Resonant Controller Based STATCOM Used in

Wind Farms to Mitigate Power Quality Issues

B. Avudai Lakshmi, Student Member IEEE, R.Karpagam, Asso. Professor,
Dept. of EEE, PED Dept. of EEE,
Easwari Engineering College, Easwari Engineering College,
Chennai, India - 600089 Chennai, India - 600089
avubala@gmail.com karpagamraj2013@gmail.com

Abstract-Now-a -days renewable energy sources are playing controller based STATCOM. Resonant controller means a
a vital role in global energy systems. Wind energy conversion device or controller worked on the principle of 'Resonance',
method is cheaper compared to other conversions such as solar means at one frequency the response amplitude occur at
and tidal etc. There are many power quality issues in wind farms
maximum. Based on that principle, it tracks the maximum
such as voltage sag, swell and harmonics arise due to grid,
pulse by using PLL (Phase Locked Loop) concept. There are
nonlinear load and three phase faults. These voltage fluctuations
can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power
two types resonant controllers called feedback resonant
compensation devices such as SVC (Static Var Compensator), controller and feed forward resonant controller. The
STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) and DVR advantages of PR controller are,
(Dynamic Voltage Restorer). To reduce such power quality • High gain at a certain frequency (resonant frequency)
issues, it is essential to design, model and analyse the FACTS and almost no gain exist at the other frequencies.
(Flexible AC Transmission line) device. In this project, • Reduce the steady state error
STATCOM is used as a compensating device. STATCOM is a
• Provide selective harmonic elimination
static synchronous generator operated as a parallel connection
static reactive compensator. It is capable of generating or
II. DESIGN OF RESONANT CONTROLLER
absorbing real and reactive power. Also, the compensator
performance is analysed with the help of Proportional Resonant The resonant controller can be obtained either by applying
(PR) controller device. The STATCOM is connected parallel with the internal model principle or by using the coordinate
the transmission line. When fault occurs, it will inject or absorb transformation. The Proposed resonant controller works based
the reactive power to the line through the transformer according on the principle of PLL and is derived by transforming the
to the voltage requirement. The whole system is simulated equations of the conventional resonant controller from
through MATLAB/SIMULINK application. The simulation gives Cartesian to polar coordinates [2] & [7]. The resonant
the effective influence of STATCOM on the improvement of controller has a large, theoretically infinite, gain at a single
voltage profile as well as reduction of Harmonics in grid frequency.
connected Wind Energy Conversion System.
A. Ideal Proportional Resonant Control
Keywords- Wind Energy; Power Quality Issues; STATCOM;
The transfer functions of ideal proportional-resonant (PR)
Proportional Resonant(pR) Controller; FACTS Device.
control is,
I. INTRODUCTION
ks
In general, wind turbine gets the kinetic energy from the GAC(s) =k) + -2 '
--
2 (1)
I S +llJ
wind blades which are rotating according to the wind
direction. The turbine gives the mechanical energy to the IG
(Induction Generator) further it converts the mechanical
, I
,.----_._--_ .. _,

energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy is I I

!
I
transmitted through the transmission line, transformer and to
the grid. Due to the reactive power absorption of grid, power
quality issues have been introduced [1]. To mitigate those E(s)
issues, a compensation device needs to be used. This
compensation device has tuned by the controller for analyzing
its performance. Initially controllers like P, PI (Proportional
Integral), PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) were used. Fig. 1 1 Block diagram of ideal PR control
Now-a-days PR controllers, fuzzy controllers, neuro fuzzy
controllers and ANFIS controllers based compensating
devices are used. This paper deals with simulation of PR

978-1-4799-6085-9/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

Here Kp and Kj denote proportional gain and resonant gain
respectively. Kp primarily finds the bandwidth, phase and gain
margins of the control system, and Ki could be tuned for
shifting the magnitude response vertically.
f��
.I�oo .51) 0 00
n III I
�oo 8) 0 00
F,.qU,"C)(Hl)
Fig. 1.2 Bode plots of ideal PR control
The block diagram and Bode plots of PR control loop are
shown in Fig. l.l & Fig. 1.2. The PR controller can be viewed
as a generalized AC integrator, has a theoretically infinite
resonant peak at special frequency and eliminates the steady­
state error to zero. At the selected harmonic frequency, the
proportional resonant control brings an infinite gain. If the
frequency not belongs to the harmonic range, the proportional
resonant control has enough attenuation and the PR control
would not affect the frequency not selected. In this case, the
PR control exhibits the elimination of harmonics and results
little intluence to the feature of frequency domain of closed
loop. The non-ideal PR controller could be used while the
infinite gain may cause a series of stability problems [2], [3] &
[6].
B. Non-Ideal Proportional Resonant Control
The transfer function of the non-ideal PR control is,
Y,(s) 2 kj OJc s
G AC ( s )
= =
E, (s) s 20Jc s + OJ
2 2
+ parameters of an electric power system [4]. It is in general a
OJ 2
Y(s)=-[2kjOJ,E(s)--Y(s)]
I absorbing independently controllable real and reactive power
s s
In this, the gain turns to finite, however, still relatively high
for generating a small steady-state error and good tracking
Fig. 2 Proposed resonant control representation
performance for selected harmonics. The proposed PR control
of closed loop is represented [7] in Fig.2, where co is resonance
frequency and COc is cut off frequency. The proper adjustment
in COc helps to widen the bandwidth. Smaller COc gives more
selective transfer function and the peak of resonant controller
is narrower. On the other hand, the smaller COc would make the
filter more sensitive to frequency variations and so the
100
transient response is slower. In general, COc values vary
between 5 and 15 rad/sec are considered as acceptable. Fig.3
represents the diagram of Bode plots for non-ideal PR for 1 ,
st
5th and 7th harmonics. In addition it gives the variations of the
types of resonant controller. It is concluded to simulate the
100
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 3 Bode plots for non-ideal PR for 1st, 5th & 7th harmonics
resonant controller with the above loop constraints and also
necessities of resonant controller are studied.
III. STATCOM
The FACTS device is used as STATCOM (Static
Synchronous Compensator). The STATCOM in FigA (or
SSC) is shunt-connected reactive-power compensation device
that is capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive power.
The output of STATCOM can be varied to control the specific
(2)
solid-state switching converter capable of generating or
(3)
at its output terminals when it is fed from an energy source or
energy-storage device at its input terminals.
EoJij" (E,)
MagnetJc
�lCOII.' (1,,)
--
__
Coupling
--+-- E ST.uCOM (E,,)
Vo�g�
Source
�
Converter
'do = 0
- deEnergy
Source
Fig. 4 Block diagram of STATCOM
 IV. V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF STATCOM from PWM generator, will fire the VSC (Voltage Source
Converter). According to this firing signal, the voltage and
Transktnt
Raling (/ < 1 s)
v,

l;:.:in9:..-_---rr1.00-:
Transient
Ra

0.75

0.50

0.25

Ie fern:.,.; 0 l'm.'IJ; 't

Capadllve -+- Inductive

Fig. 5 V-[ characteristic of the STATCOM

Fig. 6.2 Resonant Controller Based STATCOM

A typical V-I characteristic of a STATCOM is represented

in Fig. 5. As it can be seen, the STATCOM can supply both
the capacitive and the inductive compensation and is able to
independently control its output current over the rated
maximum capacitive or inductive range irrespective of the
amount of ac-system voltage. That is, the STATCOM can
provide full capacitive-reactive power at any system voltage
even as low as 0 .15pu. The characteristic of a STATCOM
reveals strength of this technology such as capable of yielding
the full output of capacitive generation almost independently
of the system voltage (constant-current output at lower
voltages). This capability is particularly useful for situations in
which the STATCOM is needed to support the system voltage
during and after faults where voltage collapse would otherwise
be a limiting factor. The applications of STATCOM are
power-now Control, SSR (Sub Synchronous Resonance)
Mitigation and transient stability control.
V. SIMULATION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
current would be produced. The current is supplied to the
transmission line according to the fault requirements. The
advantage of induction generator is working on the variable
speed which is suitable for wind farms. It gives the maximum
utilization of wind power.
A. Simulation Results
In transmission line three phase fault is occurred. The time
interval of the three phase fault is 0.02s to 0.09s. The fault is
cleared by using resonant controller based STATCOM. The
effective mitigation system has built to improve the voltage
level in the transmission line.
-PilI,eA
-PiliseB
PilI"C
rl'
I

\1 I

0.01 0.05 0.09 015 0.2 0.15

J. �i
03 035
Tlln�S)

Fig. 6.3 Output voltage at Grid Side due to three phase fault

Fig. 6.1 Proposed System with Compensating Device

The Fig. 6.1 illustrates the proposed wind system with

compensating device. The system consists of grid, three phase
.J---'----'--"--'
·8L.
load, wind set up and STATCOM with the occurrence of three o 0.01 0.05 0.09 0.15 0.2 0.25 OJ OJ5
phase fault. Wind set up consists of Wind turbine with Tm.(S)
induction generator. Generally SCIG (Squirrel Cage Induction Fig. 6.4 Output Current at Wind Side due to three phase fault
Generator) or DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) used in
wind farms. Simulink model of STATCOM with resonant
controller is given in Fig.6.2 [5]. The delay signal is coming
 B. Results Discussion
Based on the simulation, the following results are obtained.
• The generated system is having less harmonic
content.
• It is clearly noted that the effective mitigation system
is generated for improving voltage profile.
• The effective mitigation system for power quality
issues in wind energy conversion has been generated.
• The output voltage and current in the grid side is
Time(S)
obtained fairly with the help of resonant controller
Fig. 6.5 Output voltage at Grid Side due to three phase fault
based STATCOM.
l.5 ,---���---,���,--�-�-�-,---�---, • The THD analysis has also been completed which is
about 0.5% only.
• It directs to integrate different facts devices with
resonant controller to improve the voltage profile and
harmonics reductions.
• Future research and limitations are planned.

.5 C. Parameters Used in Simulation

.1 0 0,02 0,05 0,09 0.15 0.2 0.25 OJ 0.35
Time(S)
TABLE T Parameters and Values
Fig. 6.6 Output Current at Grid Side due to three phase fault
Parameters Values
Main Supply
� -Phase A
PhaseC voltage
480V

2l1li
I -PhaseB Line frequency 60Hz

Source Impedance Ls=1 6.59 mH; Rs= 0.8928 n

PR Contro11er Kp=IOO; Ki=200; ()),=0.01

Capacitor I micro Farad

Load IOMW.12MVAR

0,25 OJ OJ5 IGBT based, 3; arms, 6 pulse

Inverter
Carrier frequency = 10000 Hz
Fig. 6.7 Output voltage after fault mitigation Stator resistance =0.016 ohm
Stator inductance =0.05H
Asynchronous

�
Nominal power=I MW
generator
-PhaseB Voltage = 480V
.t
frequency = 60 HZ
"',; :c
'0 """'PhaseC
1 !0
-Phase A
0,5 r i
VI. CONCLUSION

: f�AV
The present simulation and research provide necessary
.0
Ii
:
results and guiding to achieve the better conclusions in this
-1
area. It also helps to estimate the future research, scope and
..

1 5L 1' L -L . L J
limitations. The simulated results of proposed projects are
- , 0 -�---'0
-- ,---�
'-,05 --- --, 0_1 �
--- ---'-0 L25��-,- 03��--,- 035
----0--' .,15��-,- O,2'-�
presented with the help of MATLAB/SIMULlNK tool. The
Iime(S) entire system consists wind farm, transmission line,
Fig. 6.8 Output current after fault mitigation transformer, load, three phase fault, grid and STATCOM with
Fundamental (6<lHz): 392.2 • TIm: 0.50%
resonant controller. The present scenario results to build the
mitigation system for reducing the harmonics. The necessity
to analyse the performance of other FACTS device by using
0.25 resonant controller to mitigate the fault in power generation
0.2 and transmission system has been understood.
0.15
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0,1
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Fig. 6.9 THD on source side voltage is about 0.5%

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