IL/7A Composite: Curved Box Girder Load Factor Design Introduction Chapter 7 illustrates the design of a two span, rgid-rame, box-girder bridge on straight alignment. This chapter ilustrates the desig of the same bridge but with horizontally curved, twospan box girders and without therigidframe construction at thecenter pier. Horizontally curved box girders are applicable for simple snd continuous spans of lengths similar to those for which straight box girders are applicable, as outlined in Chapter 7. Curved box girders are used for grade-separation and elevated bridges where the structure mast coincide with the curved readway alignment. This condition ‘Secure aquontly turban crossings and interchanges vt may alan he fond at rural intersections where the stricture must conform with the geometric requirements of thehighoray. "The example design olcurved box girders presented inthis chapter isin acordance with the 12th Eaton ofthe "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges" of the ‘American Association o! State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 1977, and the 1978 "Interim Specification” (hereinafter referred to as the AASHTO ‘Specifications, ax modifed by the “AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Carved Highway Bridges,” 1980 (hereinafter referred to as the Guide Specifications. (See also C. P. Heine, "Box-Girder Bridge Design—State of the Art," Engineering Journal, 4th Quarter, 1078, American Institute of Stoo Construction) The design ‘specifies ASTM A36 and AST2, Grade 50, sees forthe box girders. General Design Considerations ‘Carved box girders are ofthe ame general onstruction a stright box girders, con sisting of bottom fang, two webs. which may be elther verti or sloped, nd top flanges attached to the conerste deck with shear connectors, In negative bending regions, where the botiom lange is im compression, iis usually stiffened by Tongan stfenersorbot longitudinal and transverse stifleners ‘Carved box girders df: from straight box giders in thatthe curved bores normally have internal Gaphragms or oss frames st regular intervals long the span td lateral bracing atthe top flange. The eros frames maintain the shape ofthe cross Section and are spaced at such inerale as oop te transvero catrtonsresees fd lateral bonding tress fn the Manges at acceptable lvls. Cros frames are Alscuseedin moe del te 8/81 waa‘The principles of composite construction as applied to flexue in curved box girders are assumed tobe the samme as for straight box girders. These have been discussed in Chapter 7 and in more detail in Chapters 9, $A, 4 and 4A in connection with rolled ‘beams and plate girders, LOADS, LOAD COMBINATIONS AND LOAD FACTORS ‘Loads and load factors are considered to be the same as those given in the AASHTO ‘Specifications for straight bridges. Curvature, however, introdtces aditional effects, such as forees due to rosdway superclevation, centrifugal frees and thermal forces For box girders, the Guide Speeieations account for centrifugal forces by means of special impact factors, which are given later. Centrifugal forces, therefore, need nat be considered in any other way. Thermal forces may be neglected i the support system is ‘designed to permit thermal movements. ‘The following load combinations should be considered A. Construction Loads. A partial dead load D, anda lve lead due to onstruction vehicles C comprise the total construction load. At each construction stage, the strength of a member must be sufficient to resist the effects cf the load combination 130,+0. B. Service Londs. These consist ofthe total ded load D plas the total design live loadin Ly=L4t where L=besic live lod from vehicles that may opereteon a highway legally without ‘specific load pert impact loeds ‘The service londs are multiplied by the appropriate load factors for Maximum Design Load and Overload and then eambined into group loadings '1 accordance with the ‘AASHTO Specifications and as outlined in Chapters 3A, 48,8, and 7. ‘Impact isan important consideration in desig of eurved box girders, because of the uplift and vibrations that may oecur. The Guide Specifleations assign impact factors for design of components of curved box girders as given inthe folowing table. As stated previously, these impact factors inelude the effect of centrifugal forces. Impact Factore for Curved Dox Gindeve Condition to Be Determined Impact Factor 1 Reactions 1.00 Direct stresses inbox webs and bottom plates 0.35 Diect stresses in concrete slab 0.30 ‘Shear stresses inbox web 050 ‘Strestesin diaphragms 050 Deflections 0.29 WTA aie"The impact factors aro valid within the following parameter ranges: 100 fe1 125K? forn=1 nsnumber of stiffeners ‘K=buckling coefficient =4 ‘The Guide Specifications also state that, when longitudinal stiffeners are used, a {ansverse stiffener must be place botween the longitudinal stiffener at the print of ‘maximum compression stress and near points of des load conreflexure, as shown the following sketch. The transverse. stiffeners must. be the same size as the longitudinal stiffeners. In addition, the Guide Specifiestions require that the ‘transverse stiffeners be connected only to the bottom flange, The connection should be ‘designed for a force equal tothe calculated bending stress inthe longitudinal stiffener imes the stiffener eee. Longa ansvene ‘TRANSVERSE BOTTON-FLANGE STIFFENER ‘TOP FLANGES ‘Under total design loading, the narow top flange of a box girder work componitaly wien tne coneret deck with an iia lockedin stress dus te Dlx The elect any ‘Width forthe composite section is computed in the same manner ao fr staght and box girders, as shown in Chapters, band ‘The following definitions and limits apply to all the following allovablestress criteria for narrow top flanges (a) The absclte value ofthe ratio of the normal stress fy due to nonniform tor sion (lateral bending) to the normal stress, due to flexure shall no exceed 0.5 anywhere along the length ofthe girder thats <0 5, (0) The unbraced length of flange shall nt exceed 25 times the widthof the com resion flange’ (6) The unbrace length shall not exceed U.1, where isthe radius of curvatare ofthe lange. nia. sisi(@ The unbraced length of flange is the distance between cross frames ot iaphragms Tel The ratio o/s is positive when fy is compressive on the fange tp farthest fom. the center of curvature, The average flexural stress f, shall te computed using the {anger of te two bending moments at either end ofthe braced segment ofthe flange, land fy isthe corresponding valueaf jy at that location “The maximum allowable total stress for top flanges fr composite construction is the auae ay that specified in the Guide Specifications for eurve, composite I girders. Compression in Top Flange—Total Design Losding ‘The average normal stras, kl exclusive of lateral bending tres) is imited to BAP fi where F,=yield strength of top-fange sel ksi mimsae (a) 1 rE Ged) (oni) ea 03-014 Reatard ‘eunbraced length of compression flange, b=fange width, in _E=modiulus of elasticity sl of lange steel ‘Readius of curvature of flange, in. lateral bending stress due tall cause, ksi ordinary bending stress due to vertical loading, ksi 1 Byby exceeds unity, Bay=1.0 should be used, Penoaneis(o1-f)' ‘Tension in Top Flange—Total Design Loading ‘The average normal stress limited to RaBf ‘Compact Flanges Under Construction Loding ‘Under construction loading at the wet-concrete stage, the top langes should be considered to act as noncomposite, Fgirder flanges. The allowable stress under this ‘Condition depends on whether the flange i compact or nonecmpact as defined by the ati bt For compactness, 101.2, When this property is checked, if the ratio bot changes between points of bracing, the larger value of be shouldbe wed. ‘Under construction loading, the lange is compact, the wverage normal stres is Limited a follows: ‘Compression (Compact Flange)—Construction Loading ‘The allowable stres is Fes specie for composite lanes in compression under total design loading. ‘Tension (Compact Flange)~Construction Loading aren WiTAALNonsompct Tange mde ratacton Landing If Bvt lies between 101.2/VB, and 199.1/VK, the flange is noncompact. For non compat fags under ctaion athe eee tna anes tee anise ‘ee =F for tin ang Bt 5 [1-225 (4))] forcomprenion tangs 1 Ta) =f ort, ohichrris small potive Meath nostra iti hisneenve 1 eT ~TFOB KA) Furthermore, for noncompact flanges, the tip stress fi, isnot permitted to exceed 5 SHEAR CONNECTORS Design of shear connector for fatigues the same as thet for straight girders as given ‘mn the AASHTO Specifications. For ultimate strength, the Guide Specfieations require that the number of shear connectors between polnts of meximum postive ‘moment and the end supports or dea-ond inflection points be suifiient to satioty, ses, ‘where g=reductionfactor=0.85 ultimate strength, kis, of the shear connector as given in the AASHTO Specifications for ctraight girders P=0.86f.be or AR, whichever is smaller, at points of maximum positive moment AVE, at points of maximum negative moment as defined by the AASHTO. Specifications fr stright girders ‘Nenumber of connectors between points of maximum positive moment and ‘adjacent end supports or dead-toad inflection points, or between points of ‘maximum negative moment and adjacent desd-load inflection points Pll~cos0) te 12 ‘2 angle extended between point of maximum moment (positive or negative) and adjacent point of contraflexue or support f=-28day compressive strngth of concrete slab, ksi b=etfective width, in, of slab ce=thicnoss, in, of slab ‘A.=total area, sq. of see section, including cover plates masz sist=total are, oq in, of longitudinal reinforcing steal at the interior support ‘within the effective width of lang Eymyfeld strength, ks, ofthe reinforcing stel 166 (5-1) +0875 [Nsmumber of connectors at etion INTERNAL DIAPHRAGMS: Carved box girders require internal diaphragms at the supports to resist transverse rotation, displacement and distortion and to transmit the girder torque tothe sub ‘Structure, In addition, intermediate diaphragms or cross frames should be provided “inless rational analyse indvates that they are not needed. Diaphragms or cross {ramos serve t limit the noral and transverse bending stresses dus to distortion and, theleteral bending stresses inthe narrow top flanges during the we-concrete stage of construction, Formulas for the spacing of intermediate cross frames and for the equired cross-sectional ares of crost-rame diagonals have been derived based on Lmitation of the distortion stress to 10% of the stress due to ordinary bending. For this imitation according to Heins, pag 2) crossframe spacing should not exceed ere oem SLA] spor —7500 =*5% andthe croae-sectional area, 9, in, of the diagonal shouldbe at least soe ATO GE ab ‘where diaphragm spate, a. 4UseK=4. ig, Vise eran] 2103 5 [04+ Jla-oarranarace "| Because w VF,/t=45 V/SN(18)=363.1 falls between R, and 2, the allowable com- pression stress in the bottom flanges given by ner [s-o4 (sing BGeBe )] “of ‘is repesnts only a 4% overstets. The thick bottom fangs plate som sidered edequate. R Re aun=268.2) sono (isn 2)] =r ‘eteral Bending inthe Longitudinal Tee Stitener ‘The direct stres in the Mange ofthe longitatinal sioner due participation with the bor girder bot Mange in resisting bending is computed 2 from the interior supprt rem th 8161 ITALwith 2 daa =28.49 in ‘ir-distance from top of stiffener to underside of ginder button Mange 7.50-0.86=6 9815, f=97.86 est ‘Hence, the direct stress in the longitudinal stilfener flange is pe Baas, 2849 ‘Te lateral bending stres inthe flange ofthe atiffene is compute from X97 8626.72 ksi Substitution of these valuesin the equation for yields 826.7212. fe" Foxa10.386.64/15) 260K ‘The allowable average compression stress in the stiffener ange is given by the ‘samo equations that apply to curved I-grder Manges, outlined in General Design Con siderations. For calelations off, the following parameters are determined: ro9 €5) @)--8 Gos) Gea) 26 “ut (4d) (Fon 1 See eee EE) (Bian 1‘ geata (+ axecana) (nose) sapencuanonimise, > LY 5 effi. 0.LMRNE)) assis 0a)" witusi2aianas~00%0 Vo=12.3116,64x12}: F=0.95+18(0.1-0.090) eB u=0,9468X1.1088"1,0499>1 Use 1. ‘With the rse of the precoding results, the allowable compression stress is R= BfPad~50X084X 102. 02> 2672 ksi raced ateach cross frame, therefore, the stiffener hea adequate strength for Interal ‘bending du to curvature ‘Toptflenge Stress 2 Fe from Interior Support ‘The top lange bending stress (tension) in the negativemoment setion 2 ft from {bo interior support is i 820, 1,570 ,5,,3,604)_ Renna (Cones 68S 5.98) A‘The topflange stress a this section may not exceed 2EG)@] With a croseframe spacing of 12.1 ft and flange width of15 in, rensof-a( gyi) 222 Ye ara> asa lence, the top flangois adequate [Reinforcing Stee Stress 2 Ft from Interior Support ‘The allowable tension stress inthe slab reinforcing steel is 40 ks. At the negative: ‘moment soction 2 from the interior support. te stress in the reinforcing steels 1,870+16/98,608 4.300 ‘Therefore, the reinforcing stel isnot overstrested per sxi2x: 16.240 ki INVESTIGATION OF WEBS AT INTERIOR SUPPORT ‘The ratio Dit for the webs in the negative moment region is 6669/(4)=118.78-<160, ‘Therefore, no web stifeners are required inthis region ifthe buckling eapacity of the web ie not exceeded. "The design shear per web atthe center pier isa combination of direct and torsional shears The direct shear Vom 1,3(106.6+27.1+ Sxroxer0 5S. +371 Kips: “Totoro shia 8 24 95 1888) bpg son ventoxia(228 4224 Sox 128) csosonssiie ‘The total sear then is V=371-+36=407 ps. ‘The ltimateshear capacity isthe amaller ofthe following: Yor Bt ABA a grin en088R Ds, -058%50%58.09% 1=651>407 pe ‘Because the design shear exceeds V., the buckling capacity of the web, transverse stiffeners ae required onthe web. With stiffener, th allowable shear is given by san1.c=osexsoxss ox }o=8610 cmto0.a's 4/FRDEE. Dia TERETE _9 5 s69.x A a/ —0.30.6888 ‘When the preceding expression for the allowable shears equated tothe required shear capacity of 407 kips, the required stiffener spacing is found to be 109 n. With this eau, dD =109/56.69™1.8, The ratio d/D, however, may not exceed 1. Therefore, the ‘web stiffeners are placed 49 jn, on centers, ane third the erose-frame spacing. ee wTAss‘The design shear docreases to below the shear capscity of the unstffened web: ‘proximately 39 fc from the interior support. Hence, al panels shouldbe stiffened for a least this distance from the centr pier. For practical reasons, transverse stiffeners replaced on the webs up tothe fl splice, a distance from the center per tht ex: ‘coeds the 99 ft required. (The distance is measured along the outer web) Stifeners also are required over a 10+ length adjacent to the end bearing. For the parpose, two stiffeners are equally spaced in the first panel WEB STIFFENERS ‘Transverse web stiffeners consist of {Sin. plates. These are welded tothe webs. The ‘required moment of inertia of the web stiffeners, about the midplane of the web, is ‘eters rom easy sreera[os(2)'-2}e Because d/D=49(58.69=0835 lies between 0.78 and 1,X shouldbe determined from 14 hD=0.78 xe where Z=0.9541Rt=0.95(49)416.812% 112}=0.014 0.835~0.78, a +0882 oy s-[os(S2)"2} cose sn throu ln moment of nr sr=0(2) :80-074in« ‘Abin plata provid mentite th eb midplane OATH 9 roxsa.5-+0.25"=18 08> 9.74in* 1 Hence, this plate is adequate. Also, the width thickness ratio of 68) the maximam allowed of §2:2:/R.=62.2V36=19.7,. ‘The ratio Dt forthe webs is $8.69(1/2)=117-4. The ratio below which longitudinal web stiffeners are not required is Pa MIY noth +24(4) ]essoosina "Thrtor og web titre nt reqid ‘SHEAR-BENDING INTERACTION ‘The negativemoment section has boen checked for both shear and bending as Independent actions. AASHTO Specifications Art. 1.7.S9E44) however. limits the Permissible ending moment when the design shear exceeds 60% of the critial stone Sothat M v Hes 1s1s-0605 ‘where M=bending moment in girder ‘M,=critieal bending moment Veshearin girder K=citieal shear TAs sianFrom page 46 the total shear is Ves371-+96%407 Kips For calculation ofthe shear capacity with stiffeners spaced at 49 in, 1m 560.2%, 4 « | EERO _g 5a 0=8692x,24 9) EERE 0.300.710 “he shears beni Vena 40x 2x07TON6SShppe wb and 60% of the shear capacity equals 383 kips, which is less than the 407-kip design ‘Shear A redoetion in permissible bending moment, therefore, i required Because the tection is highly stressed, an additional stiffener is neaded to prevent a reduction in ‘permissible lending stress. Hence, an extra stiffener is placed 245 jn, from the ple ‘With this stiffener 60% ofthe shear eapacity will exceed the design shear at the pier. "Next, thedesign shear 49 in. from the pier is calculated and found tobe less than 60% ofthe shear capacity of the section: ‘die oa er on -as4+ Sx exe4 8802 “Tete vent. axia( “The total shear then fs 151+18=369-<393 kips. Therefore, no bending reduction is required for the negativemoment section. ‘MAXIMUM-POSITIVE MOMENT SECTION "The ection chosen for maximum postive moment lg shown n the following drawing. [Eee Speen ‘SECTION FOR MAXIMUM POSITIVE MOMENT ‘The section i composed entirely of A36 stol and is considered to set. compositely vith the concrete slab, A bottomflange longitdinal stiffener isnot required, because: {he bottom fange isin tension. The stiffener usod in the nogative moment region will bbeterminated near the field splice. Tn determination of the effective width of the conersto slab for the composite section, each haf of the box girder is considered equivalent to plate grder and the ‘asual AASHTO criteria for effective slab width are applied. Hence, the effective slabs Brat waswidth forthe box girder equals the sum of the effective lango widths foreach Nange. AAs shown previously inthe Slab Half Seetion in Design of Order Sections, the elec: tive width of the slab foreach box girder is 180in, ‘Steel Section for Maximum Positive Moment ‘Mate al ¢[afaf[s]fo 20 Fig. PL%,x12 | 1650| 2a84) 476 | 13278 19,128 2WebPL..x58.09 | 58.69 15,891 | 15,891 Bot.Fig.PLv.x92_| 46.00 | ~2875| ~1,329 | sa022 38,022 a 121.1918 —e4Tin? eri. a7 = =—6.90in Arete =29.19 6.996.180. =51.720, Stout S68 1,06in? Composite Section, 3n=24, for Mastin Material 4_[@ [aa Steel Section | 12119 ear ren Cone.isox7i24 | 56.25 | 95.25 | 1983 | o9.ges | 267 | 7061 artadint 1136? 137,802 Composite Section, n=8, for Maximum Positive Moment Material 4 [¢@] ae] ae [au [7 ‘Steel Section 12119 ait e761 Cone.180x75/8 | 168.75 | 35.25 | 5,948 | 200,682 | 71 | 210,078 289.04in# 5,101 ne 278,114 59in. -1188+5,01: Ina 188,387in* da tons ™29.004175046.59 in, 88.387, : Spa tena SESE 4,044 int (—Maximmum Design Loads “Maximum positive moment occurs at a distance from the end bearing of about 0.4 the span. The bottomflange stresses resulting from the maximum design moment for ‘section located at the0.4 point are computed as follows: 2211 , 638. Bey 954227? 1.912 | Geo 3ert 3*1 95+ 914) 9 05 ks B 2.808 * 3687" 319+ s 044, WA are“The allowable bending stress for «bottom flangoin tension is =k VI SUAT=36 V1 H0.1OTEEP=96.00> 25.05 ks Hence, the bottom flange s adequate, ‘Stresses in Top Flange at 0. Polat—Meximum Design Loads ‘The top flanges in ix positive moment region aren compression and therefore the allowable stress limited 9 Fe) G): ‘The unbraced length ! wil be taken e220, corresponding to a composite top flange RnB Eevscnimoctyeinn’ bibs Feo ae masesnarexoaenisefxoa> Because R=Bi\N)2, ond a>, % must be equal to the yield strength, This is always the case for top flanges of composite box girders. (A check shoul be made, however, that, before the concrete of the deck hardens, the steel section is not ‘overstrested Under DZy. For this check, 1 should be taken equal to the distance between ese frames diaphragms or other point of tp-fange lateral suppor. This ‘calculation i performed ata later point inthe example.) ‘The bending stress under Maximum Design Load is 2211 , 638.4 5,4 9542272) ong pansxaa (2271 + 98-4 Sn 95x R82) manos st ‘The stress under fll design load is substantially less than the allowable stress. A.re- ‘duction in th thicknest ofthe “cin. flange plates, however, isnot desirable, because fa thickness if vin. is considered the minimum desirable theless to the top flange. ‘As discussed in Gensral Design Considerations previously inthis chapter the webs will not require stiffener ifthe ratio D/t<160 and the shear is small. The vin. web plates therefore need nc be stiffened inthe region of maximum positive bending. ‘The section designe! for maximum positive moment extends from the field splice to point tobe determined later for transition toa lighter section in th positive bend ing region near the abuiment. ‘Stressosin Top Flanges at 04 Point Construction Loads ‘As mentioned previeualy, the top flanges should be checked atthe 04 point for ade- quacy under DL, and construction loads, With the deck not in place, W/t for the “adc12in. flanges equals 1145. The flanges are noncompact because 17.45 exceeds 101.2/R=16.87 and sess than 139.1/VB.=23.18. Hence the average normal stress {slimited to B,=Byone ‘With = unsupportel length of flange=12.81 ft=148 in, R=radius of curvature of the lange=410 fe, D=fange width=12in., /O=12.88 and UR™12.811410=0.030, 1 1 TSR” To 080KTE a9 yen WITASTFor determinaticn of a, the bending stress f; due to vertical loading and the lateral, ‘ending stress f, must frst be computed. ‘The vertcabbending stresses arise from & moment of 2271 kip-t due toDL, plus a ‘moment from a concentrated load. This load is taken as 4 kips, simulating a conerste sereeding or finishing machine, and ie placed atthe 0.4 point. It produces amoment of 96 kipft. The total moment fr construction loads then 2,271 +96=2,967 kip. The resulting maximum bending stress in the top Nangee i fetaxiax’ Lateral bending is caused by curvature and web inclination. The bending moment veto curvature's Mp __2a67%121148). 10K ~ 10X410X 12X65 ‘The latoal bonding stress due to curvature then is BM, __8X221.9 fe ape “Bugis M, 221.9 in-kips 267 si Web intnatin causes lateral bending moment of Mun 2a1x12=212in-bips 4s called previously in LATERAL FLANGE BENDING. The lateral bending Stress dueto webineination ten a eats CoS Hence, the total lateral bending stress ia he OTH7=84 ks es and f= 8.421.€=0.389, ‘Since theratic fis, by definition, postive for the top anges at the cross frames in positivebendirg regions ofthe girder, ovis taken as the smaller of i and ber With Up=iaanig=12.3 1 1 fern) ~ T=oseoA RAT 1, pan S* TORR DOOOIRTAE TOBE a 123 078 00001-1251 1+0.6%0.389 148 0.95: 91 Governs and =5 [1-9 E)(4)|] =» [is gk 0297] -mo ne ‘he manimum live srs Ky Buen 809X070X091=225> 2161 OK ‘The combined bending tres de to vera an lateral ending the ngs a ‘Thetop dane, therfore, adequate for DL, ad contraction ads Hass 8/8FATIGUE INVESTIGATIONS, [In the check of fatigue resistance, because the twin box gitders have four webs intor ‘acting with the concrete deck and are continuous aver two spans, the Bridge is consid- ‘red to have sulilent redundancy Lo be treated as a redundant loed-path structure, Fatigue of Stffener Welds to Webs "The welds cf the transverse stiffeners to the web near the bottom flange in the positivemomert region cnstitute a Category C detll, for which the allowable stress "ange is 19 ksi. For eompatation of the bending stress 1 in. above the bottom lange {near the toe ofthe stiffeners) section moduli are computed for the steel section alone land for the short and long-term composite section that are used for positive bending moment Section Moduli In* ‘Steel Stetion Composite, 61,720) 190,529 00-6959 37.00+6.40 997 At the point of maximum positive moment, the bending stress for positive iveload ‘moment, with an impaet factor of 0.35, 2 frvasxiax dE ‘Thebending sis for negative livetoad moment is pet.ssxa2x 58 esi 3907 ‘Thus, the maxmum stress range is 8.7—(-—2. ‘welds are satisfactory 2.4 ksi 1.1<19 ksi, Hence, the stiffener Fatigue of Shear Connector Welds ‘Studies of the box girder indicate that, beginning at a distance from the end bearing of aboct 0.6 ofthe span, the section experiences sufficient negative liveload ‘bending to put the top flange into tension. Hence, tho shear connectors on the top ‘flange atthe 0.5 point shouldbe checked for fatigue as a Category C deta, for which ‘the sress range permitted is 19 ksi. Properties needed for computation of stress range fat the 0.6 point are those computed previously for the maximum-positivemament section. In addition, properties ofthe section tobe used fr negative bending at the 0.6 ‘point must be ealculated. This action consists of the steel setion plus the reinforcing ‘steal inthe consete slab, The reinforcement ara isles than that used at the interior ‘support, because half of the top layers of bars is terminated near the point of con- traflexarn Tha ren in htained fom the ian and rember of harm sh nthe ST-ATL HALF SECTION in DESIGN OF GIRDER SECTIONS and the location of the center of graviy of the reinforcement relative to the bottom of the concrete slab is ‘obiained as fllws: Reinforcement at 0.6 Point BarLocation | No-otBars | AreaperBar | TotalArea | d | Ad ‘Toprow 13 ost aos [asia | 1738 Bottomrow | 18 031 sss | 28s | 12.21 961i? 29.59in? Ena = 252 3.085, sre, 739Steel Section, with Reinforcing Stee, a 06 Point Material | A a | a | ae 1 Stel Section| 12119 ~ear e764 [Reinforcement ser_| sess | a2 [ao |. | a0 iin? ~a94xo1 Agana ™29-19X3, 9433.18 in A tea 29.008: ATH opt int 7304, ‘Sram "39,15 “2287 in Somat 96.06 ‘The postive ivelond moment, with animpact factor of 0.95, atthe point is ‘M=1,35%1,948.9=2,690 kipft ‘The negative liveload moment is M=1.95(-867.9)=—1,172 kip ‘The bending stress du to positive livelond moment is 2.690%12, 16,240 "The bending stress due to negative liveload moment is ksi ‘Tis, the stress range is 1.9 welds are satisfactory, Fatigue Weld at End of Longltudinel Stitfener ‘Another fatigue consideration in the positivebending region is the weld at the ‘termination of the bottomflange longitudinal stiffener. A square termination of the stiffener is a Category E etal, for which the allowable stress range i 125 ks. The stiffener can be terminated at a point at which the bottam-ange compression i within the allowable stress for an unsiffened flange. The06 pont ofthe span is trie. Firs, the normal stress in the bottom flange is checked, requiring computation of the shear stress dus to torsion. Then, the fatigue stress range atthe stiffener termine- ton is checked. ‘Moments and Torque at 0.5 Point pb | De HD +1) Mkt | 108 | 38 2.690 =a tkipr | -ins | -s19 | 1oxs2=78 | 15-246=—1269 ‘At the 0.6 point, the shear flow atthe bottom flange due to tarsion under DE, is =1216x12 IxEIOOF ITZ "The shen low due to torsion under Dla is =n19x12 XB 1590+ 121.302 0.14 ips per in. '=~0.09kips per in. Tada sistorlivelond, the negative shear flow ee n1B69x12 2x6,7a5 ~~ O11 Kips perio ‘The votal shear lo chen (140.030.1128 kis pe in ‘The shear tress in the bettom flange atthe 0.6 points therefore 0.38 p22 mo.s6 est ‘The vertical bending stres inthe bottom flange at this pont is 1018, 338, 8, soa S687 8 ‘For computation of the critical compression stress for the bottom flange, assure for 2 ltemaximmam value: axiy R= Bam a208 2 pa Vm 20 Jiem080>UR,= 4208) onc, the aximam alowable normal stress inthe bottom anges ty BK ea10k (5) —aepiaK roar ca (2)'— 0.4 ete menox« (5) ~ azarassenoasor +12 Since the critical compression stress is larger than the design bending stress, the bottom flange is edequate ithouta stiffener, and the stiffener may be terminated at the 0.8 point. "The bending stress atthe bottom of steel for positive liveload moment is '2690%12 _, tog Toe and for negative live moment is 12x12 s~gort 4st ‘Thus, the stross range is 78—(—4.6)=12.4<12.5 ksi, By a narrow margin, # square termination ofthe longitudinal stiffener ean be made atthe 0.6 point, Fatigue characteristics ofthe termination, however, may beimproved considerably by introducing «radius atthe end of the stiffener, as shown in the following drawing. ‘The tin radius coping as shown is considered to upgrade the detail to Category D, ‘vith am allowable stress range of 16 ksi Inasmoch as thore are only four ofthese Uetas in the structure, the eoped termination is judged to be worth the small extra ‘oot for providing a more fatigueresistant design. ‘COPED TERMINATION OF LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER. eet waa‘The longitudinal stiffener is terminated 11 f from the field spice, so that it ends near theO. pont, POSITIVE-MOMENT TRANSITION 20 FT FROM END SUPPORT At a distance of 20 ft from the end bearing, the section used for maximum positive ‘moment may be reduced. The topange thickness is decreased from "hs Uo “x i ‘nd thebotiom flange reduced from Vf to in. The section is made of ASC steel ‘Stel Section Adjacent to end Support ‘Material 4{ia@ [ata Ts. [a 20 Fe Pl 1350 | 2576 | a80 | aa.a02 11,182 2WebPlv.xs8.69 | 58.69 asao1 | 15,891, Bot.Fig.PL44x92 | 28.75 | —28.66 | ~e24 | 23.615, 23.615 Ing 48,518 int 81~431=24.801n, Sen stnm S812— 902 2 sar Tao Compania Sesion, 90924, Adjacent toad Support Newt [a | ¢ | a | ae | [7 Stealsecon | 10090 =a98 sass cone isoxrsina | 5625 | asas | sea | eosoe | vor | mist 11a8iny Bin! 1819 unit non 85x1648=— 188 Thom 105.801 opt 28064986019.2 in dot 28814985%38 68, 05801 serine 108801- nine Sma 2988E a 41 Saat SD an Compote Siton =, Adlacnt i ad Support [wen Toa De [a | ae [oo GietSection | 10090 =as ose come.soxzsie | 16875 | v52s | save | amnose | ror | stoars 2e90dint 819i 361 dom BH 044i, ~moatxesise— ase Tu HRS ins ryan 9.0642044~8620 oct DB81 420 44.28, 148,475, Srp By SA79 17,294 in Sram dopant ™39.00—20.4418.56 in, = MEATS 50005» Srmtone 48475. 6,000 WAAR 5/81From the curves of maxims moment, forthe section 20 ft from the end bearing, themoment due to DE, is 1670 kip, due to DL, 460 kip anddue to liveload 1.480 iptt The impect factor to be applied to ve lad is 0.8, The kottomlange bending stress de to design moment then i : 1670 460, 5,5 gy. 2480 petaxne (ogy gree PO So From the curves of maximum torque, the torque due to Dis is 197 hips, due to ‘DIB #1 kipft and doe tolive load 150 kip. The impact factor 0.50. The St. Venant ‘hear stres inthe bottom flange due to torque then is 19X12. (137,41, 5 59x. 160 Yu, BHO (5.280 + G:155 315% E795 )o2 2 Accordingly, the bottomflange allowable bending stress is R=ENT=BU IEF =960T-S22OBEY=35 8> 32.9 Hence, the bottom flanges adequate. ‘As indicated in the previous discussion of top-fange stresses at the 0.4 point, the allowable stress for the composi top flange under service conditions is the yield ‘teas, 36 ks. The design bending stress inthe flange is J=22 ksi tH S10, $60 Bye 96 1480.) 09 1c mya.axci2( 3820 + 80-4 Scr soca eae 4UseK=4, ‘With the use of the preceding recults, 108i Vier 21034 onic GQ] TAMA BiB« (ty __eK__ snasauok (5) aeaoR Tar o75)*__"0str4 ~2eas0xe (Ce) aeaioanO STF ‘The bottom flange is satisfactory 29,1> 20.081 ‘Stren Top Flange “The ending stres inthe top lange 18 ft fom the interior suppor is, 3,105 , 845 + ES +f xr.ssx a 2.667 * 36833 axi2( ‘The llowable stress in the top flange is computed es follows: reer) (2) eee) (SY Too isan Fatigue Check—13 Ft from Interior Support ‘atigueis checked atthe butt-welded top flange trensition, Tho weld sin category 2, withan allowable stress range of 275 ksi. The positive liveload moment i 972 kip- {at 1 f from the interior support, and the negative livoload moment is~1,768kip- ft. Hence, the moment range s 872~\~1,768)=2,140 kip, andthe stress ranges 2, 3.605 ‘Theflange weld is satisfactory for fatigue fanasxi2x! FLANGE-TO-WEB WELDS Size of the flange to-eb welds forthe straight box girder of Chapter 7 are governed by raterial-thicmess requirement rather than by horizontal shear flow, by a substan tial margin. Torsional effects fr the curved box glders do not add tothe stresses in the flanges to-eb welds sufficiently to change this eondition. Consequently, welds in thisexample ar sized by material thickness, ‘The requirement that the web bo fully developed by the Nangeto-veb weld, to insure adoquate fatigue resistance with reapect to transverse dstortonal stresses, should be chocked, howover. By AASHTO 1.749(E), rab thickness Wild size required= "52 SHEAR CONNECTORS ‘Two Yindia, -in-high, welded stud shear connectors are welded per row to esch flange, The bin. height satisfies the 2-n. minimum concrete cover over the connec: tors as well asthe requirement for 2in. minimum penotration into the concrete slab, "The spacing ofthe shear connectors to mest fatigue criteria is determined at tenth ‘points along the span. Subsequently, the connectors at the spacing that results are Checked for ultimate strength 8/8, TASComputation of Shear Connector Spacing Dist- | Posi | Noga: | Shear ‘ance | tive | uve | Range | @ | 7 | from | Live | Live | fie | tat | tat | _ a. Bnd | Load | Load | cluding 1 Bear- | Shear, | Shear, | 50% Im ips ing | Kips | Kips | pact, Kips erin, o | uizo |= 128) 1947 | 2800 | 148475 | 93.28 oat | xa} 143) 1454 | 2500 | 148475 2.47 na. | aio |— a6) rea | aso | taaae7 | 217 oat | 571 | - 309) 1320 | 2.980 | 188,387 | 2.09 oat | 450 | - 441| 1337 | 2980 | 188,887 | 231 ost | 340 |— 566] 1959 | 2960 | 1g8.e7 | 215 ost | 241 |- 632] 1385 | 2880 | 188,387 | 2.19 om | 14 |- 77] 1s | 587 | 122,428 | 0.68 oat | 79 |- 380] 149 | 567 | 122428 | 069 ost | 25 | -1013| 158.7 | se7 | r22428 | 075 | z| 0 |-ma9} 24 | 547 | 158,182 | 0.60 ‘Try the connector spacing shawn nthe following graph, FEF Were oF er 3a oon aL SHEAR-CONNECTOR SPACING ‘Shear Convectors—Strength Requirements ‘Por ulinmte strengths, Ue number of sear connectors between eiicl points must bbe such chat the design load P,, hips per shear eonnecto, does not exceed theultimate strength, kip, ofa shear connector: where 9=0.85 <5, fim SAS copa PTET 199 ips {ina straight girder, the design load P.kips per shear connector, i given by m7aas get‘where N-number of shear connectors between point of maximum positive moment ‘and the end bearing or deadload inflection points, or between points of ‘maximum negetive moment and adjacent dead-lad inflection points Forpositivebinding moment, Pis the smaller of the fllowing: Be where b=effestve width of conerate elab=180 in. ‘ewlatthickness=15 in. Amare of steel section=121.19in! ‘Evie strength ofthe steel =96 kat Pr 0.85% 4X 180% Py $90 kips 21, 19X 304,365 < 4,590 kips Governs. For negative moment, with the ares of longitudinal reinforcing stel in the slab AZ 15.19 in ard yield strength ofthis stool F=40 ksi, 8.19%40608 kips For curved box girders, the design load per shear connectors n= VPSPSDPP sino sange subtended between the point of maximum positive moment and the ‘end bearing (687°) the point of contraflexure 4.87") or between the point ff maximum negative moment and the point of contraflexure(5.45°) Pa~coss) PO GEN, sins! -number of hear connectors on the two flanges ats section =0.188N/N,=1)+0.375, ‘Between the point of maximum positive moment and the end bearing, N* Hence, with P= 4,363 kips, e0sss (22-1) soxr6-000 pa 1888, Pa AS52208 hips 4.363(1=cos 687°) Bxo.007%4 sin 6.877 868kips "The design lead per shear connector forthe curved girder then is = BOS F GHA FAXDOSOXT Sci ERTIE™2.1 hips ‘The ultimate strength ofa shear connector p=0.85XS79892.2> 21.11 hips Hence, the sumber of shear connectors between the point of maximum mament end the end bears satisfactory. esi maa[Between the point of maximum positive moment and the dead-losd inflection point, = 140, 0106 (22-1) soae-eo1o 4.363 $808 5116 kine 4,36311~c08 4.71") 6.019% sin 4.77 ‘The design load per shear connector for the curved girder then is Pee GLH OTF ERATIONS TT an ATTI—A.84< 92.2 hips Hence. the number of sheer connectors between the point of maximum postive ‘moment and the deadload inflection point i satisfactory. Between the point of maximum negative moment and the dead-oad inflection ips = Fics 529% win 5.4872 "The design load per shear connector for thecurved girder then is R= VOTRE FARTSRL DT an BABTEM1.12-< 82.2 kip Hence, the number of shear connectors between the point of maximum negative ‘moment and the deadload inflection point is satisfactory. Thus, the epécing selected ‘omeot fatigue requirements also satisfies ultimatestrengih requirerena, ROSS FRAMES ‘Throodifferent designs for intermediate ross frames of A steel ae employed forthe {Birders inthis example. Two of these ae sed for regions of the box girders where & longitudinal stiffener is attached to the bottom Mange. The third design is used for ragions of the girder without this stituner. Tho eso franne shun ia the following Arawing isthe third type (CROSS FRAME IN SECTIONS WITHOUT LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER W748 sianDesign of Top Strutof Cross Frames For simplicity, eroseframe members are designed with working-stress criteria, For the top strut, en angle 6X5 in, with an aresof 2.61 in’, is investigated for overall buckling (L/r< 120), local buckling (h/e<12) and for capacity as a compression rember, The computations how thatthe lateral reaction of the strut on the curved flange is 10.6 kips, considerably less than the str capacity of 4.2 kis. "The unbreced length ofthe strut is 118 in, For overall buckling of the 6XSXHin. angle Sa S aici For cal buckling, b_ 5-038, 25058120 “This is close enough to the limiting value of 12for main compression members to be sceaptable, ‘The force acting onthe strut is given by ‘where w=load imposed during the we-coneretecondition, kips per ft ‘cross frame specing™12.31 ft For the change in vertical and torsional sear between the end bearing and the (7 pont as computed for lateral lange beading Mes saab w= Ha.408xhe018kipspertt ‘From maximum postive moment due to DL,, 2gnxi2 Bx 55x4,905 ~ 0.08 MPs Fer Hence, the fore on the struts R=1.100.18+ 0.601231 ‘Theallowableforce on the strats Re RAM[16,980~0.531119)18.61594.2> 10.8 Kips "The strutis satisfactory, Design of Cross-Framne Diagonals ‘Am angle 28% in. checked for the diagens! for overall and local buckling. The ‘diagonal ae an area of 1.44 in! and makes an angle with the horizontal of tetan-\61/104)=96.12" The minimum area pirmisibe forthe member is erg Sb te cpg 12S1XI2XOC 1 ae. Avg SEB 5x SIE HOOT 1.4 "The diagonal is checked for loal buckling as asocondary member. b_ 3-035, 285028116 ‘The aXaX +n, angle, thereforels satisfactory. ‘Design of Bottom Strut Placed Above the Longitudinal tiffenee ‘The cross frame used in conjunction with the longitudinal stiffener on the bottom. flange ofthe girder hae a bottom strut (se the following skotch. Tis strut serves as a transverse bottomlange stiffener for the grdor and also as a transverse lateral ss an7A49support for the curved longitudinal stiffener. Sizes ofthe other members ofthis ross framearethe same as those of the previously disevssed cross fain. ‘CROSS FRAME IN SECTIONS WITH LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER Since the load-actor specifications heve no provisions for girders with both longitudinal and transverse bottom flange stiffeners, working-stress provisions are ‘sed to proportion the bottom strut ofthe cogs frame, An ST1S%25, which has an area of 7.35 in? and moment of inertia of 40.6 ins is investigated, ‘For unfactored loads, the bending sts in the bottom flange atthe 0.9 pont of the sirderis 810, 887 5,05 55810 110 FSi a+ Sxt.a5x 282) m9 5h, ‘The area of the girder bottom flange plusthe longitudinal stiffener is, AmonxLinasesn as ‘The moment of inertia required for the Betiom strut ofthe cross fame S08 peas gn 702<40.86ins ‘The ST 75x25 is satisfactory. Design of Bottom Strut at Same Level as Longitudinal Stiffener Another type of cross frame used in conjunction with the longitudinal stiffener on ‘the bottom flange is required by the Guile Specifications at the points of maximum ‘lange stress and deadload contraflexur. In thi type of cross frame, the bottom ‘Strut, which also serves a a transverse tiffenr, is attached to the bottom flange of ma stthe girder at the same level as the longitudinal stiffener, as shown inthe following: drawing. ‘CROSS FRAME AT POINTS OF DEAD:LOAD CONTRAFLEXURE. ‘AND MAXIMUM FLANGE STRESS. Sizes ofall members ofthis cross frame are the same as those of the other cross, frames. Because a solid plate diaphragm is placed over the interior support (point of ‘matimum flange stress), only one cross frame ofthis type is needed, Iti placed near thefild epic, (Cros Frame Connections All erossframe connections are made with Yin. filet ‘then adequate strength. ls, which provide more LATERAL BRACING ‘The Iateral bracing, which wil be placed about 6 in. below the top flanges of the box ‘irder is designed to carry the Se. Venant shor that exits across the top ofthe box flue to torsion under initial dead load. For computation ofthis shes, a solid plate is ‘assumed as a substitute fr the open bracing actually used "The curves of maximum torque indicat that maximum DL, torque occurs at the end bearing, The ahear ie obtained by multiplying tho shear flow produced by the torave by the width ofthe box atthe level ofthe lateral bracing (118.1 in, This shear {oreeis the lateral component F, ofthe force Pin the 15.6-t-long bracing diagonal (see thefellowing érewing). Sora t Box | “yo | PLAN VIEW OF GIRDER LATERAL BRACING Bret TAS‘The DL, torque at che end bearing is 181.1 kip For an enclosed area ofthe box ‘of A,=5,280 in’, the shear flow is 7 usxasiaxae 34,” 2x5.300 ‘The resulting transverse force is F=0270x116. ‘Theforce i the diagonal bracing therefore i se. 210 kipsperin 1. hips and the ongitudinal component of the force is Re911x 23-99. hips Because the latera-bracng diagonals are considered main members, for which the tenderness ratio Lr must be equal to or lss than 120, the radius of gyration of the iagonal should be at last 16x12 I sin For the diagonals, uy a WT'TX26.5. It has a radius of gyration about the YY axis 1571.92, area A,= 781 in* and section modulus S,=494 in? The slendernes rtio for the diagonal for the ¥¥ axieis Kile _ O15X358X12_ 14 1 ® 1.92 7 For computation ofthe critical buckling streasin the diagonsl, TE, VE “ence, the critical buckling stress forthe ret [i ) ] 8 [seston | ‘The bending strength ofthe diagonal as an unbraced beam mons [yee cae) | aes coi(a.is) | “287 rin 07>79.1 PY axis 95 ksi wana ‘The slenderness ratio for the X-X axisis KL, _0.75%15,6%12, % 188 "The Kuler buckling strecs forthe X-X axis is pe PB. 2x20,000, RLF TAS sieae wr7x2ss ‘The neutral axis ofthe W'T for bending under Maximum Design Load is located at 1 dstance 3, below the outer surface ofthe lange. The area ofthe section above the ‘ir equals the area below. £3.06),6.80%0.87+8.08 0.68—y,) ATi and 0.85~: 185in, "Theplastic section modulus then is = SISIQAT 000.185". gsmezin? ‘Thecapacity of the Wass compact beam thereforeis M,=B2=36X8.82=8115kipin, "Thomaximam bending momentin the diagonal is Mg = 505X188 607 My, = 1.80%0.0285(15.6)X12 = 12.6 Ma s2skipn, ‘Subetitution of the preceding results in tho interaction equation for combined com- pression and bending yields sos. a3. TeEXT SBS 0 uaa (gare) 505. 323. ae DaKTaIKGs * aizs ~OATI TYPICAL BOLTED CONNECTION FOR LATERAL BRACING ‘The: wo plates are connected by filet welds. The capacity of fillet weld is 0.45R=0.45x70=31.5ksi A ln fillet weld is tried. For simplicity, the longitudinal foree delivered by the lateral tracing to the girder web i assumed tobe twice the longitudinal component of the fore on the bracing diagonal, or 2X39.8=70.6 kips. The connected edge of the ‘gusset plate is about 20 in. long. For two ‘in let welda earrying F.=796 kipe, the stress ona weldie pa lsxms sox 2x0.107% ‘Since the lateral bracing is carrying only dead load, the weld need not be Investigated for fatigue. ‘The diagonals are connected to the gusset plate with 'rin-dia, AB26 bolts, Bach bolthasa capacity of 12.63 kips. Hence, the numberof bolts required fr a diagonal is 18x50. 12.69 9.15<21.5kst =5.2bolte Use 6 bats. ‘The plate towirdor web attachment requires Use 12 batts, ‘The Lolts in the connection to the girder web are subject to combined tension and ‘shear. The tensile forces are caused by a direct pall and prying action, The maximums sect tensile force is $1.1 kips. Divided among the six bolts, the tension is a1 T 2 ps per bolt TAs atPrying action resulte from both the tension on the bolts and cstortion of the con nected parts, Thelever arma involved are the distance a= 1s in, from the center ofthe bolts tothe edge ofthe %B:n. connection plate and the distance b= 1% in. from the toe the fillet wed between the two connection plates and the canter of tho bolts. The thicleess of the erder web may be assumed tobe 0.5 n.<0.75 in. The prying force on the bolts then a= (2B) r= [X22 sana dipper ‘The total tension on the bolts=5.2+9,0=8.2kips per bolt The tensile stress in each bolt therefore is "The shear stress in each bolts 308, 0801 Oks ‘The allowable sear stress ferase, (1-365) =1.9x160 (1-138 ‘Te connection therefore is stistctry ‘similar design i made fr the later! bracing conectios a the ends of the sirders, where the ongtdinal shear ig S83 Kips (ee the flowing drawing). The {gusset plate is aboct 12 in long along the connection to the girder web, Fortwo in. fillet welds, the stress in weld is 1919.52 11.0 est 13x398 ‘TaRax 010TH 1290S OLS ks ‘iapragm ne BRACING CONNECTION WITH BOLTED GUSSET AT END OF GIRDER [By inepection, the connection shown is adequate END DIAPHRAGM "The box girders are supported at the end bearings on two shoes, 6.5 f. apart, These shoes nee not be designed for uplift inasmuch as tis condition cannot oeur. A Yein.~ thik plate diaphragm witha ¥4%10-n. top flange is used to transfer the girdr-webs shear and the girder torque into the shoes, Investigation ofthe diagram begins with a {abulation of thea shears and torques and a computation of St. Venant shear low. AS noted previously, an impact factor of 1.0 is used for liveloadreact.ons, wal TAS‘SECTION AT DIAPHRAGM AT END BEARING ‘Vertical Shenr and Torque at End Bearing ‘Db, | Dt, | 141 | Tota whips | 555 [ 140 | nit | tera mipte | 1812 | 626 | 355.0 | 588.7 "The enclosed area to be used for the box girder in computing the shear dve to DL, torques "The enclosed area of the box girder tobe used in computing the shear due to Dla and LT torqueis AvwHo0+11968.15=6,690i! Shear lor De to Togo ordi S832 wo a03 Ford So$2E2. «9 ‘hata wn wb ter i 0.552%68,60- 2.4 kipe ‘The shoe reactions are calculated by superimposing the torque reections on the reactions de to vertial loads. TAS iat(One shoe reaction then s Re sand the other reaction 187.44 107.0=204.4kips Governs Ry 187.4-107.0=80.4kips l Bf J ane ae SHOE REACTIONS AT END BEARING Design of Bearing Stiffeners at End Support ‘Bearing siffoners are designed on the bass ofthe maximum reaction of 2944 kip, with working-tzess principles, ‘The stiffeners are thon checked as columns under Ultimato-strength loads ‘Try wo Snide stiffeners, welded on each side ofthe diaphragm wob,cver each shoo, The required stiffener thickness is computed with 29 ksi asthe allowable stress ‘Under serve land, Since there are four bearing stiffeners, 2044 338—0.376 ~ [= | ‘Tey 5X stiffeners. SECTION AA BEARING STIFFENERS End Reactions kipe Db, | Diy | b+ Direct [55.5 [149 [11701 Torque [329 | 96 | 645 ‘Total [es [245 [1015 ‘The equivalent column area ofthe diaphragm web and stiffenersis 1 5 yg201.0int Lax45-8)+4x $x6=21.0in i681, mast‘The moment of inertia ofthe action is /Taa/ PB 2.0i or Bao andthe slendernees ratio ‘entsnmpednden i Sn aa ea [i Ss2)' Jos f cs py Bs ‘The maximum design loads 126.1>28.750.K. '85X21,0X35.4=691.9kips n+24seSiie, e400 ots Ox Use PL %4XS in. at bearing stiffeners, (Check of End Diaphragm in Bending "Next, the end claphragm is checked in bending, beginning with compttation of sec- ‘lon properties. A 1Oin. wide strip ofthe bottom Mango ofthe gieder Is talen as the bottom flangeof tediaphragm. Secon Proper Diphragm wows [a [a | ae | ae [a [a Tori ixio | 400] wae | asa | aaa worsen | anes ams Borie ioae | ait | anes | soe | 2560 Destine ais Tet dngno24h-Labe2tsin deceit iaesnatin 1S ane WMH ais Sqetbdtlasn Seam Ear Bending moments inthe end diaphragm are calculated next, begining with those ‘due to torque and continuing with those de to vertical loads, As tebulatel previously, ‘the shear flow due to torque under DZ; is 0.185 kipe per in. The shear long the top flange then is V=0.185x118"21.6ips WWIASs ero“The vertical component ofthe shear along one web is a Vm0.189%58.69% 5575 =10.4 hips andthe horizontal component 4 189x88.60x 5345 =26kips ‘The reactions at each shoe are computed by equating to 2oro the sum of the moments of the shears about each shoe. From moments about Ry (se following drawing 21,667 10.4X104~2%2.6%28.50, By 232.8 Kips Porro nor SHEAR FLOW IN DIAPHRAGM AT END BEARING ‘The DL; bending moment taken about a point on the neutral axis above the reactions due tothe shear on the projeting portions of the diaphragm is 189X26X27,01+10.4X19+2,6%1.49+0.188%28, 99395 kipin Bending moments dus to torque under DL, and L+ are computed on the assumption, for simplicity, that shear flows due to DL, and L++T act onthe same perimeter as does the shear flow due to DL. The bending moments due to torque thus are proportional tothe shear flows. y= 296x204 kipin -My=096x 2048 104 kipin. Bending in iaphrag Dus oer Lande Usted 0+ Hx 40}55.%19 07-105 Ps 4.9X19,37=288 kipin, 110x19.87=2,266kipin. ais TASFactored Bending Moments ForDLy: M=13(1,075+396) =1,912 PorDig:M=1.9(288+104) = 510 PeLtha%S 2266009 actored Shears PorDisv=19 (ssstosanxseoox se, ForDic Vous (s4o+aouxseonxs2,) = 28 Ea ‘Be, Forth vers (1170+0921x58.69x $ecurthe deign snr ec th allowable her, fener re requied o he diaphragm. For the purpose, the effet of the bearing stiffeners atthe shoes may taken into account, Hence, the shear eapacity of te diaphragm i aleulatd, with the listance rom mid-depth ofthe girder web tothe extaror bearing stiffener taken asthe stiffener spacing d= 18 in. ‘Use C=1 for calculating the ultimate shea strength: 395(1.0+0)=595> 402 Kips Hence, the section is dequate for shear capacity. A reduction in ealeulated bending strength s required, however, because the design shear exceeds 0.6Y, 0.6X5950357<402 ips "The thickness ofthe diaphragm web meets the requirement Dt, = 150. 2, ra ‘Since the requirement for web thickness satified and the compression flange ofthe ‘diaphragm can be considered supported over ite full length, the diephragm moots ~eulrementa fora braced, noncompact section. Is bending srngth independent of ‘hoa, therofo =14<160 (M,=FSaq =98%478=17,080> 8,898 kipin, wraso 881‘The moment reduction required is computed from M v pn 1s16~0.6257, eos livable manent = — 402) > in, vr=ir30 (1216~06n5«402) =16220> 8698 ‘Therefore, the Yin. diaphragm moots bending requirements, [Expansion Dam at End Support "The support brackets and beam developed forthe straight girder inthe exampioof CChapter7aresdequate forthe expansion dams atthe end beatings. DIAPHRAGM AT INTERIOR SUPPORT ‘The diaphragm over the per is similar to the end diaphragm and {shown inthe following drawing. Computations for the bearing stiffeners and treatment of the ‘manhole for the pler diaphragm arent given inasmuch as they are similar to those for the diaphragm at the end bearing "The following computations indicate that a thicker bottom flange than that used for the adjoining portion of the box girder is desirable. This change is necesary ‘because of thecombination of transverse end longitudinal bending in the diaphragm. i sexu T » |! A ce | 4 um fl See [=] Toe] retetenee ‘SECTION AT DIAPHRAGM AT PIER “The following table ists dasign lads a the interior support with an impact factor ‘of 1. Torque reactions are caleulated by dividing the torque by 6.5 ft, the distance between shoes Design Loads at Interior Support ‘Shearer Web, | Torqueon Section, | Torque Reaction, ‘Kips KipFt Kips Db, 2132 285.2 12 Diy 543 48 81 LAr 230.0 526.0 986 ‘Total ora 836.0 1519 aye WTASL‘As forthe end diaphragm, the enclosed area tobe used in computing the sheer due. toDL, torque is 5828 in.‘ and the enclosed ares for DL, wnd +1 is 6680 in ‘Shear Flow Due to Torque For Diy: $=2682%12, 48x12 '2x6,630 "904 826x12 2X6.600 ForDLyS- ForLth:S= 416 0.785 ips per in ‘Te shoe reactions equa the sum of the torque reaction andthe reaction due tover= tical loads. One shoe reaction then i ‘B,=491.44+151.9"649 ips and the other reaction see following drawing) Ry 49T4-181.9=846 kipo ~~ oe Sie ‘SHOE REACTIONS AT PIER Check of Pier Diaphragm [Noxt, the pir diaphragm is checked for bending in its plane, binning with com ‘Putation of section properties. The diaphragm section has anges of ABT2, Grade 0, steel, and a web of Aa6 tec. Allowable stresses must be reduced because this section ishybrid, Section Properties of Diaphragm at Pier Materiat 4 [| @ [aa [ae 1 "Top Flg. 1X18 18.00 | 2000 | 622 | sae Web 1x57 1.00 15.433 Bot. Fig.1ix26 | 29.25 | -2906 | ~850 | 24,708, 104.25 int 308i? ~aa4exa2=- Ina ose nmt™=29.825—3.14 54242 Son t= 3e28 2.0680! ‘Then, bending moments in the pier daphragm are calculated, beginning with those duet torque and continuing with those due to vertical loads. Aa tabulated previously. the shear flow due to torque under DL, is 0.268 kips per In. The shear along the lop ‘ange then is 268X118=31.6kips TAs aa‘The vertical component ofthe shear slong one web is Ea Vm0.268%88.60% 5575 =16.kips ‘and the horizontal component is vn0 aaa aa ‘The reactions at each shoe are computed by equating to zero the sum of the momenta of the shear about each shoe, From moments about iy (see following drawing: 31.6X57-415.8x104—2KI.75%28.50 9 pg ‘SHEAR FLOWN DIAPHRAGM AT PIER ‘The DI, bending moment inthe plane of the diaphragm, taken about a point onthe neutral axis above the reactions, die to the shoars on the projecting portions ofthe diaphragm ls My=~M, 0.268% 261.646 16.3% 19 ~8.75%:3.148 + 0.268% 12% 25.254=581 kipin. As forthe end diaphragm, moments due to torque for DL, and L+Tare taken proportional to shear ows. oa y= 581x478 032 kipin. ForDIy Me=M,= $4.2X19=1,090 kipin ForL++1:My=M, =230,0%19%4,370 kipin Factored Bending Moments ForDiy M=13(4501+581) = 6.608 ForDLy M=1.8(1,090+89) = 1,455 10 orb m=s.xS4104 00) hpi ut WASFactored Shears Ea ForD: V=1a(asaroassxssasx;S",) -un0 raps v=1a (s2toonxsesoxgst,) = 135 at Forbtn var.ax 3 (tanosoarexensoxgS) 5672 E 927-6 kips ‘The maximum shear capacity V, kip, without stiffeners on the digphragm web is the smaller of the following: Tnasmuch as the shear capacity excoeds the design shear, stiffeners are not require, Bearing stiffeners, however, are placed over the shoos, asin the case of the end aphregm. ‘A reduction in the computed bending strength i required because the design shear exceeds 0.6%, 0.6¥,=06X1,190=714<927.6kipe ‘The moment reduction required is computed from Merars-o0s% M, v ‘where Mf, computed bending strength, kip-independentof shear, Hence the allowable mament ie 0052275) 1.a7s—0.625% 9228) 4, =0888M, and the reduced allowable bending steasis given by F=O888RR here isthe reduction factor fo a hybrid section, For computation of the fllow- ing parameter are computed: ‘Substitution ofthese parameters yields _ Béli=H13—J-+0) 8050) _ 8167X0.57311—0.727(9—0579+0.72%0.579) 6+3.167%0.579(3—0.873) 961 ‘For tension and compression, the allowable stress for bending in the plane of the ‘diaphragm then is =0:888%80%0,961=42,7 ksi Tass sist‘Bending Stresses n Plane of Diaphragm For the factored bending moment of 19,765 kin, the stress inthe tension Mange 9.185 9c. f= BGa19<427 OK. and inthe compression lange, 1.165, 12568 -9.1.<42.Tksl OX. Bending Normal to Pane of Diaphragm ‘The proceing strossos must be combined with those, at the interior suppor, from longitedinal bending ofthe box girder. Section properties of the girder are computed fora Fin thick, A872, Grade #0, bottom flange, which is thicker than the Trin. plate ‘sed for the adjoining section of box girder. The thicker flange extends fora distance of 2 fon both sides of the inter or suppor. Box Girder Stel Section at ler ‘Material a. ¢@[afalan fo 2TPig PL2xas | 6000 | 2960) 1,770 | sa.215 2WebPLy.xs8.69 | 5869 Bot. Fig. PL1%4x92 | 108.50 | ~20.06 | ~3,008 | 87.404 Stiff 817.525 nas |-2a25| -171 | 3973 1.400 in? oa an ont 29 Sra tone Steel Section, with Reinforcing Stoo, nt Pier daa 95.13+8.58 275.153 Sra TTT Bending strescts are computed for fll design load, with an impact factor of 0.35, with moments obtained from the curves of maximum momen. sist TASSipfe ‘Strestes Due to bending Normal to Plane of Diaphragm eran tents mpi) C02 sy 62001129) Ferdi: h, P2139 as Re BOMB K199 mis aoa MOD 99 Pedi ME a9 24s Re BOM 199 mw a8 Feet: Rm II 308 m0 2818s gox Sates ; aa Tsk loosing Ste Str (Tenn t Per A axe (500+ casa eee eae 558 ‘The tension stress inthe top flange ofthe box girder atthe pier may not excood se af-oG)G)] 2820) 18 ‘The design stress of 47.8 ksi inthe top flange is close enough tothe allowable stess that the lange is considered adequate. Strestes in the top flange for bending in the plane ofthe diaphragm and bending normal to that plane, inthe longitudinal direction of the box girder, need not be combined, because these stresses oceur in different plates, For computation of the allowable bending stress, normal to the plane of the 2.00 in, Use 2.108 in. forthe deduction in computing ‘henet flange area wai WrAsa‘Area deducted for bolt holes=",%2.106 = 1.45, 15% of gross area=~0.15X8.25=—1.24 Netdeduction fortwo anges 0.21x2* Ain? Net Section at Bottom Flange and Stffener Splice ‘Assume that the contr of gravity ofthe stiffener coinedes with the center of gravity of the bolt holes. Deduct the following areas: 16 holes in the bottom laxge plato, two holes from the flange ofthe stiffener and two hols from the stiffener stem. Flange Area and Deductions Gross area of bottom flange and stiffeners 4X82-+7.35= 62.8 in? ‘Area dedted for bolt holes =¥416+2X0.622+2%0.55= 10.24 =159% of gross area=—0.15X53.85, = =8.00in? Net deduction for bottom flange and tifener== 2.34 in? Properties of the gross cross aceon of the box girder are obtained from previews caleulitions for the meximum-positivemoment section. The bolt oles in the lenges are deducted in the computation of properties of the net section, and the ST 7.5325 properties are added. [Net Section atthe Spice—Stee! Section Only a a Z Pos Mom. Gross Section | 121.19 908 ‘Top Fg Bolt Holes -o42 | 2as¢| -12| -a19 Bot, Fig. Bolt Holes ~234 | 28.15, ST 75x25 135 |~25.25, 125.18in? Ange 29.19+7,66=96.85 in. 81995 gs0int Srotanim Seay 682 Design Moments and Shears at the Field Splice ‘The capacity ofthe net section is based on the minimum section modulus of the ‘steel section and the allowable stres forthe corresponding flange. From above, the lower section modulus is 1682 infor the top lange. Because te effects of postive ‘bending dominate, the allowable stress will be the allowable compressive stress for the op flange. This hes previously baon calculated for the mazinium pocitive moment section as 38.0 ks on page 37 in tia text. mam sitFer F.=36.0s, thonet section capacity it Magn BOL 4g 15% May= O.75X5,046=8,785 kipstt ‘With an impact factor of 0,5. the caleulated moment is Meu 213+ 150+1,353 45554807 kiptt "Tho avorage ofthe calculated moment and the net capacity ofthe section i ‘The design moment, therefore is 4,820 kipft. ‘Tho design vortial shoar is determined by multiplying the calculated vertical ear forthe design loads by the ratio of the design moment to the calculated moment ‘onthesection, With an impact factor of 0.50, Nog 71.4+18241.50%88.6%215.0 ips “Hence, the design vertical shear is 4.920, vonans.0xc$$20—200 ips In theplane of each web, ‘The design torque similarly is obtained by multiplying the cleulated torque by the ratio ofthe design moment to the calculated moment. The design torque is resolved Into atorque acting onthe noncomposite section and a torque seting on the composite section. Design Torque, KipFt rnael Foi: Parteax zy =1798 ForDinsT=81x <2 ForLtnran2xis0x$asa 088 ips "The design torsional shear on each web then it 2X57 (1705, 49:2, 307.2) wen BEE (cao “Se a5) “2H and nthe plane ofeach web, 58.69, Von99x 5889 36 kip ‘The Maximum Design Vertical and Torsional Shear then Vet Yor l3+34=147 pe asi WTATLWeb Spice ‘The wob splice plates must carry the design vertical shear, design torsional shesr, moments duet the eccentriitie of the shears and a portion M, of the design moment ‘onthe section, 7he portion ofthe design moment tobe resisted by the web i obtained ‘By multiplying the design moment by the ratio ofthe moment of inertia of the web to ‘thonet momentof inertia ofthe entire setion. The grose moment of inertia is obtained ‘rom the earlier ealeulation of section properties and adjusted for the change in posi ton ofthe centoidal axie becauoe of deductions for bolt oles in the flanges. 1,=18,891:258.69(7.66)'=19,895 ins ‘Web Moments for Design Loads ‘The bending sronnent due to ecco "The moment due to eccentricity of the torsional shear is xxa.25 _ XO. aki ‘The portion ofthe design moment resisted by the webs is 1.920% 29898 1,534 kiptt Mo 1,995 ‘Thetotal web moment then is M,=60+18+1,584=1,612 kipft, oF 86 kipst per web ‘Ty two %XS6:n. web splice plates. Assume two columns cf Yyin-dia, A490 bolts, with 14 bolts per column, on each side ofthe joint. The ara of ene hole 0.375 in? The holes remove from each splice plate the following percentage of ite cross-sectional = 14x0.375 ‘o376x65 ction of the hole area thet must be deducted in determination x100=25.5% Consequently. the ofthenet section is 255-180 255 a With 4n, spacing ofbott along the slope of the web, for holes 2+61+10'+14"+ 184+ 224-264 1,820 TAd?=4X041X9X1,82051,118 int ct ithe tos hint aa saearaie (5S) =105 ne Assume thatthe neutral axis ofthe splice coincides withthe neutral axis ofthe net section of the box girders. The bending properties ofthe web spice plates with respect toa horizontal axis are then computed as follows: "The are of two bolts hole to be deducted equals 2X4X0.975X0.4 stintWeb Splice Section ‘Material A @ Aa L r BSplicePLyxes | 412s | 765 | 2420 | saov | 12,207 ‘Area of Holes maar | 166 | -23 | 1.085 | -1.906 10,919ns hte 27.80-+7.0695.16 in. gia =2750~168=19.84i0, 10.919 931 at 10,919 550 in Soest yg OIL in 219 a 550in! "Themaximum bending stress inthe plats for the Maximum Design Load therefor 808X121 = 0X22 91.1 778int "The average stress inthe bottom flango under the Maximum Design Load is "The total lange forceis Fg = 20,146.00 18K +0.15% 46.00} "The design torsioral shea across the bottom flange is ye }2X00(17055, 402 , 9782 =a (6.250 8,785 For the bottom-lange eplice, « tral is made with two %X4t-in. outer plates and two 4X4 pin inner plates, Fr one pa of plates (half box), assume two rows of bolts ‘with 8 bolts per row, an each side ofthe joint. The area of one bolt holes 0.575 in? The holes remove from ach splice plate the following percentage ofits cross-sectional 8X0375 99m ofplate= 5 OSE x 100=193% Consequently the fretion of the hole area that must be deducted in determination of the net sction a 1-150 ws 0? ‘With iin. spacingf bolts, for holes=2,76"+8.25++19.15'4+19.25°=635, EAdtm4x0.22x2X60E 8 "The net section modalus ofthe pair of splice plates is 210in* aie gua auc es 1S x xeer.-21) = ‘Thenet area of each pair of splice plates is wmandan.s-bxarxoatan 30-1 208in sia mass‘The splice patos must resist the direct lange load P. the torsional shear V and the ‘moment due to eecentricity ofthe torsional shear. These are computed as follows pa aao1 ips ‘The maximum direct stress inthe splice plates then is 451, 7x12 eee fn Gh + BO2 16.1 40.4018.5< 86 st ‘nd the maximum shear stress onthe gross area ofa pai of plates is a 87< 19.8 “S118 Check of Flange Splices for Fatigue ‘The flange splice plates are then checked for fatiua under Service Loads, he ‘ange ofiveload moment atthe splice equals ‘M,,=1.9511,595-(-1,000)}=9,509 kip-e And the range ofaverage stress inthe anges, disregarding the relatively small effect of torsion. ia 800x128 844788) oy yy ‘Top Flange f 61,095 Bet, Rags = BORIS ‘The corresponding range of stress in the gross section ofthe Menge splice plates is 24 704)16.50—042) RP PRR Tax BX BTM OCT Bet Page = 8 cs ‘The flange splice platas, therefore are satisfactory. Flange Bote ‘The number bls regu in the ange spicier hy the capacity sie for trnueting the ange force under tn Ovsoal De) The wed omen the son 8.08 kip ne Web Moment or Oveach The aveageroesln ston fangts 2630x208.844766 pe SOON BET ‘And the flange force becomes Pug =26.2 (18:50=0.49 IAs aie)Use 8 bots "The average stress in the bottom flangeis Pg 16.1 44,90567T kip For this flange fore, the number ofbolts required i For detall purposes, 32 bolts are used. With this substantial margin of additional bolts, the tcrsional effects on the bolt pattern may be neglected. Stittener Splice Next, the splice is designed for the S17.5%25, longitudinal, bottomflange: stiffener, A splice ofthe stiffeners desirable to asgure that the intaruption ofthe stit- fener at thefleld eplioss dass not become anode for bucking. The splice i designed for the axiaMnd capacity of the ST7%25. This capacity equals the product of the allowable compression stress fr the bottom flange and the area ofthe stiffener. "The allowable compression is & function of the torsional shear stress f, the co- ffcint K, and the buckling coefficient K furnished by the combination of the Jongitudinal stiffener and the bottom flange. As previously caleulated forthe field splice location, the torsional shear stress 1.1 ki The other perameters required for calculation of the allowable compression sirese in the bottom flange are determined as follows: ¢[— . gf ae ‘azine = Vorasio.sras 7074 Veet 32)" sacine (25) wr an) -a( Be) 2000s Win th ofthe proating rr, 97.085 21037 Vig [pmo oat Jose 00) Ga) Because wVF/t=45V36/0.5=540> UR, =420.4, the allowable compression stress le bottou angels e210x4 (98) 100 rps y menosssr (2 x 383 20.4 With an allowable compression stress of 12.9 ksi forthe bottom flange, the force on thestitener ia Rew12.9X7.35=94.8 kips sist mart‘The stiffener splice also must bo designed to resist lateral bending. The lateral: ‘bending moment is taken as that associated withthe bottom flange stress of 12.9 ksi land is computed with the theory presented in General Design Considerations under Lateral Bending Stresses under DL, The streas atthe top ofthe ST7.S stiffener, with ‘dant forthe mt atl section atthe splice, is Mam Sbt#! _84X5.64%0.62202.91 9" = OR 10x410.38X12 SPLICE OF ST 75X25, ‘With %in-dia, ASS bolts and an allowable loadin single shear of 0.442%21=9.9 -kipe per bot, the numberof bolts requited for direct lad ous Taxes “Try 10 bots, four inthe stem splice and sixin the flange splice. 7.8 bolts annus 92am" STIFFENER-FLANGE SPLICE ‘The polar moment of inertia of the flange bolt group is T= 2x9(1.15"+2x2(2.5"=48.88 int ‘The force on the outermost bolt due to lateral bending and dkect load is computed and. found tobe within the allowable valu: Lonstadinnlforee from det a= 248 0.2 kis ; 1291789 ips Lanta cpontn tom moment 122% 75 4p mma sis1a9xae Lateral component from moment = 72225 =0.87 Kips Resultant total bolt load= ViTBFO OFT OST ‘The area required fr the splice plates for direct load is 8. An "Try « 14XGn, splice plate on top of the flange and a Xin. plate on the stem, each with two longitical rows of bolts. The net area ofthe plates Phange: 6%%~ 2114) +0.15163)= 1.98 Stam: BX},—2174X%)+0.1516%10=1.50 349>2.63, In thi nat socton ofthe flange splice plata, the bolt holes remove the following: percentage of the aes: 27<9. bps '=2.69in? 20x 1991 2h x99 20.2% ‘Hence, the fraction of hole to be deducted is ‘Themoment of inertia ofthe splice plate thus is 4. 3 gy—o4ox3xcZ.167=6.26int = fxc$iey-0.40x3 Zu. 157=6.26 ns "The total stress in he flange splice then is 948 , 128%9 _ oy 9. eo BS BE 25 836 sl ‘The splice deign therefor is satisfactory ‘COMPARISON WITH STRAIGHT BRIDGE ‘The curved box girder bridge ofthis example requires about 17% more structural steel thea its straight counterpart of Chapter 7. About half ofthe additional steel is atrib- ltable to the top latral bracing aad to the change from a rigid frame support to 8 ‘continuous support. A quarter of the additional steel is that from intermediate rossrames, The remainder resulta from use of lower allowable stresses, higher live- load impact factors and other provisions by which the Guide Specifications account forzurvature, Dther effects of curvature include: ‘A490 bolts instead of A825 bolt for field splice of main girder material 15% more shear connectors then those required forthe straight bridge FINAL DESIGN ‘Drawings of the curved box girder bridge of the example are shown on the following: shes, st wate