TL431, TL431A

ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS

SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

D Equivalent Full-Range Temperature D PACKAGE

Coefficient . . . 30 ppm/°C (TOP VIEW)

D 0.2-Ω Typical Output Impedance CATHODE 1 8 REF

D Sink-Current Capability . . . 1 mA to 100 mA ANODE 2 7 ANODE
D Low Output Noise ANODE 3 6 ANODE
D Adjustable Output Voltage . . . Vref to 36 V NC 4 5 NC

D Available in a Wide Range of High-Density

Packages P OR PW PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)
description
CATHODE 1 8 REF
The TL431 and TL431A are three-terminal NC 2 7 NC
adjustable shunt regulators with specified thermal NC 3 6 ANODE
stability over applicable automotive, commercial, NC 4 5 NC
and military temperature ranges. The output
voltage can be set to any value between Vref
NC – No internal connection
(approximately 2.5 V) and 36 V with two external
resistors (see Figure 17). These devices have a
PK PACKAGE
typical output impedance of 0.2 Ω. Active output (TOP VIEW)
circuitry provides a very sharp turn-on
characteristic, making these devices excellent
replacements for Zener diodes in many
applications, such as onboard regulation,
adjustable power supplies, and switching power
supplies.
REF ANODE CATHODE
The TL431C and TL431AC are characterized for
operation from 0°C to 70°C, and the TL431I and LP PACKAGE
TL431AI are characterized for operation from (TOP VIEW)
–40°C to 85°C.
CATHODE
ANODE
REF

KTP PACKAGE
(TOP VIEW)

CATHODE
ANODE ANODE
REF

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright  1999, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments
standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include
testing of all parameters.

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 1

TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

AVAILABLE OPTIONS
PACKAGED DEVICES
PLASTIC SHRINK CHIP
TA SMALL PLASTIC FORM
FLANGE TO-226AA SOT-89 SMALL
OUTLINE DIP (Y)
MOUNT (LP) (PK) OUTLINE
(D) (P)
(KTP) (PW)
TL431CD TL431CLP TL431CP
0°C to 70°C TL431CKTPR TL431CPK TL431CPW
TL431ACD TL431ACLP TL431ACP
TL431Y
TL431ID TL431ILP TL431IP
–40°C to 85°C TL431IPK
TL431AID TL431AILP TL431AIP
The D and LP packages are available taped and reeled. The KTP and PK packages are only available taped and reeled. Add
the suffix R to device type (e.g., TL431CDR). Chip forms are tested at TA = 25°C.

symbol
REF

ANODE CATHODE

functional block diagram

CATHODE

REF +
_

Vref

ANODE

equivalent schematic†
CATHODE
800 Ω 800 Ω

20 pF
REF

150 Ω

3.28 kΩ 4 kΩ 10 kΩ

2.4 kΩ 7.2 kΩ 20 pF

1 kΩ

800 Ω
ANODE
† All component values are nominal.

2 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)†
Cathode voltage, VKA (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 V
Continuous cathode current range, IKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –100 mA to 150 mA
Reference input current range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –50 µA to 10 mA
Package thermal impedance, θJA (see Notes 2 and 3): D package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97°C/W
LP package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156°C/W
KTP package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28°C/W
P package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127°C/W
PK package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52°C/W
PW package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149°C/W
Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds: D, P, or PW package . . . . . . . . . . . . 260°C
Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 60 seconds: LP or PK package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300°C
Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to 150°C
† Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
NOTES: 1. Voltage values are with respect to the anode terminal unless otherwise noted.
2. Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), θJA, and TA. The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable
ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(max) – TA)/θJA. Operating at the absolute maximum TJ of 150°C can impact reliability.
3. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51, except for through-hole packages, which use a trace
length of zero.

recommended operating conditions

MIN MAX UNIT
Cathode voltage, VKA Vref 36 V
Cathode current, IKA 1 100 mA
TL431C, TL431AC 0 70
free air temperature range,
Operating free-air range TA °C
TL431I, TL431AI –40 85

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 3

TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise

noted)
TEST TL431C
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNIT
CIRCUIT MIN TYP MAX
Vref Reference voltage 2 VKA = Vref, IKA = 10 mA 2440 2495 2550 mV
Deviation of reference voltage
VKA = Vref, IKA = 10 mA,
VI(dev) over full temperature range 2 4 25 mV
TA = full range†
(see Figure 1)
DVref Ratio of change
g in reference voltage
g
3 IKA = 10 mA
∆VKA = 10 V – Vref –1.4 –2.7 mV
DVKA to the change in cathode voltage ∆VKA = 36 V – 10 V –1 –2 V
Iref Reference current 3 IKA = 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞ 2 4 µA
Deviation of reference current
IKA = 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞,
II(dev) over full temperature range 3 0.4 1.2 µA
TA = full range†
(see Figure 1)
Minimum cathode current
Imin 2 VKA = Vref 0.4 1 mA
for regulation
Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 36 V, Vref = 0 0.1 1 µA
IKA = 1 mA to 100 mA, VKA = Vref,
|zKA| Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1) 1 0.2 0.5 Ω
f ≤ 1 kHz
† Full range is 0°C to 70°C for the TL431C.

The deviation parameters Vref(dev) and Iref(dev) are defined as the differences between the maximum and minimum

ǒ Ǔ
values obtained over the recommended temperature range. The average full-range temperature coefficient of the
reference voltage, αVref, is defined as:

Ťa Ť ǒ Ǔ
V I(dev) Maximum Vref
10 6 VI(dev)
V at 25°C
Vref
ppm
°C
+ ref
DTA Minimum Vref

∆TA
where:

∆TA is the recommended operating free-air temperature range of the device.

αVref can be positive or negative, depending on whether minimum Vref or maximum Vref, respectively, occurs at the
lower temperature.
Example: maximum Vref = 2496 mV at 30°C, minimum Vref = 2492 mV at 0°C, Vref = 2495 mV at 25°C,

Ť Ť+ǒ Ǔ
∆TA = 70°C for TL431C

4 mV 10 6
aVref 2495 mV
70°C
[ 23 ppmń°C
Because minimum Vref occurs at the lower temperature, the coefficient is positive.
Calculating Dynamic Impedance
The dynamic impedance is defined as: z KA I
KA
KA
Ť Ť + DD V

When the device is operating with two external resistors (see Figure 3), the total dynamic impedance of the circuit

Ť Ťǒ Ǔ
is given by:

Ȁ + DDVI [ zKA 1 ) R1
|z |
R2
Figure 1. Calculating Deviation Parameters and Dynamic Impedance

4 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise

noted)
TEST TL431I
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNIT
CIRCUIT MIN TYP MAX
Vref Reference voltage 2 VKA = Vref, IKA = 10 mA 2440 2495 2550 mV
Deviation of reference voltage
VKA = Vref, IKA = 10 mA,
VI(dev) over full temperature range 2 5 50 mV
TA = full range†
(see Figure 1)
DVref Ratio of change
g in reference voltage
g
3 IKA = 10 mA
∆VKA = 10 V – Vref –1.4 –2.7 mV
DVKA to the change in cathode voltage ∆VKA = 36 V – 10 V –1 –2 V
Iref Reference current 3 IKA = 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞ 2 4 µA
Deviation of reference current
IKA = 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞,
II(dev) over full temperature range 3 0.8 2.5 µA
TA = full range†
(see Figure 1)
Minimum cathode current for
Imin 2 VKA = Vref 0.4 1 mA
regulation
Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 36 V, Vref = 0 0.1 1 µA
IKA = 1 mA to 100 mA, VKA = Vref,
|zKA| Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1) 2 0.2 0.5 Ω
f ≤ 1 kHz
† Full range is –40°C to 85°C for the TL431I.

electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise

noted)
TEST TL431AC
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNIT
CIRCUIT MIN TYP MAX
Vref Reference voltage 2 VKA = Vref, IKA = 10 mA 2470 2495 2520 mV
Deviation of reference voltage
VKA = Vref, IKA = 10 mA,
VI(dev) over full temperature range 2 4 25 mV
TA = full range†
(see Figure 1)
DVref Ratio of change
g in reference voltage
g
3 IKA = 10 mA
∆VKA = 10 V – Vref –1.4 –2.7 mV
DVKA to the change in cathode voltage ∆VKA = 36 V – 10 V –1 –2 V
Iref Reference current 3 IKA = 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞ 2 4 µA
Deviation of reference current
IKA = 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞,
II(dev) over full temperature range 3 0.8 1.2 µA
TA = full range‡
(see Figure 1)
Minimum cathode current
Imin 2 VKA = Vref 0.4 0.6 mA
for regulation
Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 36 V, Vref = 0 0.1 0.5 µA
IKA = 1 mA to 100 mA, VKA = Vref,
|zKA| Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1) 1 0.2 0.5 Ω
f ≤ 1 kHz
‡ Full range is 0°C to 70°C for the TL431AC.

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 5

TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise

noted)
TEST TL431AI
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNIT
CIRCUIT MIN TYP MAX
Vref Reference voltage 2 VKA = Vref, IKA = 10 mA 2470 2495 2520 mV
Deviation of reference voltage
VKA = Vref, IKA = 10 mA,
VI(dev) over full temperature range 2 5 50 mV
TA = full range†
(see Figure 1)
DVref Ratio of change
g in reference voltage
g
3 IKA = 10 mA
∆VKA = 10 V – Vref –1.4 –2.7 mV
DVKA to the change in cathode voltage ∆VKA = 36 V – 10 V –1 –2 V
Iref Reference current 3 IKA = 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞ 2 4 µA
Deviation of reference current
IKA = 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞,
II(dev) over full temperature range 3 0.8 2.5 µA
TA = full range†
(see Figure 1)
Minimum cathode current
Imin 2 VKA = Vref 0.4 0.7 mA
for regulation
Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 36 V, Vref = 0 0.1 0.5 µA
IKA = 1 mA to 100 mA, VKA = Vref,
|zKA| Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1) 2 0.2 0.5 Ω
f ≤ 1 kHz
† Full range is –40°C to 85°C for the TL431AI.

electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, TA = 25°C (unless otherwise

noted)
TEST TL431Y
PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS UNIT
CIRCUIT MIN TYP MAX
Vref Reference voltage 2 VKA = Vref, IKA = 10 mA 2495 mV
DVref Ratio of change
g in reference voltage
g
3 IKA = 10 mA
∆VKA = 10 V – Vref –1.4 mV
DVKA to the change in cathode voltage ∆VKA = 36 V – 10 V –1 V
Iref Reference input current 3 IKA = 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞ 2 µA
Minimum cathode current
Imin 2 VKA = Vref 0.4 mA
for regulation
Ioff Off-state cathode current 4 VKA = 36 V, Vref = 0 0.1 µA
IKA = 1 mA to 100 mA, VKA = Vref,
|zKA| Dynamic impedance‡ 2 0.2 Ω
f ≤ 1 kHz
‡ Calculating dynamic impedance:

The dynamic impedance is defined as: z Ť Ť + DD

KA
V KA
I KA

Ȁ + ∆V
|z |
∆I
[ |z KA
ǒ) Ǔ
When the device is operating with two external resistors (see Figure 3), the total dynamic impedance of the circuit is given by:

| 1 R1
R2

6 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION

Input VKA
IKA

Vref

Figure 2. Test Circuit for VKA = Vref

Input VKA
IKA

R1 Iref

R2 Vref
V KA +V ǒ ) Ǔ)
ref 1 R1
R2
I ref R1

Figure 3. Test Circuit for VKA > Vref

Input VKA
Ioff

Figure 4. Test Circuit for Ioff

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 7

TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Table 1. Graphs
FIGURE
Reference input voltage vs Free-air temperature 5
Reference input current vs Free-air temperature 6
Cathode current vs Cathode voltage 7, 8
Off-state cathode current vs Free-air temperature 9
Ratio of delta reference voltage to change in cathode voltage vs Free-air temperature 10
Equivalent input noise voltage vs Frequency 11
Equivalent input noise voltage over a 10-second period 12
Small-signal voltage amplification vs Frequency 13
Reference impedance vs Frequency 14
Pulse response 15
Stability boundary conditions 16

Table 2. Application Circuits

FIGURE
Shunt regulator 17
Single-supply comparator with temperature-compensated threshold 18
Precision high-current series regulator 19
Output control of a three-terminal fixed regulator 20
High-current shunt regulator 21
Crowbar circuit 22
Precision 5-V 1.5-A regulator 23
Efficient 5-V precision regulator 24
PWM converter with reference 25
Voltage monitor 26
Delay timer 27
Precision current limiter 28
Precision constant-current sink 29

8 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS†

REFERENCE VOLTAGE
vs
REFERENCE CURRENT
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
2600 vs
VKA = Vref FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
2580 IKA = 10 mA 5
Vref = 2550 mV‡ R1 = 10 kΩ
R2 = ∞
V ref – Reference Voltage – mV

2560
IKA = 10 mA
2540 4

I ref – Reference Current – µ A

2520
Vref = 2495 mV‡ 3
2500

2480

2460 2

2440 Vref = 2440 mV‡

2420 1

2400
–75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
0
TA – Free-Air Temperature – °C –75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
‡ Data is for devices having the indicated value of Vref at IKA = 10 mA,
TA – Free-Air Temperature – °C
TA = 25°C.

Figure 5 Figure 6

CATHODE CURRENT CATHODE CURRENT

vs vs
CATHODE VOLTAGE CATHODE VOLTAGE
150 800
VKA = Vref VKA = Vref
125 TA = 25°C TA = 25°C

100 600
I KA – Cathode Current – mA

I KA – Cathode Current – µ A

75 Imin

50 400

25

0 200

–25

–50 0

–75

–100 –200
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 –1 0 1 2 3
VKA – Cathode Voltage – V VKA – Cathode Voltage – V
Figure 7 Figure 8
† Data at high and low temperatures are applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices.

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 9

TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS†

RATIO OF DELTA REFERENCE VOLTAGE TO

OFF-STATE CATHODE CURRENT DELTA CATHODE VOLTAGE
vs vs
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE
– 0.85
2.5
VKA = 36 V VKA = 3 V to 36 V
Vref = 0
I off – Off-State Cathode Current – µ A

– 0.95
2

∆V ref / ∆V KA – mV/V
–1.05

1.5
–1.15

1
–1.25

0.5 –1.35

–1.45
0
–75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 –75 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125

TA – Free-Air Temperature – °C TA – Free-Air Temperature – °C

Figure 9 Figure 10

EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE

vs
FREQUENCY
260
Vn – Equivalent Input Noise Voltage – nV/ Hz

IO = 10 mA
240 TA = 25°C

220

200

180

160

140

120

100
10 100 1k 10 k 100 k
f – Frequency – Hz

Figure 11
† Data at high and low temperatures are applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices.

10 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE
OVER A 10-SECOND PERIOD
6
5

V n – Equivalent Input Noise voltage – µV

4
3
2

0
–1

–2
–3

–4 f = 0.1 to 10 Hz
IKA = 10 mA
–5
TA = 25°C
–6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t – Time – s
19.1 V

1 kΩ

500 µF 910 Ω
2000 µF
VCC VCC To Oscilloscope
1 µF
TL431
(DUT) TLE2027
AV = 10 V/mV
+ 22 µF
TLE2027
820 Ω +
– 16 kΩ 16 kΩ
16 Ω –
160 kΩ
1 µF 33 kΩ
AV = 2 V/V
0.1 µF
33 kΩ

VEE VEE

Figure 12. Test Circuit for Equivalent Input Noise Voltage

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 11

TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SMALL-SIGNAL VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION
vs
FREQUENCY
60
IKA = 10 mA
A V – Small-Signal Voltage Amplification – dB

TA = 25°C
50 Output
IKA
15 kΩ 232 Ω
40
9 µF
+
30
–
8.25 kΩ

20 GND

10 TEST CIRCUIT FOR VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION

0
1k 10 k 100 k 1M 10 M
f – Frequency – Hz

Figure 13

REFERENCE IMPEDANCE
vs
FREQUENCY
100
IKA = 10 mA
TA = 25°C
|z KA | – Reference Impedance – Ω

1 kΩ
Output

10 IKA
50 Ω
–

+
GND
1

TEST CIRCUIT FOR REFERENCE IMPEDANCE

0.1
1k 10 k 100 k 1M 10 M
f – Frequency – Hz

Figure 14

12 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PULSE RESPONSE
6
TA = 25°C
Input
5
220 Ω
Input and Output Voltage – V

Output
4
Pulse
Generator 50 Ω
3 f = 100 kHz
Output

GND
2

TEST CIRCUIT FOR PULSE RESPONSE

1

0
–1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t – Time – µs

Figure 15

STABILITY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS†

150 Ω
100
A VKA = Vref TA = 25°C
90 B VKA = 5 V IKA
C VKA = 10 V
+
80 D VKA = 15 Vf
CL VBATT
I KA – Cathode Current – mA

B –
70
Stable
60
Stable C
50
A TEST CIRCUIT FOR CURVE A
40

30
D IKA
20 R1 = 10 kΩ 150 Ω
10
CL
0 +
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 R2 VBATT
CL – Load Capacitance – µF –
† The areas under the curves represent conditions that may cause the
device to oscillate. For curves B, C, and D, R2 and V+ were adjusted
to establish the initial VKA and IKA conditions with CL = 0. VBATT and
CL were then adjusted to determine the ranges of stability. TEST CIRCUIT FOR CURVES B, C, AND D

Figure 16

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 13

TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

APPLICATION INFORMATION
R
(see Note A)
VI(BATT) VO
R1

Vref
0.1%

R2
TL431 VO ǒ Ǔ
+ 1 ) R1
R2
V ref

0.1%
RETURN
NOTE A: R should provide cathode current ≥1 mA to the TL431 at minimum VI(BATT).

Figure 17. Shunt Regulator

VI(BATT)

VO
TL431
Von ≈ 2 V
Input Voff ≈ VI(BATT)
VIT ≈ 2.5 V
GND

Figure 18. Single-Supply Comparator With Temperature-Compensated Threshold

VI(BATT)
R
(see Note A) 2N222

2N222

ǒ Ǔ
30 Ω

VO + 1 ) R1
R2
V ref
0.01 µF 4.7 kΩ
TL431 VO
R1
R2
0.1%
0.1%

NOTE A: R should provide cathode current ≥1 mA to the TL431 at minimum VI(BATT).

Figure 19. Precision High-Current Series Regulator

14 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

APPLICATION INFORMATION
VI(BATT)
IN
OUT

ǒ Ǔ
uA7805 VO

Common R1 VO + 1 ) R1
R2
V ref

TL431 Minimum V + V ) 5 V
O ref

R2

Figure 20. Output Control of a Three-Terminal Fixed Regulator

VI(BATT) VO

R1

VO ǒ Ǔ
+ 1 ) R1
R2
V ref

R2 TL431

Figure 21. High-Current Shunt Regulator

VI(BATT) VO

R1

TL431

C
(see Note A)
R2

NOTE A: Refer to the stability boundary conditions in Figure 16 to determine allowable values for C.

Figure 22. Crowbar Circuit

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 15

TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

APPLICATION INFORMATION
IN OUT
VI(BATT) LM317 VO ≈ 5 V, 1.5 A

8.2 kΩ Adjust
243 Ω
0.1%

TL431
243 Ω
0.1%

Figure 23. Precision 5-V 1.5-A Regulator

VI(BATT) VO ≈ 5 V
Rb
(see Note A) 27.4 kΩ
0.1%

TL431
27.4 kΩ
0.1%

NOTE A: Rb should provide cathode current ≥1-mA to the TL431.

Figure 24. Efficient 5-V Precision Regulator

12 V

VCC
6.8 kΩ

5V 10 kΩ
–
10 kΩ
+
0.1% TL598
X
TL431 Not
10 kΩ Used
0.1%

Feedback

Figure 25. PWM Converter With Reference

16 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

APPLICATION INFORMATION
R3
(see Note A)
VI(BATT)

R1A R1B
R4
+ 1 ) R1B ǒ Ǔ
ǒ Ǔ
(see Note A)
Low Limit V ref
R2B
High Limit + 1 ) R1A V
TL431
R2A ref

LED on When Low Limit < VI(BATT) < High Limit

R2A R2B

NOTE A: R3 and R4 are selected to provide the desired LED intensity and cathode current ≥1 mA to the TL431 at the available VI(BATT).

Figure 26. Voltage Monitor

650 Ω
12 V

R 2 kΩ

TL431
Delay +R C In ǒ 12 V
12 V V ref * Ǔ
On C
Off

Figure 27. Delay Timer

RCL IO

+ RV ) I
0.1%
VI(BATT) ref
I out KA
CL

R1
R1 + V I(BATT)
TL431 O
h FE
I
)I KA

Figure 28. Precision Current Limiter

POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265 17

TL431, TL431A
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999

APPLICATION INFORMATION
VI(BATT)
IO

IO + VR
ref
S
TL431
RS
0.1%

Figure 29. Precision Constant-Current Sink

18 POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265

 IMPORTANT NOTICE

Texas Instruments and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make changes to their products or to discontinue
any product or service without notice, and advise customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information
to verify, before placing orders, that information being relied on is current and complete. All products are sold
subject to the terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, including those
pertaining to warranty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability.

TI warrants performance of its semiconductor products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in
accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are utilized to the extent
TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Specific testing of all parameters of each device is not necessarily
performed, except those mandated by government requirements.

CERTAIN APPLICATIONS USING SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS MAY INVOLVE POTENTIAL RISKS OF

DEATH, PERSONAL INJURY, OR SEVERE PROPERTY OR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE (“CRITICAL
APPLICATIONS”). TI SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED, AUTHORIZED, OR
WARRANTED TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN LIFE-SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS OR OTHER
CRITICAL APPLICATIONS. INCLUSION OF TI PRODUCTS IN SUCH APPLICATIONS IS UNDERSTOOD TO
BE FULLY AT THE CUSTOMER’S RISK.

In order to minimize risks associated with the customer’s applications, adequate design and operating
safeguards must be provided by the customer to minimize inherent or procedural hazards.

TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. TI does not warrant or represent
that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other
intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or process in which such
semiconductor products or services might be or are used. TI’s publication of information regarding any third
party’s products or services does not constitute TI’s approval, warranty or endorsement thereof.

Copyright  1999, Texas Instruments Incorporated