Linux Basic CMD PDF

 
 
2009
   
 
 
RAHUL GUPTA 
 
[ REDHAT LINUX RHEL‐5 SERVER ] 
IN THIS FILE I WILL  TELL YOU ALL ABOUT LINUX BASIC COMMANDS AND SERVERS 
 
1 
 
INDEX 
 
1. History of Linux 
2. LINUX PRINCIPLE 
3. Linux Directory Structure 
4. INSTALLATION 
5. Linux Basic Commands 
a. Directory commands 
b. File Commands 
c.  
6.  
 
2 
 
 
Hi story o f  Linu x  
In 1969, Four programmer Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Rudd Canady & Doug McElroy made a 
program in Bell labs which does not have any name in year 1969. 
 
Brian  Kernighan  checked  that  program  &  found  it  is  very  good  so]ware  for  client  &  networking 
purpose. He gave the name Unix to this program on 1st January 1970 (epoch bme). First Operabng System. 
That bme that program was wriden in Assembly language. 
 
In 1972, a programmer Dennis Ritchie started converbng this program in C language. (Also called 
founder of C language). 
 
1973‐ Unix in C language. 
 
1980‐  Berkeley  So]ware  Development  (a  part  of  research  program  of  Berkeley  University) 
launches open BSD (a small program wriden in a single floppy). 
 
Paul Allen & Bill Gates are the employee of Bell Labs. 
 
In  1981,  they  both  started  Microso]  with  9  more  candidates  &  they  gave  a  programme  named 
Xenix (1980) but it was flopped. 
 
In 1981‐ Launched MS‐DOS 1.0 
 
In 1984‐ UNIX open source 
 
In 1985‐ First Graphical Based OS‐ Win 2.0 
 
In  1991,  Linus  Benedict  Torvalds,  B‐tech  Iind  year  Computer  Science,  23  years  old  student  of 
University of Helensiki (Finland) made Kernel (25th August 1991). 
 
In 1994‐ RedHat Company (collecbon of Linux Sets) came into existence. 
 
96.8 % servers of Linux bll 2009. 
 
3 
 
LINU X  PRINCIPLE 
 
1. Everything is a file. 
2. Small, single purpose programmers’. 
3. Ability to Chain programmers’ together to perform complex tasks. 
4. Avoid capbve user interfaces. 
5. Configurabon data stored in text. 
 
 
 
Linu x Di re ctory  Stru cture  
 
1. /home    ‐    Users home (all users folders) 
2. /bin    ‐    Commands (user executable & Scripts) 
3. /usr/bin    ‐  Commands (user executable & Scripts) 
4. /sbin, /usr/sbin  ‐  root privileged command 
5.    /usr/local/bin  ‐  commands which we make for our use. 
6.    /etc    ‐  System Configurabon files 
7.    /boot    ‐  Linux Kernel & Bootable files 
8.    /root    ‐  root (Admin) Data 
9.    /mnt, /media  ‐  for mounbng any external devices 
10.  /dev    ‐  devices (hdd, CD‐Rom, Pen Drive) 
11.  /var, /svr    ‐  Server data 
12.  /proc, /sys    ‐  System Informabon 
13.  /lib/usr/share  ‐  Library files stored  
 
 
4 
 
 
INSTALLATION 
 
Here I will tell you installabon related requirements and files. (not whole installabon). 
 
Linux uses ext2 & ext3 file system. 
Boot loader of linux GRUB (Grant Unified Boot Loader) new & LILO (Linux Loader) old. 
 
Boot from CD or DVD 
 
There are many types of method of installing linux 
 
1. Simple Graphical method ‐ it will ask for a Enter  
2. Text based  ‐ in this you have to write linux text or linux askmethod (from this you can also 
install from NFS) 
 
Minimum requirement for Graphical installabon – x86 processor, 256 MB RAM. 
 
Parbbon Created at the bme of installabon 
 
Partition Name File System Used for Minimu m Siz e
/ ext3  linux file system  6000MB or 6 GB 
/boot ext3  Linux boobng files & kernel  75 or 100 MB 
/home ext3  Linux users entry  It’s upon you 
/swap Swap  Uses as virtual ram  Double of RAM 
 
Linux can support maximum 63 harddisk IDE & 15 SATA Harddisk. 
 
 
  In Linux 7 users can log in at the same bme. 
 
  Ist User    ‐  Atl + Ctrl + F1 
nd th 
  II  to VI user  ‐     Alt + Ctrl + F2 to F6 
  Graphical user  ‐  Alt + Ctrl + F7 
 
5 
 
LINUX BOOT PROCESS 
 
 
6 
 
 
7 
 
Linu x Basi c Co mm and s 

 
Directory commands: 
 
1. # mkdir   ‐  For creabng directory. 
2. # cd     ‐  change directory. 
3. # cd ..    ‐  to come out from working directory. 
4. # rmdir   ‐   to remove directory 
 
File Commands: 
 
1. # touch <filename>  ‐  creates a blank file. 
2. # cat > filename   ‐  creates a file and for saving this file (ctrl + D) 
3. # cat       ‐  to see the content of the file. 
4. # cat file1 >> file2  ‐  to move file1 mader in file2 
5. # cat ‐n filename  ‐  to see how many lines are wriden in that file. 
 
Commands for deleb ng: 
 
1. # rm  filename    ‐  deletes  a file. 
2. # rm ‐i       ‐    deletes file/folder in interacbve mode (asking mode) 
3. # rm ‐r      ‐  deletes directory. 
4. # rm ‐f      ‐  deletes files/folders forcefully. 
 
Help Commands: 
 
1. # whabs  <command>      These all are the help commands. Prints all related tags  
2. # man <command>      about that command. 
3. # info <command> 
4. # <command> ‐‐help 
5. # which <command> 
6. # cd /usr/share/doc 
 
Rename & Move: 
 
1. # mv <oldfile> <newfile>                (Rename) 
2. # mv <filename>  <where we have to move the file>  (Move) 
 
Lisb ng Commands: 
 
1. # ls      ‐  lisbng files/folders 
2. # ls ‐l (ll)    ‐  long lisbng of files/folders with whole informabon 
3. # ls ‐a      ‐  lists all files/folders (hidden also) 
4. # ls ???     ‐  all files/folders named with 3 characters 
5. # ls m*      ‐  files & directories started with leder m. 
 
8 
 
Copy:     
 
1. # cp <source> <desbnabon>    ‐  copies files from source to desbnabon 
2. # cp ‐i  <source> <desbnabon>    ‐  copies files from source to desbnabon in asking mode 
3. # cp ‐i  * <desbnabon>      ‐  copies current working directory all data to desbnabon. 
4. # cp ‐r <directory name> <desbnabon>  ‐ copies directory from source to desbnabon  
 
Editors in linux: 
 
1. nano 
2. vi    These editors are used in console mode. 
3. vim 
4. gvim 
5. gedit    These editors are used in graphical mode. 
6. Emacs 
 
VI editor/ VIM editor: 
 
There are three modes in vi editors 
1. ex mode  (default mode, by pressing escape key, this mode is used for saving and exit ) 
2. Insert mode  (by pressing insert or I key, this mode is used for edibng) 
3. Replace mode  (this mode is used for replacing text wriden, by again pressing insert or r key) 
 
For saving document‐ come on esc mode and write : w q 
For setng line numbers in document come on esc mode and write  :  se   nu 
For coming on any specific line press line no. and then ‘G ’ (ex‐ 102 then G) 
For going at the end of page press ‘G’ 
For going at the top of page press gg 
 
 
         Vim editor is not installed default when you install linux, you have to install vim editor. It is the 
enhanced version of vi editor. 
 
  # vim/vi filename 
 
  Press ‘v’ to come to visual mode, here we can select the mader which we want to copy , press ‘yy’ 
to copy (y stands for yank). Press ‘p’ to paste that mader. 
 
  Press ‘dd’ to delete a parbcular line where cursor is. 
 
Nano Editor:  
 
  Nano is a command based editor, earlier used when advanced editors were not came into being. 
When you open a a file with this editor, you will find all related help of this command. 
 
9 
 
 
SOM E BAS IC COMMA NDS 
 
1. # poweroff ‐f  
2. # halt ‐n ‐p      ‐  These commands are used to turn off computer.  
3. # init 0 
4. # init 6        ‐  These commands are used to Restart computer. 
5. # reboot 
6. # startx       ‐  Switch from command to graphic. 
7. # init 5        ‐  Restarts system from command mode to graphic mode. 
8. # history      ‐  To see history of recent commands. 
9. # history ‐c      ‐   To clear the history of recent commands 
10. # cat > /etc/issue    ‐  To create logoff scripts. 
11. # cat > /etc/motd    ‐  To create logon scripts. 
12. # cal yyyy or mm yyyy    ‐  To see the calendar of that month & year. 
13. # bc        ‐  Starts basic calculator. 
14. # whoiam or # w    ‐  To know by which user we logged on 
15. # adduser <username>    ‐  To create user 
16. # passwd <username>    ‐  To give password to user.  
17. # usermod ‐L <username>  ‐  To lock a user account. 
18.  # usermod ‐L <username>  ‐  To unlock a user account. 
19. # passwd ‐d <username>  ‐  To remove password for a user. 
20. # cd ~        ‐  Switch directly to users home directory with. 
21. # head <filename>    ‐  To see the top ten lines of a file. 
22. # head ‐n 16 <filename>   ‐  To see top 16 lines of a file. 
23. # tail <filename>    ‐  To see the bodom ten lines of a file. 
24. # tail ‐n 16 <filename>     ‐  To see bodom 16 lines of a file. 
25. # evince <filename.pdf>   ‐  To open a pdf file (only on graphical terminal) 
26. # sort <filename>    ‐  Short file in a‐z format. 
27. # sort ‐d <filename>     ‐  Short file in dicbonary format. 
28. # sort ‐r <filename>    ‐  Short file in z‐a format. 
29. # cat <filename> |tr ‘a‐z’ ‘A‐Z’  ‐  Translate file in all capital leders. 
30. # wc  (‐l/‐w/‐c ) <filename>  ‐  Word count (‐l for line, ‐w for word, ‐c for character) 
 
10 
 
31. # diff  file1 file2     ‐  To see difference between same looking files. 

32. # blkid        ‐  To see device id (ex‐ hda1, sdb). 
33. # mkfs.vfat ‐I /dev/device id  ‐  To format device in fat format. 
34. # aspell  ‐c  <filename>    ‐  To check spelling in a file. 
35. # neat        ‐  To open network configurabon on graphic terminal 
36. # ifconfig      ‐  To check the IP & MAC address of NIC. 
37. # ifconfig eth0 <ip address>  ‐  To assign temporary IP 
38. # ifup eth0      ‐  To enable network card. 
39. # ifdown eth0      ‐  To disable network card. 
40. # vi /etc/sysconfig/network‐scripts/ifcfg‐eth0      To assign permanent IP , here we  
41. # vi /etc/sysconfig/networking/devices/ifcfg‐eth0    have to edit a file. 
42. # ethtool eth0      ‐  To check graphically whether cable is connected or not. 
43. # # df ‐h <parbbon>    ‐  To check the free space of a parbbon. 
44. # ping  (‐c2, ‐a) <ip address>  ‐  To check connecbvity (‐c2 for seeing two lines, ‐a  lisbng) 
45. # look  <word>      ‐  For looking the exact word spelling. 
46. # date mmddhhmmyy    ‐  To set date. 
47. # ps        ‐  To check the processing status. 
48. # kill ‐9 PID      ‐  To kill the service no. 9. 
49. # top        ‐  Full details of all processing & their ID. (k‐ kill, h‐ help) 
50. # wget <website>    ‐  To download the website home page. 
51. # elinks <website>    ‐  To open website in command line. 
52. # xterm       ‐  Starts a new sub‐terminal. 
53. # mud        ‐  To send mail in a NIS or single PC between user & root 
54. # du ‐h <parbbon>    ‐  To check how much parbbon is used. 
55. # ln /home/rahul  /rahul  ‐   It will link the file in home name rahul with rahul (in root) 
56. # seq  1  1000 >/home/rag  ‐  It will create a file named rag having no. 1 to 1000. 
57. # uname      ‐  To see kernel name. 
58. # uname –r      ‐  Kernel release. 
59. # uname –a      ‐  Whole informabon about kernel. 
60.  # find /  ‐name  <filename>  ‐  Searches file in /. 
61. # find  ‐perm  775    ‐  Searches for files having permission 775. 
62. # find  ‐size  ± 512k    ‐  Searches for files of 512k  
 
11 
 
63. # find ‐name *.htm    ‐  Searches files having extension .htm. 

64. # zcat <filename.gz>    ‐  To see the content of compress file. 
65. # chkconfig  on/off <service>  ‐  To on/off any service permanently. 
66. # lsmod       ‐  List of drivers running. 
67. # modinfo       ‐  Details about running driver  
68. # sysctl –n kernel    ‐  To update kernel. 
69. # tmpwatch      ‐  Shows temporary files. 
70. # ge|acl <filename>    ‐  It will display full informabon about that file or directory. 
71. # se|acl  ‐m u:<user>:rwx /ww  ‐  It will set the full user permission on ww directory. 
72. # mount /dev/cdrom /mnt  ‐  To mount CD ROM. 
73. # mount /dev/device name/mnt‐  To mount any external device. 
74. # mount ‐t vfat /dev/parbbon /mnt  To mount fat parbbon. 
75. # userdel <username>    ‐  To delete user. 
76. # groupadd <name>    ‐  To add a group. 
77. # groupdel <name>    ‐  To delete group. 
78. # cat .bash_history    ‐   To see history of commands (a]er execubng history –c) 
79.  # cat > .bash_history    ‐   To remove history of commands 
80. # chage ‐E YYYY‐MM‐DD <user> ‐  Set user expirabon. 
81. # chage ‐l  <username>    ‐  To see user detailed informabon. 
82. # chage ‐W 1 <username>  ‐  To set warning period for user. 
83. # file <file/directory name>  ‐  To check whether it is file or folder. 
84. # cut –f1 –d : /etc/passwd  ‐  It will show the first column of passwd file. 
85. # usermod ‐G <group> <user>  ‐  It will add user to group. 
86. # id username      ‐  To see the id of user. 
87. # adduser ‐g <group> <user>  ‐  To add network user in group. 
88. # command|tee stages.out  ‐  It will give the output of command in file name stages.out. 
89. # less <filename>    ‐  To see a file pagewise. 
90. # grep <word> <filename>  ‐  To find a parbcular word or string in a file. 
91. # grep –n <word> <filename>  ‐  To see the line number in which that word is. 
92. # tar ‐cvf <name> <filesname>  ‐  It will take the backup of files as a single file. 
93. # tar ‐tvf <name>    ‐  Show how many files & their name in the backup file. 
94. # tar ‐xvf <name>     ‐  Restore the backup. 
 
12 
 
95. # gzip <filename>    ‐  It will compress a file. 

96. # bzip2 <filename>    ‐  It will compress a file. 
97. # gunzip <filename>.gz    ‐  It will decompress a file. 
98. # bunzip2 <filename>.b2z  ‐  It will decompress a file. 
99. # ssh <ip of remote PC>   ‐  It will take control of remote pc (ask for password) 
100. # scp /root/proxy.exe  10.0.0.1:/root  ‐  To send any file in network. 
101. #scp ‐rv <source> <desbnabon>  ‐  To send any directory in network. 
102. # tunetofs  ‐j  /dev/parbbon     ‐  for converbng ext2 to ext3 
 
 
        RPM (RedH at Packa ge Mana ger ) 

 
xmms‐1.2.10‐9.i386.rpm 
                        
         Package Name    Version      Type of      Extension  
       architecture   
 
# rpm <opbons> <package name> 
# rpm ‐ivh <package name> 
 
‐‐aid      (install package along with dependencies) 
‐‐force     (forcefully) 
‐‐nodebs  (to remove package along with dependencies) 
# rpm ‐e <package name>  (To uninstall package) 
‐U        (upgrade the package) 
# rpm ‐q <package name>   (Show whether package is install or not) 
‐qa    (queries all installed rpm packages) 
‐qc    (lists only the configurabon files stored in the queried package) 
‐qd    (lists only the documentabon files stored in the queried rpm) 
‐qi    (displays whole informabon about the queried rpm) 
‐qs    (displays the states of files in the queried rpm) 
‐ql    (displays all files related to the queried rpm) 
 
13 
 
 
BREAKING PA SS WORD &  PASS WORD SECU RITY 
 
Bre aki ng  root   passw ord: 
When system ask to select OS, here press ‘e’. 
Choose the second opbon ‘Kernel/vmlinuz‐2.6.i8, again press ‘e’. 
Write ‘1’ at the last of the line, 
Then press esc key and then ‘b’. 
Now system will reboot and stops on single user mode  
sh#  
here type passwd , then enter 
type new password 
now reboot & give root and new password. 
 
Passw ord  Sec urit y  (adding  passw ord  on g rub  a] e r  i nstall ab on): 
{on graphical terminal} 
# grub‐md5‐crypt 
Password: 
Confirm password: 
(Here you see some digits, copy those digits) 
Now edit file grub.conf 
# vi /boot/grub/grub.conf 
Here you see a line where wriden hidden menu, come under that line and type 
Password ‐‐md5 {paste those digits} 
Save file. 
Now your password cannot be broken on startup. 
 
14 
 
 
PERM ISS IONS 
 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  owner  group   fi lename 

f/d    User        group       others   
 
r=4 (22)  w=2 (21)  x=1 (20) 

read    write    execute 
For  di rect ory  m ax im um   pe rm i ssi on = 777 
For  fi l e s m axi mum  permi ssi on = 666 
To  gi ve  user full  pe rmi ssi on 
# chmod 777 filename 
 
Defaul t  pe rmi ssi on  for fi l e = 644 
Defaul t  pe rmi ssi on  for  di re ct ory = 755 
To  see  t he  i nte rnal  pe rm issi on 
# umask (max per. ‐ umask = default permission) 
# umask 000  (full permission for all) 
# umask 777  (deny for all) 
 
To  change  the  ow ne r  of  fi le s  or  direct ory‐ 
# chown <username> file/directory name 
To  change  g roup  of fi l es  &  di rect ory‐ 
# chgrp <groupname> file/directory name 
 
Every user has its own UID (User Idenbficabon) 
Every group has its own GID (Group Idenbficabon) 
If UID matches (i.e. login user & owner) user permission is applicable. 
If GID matches (i.e. login user & group) group permission is applicable. 
If nothing matches other permission is applicable. 
 
 
15 
 
To check UID/GID 
# cat /etc/passwd  (UID for root = 0, UID for user starts from 500) 
Fi le s  w he re UI D  &  GI D  i nformab on  sav e d 
/etc/passwd  (UID) 
/etc/shadow  (UID in encrypted form) 
/etc/group  (GID) 
/etc/gshadow   (GID in encrypted form) 
 
 
BASH  SHE LL P ROGRA MM ING 

 
By this we can make a script of any server and run at bme we want it. 
# mkdir  ~/bin 
# cd /root/bin 
# vi  test.sh (type the following in the file) 
#!/bin/bash 
mkdir  /repo 
cd  /repo (write command in a sequence of its use) 
:wq 
 
# chmod u+x test.sh (to give executable permission to file) 
# test.sh (to run that file) 
 
To display the content on the screen‐ 
# echo  “what is your ip address  $ (ifconfig)” 
# alias  ‘R’=ifconfig 
# echo  “what is your ip address  $ (R)” 
 
16 
 
 
RU N LEV EL (INIT) 
To edit or see init level  
# vi /etc/inidab 
0 = shutdown 
1 = single user mode 
2 = mulbuser mode without NFS support 
3 = full mulbuser mode 
4 = not used 
5 = Graphical (x11) 
6 = reboot 
If our system boots on graphical and we want that our system boot on init 3 default, we change the 
following line 
Id:5:initdefault (here we change 5 with 3) 
 
Looping  command f or maki ng user s 

 
# for USER in name1 name2 name3 name 4 name5 
>do 
>useradd $USER 
>echo redhat|passwd –stdin $USER 
>done 
Now it will create five users named name1, name2, name3, name4, name5 with password redhat. 
 
CRONTA B 
# crontab  ‐e  ‐u  username 
*/1  *  *  *  *  echo  ‘Hello’  >  /dev/dy2 (min, hour, date, month, day) 
Save file. 
# service crond restart  (now when user login on 2nd terminal it will get message hello a]er every 1 min.) 
# crontab  ‐l  ‐u username  (to see how many crontab are running for user) 
# crontab  ‐r  ‐u  username (deletes the crontab) 
 
17 
 
PARTIT IONS  
 
Creabng new/home parbbon 
 
# fdisk  ‐l     (for checking the posibon of harddisk parbbons) 
# fdisk  /dev/hda  (to assign whole harddisk) 
   
IDE0  Primary Master   hda 
  Primary Slave    hdb 
 IDE1  Secondary Master  hdc 
  Secondry Slave    hdd 
 
:n  (n for creabng new parbbon, enter) 
Again enter 
Now give the size (ex‐ 10000M) 
:w  (w for save, d for delete) 
 
# partprobe (or restart) 
 
Now to format this parbbon 
 
# mkfs.ext3  /dev/hda7    (whatever parbbon you have made) 
 
Now to mount this parbbon, make a folder (ex‐ /home) 
 
# mount  /dev/hda7  /home  (but this is temporary mounbng) 
 
For permanent mounbng 
 
# vi  /etc/fstab      (now do the following entry in the file) 
 
/dev/hda7  /home    ext3  default    1 2 
 
Save the file. 
 
(now if you have permanently mounted the parbbon and now  you want to delete parbbon firstly remove 
the entry from fstab, otherwise your system will be dump) 
 
 
18 
 
 
 
Creabng Swap Parbbon 
 
Firstly if there is swap parbbon in your system, stop swap 
 
# free  ‐m  (to check swap is working) 
# swapon ‐s  (to check swap is on which parbbon) 
First remove the entry of swap from fstab 
# fdisk  /dev/hda 
(delete swap and reboot) 
Now create 
:n 
:l  (for seeing the swap code) 
:t  (to give code) 
Parbbon no: 5 
Hex code :82 (for swap) 
:w   (save) 
 
# partprobe 
# mkswap  /dev/hda5  (to make parbbon swap) 
# swapon  ‐a /dev/hda5   
# e2label  /dev/hda5  hda5‐swap  (to give label to parbbon) 
Now in fstab 
LABEL=hda5‐swap  swap  swap  defaults  0  0 
:wq (save)  
 
Now reboot your system and you will find a new swap parbbon. 
 
19 
 
 
RAID 
Raid are of two types 
1. So]ware Raid 
2. Hardware Raid 
 
Here we will learn to implement so]ware Raid (Raid1, Raid5) 
MD (Metadisk)  ( when many harddisk makes a disk) 
First create 4 (ex‐ had 7,8,9,10) parbbon of equal size. 
Now,  for  R aid level 5   (m inim um t hre e  harddi sk) 
# mdadm  ‐C  /dev/md0  ‐n3  /dev/had{8,9,10}  ‐l5       (by this command we have successfully created 
raid level 5) 
 
To  form at  t he  m d0 
# mkfs.ext3  /dev/md0 
 
Now  m ount m d0  i n  a  fol de r 
# mkdir /raid 
# mount  /dev/md0  /raid 
 
To  chec k t he  st at us  of  rai d  de vic e s 
# mdadm  ‐D  /dev/md0 
# cat  /proc /mdstat 
 
To  m ak e  any  parb b on  fault y 
# mdadm  ‐f  /dev/md0  /dev/hda10 
 
To  rem ove  t he  parb b on  from  rai d 
# mdadm  ‐r  /dev/md0  /dev/hda10 
 
To  add  new  parb b on i n  rai d  array 
# mdadm  ‐a /dev/md0  /dev/hda7 
 
20 
 
 
To  st op  the  rai d  
# mdadm  ‐S  /dev/md0 
 
Before stopping, we have to unmount raid 
 
To  acb v at e  rai d 
# mdadm  ‐A  /dev/md0  /dev/had {7,8,9} 
(mount before acbvabng) 
 
Now for RAID lev el 1 (Mirroring)  (minimum two harddisk required) 
# mdadm  ‐C  /dev/md0  ‐‐chunk=64  ‐‐level=1  ‐‐raid‐devices=2  /dev/had{6,7} 
 
Now format & mount same as above. 
 
LV M {LOGICA L VOLUME  MA NA GER} 

 
In LVM, parbbons space are merged logically not physically. 
Make parbbons of same size (100mb‐ 2 parbbons) 
 
Fi rst c re ate  P hysic al  Vol ume  (PV)  
# pvcreate  /dev/hda5  /dev/hda6  or 
# pvcreate  /dev/hda{5,6} 
# pvdisplay     (to see whether pv is created successfully) 
 
Now c re ate  Vol um e  Group 
# vgcreate  vg0  /dev/had{5,6}    (200 mb) 
# vgdisplay    (to see whether vg is created successfully) 
 
Now  we  wi ll  cre at e l ogic al  v ol ume 
# lvcreate  ‐L +50M  /dev/vg0  ‐n  lv0  (it will create a logical volume of 50 Mb{52 Mb}) 
 
21 
 
To  e xte nd  t he  l ogi cal v ol um e 

# lvextend  ‐L  +25M  /dev/vg0/lv0  (it will extend the logical volume to approx. 80 Mb) 
 
To  re duce  t he  l og ic al  v ol um e 
# lvreduce  ‐L  ‐25M  /dev/vg0/lv0  (it will reduce the logical volume to 25 Mb) 
 
 
USER QUOTA 
 
Firstly edit file /etc/fstab for adding quota for users 
# vi  /etc/fstab 
LABEL=home    /home    ext3  defaults,usrquota   0  0 
 
Save the file 
 
# mount  ‐O  remount  /home    (remount home parbbons) 
# quotacheck  ‐cu  /home    ( to check whether quota is applied or not) 
# quotaon  /home      (to start the quota) 
 
Now, add two users and edit file for user 
# edquota  user (edit this file)  or 
# setquota  user  512  512  40  50  /home 
It will set quota for the user that he can only use 512kb of home parbbon space. 
 
# quotaoff  /home    (to stop quota) 
 
 
22 
 
 
PRINTE R C OMMA NDS 
 
These commands are called CUPS (Common Unix Prinbng System) 
1. # system‐config‐printer    ‐  To inibalize Printer graphically 
2. # lpstat       ‐  To check the status of printer  
3. # lprm  <job id>     ‐  To cancel the prinbng 
4. # lpq        ‐  To check the prinbng queue status 
5. # a2ps        ‐  Change normal text to Post Script 
6. # ps2pdf      ‐  Changes post script to pdf 
7. # lpr  <filename>  <Printer>  ‐  Sends prinbng 
 
 
SOM E IMP ORTANT  F ILES  &  C OMMA NDS 

 
1. # vi  .bashrc    (This is hidden file & used to create shortcuts for commands) 
alias c=’clear’ 
alias m=’mkdir’ 
save the file 
by typing  the above words it will create shortcut for clear and mkdir (c & m) 
but a]er edibng file first logout & again login. 
 
2. # vi /var/log/messages  (shows audit messages) 
3. # vi  .exrc    (we have to create this file) 
:se nu      (write this in the file) 
Save the file 
A]er saving file you will find line numbers already wriden in every file you open for edibng. 
 
4. For replacing many words in a file (for ex‐ if we have made a file, in that file many bmes dog word 
is wriden and we want to replace word dog with cat) 
Open file with vi editor and on esc. Mode type 
 
23 
 
:%s/dog/cat/g 
5. # sed  ‘s/dog/cat/g’  filename    (show file with replaced word) 
6. $ su          (on user, ask for root password and act as root) 
7. #su ‐  username       (moves directly to user and its directory) 
8. # ls –R          (Show all files & directory in tree order) 
9. # vi .bash_history      (history of commands which you have executed) 
10. # vi  /boot/grub.conf 
bmeout: 50        (here we can change the OS selecbon bme) 
save the file.       
 
SUDO 
 
By this we can give user permission to run a parbcular command or can run all root privileged command. 
# vi /etc/sudoers  (in this file we have to edit the file & write the user name under the following line) 
##  Al l ow  root  t o  run any c omm ands anyw he re  
  root   ALL= (ALL )  ALL 
  use r  ALL= (ALL )  ALL      
(here write the username to whom you want to give permission to run root privileged command) 
(Note‐ edit this file carefully otherwise your OS could be corrupt) 
Now login with that user 
$ sudo  <root privileged command> 
Password    (give user password) 
 
24 
 
 
 
  
  
   
 
   
 
25 
 
 
YUM (YELLOW DOG M ODIFIE R) SERV ER 
When we install RPM it will ask for dependencies but when we install any package with the help of yum it 
will install all dependencies by default. 
For making YUM we have to ‐ 
1. Create a folder named re po 
2. Mount CD ROM (# m ount   / dev /c drom   /m nt)  
3. Copy Server, Cluster, ClusterStorage, VT from DVD/CD of RHEL‐5  
(#  c p ‐R v f  Se rve r   Cl ust er  Cl ust e rSt orage    VT   /v ar/ re po) 
4. Paste it in folder named re po 
5. Delete repodata named folder from all the four folders. 
6. Create a file named base.repo 
# v i   /et c/ y um. re pos. d/ base . re po 
 
[base] 
name= base 
baseurl=file:///var/repo/Server 
enabled=1 
gpgcheck=0 
 
[Cluster] 
name= Cluster 
baseurl=file:///var/repo/Cluster 
enabled=1 
gpgcheck=0 
 
[ClusterStorage] 
name= ClusterStorage 
baseurl=file:///var/repo/ClusterStorage 
enabled=1 
gpgcheck=0 
 
[VT] 
name=VT 
baseurl=file:///var/repo/VT 
enabled=1 
gpgcheck=0 
              (save the file) 
 
26 
 
 
 
7. Edit a file named rhel‐debuginfo.repo 
 
# v i   /et c/ y um. re pos. d/ rhel‐ de bugi nfo. re po 
(In this file enabled & gpgcheck must be 0) 
8. Now, edit this file 
# v i   /et c/ y um. c onf 
(Here also enabled & gpgcheck must be 0) 
9. Now, edit last file 
# v i   /et c/ y um /pl ugi nc onf. d/ rhnpl ug in.c onf 
(Here also enabled & gpgcheck must be 0) 
10. Now we have to group files to create repodata 
11. Install standalone service 
#  rpm  ‐ iv h   /m nt / Se rve r/c re at e re po‐0 .4.4‐2. fc6. noarc h.rpm 
12. # c re at e re po  ‐g   /m nt / Se rve r/ re podat a/c om ps‐rhel5‐ serv er‐c ore. xm l  
/v ar/ repo/ Serve r 
13. # c re at e re po  ‐g   /m nt /C lust e r/ re podata/c om ps‐rhel5‐c l ust e r. xm l  
/v ar/ repo/C l ust e r 
14. # c re at e re po  ‐g   /m nt /C lust e rSt orage / re podata/ c om ps‐rhel5‐c l uste r‐ st. xm l  
/v ar/ repo/C l ust e rSt orag e 
15. # c re at e re po  ‐g   /m nt / VT/ re podata/c omps‐ rhel5‐v t. xml   / v ar/ re po/ VT  
16. # y um cl e an  all 
17. # y um l ist  all 
18. Now install package from command  
# y um i nst al l < pac k ag e  nam e> 
19. To uninstall package 
# y um  re m ov e  < pack ag e  nam e > 
20. Now on graphics you will find add/remove program and all packages are there to install. 
 
27 
 
 
SQUID SE RVE R (Pr oxy in LINUX) 
∗ Squid server controls clients computer’s access to the internet. 
∗ It blocks the users from accessing undesirable websites and hides the internal idenbty of 
the network. 
∗ It improves performance by storing WebPages locally. 
∗ It is generally used to share internet from one machine to several clients. 
∗ Squid server is widely used as Proxy server because it provides many features & is an open 
source. 
Pac k ag e s  re qui re d: 
  Squid‐2.6.STABLE6‐4.el5.i386.rpm 
Port  N um be r: 
3128 (default) 
Confi g urab on  Fil e: 
/etc/squid/squid.conf 
Servic e / Daem on: 
squid 
For squid your system must have two lancard one for internet line & other for your private 
network.  
 
1. # yum install squid*         or 
# rpm ‐ivh  Squid‐2.6.STABLE6‐4.el5.i386.rpm  
2. Edit file 
# vi  /etc/squid/squid.conf         (in this file set line no. & remove ‘#’ and do following changes) 
 
Line  no.  73 
hdp_port  3128 
Line  no.   993 
Cache_dir  ufs  /var/spool/squid  100  16 256 
 
28 
 
Line  no.  1079 

access_log  /var/log/squid/access.log     squid 
Line  no.  1087 
Cache_log  /var/log/Squid/cache.log 
Line  no.  1097 
Cache_store_log  /var/log/squid/squid.log 
Line  no.  2522 
acl  our_networks  scr  192.168.1.0  192.168.2.0/24  (here change with your network range)  
Line  no.  2523 
hdp_access  allow  our_networks 
Line  no.  2778 
cache_mgr  rahulguptamd1988@gmail.com (change with your email‐address or name)  
by doing these configurabon your internet  
Now  for A cce ss l ist 
Line  no.  2409  
(there you will find typed acl C ONN ECT  met hod  C ONNEC T, type under that line) 
acl  <any name>  url_regex  <Websites you want to block or inibals, downloadings>  
(acl  xyz  url_regex  orkut mp3 downloading  www.gmail.com ) 
hdp_access  deny  <above name> (xyz)      or 
 
acl  xyz  url_regex  www.google.com  (Only this website you want your client to access) 
hdp_access  allow xyz 
hdp_access deny all      (save the file) 
3. # service squid restart/reload 
4. # netstat  ‐tulpn  |grep  3128    (to check whether squid is working or not) 
5. # vi /var/log/squid/access.log    (to see the record of website opened by client) 
6. Now on client PC   
Re dhat‐ FireFox‐ edit menu‐ preferences‐ connecbon setng‐ Manual Proxy setng‐  Proxy 
Server IP‐ __________  Port no.  3128‐ check (use this proxy for all protocols) 
On  Wi ndows:‐  Internet explorer‐ Tools‐ Internet Opbons‐ connecbons‐  Lan Setng‐ check 
(use a proxy for this lan)‐ Give IP & Port no.‐ OK. 
 
29 
 
 
DHCP ( DYNAMIC H OST  C ONF IGURAT ION PROT OC OL)  
SERVER 
 
∗ It provides IP address automabcally to the clients which request for an IP address. 
∗ Centralized IP management 
∗ DHCP prevents IP address conflicts and helps conserve the use of client IP address on 
the network. 
∗ DHCP reduces the complexity and amount of administrabve work by assigning TCP/IP 
configurabon is updated automabcally. 
Pac k ag e s: 
dhcp* 
Port   num be rs: 
67  Bootp, 68 DHCP 
Confi g urab on  fi l e: 
/etc/dhcpd.conf 
Servic e / Daem on: 
dhcpd 
1. Install dhcp package 
# y um i nst al l  dhc p* 
#  rpm  ‐ iv h   dhc p* 
 
2. Copy dhcp configurabon file 
# c p   / usr/ share/ doc / dhc p‐3.0. 1/ dhc pd.c onf.sam pl e   / etc /dhcpd.c onf 
 
30 
 
 
3. Edit this file 
# v i   /et c/ dhc pd. c onf 
Subnet  192.168.1.0     netmask  255.255.255.0 
 
Opbon domain name    “example.com” 
Opbon domain‐name‐servers  192.168.1.1; 
range dynamic bootp  192.168.1.10   192.168.1.20; 
hardware ethernet  __:__:__:__:__:__ 
fixed address  192.168.1.16 
              (save file) 
In  this  file  we  have  to  give  our  network  range,  domain  name  &  its  IP  (opbonal),  range  of  IP 
provided by DHCP and if we want to fix any address for specific user we can reserve IP for that 
with the help of MAC address.  
4. #  se rvic e  dhc pd  re st art 

5. Now  on  client  set  the  TCP/IP  setng  on  obtain  an  IP  address  automabcally  &  obtain  DNS 
server address automabcally. 
 
31 
 
 
DNS  (DOMAIN NA ME SYSTEM) 
 
Host file provides resolubon of hostnames to IP address. It can only resolve the names provide 
in the local host file. It cannot be used as central database. You can add the name & Ip address 
in /etc/hosts file. 
# vi /etc/hosts 
# Do not remove the following line or various programs 
127.0.0.0    localhost.localdomain    local host 
192.168.1.1   rahul.com      server      (save the file) 
 
DNS 
Provides resolubon of names to IP address and resolubon of IP address to names, defines a 
hierarchical namespace where each level of a namespace is separated by a ”.”. 
Zone‐ Zone is a storage database which contains all zones records. 
 Forward  l ook up z one:‐ Used to resolve hostname to IP address. It maintains host to IP 
mapping informabon. 
Ty pe s  of  R ec ords:‐ 
SOA Record:‐   The first record in any zone file. 
NS Record :‐   Idenbfies the DNS Server for each zone. 
A record:‐     Resolves a hostname to IP address. 
CNAME Record:‐   Resolves an alias name to a host name. 
PTR Record:‐  Resolves IP address for hostname. 
MX Record:‐  Used by mail server. 
 
Re qui re d  Pac k ag e s: 
bind‐chroot‐9.2.4‐2.i386.rpm 
bind‐devel‐9.2.4‐2.i386.rpm 
bind‐libs‐9.2.4‐2.i386.rpm    bind* 
bind‐ubls‐9.2.4‐2.i386.rpm 
bind‐9.2.4‐2.i386.rpm 
caching‐nameserver‐7.3‐3.noarch.rpm 
system‐config‐bind 
 
         P ort  num be r:  53‐ DNS 
 
         Se rv ic e/ Dae m on:  named 
 
32 
 
 
1. Install bind 
# y um i nst al l  bi nd* 
#  rpm  ‐ iv h   bind* 
# y um  i nst al l  c ac hing * 
#  rpm  ‐ iv h   cachi ng * 
#   yum   i nst all  sy st em‐c onfi g‐ bi nd* 
#  rpm  ‐ iv h   syste m‐c onfi g‐ bi nd* 
2. Copy the file   
#c p   / usr/share / doc / bi nd‐9.3. 3/ sam pl e/ v ar/ nam e d/ nam e d. root   
/v ar/ nam e d/ chroot /v ar/name d 
3. Now on graphical terminal‐   
(check that in network tab there must be yours IP address in DNS tab) 
#  sy st em‐c onfi g‐bi nd 
Now a window comes there rig ht  clic k  on  DN S  se rve r‐  add‐ z one‐ i nte rne t‐  ok‐ 
forw ard l ook up z one‐  ok‐   rahul. c om  (g iv e t he  dom ai n  nam e )(ok ) 
Now rig ht  cl ick   on  dom ai n  nam e  (ra hul.c om)‐  add‐ IP v4  addre ss  (A )‐ 
ww w. rahul.c om  (full  dom ai n  nam e)‐  t he n  IP v 4 addre ss  (192.168 .1… .. ) 
4. #  se rvic e  nam e d  re st art 
5. For reverse lookup zone‐  255‐  R. C‐  I nt e rnet  R ev e rse  IP v4 z one‐  R .C.‐  add‐   NS 
(N am e  Serv er)‐   Se rv e r  Dom ai n  N am e:   ww w. rahul. c om  (sav e) 
6. #  se rvic e  nam e d  re st art 
7. To check whether your DNS server is working 
# host  www.rahul.com    (forward lookup zone) 
# host 192.168.1.1    (Reverse lookup zone) 
# dig www.rahul.com/192.168.1.1 
# nslookup www.rahul.com/192.168.1.1 
8. On  client  PC  add  your  IP  in  DNS  tab  in  TCP/IP  setngs  and  ping  the  domain  name,  if  it 
completes  successfully,  means  your  forward  lookup  zone  is  working  and  ping  ‐a  <ip 
address>, if it gives domain name it means reverse lookup zone is working. (on windows) 
 
33 
 
 
NFS  SE RVE R 
Sharing of files & folders between Linux. 
Pac k ag e s:  
portmap‐4.0‐63.i386.rpm 
nfs‐ubls‐1.0.6‐4.6.i386.rpm 
Port  N um be r:  
2049 – nfsd 
111 – portmap 
Confi g urab on  Fil e: 
/etc/exports 
Servic e: 
portmap 
nfs 
Dae m ons: 
nfsd 
1. Create a folder and make files or paste files you want to share from in network. (ex.‐ /var/dump) 
2. Edit file for sharing 
# vi  /etc/exports 
/var/dump  *(rw) 
/var/rahul  192.168.1.15(ro)      (save the file)         
(in first line, we have share /var/dump for all users in a network with read & write permission & in 
second  line,  we have shared  /var/rahul only for the  PC having IP address 192.168.1.15 with read 
only permission)  
3. # service  nfs restart 
4. # service  portmap  restart 
5. # showmount ‐e  (To check NFS Server and its shared directory from Server itself) 
6. # showmount  ‐e  <IP address of Server >  (To check NFS Server and its shared doc from client) 
7. CLIENT  EN D:  For taking NFS server service we have to mount directory from server to client 
# mount   ‐t  nfs  <server IP>:/var/dump   /mnt 
# cd  /mnt    (here you will find all the shared material) 
# cd  /net 
# cd  /IP of NFS Server 
 
 
34 
 
8. For installabon from NFS, copy whole DVD/CD in a folder and share it. 
9. Boot  from  CD  on  another  client  computer,  write  linux  askmethod,    here  it  will  ask  to  select  the 
installabon media, select NFS, now it will ask to  give IP for your client computer, give IP,  Now it 
will  ask  for  Name  of  NFS  Server:  <Give  IP  of  NFS  Server>,  and  directory  :  <Give  the  path>.  Now 
your system will install very quickly with the help of NFS server. 
 
SAM BA SE RVE R 

∗ Samba is a way a  Linux Computer communicate with SMB (Server Message Box) and CIFS. 
∗ With  Samba,  you  can  make  your  Linux  computer  a  part  of  Microso]  based  network. 
Computers with various Microso] Operabng systems can communicate with each other using 
the server. 
∗ Message Block (SMB) protocol. When a Microso] based OS shares files or printers on a TCP/IP 
network, it uses the CIFS (Common Internet File System). 
Confi g urab on  Fil e s:        Servic e: 
/etc/samba/smb.conf        smb 
 
1. # yum  install  samba*    (Install samba package) 
# rpm  ‐ivh  samba* 
2. Now, edit file 
# vi  /etc/samba/smb.conf     
(at last of file, pressing ‘G’ copy the following line and paste the lines and then remove ‘;’ infont of 
the line.) 
[My Share]        (Share name) 
  comment=      (any comment) 
  path=        (here give the path which you want to share) 
  valid users=      (Here give samba users) 
  public= no 
  writable=no      (Here give the permission you want to give) 
  printable=no 
save the file. 
 
3. # service  smb  restart 
4. To create Samba users 
# useradd  <username> 
# smbpasswd  ‐a  <username> 
5. To check samba is configured of not 
 
35 
 
# testparm 
6. Samba users entry can be find in  /etc/samba/smbpasswd 
7. On c li e nt c om pute rs:  on run: \\<IP address of samba server> 
Now it will ask for samba user give username and password. 
 
NIS  SE RVE R 
NIS server is just like Acbve Directory Services in Windows. NIS server need NFS server , so it is necessary 
to install NFS server before NIS. 
 
1. Set the hostname 
# hostname  rahul.com 
2. Set the domainname 
# domainname  rahul.com 
3. Install the package 
# yum install ypserv* 
# rpm  ‐ivh  ypserv* 
 
4. Now create as many as user you want to create. Share /home in NFS server. 
# vi  /etc/exports 
/home    *(rw,sync)  (save the file) 
5. # service  nfs restart 
# service  portmap restart 
# service  ypserv restart 
 
6. # cd  /usr/lib/yp 
7. # ./ypinit  ‐m    (in this file it will ask for hostname, add hostname, then ctrl  +  D) 
8. On  Cli e nt: 
# setup (here a window will be open, here mark * in NIS opbon, it will ask for domain & IP‐ OK) 
9. # vi /etc/auto.master 
/home    /etc/auto.misc      (save the file) 
10. # vi  /etc/auto.misc 
*  ‐rw,so],intr    server IP: /home/&    (save the file) 
       11. # service  autofs  restart 
 
36 
 
(Now you client is ready, login with the user that you have created on Server and make file you 
will find that file on Server.)   
APACHE ( WE B) S ERVE R 

Apache Server is used for hosbng website for Internet/Intranet. By this server we can also 
authenbcate only limited users to access website. For this server you must have DNS server 
configured or add your IP and server name in hosts file. 
Pac k ag e s: 
hdpd* 
1. Install package for hdp. 
# yum install hdp* 
# rpm  ‐ivh  hdp* 
 
2. Now make a webpage. 
# vi  /var/www/html/rahul.html     
(for single webpage, for virtual hosbng make another page in another locabon, )  
3. Now when we enter the DNS address, apache server welcome screen comes, if we want to 
add our own homepage we have to edit a file. 
# vi  /etc/hdpd/conf/hdpd.conf    (at last of the file) 
</virtual Host   *: 80>      (change * with IP address) 
  Document root   /var/www/html 
  Servername   www.rahul.com 
</virtual Host>            (save the file) 
4. # service  hdpd  restart 
5. Now when you enter the Domain name (www.rahul.com) it will open your webpage) 
6. AUTHE NTI CATI ON: 
open the same file and at the end of file, type the following 
<Directory    /var/www/html> 
AuthUserfile  /etc/hdpd/conf/htpasswd 
AuthName    “Web Authenbcabon” 
AuthType    Basic 
Require    Valid‐User 
</Directory>          (save the file) 
7. Adduser  for  hdp 
# useradd  rahul 
# htpasswd  ‐c   /etc/hdpd/conf/htpasswd  rahul   
 
37 
 
(it creates a new file htpasswd and add user rahul in it) 
For adding more user 
# htpasswd  /etc/hdpd/conf/htpasswd  <username>  (again start service) 
8. Vi rt ual  H osb ng‐    
First copy the above four lines 
<Virtualhost  *:80>      (change * with IP address at both place) 
Documentroot   /var/www 
Servername  www.yahoo.com 
</Virtualhost> 
 
Come to the lines above these lines  
 
# Name Virtual  Host *:80  (remove * and # change * with IP address of the system ) 
 
SENDMA IL 
 
Pac k ag e s:         Confi g urab on  Fil e:  
send*          /etc/sendmail.mc 
 
1. #  rpm  ‐ iv h  ‐‐ ai d   se nd*  
# y um i nst al l   se nd* 
2.  #  vi   / etc/ se ndm ai l.m c  
Line no. 116 
deamon_opbons      (Port=smtp, addr=127.0.0.0,name=mta’) dnl    (add dnl  # at the beginning ) 
save the file. 
3. # m4  /etc/mail/sendmail.mc  >  /etc/mail/sendmail.cf 
4. # service  sendmail  restart 
5. MA IL:  
               # mail  root@localhost.localdomain 
 
38 
 
XEN SE RVE R ( VIRTUA LIZAT ION)  

 
PA RA VI RTU ALIZ ATIO N  
For virtualizabon, first we have to configure NFS server. 
1. Install packages 
# yum  install system‐config‐kickstart* 
# yum  install  virt‐manager* 
2. Now copy whole DVD in a folder & share it  in NFS & also share that folder in which kickstart file is 
saved. 
3. # system‐config‐kickstart 
(here make a kickstart file, select installabon by NFS give NFS IP & Directory  and save it) 
4. Also make a parbbon having 10 GB space and format that parbbon ( do not mount). 
5. Now, reboot and select the Xen‐Linux 
6. Now on graphical console 
# virt‐manager 
New‐ forward‐ paravirtualizabon‐ forward‐ Install media URL:  nfs:<IP address of NFS >:/<path> 
& kickstart URL:  nfs:<IP address of NFS>:<path where kickstart file saved> ‐ next – Normal Disk‐ 
/dev/<new parbbon created by you> ‐ next‐ finish. 
7. Your virtual‐Linux machine is ready to install with the help of NFS.   
 
39 
 
 
FTP 
Re qui re d  Pac k ag e 
Vsftpd* 
1. #  rpm  ‐ iv h   v s] pd* 
# y um i nst al l v s] pd* 
 
2. # v i / etc /v s] pd/v s] pd.c onf 
We have to remove # infront of the following lines. 
Line  no.  12: 
anonymous = default user     
(FTP uses two users anonymous & FTP anonymous has no password) 
local_enable=yes 
(Local user can login through FTP) 
write_enable=yes 
(write permission is enabled to FTP) 
anon_upload_enable=yes 
(anonymous user can upload files) 
anon_mkdir_write_enable=yes 
(anonymous user can create directory ) 
dir message enable=yes 
Ftpd_banner= welcome to FTP 
3. #  se rvic e v s] pd  restart 
4. Cli ent e nd: 
]p  <Server IP> 
>cd pub 
>get  <filename>    (download) 
>put  <filename>    (upload) 
 
40 
 
>bye      (exit) 
 
41 

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Linu x Basi c Co mm and s

31. # diff file1 file2 ‐ To see difference between same looking files.

63. # ﬁnd ‐name *.htm ‐ Searches ﬁles having extension .htm.

95. # gzip <ﬁlename> ‐ It will compress a ﬁle.

RPM (RedH at Packa ge Mana ger )

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ owner group ﬁ lename

r=4 (22) w=2 (21) x=1 (20)

BASH SHE LL P ROGRA MM ING

Looping command f or maki ng user s

Now, for R aid level 5 (m inim um t hre e harddi sk)

Now for RAID lev el 1 (Mirroring) (minimum two harddisk required)

LV M {LOGICA L VOLUME MA NA GER}

To e xte nd t he l ogi cal v ol um e

SOM E IMP ORTANT F ILES & C OMMA NDS

Pac k ag e s re qui re d:

Line no. 1079

Port num be rs:

Conﬁ g urab on ﬁ l e:

Servic e / Daem on:

4. # se rvic e dhc pd re st art

SAM BA SE RVE R

APACHE ( WE B) S ERVE R

XEN SE RVE R ( VIRTUA LIZAT ION)

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Linu x Basi c Co mm and s 

31. # diff  file1 file2     ‐  To see difference between same looking files. 

63. # ﬁnd ‐name *.htm    ‐  Searches ﬁles having extension .htm. 

95. # gzip <ﬁlename>    ‐  It will compress a ﬁle. 

        RPM (RedH at Packa ge Mana ger ) 

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _  owner  group   ﬁ lename 

r=4 (22)  w=2 (21)  x=1 (20) 

BASH  SHE LL P ROGRA MM ING 

Looping  command f or maki ng user s 

Now,  for  R aid level 5   (m inim um t hre e  harddi sk) 

Now for RAID lev el 1 (Mirroring)  (minimum two harddisk required) 

LV M {LOGICA L VOLUME  MA NA GER} 

To  e xte nd  t he  l ogi cal v ol um e 

SOM E IMP ORTANT  F ILES  &  C OMMA NDS 

Pac k ag e s  re qui re d: 

Line  no.  1079 

Port   num be rs: 

Conﬁ g urab on  ﬁ l e: 

Servic e / Daem on: 

4. #  se rvic e  dhc pd  re st art 

SAM BA SE RVE R 

APACHE ( WE B) S ERVE R 

XEN SE RVE R ( VIRTUA LIZAT ION)  