, the alleles of the parental pair separate (segregate) from each other and only one allele is transmitted to a gamete, It means meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes to one half where a gamete carries only ‘one chromosome of each type and hence oniy one factor of a character. The segregation of alleles is a random process and so there is a 50 percent chance of a gamete containing either allele. In this way the gametes of the tall TT plants have the allele T and the gametes of the dwarf tt plants have the allele t. During fertilisation of the two alleles, T from one parent through the pollen (n), and t from the female parent through the egg (n) are united to produce zygotes (2n) that have one T allele and one t allele (6. hybrid or heterozygous Tt plant (2n). ‘etash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pus Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476234564108) Principles of Inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive Exams. Punnett Square The production of gametes(n) by the parents (2n), the formation of the zygotes (2n), the F, and F, plants can be understood from a diagram called Punnett square. Punnett square was developed by a British geneticist, Reginald ©, Punnett. it is a graphical representation to calcul of all _genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross, The possible gametes aré writterron-two sides, male in horizontal Tow and female in vertical column. All possible combinations are represented in boxes below in the squares, which generates a square output form. Phenotypic ratio : tall: dwarf eal Genotypic ratio. : TT: Te: tt i Agi 23d Fig. : A Punnett square used to understand a typical monohybrid cross conducted by Mendel between true-breeding tall plants and true-breeding dwarf plants ‘The Punnett square, given in above figure, shows the parental tall TT (male) and dwarf tt (female) plants, the gametes produced by them and the F, Tt progeny. The F, plant of the genotype Tt when self-pollinated, produces gametes of the genotype T and t in equal proportion. When fertiization takes place, the pollen grains ‘of genotype T have a 50% chance to pollinate eggs of the genotype T, as well as of genotype t. Also pollen grains of genotype t have a 50% chance to pollinate eggs of genotype T, as well as of genotype t. As a result of random fertilisation, the resultant zygotes can be of the genotypes TT, Tt or tt. From the Punnett square it is easily seen that 1/4” of the random fertlisations lead to TT, 1/2 lead to Tt and 1/4" to tt. Due to ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456)eve Exams, Board & Competitive Exams. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 409 dominance of one trait over the other that all the F, are tall (though the genotype is Tt) and in the F,, 3/ 4 of the plants are tall (though genotypically 1/2 are Tt and 1/4" are TT). This leads to a phenotypic ratio Me of 3/4” tall : (1/4 TT + 1/2 Te) and 1/4" tt, Le., a 3: 4 ratio, but a genotypic ratio of 1: 2: 1. The 1/4 py 2 ride 112: 1/4 ratio of TT : Tt : tt is mathematically condensable to the form of the binomial expression ll possi (ax + by)?, that has the gametes bearing genes T or t in equal frequency of 1/2. The expression is in horizontal expanded as given below the squares, 9 (Y2T + 112eP = (1/2 + 1121) x (127 + 112) = ATT + 112Te + Hatt Mendel setf-pollinated the F, plants and found that dwarf F, plants continued to generate dwarf plants in F, © and F, generations. He concluded that the genotype of the dwarfs was homozygous Test Gross ~/sencligi® From the preceeding paragraphs it is clear that though the genotypic ratios can be calculated using mathematical probability, by simply looking at the phenotype of a dominant trait, itis not possible to know == the genotypic composition. For example, whether a tall plant froms F, or Fy has TT ot Tt composition, can that he got een round and 1/4" had: oss. Similarly of round and: del proposed. w states that Ito the other two pairs of lant (diploid). tor R and the itis important of 50% ¥ and 50% of the R ypes of pollen % or 1/4! of wo sides of a ts, or1-a76204s6 Soard & Competitive Exams. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 447. Now, itis clear that the segregation of one pair of factors will occur independently of the other pair or they will assort independently. Accordingly, the gametes must carry all possible combinations of the factors in equal frequency. Number | Experiment of tralts/| (o) 1. | Monohybria cross (Aax Aa) 2 Dinyod [2 =4 16 Ge | a:2:a= cross 9:3:3:1 fasdi2:1.2) (Rabb « Aeb) tti2d 3. | Trinybid | 2=8 sear | erty | aiasay cross, (“] AaBbCe. Example 5 : In Pisum sativum, yellow seed colour (¥) is dominant over green (y), and round shape of seed (R) is dominant over wrinkled (y). Consider that these two pair of genes assort independently, then @ What proportion of the offsprings from the cross YyRr * yyrr would expected to have yellow | seeded trait? | (From the cross Yyrr x Yyr, how many will be pure yellow-wrinkled plants in the resutting generation? | Solution : (i) YyRr x) oyyrr | OOOO _© QO SL Ss Vv Ne eae a veurs) (tees) (ound) (sea) Yellow-seeded plants (YyRr, Yyrr) FZ ie. 50% a ear tes ae Q § > SX Yer yer yee yr (ine) (eka) (nse) (S03) Pure-yellow wrinkled (YYrr) plants = ; Le. 25% ne ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph.011-47623456118 Principles of inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive Exams. 40. Ina cross between two pea plants with genotypes TtYY (tall plant with yellow seeds) and Ttyy (tall plants with green seeds), what proportion of the offsprings could be expected to be: (Tall and yellow (i) Dwarf and green In an animal, assume that rough coat (R) is dominant over smooth coat (r) and the black (B) is dominant over white (b). Consider that these two pairs of alleles assort independently then (i) What proportion of the offspring from the cross RrBb x RRBB would be rough and black? (i) From the cross RrBB x rrBB, how many progeny will be homozygous for both of the characters? ‘The phenotype of F, hybrid resembles either of the two parents in (1) Dominance 2) Incomplete dominance (8) Co-dominance (4) Intermediate inheritance Mendel proposed law of dominance and law of segregation based on his observations on (1) Monohybrid crosses 2) Dihybrid crosses (3) Test crosses (4) Out crosses Which of the following phenotypic ratio was found by Mendel in F, generation of a dihybrid cross? () 3:4 oP) 1:2:4:2r4s2i4:204 @) 9:3:3:1 @) 12:4 Both phenotypic and genotypic ratio of F, are same in (1) Co-dominance (2) Incomplete dominance 3) Out cross (4) More than one option is correct The ability of a gene to have multiple phenotypic effects is known as (1) Pleiotropy @)Co-dominance (3). Incomplete dominance (4) Complete dominance How many types of gametes can be produced by a diploid organism, if itis heterozygous for 3 loci? a 6 @4 @) 8 @ 3 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Oifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-10005 Ph.011-47petitive Exams. ross? oF 3 loci? aR cee pi * Complementary genes ~> vo\'> ‘os Board & Competitive Exams. Principles of inheritance and Variation 44 "7 What will be genotypic ratio in the F, generation of a monohybrid out cross? (1) 9:3:3:4 @ 22:4 @ots4 @ 3:4 8. Across between F, hybrid and its homozygous recessive parent is called (1) Out cross 2) Test cross (3) Monohybrid cross (4) Dinybrid cross Select the correct option wrt. law of independent assortment (1) It'can be explained by using monohybrid cross (2) Inheritance of one character is dependent on another character (3) This law is not applicable universally (4) It was proposed by Bateson 20. Find the incorrect match (1) Gamete Pure for a trait (2) Co-dominance Flower colour in Snapdragon (3) Recessive gene Expressed in homozygous (4) Incomplete dominance: Carl Correns TWO GENES INTERACTION (w.r.t. Post-Mendelism) Genes usually function or express themseh genes of the same allelic pair or genes of called gene interaction, 'ves singly or individually. But, many cases are known where lwo {wo or more different allelic pairs influence one another. This is a diferent expression. Each interaction is typical in itself and ratio cbtaines different from those of the Foran hybrid Talo. Some ofthese interactions of genes are explained here which fel uncer wo category and deviate from Mender's ratio. ‘The complementary genes are wo genes present on separate loc that interac to Phenotypic character, neither of them if pr lon complementary to each other. It means that these genes are Bateson and Punnet have demonstrate that in sweet pea (La 8 a result of interaction of two dominant genes C and P. in the absence of dominant gene C or P or both, the flowers are white, Itis believed that gene C produces an enzyme that catal the formation of necessary — raw material for the synthesis of pigment anthocyanin and g P produces an enzyme which transforms the “aw Talia inf tho pigmane re he pre ety }s the product of two biochemical reactions, the end product of one reaction forms the substrate TOP sire? odoralus) purple colour of flowers develop Substrate A—Pesietot Gene C supstrate BProduetot Gane P ‘Anthocyanin Therefore, ifa plant has ccPP, cePp, CCpp or Copp genotypes, it bear are formed in plants having genotype CCPP or CCPp or CoP or CcPp, From checker board, it is clear that|9 : 7 ratio betwee and whit 9:3:3: 1 ratio, ih Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi110005 Ph.011-47629466 rs only white flowers, Purple flowers is a modification of420) Principles of Inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive Exams. White Flowers White Flowers ( hypestet tosh cus Fig. : Duplicate genes interaction 3. Epistasis. A gene which masks (hides) the action of another gene (non allelic) is termed as epistatie gene. The process is called epistasis. The gone whose effects are masked is called hypostatic gent Epistasis is of two types (a) ca Recessive epistasis : Here the recessive allele in homozygous condition masks the effect of dominant allele, ¢.g, in mice, the wild body colour is known as agouti (greyish) and is controlled by a gene say A which is hypostatic to recessive allele c. The dominant allele C in the presence of G4» Fe dren clcued mice. nh rosso of orinant ann CA hv Hie i ag So, CC wl (be coloured and ccAA will be albino. When coloured mice (GCaa) are crossed with albino 17 (eeAA), agouti mice (CoAa) appear in F,. cc masks t CZ. Consequentiy, cc Ais albino, The rato 9: 3:3: 1 Is modified to9: 3:4, The combination cova “eels abinoduetothe absence ofboth he dominantaleles. = 5 Sex WU he. Parents Ca con ocoki_colovr in Cc ae Coloured AbiNo LOY, eee ge | fetes the cebior Gomete e ; ® f a > Vecppnstble Gre F, CcAa s Agouti O\ nate —— Selfing of F, 2 Clap cores Gametes, cA. Ca cA ca AAce > albir CAA] CCAa | GcAA | CoAa disabling A to CA | Agouti hea Agouti | Agouti Moana Re ch Cha | Gcaa | coha | Coa F, Ca | Agouti [Coloured] Agouti |Coloured CLoa — aller ni Coneraton a dua tet cA | agouti | Agouti | Albino | Aloino alsseuta g dor CcAa | Coa | ccAa | cca olleles © | agouti {Coloured} Albino | Albino F, Phenotypic ratio : 9 (Agouti) : 3 (Coloured) : 4 (Albino) Fig. : Recessive epistasis h Educational Services Pvt, Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623458422) Principles of Inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive _abevizoler () Dominant epics: summer squash or Cuca popo, tere ae tres types of fut «yellow, goon and wht. White colours dominant over other colours, whe yellow sd ‘over green. Gene for white colour (W) masks the effects of yellow colour gene (Y). So, cur is formed only when the dominant epstlc gene is represented by ils recessive White Fruit — w-Y-,W-y to ° Qe ‘Yellow Fruit - wwY— Green Fruit - wy ‘Across between a pure breeding white summer squash, (WWYY) with @ pure breeding unite CW) summer squash, (ayy) yds whit fats inthe F, generation. Upon seing of Fy he domino ayer generation comes to have 12 white fruit : 3 yellow fruit ; 1 green fruit. 4d » Slow (Y) aad Parents ite Green syeencw uy way om @ X © F, Generation Hybrid White |setno oF, one —-@ @© @ © WWYY wwyy wwYY wwyy ; te | white | White | whit : Wwyy wWWyy wwry | Wwyy 5 wns | ‘write | wnte | waite 3 vwwyy | wry wy | wy 8 Wine | wnte | Yelow | Yalow wwyy wwyy wwYy wwyy very | Wwnte | Yalow | Green ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt Ltd = Regd Ofce: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Deti-10005 Pho F, Phenotype ratio - 12 White : 3 Yellow : 1 Green or 12: Fig. : Dominant epistasis Duplicate genes Recessive epistasis 9:3:4 Dominant epistasis 12:3: Polymeric/Additive genes 9:6:1 Inhibitory genes 13:3 ‘Supplementary genes Collaborative gene actionje Exams. ‘uit colour s dominant So, yellow, sive allele eeding green of F,, the F, Board & Competitive Exams, Principles of Inheritance and Variation |42 Example 6: What wll be the possible phenotypic rato ita white flowered swoet pea plant (coPP) is crossed {0 a purple flowered sweet pea plant (CoP)? Solution : pp x Copp i! ro [ee copP bP (Purple flowered plant) (White flowered plant) ‘.e,, the phenotypic ratio = 4 : 4 J Parents cote Coe Cn 12. Find out the probable phenotypic rato ifa purple flowered sweet pea pant (CSE) is crossed 10 whit flowered sweet pea plant (Pp sc nox 7? skudyd) plogeme hhech ance - 1. seealnapebor Polygenic inheritarice or quantitative inheritance |cwnas ie" dshage =~ Sob Tea~aCh Ln maize Mendets studies mainly deserved those tails at have detinct alerts forms aust 3c fower colour which are eliher purple or white. But if you look around you will ind that there are many traits which are not so controlled by two or more genes olygenic traits. The inheritance of polygenic traits is called poh 18 eed {n quantitative inheritance, the dominant alleles have cumulative effect, wth each dominant allele expressing pat of functional polypeptide and ful trait is shown when al the dominant alles are present. Genes inotven 2 Part of functional polypeptide and ful traits sh ones involve in quantitative inheritance are calied polygenes. HH Nilsson-Ehle (1908) and East (1910) demonstrated segregation and assortment of genes controling uantitative traits, ¢.g., Kernel colour in wheat and corolla length in tobacco. Kernel colour in wheat. Swedish geneticist, H. Nisson-Ehle (1908) cr 1d kemeled variety with white Kemeled variety of wheat. Grains of F, were uniformly red but intermediate between the red sor white of Batental generation. When members of F, were sel-crossed among themselves, five difenr phenotypic classes appeared in F, showing the ratio Of 77 478 a7 (The extreme red ~ 1116 (as red as to the parent of F,) one ‘wteusity S| choracke (i) Deep red (Dark red) ang oo Hlepend, open ted no Seer (ii) Intermediate red ~ 6/16 (similar to F,) oi alleles: (Light red -ane > S phenokper- O White ~ 1/16 (as white as to the parent of F,) Nilsson Ehle found that the kernel colour irs of genes Gene A ind B determine the red colour of kemel and are dor their recessive alleles, Each gene pair shows Mendelian segregation. Heterozygotes for two pairs of genes (Aat hite kerneled plants, ms 1S i] vedo 4) But all the red kemels do not exhibit the same shade of redness. The degree of redness was found to correspond with the number of dominant alleles. “errespond with the number of dominant allele “Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lt. - Regd, Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Psa Road, NeW Delhi-110005 Phot1-47623456424. Principles of Inheritance and Variation ‘ Board & Competitive Exams. Skin Colour in Man oe The presence of melanin pigment in the skin determines the skin colour. The amount of melanin devetoping in the individual is determined by three (two also) pairs of genes. These genes are present at three different loc and each dominant gene is responsible for the synthesis of fixed amount of melanin. The effect of al the genes is additive and the emount of melanin produced is always proportional to the number of ‘Subsequent studies after Davenport have shown that as many as six genes maybe. involved n.cont the skin colour in human beings. As shown in table, the effect of all the genes is additive (The character is ‘assumed to be fixed by three pairs of polyenes). The effec §} at wite Negro/ Black ap, qews iy sabbec AABBCO arents additive oF light) ee (abe) + (asc) Gametes AaBbCe, Intermediate (Muiatto) F, generation ‘Marriage between Se mulatioes ; Games» ya abt mee Meas noc sasnce | swaacc | msec avmece Avance aasnce | aacs | Aaince eee | Moo” | “Dom” Fary-dore “Dark Faity dare | Fatty sar [mtemedae woo maswce | mance | Aapicc wabico AvBoce Aabics | aabace | axBioe Se | ark | Fam dak Inemediate Faity dark Itemesiae | Intermediate | Fat ight mec msvec | Aamco | Amecc Asso aaance | aanuce. | Amphoe | nabs BEC | eet | Penn dark \femmediate Fast dark Inemedete | Interest | Fay ight yc buce, | aeance | “Aatioo aatico | asbace, aati, | eatie, | tice pi Fairly dark | intermediate | intermediate Fairly light Intermediate Firly light) Fairly ight ‘Light ‘ape asace | Aasece | AAstce — aapce, ,ANBBEr, | AABDax | | AaBice | Aastee ’ Dark Fatty dark | Fairy dark Intermediate Fairly dark Intermediate | Intermediate | Fairly ight pve nace | naauce | Avoce —Aatice, AnBtis Attic |" asics, | Armas © Fairly dark | Intermediate | Intermediate Fairy light Intermediate Fairly light) Fairly light Light ne -AaBece | aaBace | Aabbcs saBbce, Aasoes, AaBhee | aasiee, | anf = Fairly dark | intermediate | Intermediate Farlylight Intenediate Fairly light | Fairy light Light ate fabbce | aaBnce | Amoco aabuce Aabhes Asoc | aathee | sess nnaeece | eateteee | conyighe “Up Feviyign gt [Light | Very taht Phenotypes : 1 (Very dark) 6 (Dark): 15 (Fairy dark): 20 (Intermediate); 1 (Fay ight)-6 (Light): + (Very lot) a Fig. : Results of polygenic inheritance of skin colour in man “The F, progeny between very light and a negro individual called mulatto produces intermediate skin colour. In F, generation, the coloured offsprings exhibit different shades in the ratio 1:6: 15: 20: 15:6: 1 Li spec . ul 0 Xs Hin Coons is se f Faily dark Fairly toht [ARE ‘Skin Pigmentation “ 3 nc ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph for white eye and yellow body were very tightly linked. Genes for white eye and miniature wing were loosel 7 linked as they showed comparatively higher recombination (37.2%). Now it is clear that when genes are grouped on same chromosome, some genes are tightly linked while some are loosely linked. Alfred Sturtevant (student of Morgan) used the frequency of recombination between gene pairs on the same a chromosome as a measure of the distance between genes and 'mapped' their position on the chromosome %) Two genes show higher frequency of crossing over if the distance between them is higher and lower frequenc; if the distance is small. Today genetic maps are extensively used as a starting point in the sequencing o whole genomes as was done in case of the Human Genome Sequencing Project. Chromosomal Mapping Crossing over is important in locating the genes on chromosome. The genes are arranged linearly on th chromosome. This sequence and the relative distances between various genes is graphically represented i terms of recombination frequencies or cross over values (COV). This is known as linkage map of chromosome Distance or cross over units are called centimorgan (cM) or map unit. Term centimorgan is used in eukaryoti genetics and map unit in prokaryotic genetics. os 7 Number of recombinants Recombination frequency or cross over value= star number of offsprings UU The recombination frequency depends upon the distance between the genes. Ifthe distance between the genes i lesser the chances of crossing over is less and hence recombination frequency is also lesser and vice versa. we So, recombination frequency is directly proportional to the distance between genes. In any cross, if recombinatio frequency is 5%. It means the distance between the genes is 5 map units. AH. Sturtevant suggested that these recombination frequencies can be utilized in predicting the sequence o genes on the chromosome. On the basis of recombination frequency, he prepared first chromosomal map 0 genetic map for Drosophila. 011-47623486) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Olfice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456132. Principles of Inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive Exams, 50%) and non-parental types are 12.6% (or < 50%), it means genes are linked. (ii) Yes. Crossing over leads to recombination (generation of non-parental gene combinations). }_ Try Yourself 16. Two heterozygous parents (AaBb) are crossed. If the two loci are completely linked (AB/ab), what would be the distribution of phenotypic features in resulting generation of test cross? 17. State True or False: (i) In fruit fy, genes of white eye and normal wing are X-linked recessive, (ii) Loosely linked genes show high recombination, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Olfice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456plant height explains as. progeny are F< 60%), it binations), 1-47623486 Board & Competitive Exams, Principles of Inheritance and Variation 4% EXERCISE 31. Select the odd one out wrt. chromosomal theory of inheritance (1) _Itwas proposed by Sutton and Boveri (2) Behaviour of chromosomes is parallel to behaviour of genes (3) Chromosomes and genes occur in pais in diploid and haploid cells respectively (4) The paired condition of both chromosomes as well as Mendelian factors is restored during fertlizatior 32, The term gene for Mendelian factor was coined by (1) Sutton & Boveri (2) Morgan 8) Bateson (4) Johannsen 33. Morgan used Drosophila as experimental material because (1) It cannot be reared and bred under lab conditions (2) Asingle mating produces very few offsprings (@) thas high number of morphologically similar chromosomes (4) Ithas a shor life span 34. Who carried out several dihybrid crosses in Drosophila to study genes that were sex-linked? (1) Morgan (2) Sutton (3) Bateson (4) Punnet 35. Female Drosophila is (1) Smaller in size than male (2) Larger in size than male (3) Larger in size with shorter life span than male (4) Having heteromorphic sex chromosomes 36. Find the odd one out wrt. complete linkage (1) 100% parental combinations in F, generation 2) F, phenotypic ratio is 3 : 1 in dihybrid cross 3) Dinybrid test cross ratio is 1: 1 in F, generation (4) Linked genes tend to separate frequently 37. A condition where an individual heterozygous for two pairs of linked genes (AaBb) possesses the two dominar genes on one homologous chromosome pair and two recessive on the other, itis said to be (1) Cis-arrangement (2) Trans-arrangement @) Partly cis partly trans (4) More than one option is correct, 38. How many linkage groups are present in human male? Ome Q 2 @ 46 4) 2 39. What is the recombination percentage between gene y and w in Drosophila? (1) 1.3% @) 98.7% 8) 628% (4) 37.2% 40. Find the incorrect statement w.rt. chromosomal mapping (1) Crossing over is important in locating genes on chromosome (2) Recombination frequency depends upon the distance between the genes (3) Recombination frequency is inversely proportional to distance between genes (4) The sequences and the relative distances between various genes is graphically represented in terms recombination frequencies ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345¢434 Principles of inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive Exams SEX DETERMINATION Establishment of sex through differential development in an individual at an early stage of life is called sex determination, Different species use very different strategies for this purpose. Some organisms like turtles rely entirely on environmental factors such es temperature for sex determination, Sex of human beings and insects like grasshopper, firefly, Drosophila etc. Is determined genetically. The initial clue about the genetic or chromosomal mechanism of sex determination can be traced back to some of the experiments carried out in insects. Chromosomal basis of sex determination: The foundation of this type was laid down by Henking (1891) He traced a specific nuclear structure all through spermatogenesis in a few insects. Henking also observed that only 50% of the sperm received this structure, This structure was termed 'X body’ by him, but he could not explain its significance. Further investigations by other scientists led to the conclusion that the 'X body’ was actually a chromosome, therefore it was given the name X-chromosome. Stevens (1902) discovered Y- chromosome. X and Y chromosomes named as sex chromosomes by Wilson and Stevens (1905) Chromosomal basis of sex-determination is of the following types hoqmerpos ple {a) Male heterogamety : In this type male individual produces two different types of gametes. Thus, the sperm determines the sex of the offspring. It involves two types of sex determining mechanisms; XO type and XY type. (XO type (XX - XO type) : It is observed in large number of insects e.g., Grasshopper. Number of chromosomes are different in male and female individuals. AA+XO 2 A+ XX (Migie) (Female) atx ato atx ASX (sperm) (Sperm) (ova) (ova) Atx A+x BArKK | _AAr vO AtX (Female) (Female) AAeXO | — ARs XO A+O (Male) (Male) Fi XO type of sex determination in grasshopper Itis clear that, all eggs (ova) bear an additional X-chromosome besides the autosomes while only 50% of the sperms bear X-chromosomes. In grasshopper, eggs fertilised by (A+X) type sperm become females while those fertilised by (A+O) type sperm become males. Therefore, sperm determines the sex of the offspring. Due to the involvement of the X-chromosome in sex determination, it was designated to be the sex chromosome. (il) XY type (XX - XY) type : In a number of other insects like Drosophila and mammals including human beings, the males contain two types of sex chromosomes (X and Y) while females possess two similar type of sex chromosomes (XX). Both male and females have same number of chromosomes. In males, Y-chromosome is often shorter than the X-chromosome, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456tive Exams, called sex: turtles rely and insects: genetic or carried out ing (1891). o observed ut he could he 'X body’ covered Y- ns (1905). Thus, the 1s; XO type Number of while only. ype sperm sre, sperm me in sex s including 2 possess: number of 147620486) Board & Competitive Exams. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 135 () Fig.: Determination of sex by chromosomal differences (a, b); Both in humans and in Drosophila, the female has a pair of XX chromosomes: (homogametic) and the male XY chromosomes (heterogametic) composition, ‘Sex Determination in Humans : Human beings have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. All the ova (haploid) formed by female are similar in their chromosome type (22 + X) ‘Therefore females are homogametic. Male individual produces two types of sperms during the process of spermatogenesis. 50% of the total sperm produced possess the X-chromosome and the rest 50% has ‘Y-chromosome besides the autosome. There is an equal probability of fertilisation of the ovum (22 + X) with the sperm carrying either X or Y chromosome. If ovum fertlses with (22 + X) type sperm, the zygote develops into a female (44 + XX) and the fertilisation of ovum with (22 + Y) type sperm results into a ‘male individual (44 + XY). Thus, genetic makeup of the sperm determines the sex of the child. Itis also clear that in each pregnancy there is always 50% or 1/2 probability of either a male or a female child FarHeR oraen Parents Fig.: Sex-determination in man. Note that all the eggs carry X-chromosome but one-half of the sperms carry an X-chromosome and one-half carry a Y-chromosome. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd, - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-476234564136) Principles of Inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive Exams, Did You Know? In human beings, Y-chromosome carries a gene Sry (sex determining region) which codes for a Product called testis-determining factor (TDF). TDF is required for the development of male sex and its absence leads to the development of female sex. Example 10 : State True or False (wr. following diagrams) K OH Male Female During gamete formation, only 50% of the sperms bear X-chromosome. Both male and female individuals have same type of sex chromosomes. Solution : The False Try Yourself }18. Which of the following statement for grasshopper is incorrect? (1) Male individual is heterogametic due to two heteromorphic sex chromosomes. (2) Sperm determines the sex of offsprings, 3) Similar number of autosomes are found in male and female individuals both. (4) All eggs contain autosomes as well as X-chromosome. }19._In third pregnancy of a human couple, what will be probability of having a son? helrornasphac (b) Female heterogamety : Female individual produces two different types of gametes. Thus, the egg determines the sex ofthe offspring. It involves two types of sex-determining mechanisms 2W Iype and ZO type. () ZW type (2W-ZZ type) : In birds, both the sexes possess two sex chromosomes. Unlike human beings, the females contain heteromorphic sex chromosomes while the males have homomorphic sex chromosomes. Because of having heteromorphic sex chromosomes, the females are heterogametic. Fig. : In many birds, female has a pair of dissimilar chromosomes (ZW) ‘and male two similar (ZZ) chromosomes. Different symbols in birds are used to distinguish the female heterogametic in birds (ZW) from male heterogametic sex (XY) in Drosophila and man, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pus Road, New Delhi-110005 h.011-47623456etitive Exams. Board & Competitive Exams. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 137 Ae S AA+ZW ay (gia) (Female) codes for a A+Z A+Z A+Z AW ale sex and (sperm) (sperm) (ova) (ova) a AtZ Atw aaa | AAs ZW Ate (Male) (Female) AAszzZ | A+ ZW A+Z| “wale) (Female) “ Fig. : ZW type sex determination in birds (chicks) hus, the egg ZW type and Unlike human homomorphic females are W) from male .011-47623456) (i) ZO type (ZO-2Z type) : In butterflies, sex-determination is exactly opposite the condition found in grasshoppers. Here females produce two types of eggs (A+Z and A+O type). Different systems based on chromosomal mechanism of sex-determination can be summarised as: von eoaaanezet [ATO com | AP(II0H0| ARO | AAS 0 rarer | oman [2X0 nex | ansry | arvroe racine rosie a ‘AAzZ (100%) Rees AA+zZz | AA+ZW er 20 num [arzccowy| 8°26 | axwzz | anezo ‘Sex-determination in Honey bee ‘The sex-determination in honey bee is based on the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives ‘An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an egg develops as a female (queen or worker), and ar unfer le (drone) by means of parthenogenesis. This means that the males hav haif the number of chromosomes than that of a female. The females are diploid having 32 chromosomes an« males are haploid /e., having 16 chromosomes. This is called as haplodiploid sex-detarmination system an iced choca ncbrer oud an ho olen produce aft BY Ri chown neue boo, fe de muhave ane and fu sarmot have ora, bat hve @ nda ad on hve rancor. Pore Fomse Mae Ce wi cama 1.0 expresses super femaleness, 1.0 femaleness, below 1.0 and above 0.5 intersexes, 0.5 maleness and < 0.5 supermaleness. Gynandromorphs: Gynandromorph is @ sex mosaic (an individual with one half of the body male and the other half female). These are common in Silk moth and Drosophila. Gynandromorphism Is develope intal loss of X-chromosome from a 2A + XX cell during mitosis, Gynander : A gynander may be male or female with patches of tissues of other sex on it. @ Environmental Mechanism of Sex Determination : This mechanism is observed byE, Baltzer in Bonnelia viridis (marine worm). In this organism, the sex is undiffecentiated in larva. The larva which settle down in mud, __ 97w up into mature female while those which gettle down near the proboscis of female and become parasite \ot¢ develop into male. It has been demonstrated that female secrete Certait hormone which induces sex in larva. 5°" “Crepidula and Ophryotrocha also show such mechanism, Example 11: Find out the incorrect match. (a) @) (1) A= Homogametic. (2) 8 - Female chick (9) A- Sex determiner (4) B-Heterogametic ‘sex determiner as it has heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Try Yourself 20. State True or False : ()_In birds, both the sexes possess two sex chromosomes. (ii) In butterflies, sex determination is exactly opposite the condition found in grasshoppers. Fill in the blanks = () Inchicks, individual produces two different types of gametes. (i) In butterfies, all gametes contain autosomes as well as sex chromosome. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110006 Ph.011-47623456titive Exams. Board & Competitive Exams, Principles of inheritance and Variation 13 « Jlinkage ox. SEX LINKED INHERITANCE. expenmended widen Ser dex permentell , ne og Sex linkage was discovered by Morgan, while working on inheritance of eye colour in Drosophila. He mad number of X- oe ee three types of crosses Cross - 1 : The white eyed male (w) was crossed with red eyed (w*) female. All the flies of F, generation wer found to be red eyed. F, flies were allowed to self breed. In F, generation, both the traits of red eye and whit iy ¢ eye appeared in the ratio 3.1 showing that white eye trait is recessive to red eye trait. “ye Red eyed temale White eyed mate (23 “ ~ 7 =< n elow 1.0 and q . F, generation W g. a male and the Rec e¥Se fale 0 ‘pale « Pe F, generation 4 aS ay as ay er in Bonnelia Edown In Redeyed Red eyed Red eyed White eyed female Yemale mais mae 2S sex in larva. (carrier) Fig. : Cross 1 of Morgan - Involving red eyed female Drosophila and white eyed male Drosophila. F, generation consisted of only red eyed flies. In F, generation all female fies were red-eyed. 50% of the male flies were red eyed and the remaining 50% white eyed, Gross - 2 : Red eyed females of F, generation were crossed with white eyed male. It is similar to test cross where hybrids are cross bred with recessive parents. Morgan obtained red and white eyed female as well as male in equal proportions. ale: 1 white eyed mala \ yuh ees Red eyes aH White oe HVE eee The. hite eve colour was not restricted to the male fly hybrid female ‘male Foyt Wate eyed Redeyed hs eyed ec erent nies) ae Fig. : Cross 2 of Morgan — Test cross.in Drosophila where red and white eyed traits appear in both males and females in equal proportions es veras-crers vers mee : White eyed females were crossed with red eyed males. It was a reciprocal of cross 1 and should Give the similar resus obained by Mendel, However, Morgan obiained a surprising result Al the malas were wie Cross - ‘Bétash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Rogd. Offco = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhit10005 Ph.011-476234564140 Principles of inheritance and Variation Board & Competitive Exams. White eyed female Red eyed male OIE mun maoe Redeyed Redeyed White eyed White eyed All males - White eyed female female. male male (certier) (carer) Fig. : Cross 3 of Morgan — Involving white eyed female and red eyed male showing criss-cross inheritance in Drosophila Taking all the crosses into consideration, Morgan came to the conclusion that eye colour gene is linked to sex ‘and is present on the X-chromosome, X-chromosome does not pass directly from one parent to the offspring of the same sex but follows a criss-cross inheritance, ‘., itis transferred from one sex to the offspring of the opposite sex. In other words, in criss-cross inheritance a male transmits his traits to his grandson through daughter (Diagynic), while a female transmits the traits to her granddaughter through her son (Diandric). S.No. ‘Sex limited traits 1. | The genes of these traits are autosomal and found in both sexes but express in one sex only, Holandric traits ‘These are those autosomal | These are Y-linked| genes which are influenced by | traits those inherit the sex of the bearer. These traits | from male to male| appear more frequently in one | only. sex than inthe other. (Patter baldness (affected | by male sex hormone/testo- | (i) Porcupine skin sterone) (ii) TOF (Testes determini (ii) Shortindex fingerinmale eerie (i) Hypertrichosis 2. | Examples () Milk glandsin femate (i) Beardin man (iii) Deep male voice (iv) Antlers in male deer (v) Brilliant plumage in pea-cock (vi) Female ormale musculature ‘Sex Linkage in Human Beings Colour blin hi hilla (Bleeder's disease) are two common examples of sex-linked diseases in juman beings. 41. Individuals having homomorphic sex-chromosomes produce (1) One type of gametes (2) Two type of gametes (3) No gametes (4) Only one gamete in complete life span 42. Holandric genes are present on (1) X-chromosomes (2) Yechromosomes (3) Sex-chromosomes as well as autosomes (4) Autosomes ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.o11-47623456ive Exams, 43, 44. nked to sex cS ent to the » sex to the raits to his er through 46. a7. diseases in 49, 50. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47629456 Board & Competitive Exams. Principles of Inheritance and Variation 141 Mark the incorrect pair (virt. sex determination) , (1) Zw-zz type - Fishes 2) ZOZZype - Birds @) XXXOtype - —_—Dioscorea (4) YOGXY type = Melanctrium 50% sperms are devoid of sex-chromosomes in (1) Melani @) Moth (9) Grasshopper (4) Bee In the XX-XO type of sex determination (1) Females produce only one type of eggs (@) Females have only one X-chromosome @)_ Males have two X-chromosomes (4) Males are homogametic Select the odd one out w.rt. genic balance theory of sex-determination in Drosophila (1). Y-chromosome plays no role in sex-determination 2) Given by C.B. Bridges (3) IXIA ratio is one, superfemales are produced (4) IXIA ratio is less than 0.5, supermales are produced Environmental mechanism of sex-determination is seen in (1) Bonnetia (2) Crepidule (3) Grasshopper (4) More than one option is correct Select the odd one out w.rt. haemophilia (1) Xlinked dominant disorder 2) Bleeder disease (@)_Criss-cross inheritance (4) Xinked recessive disorder Select the correct match (1) Sex-timited trait Colour blindness, (2) Sex-timited trait — Express in both sexes (3) Sex-infiuences trait More frequent in one sex than in the other (4) Sex-influenced trait Porcupine skin All are sex limited traits, except (1) Beard in man (2) Porcupine skin (3) Antlers in male deer (4) Briliant plumage in peacock