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HashlearnFormulaBooklet PDF
HashlearnFormulaBooklet PDF
> n, while in p-type semiconductors, >> ny type semiconducting $i or Ge is obtained by doping with pentavalent atoms (donors) like As, Sb, Pec. while p-type Si or Ge can be obtained by doping with trivalent atom (acceptors) ike B, Al, Inte On-Demand Tutoring {In forward bias (n-side is connected to negative terminal of thebaitery and p-side fs connected tothe postive), the barrier is decreased while the barrier increases in reverse bias. Diodes can be used for rectifying an ac voltage (restricting the ac voltage to one direction) Zener diode is one such special purpose diode. In reverse bias, after a certain voltage, the current suddenly increases (breakdown voltage) in a Zener diode. This property has been used to obiain voltage regulation, ‘Theimportant transistor parameters for CE-configuration are: Inputresistance Output resistance ° ° (AVpe) ln Nee Current amplification factor, ‘The voltage gain ofa transistor amplifier in common emitter configuration is (v0) _ Re FRe- Where Re and Ry are respectively the resistances in collector and base sides of the cicuit. The important digital circuits performing special logic operations are called logic gates. These are: OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR gates. NAND gate is the combination of NOT and AND gate. NOR gate is the combination of NOT and OR gate. © Transmitter, transmission channel and receiver are three basic units of a ‘communication sysiem. © Two imporiant forms of communication sysiemare: Analogand Digital Theinformaion to be transmitted is generally in continuous ‘waveform forthe former while for the later it has only discrete or quantised levels © Low frequencies cannot be transmitted to long distances. ‘Therefore, they are superimposed on a high frequency carrier signal by a process known as modulation Inthe process of modulation, new frequencies called sideband are generated on either side ‘fan antenna radiates electromagnetic waves from a height hhy, then the range dy J2Rhy R= radius of earth. Effectiverange, d = J2Rhy + J2Rhq hhy = height of transmitting antenna: hy =height ofeceiving antenna Critical frequency V,=9%N._)!2 ‘where Nyy, = M0. density of electrons/m® : cOMMUNI- CATION SYSTEMS Skip distance, Dyin he height of reflecting layer of atmosphere. 1 Power radiated by an antenna *