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    Cpt Qa Math Chalisa

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    Shortcut tricks for math

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    20 views22 pages

    CPT Qa Math Chalisa

    Uploaded by

    Pritee Singh
    Shortcut tricks for math

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    eae a rales Formulae 1. Basic Formula: @ (aby =a" +b? +2ab. ? +b? - 2ab, Git) (a+b) =(a—bY + 4ab. Gy) (a—-bY =(a bP ~4ab. Wat +b -2ab (vi) a? +B? =(a— a i) ab ) a(S Gx) (a+bY =a? +b*+3ab(a+b) (@)(a+by 2a? +3a°b+3ab? +b* (xi)(a—b)’ =a’ -b° ~3ab(a—b) (xi (ab) (ait) a? +b? =(a+b)(a —ab+b" ) (xiv) a +b? =(a +b)’ -3ab( a+b) (xv) a —b? =(a-b (a? +ab+b*) (xvi) a’ 6° =(a—b f+ 3ab(a—b) =3a°b+3ab"—b" eee een (xvii) a? +b* +c —3abe: (a+b+c)a? +b? +c —ab—be~ca) 2. RATIO & PROPORTION Ratio: - iF xand y are wo quantities of same kind (in same units), then the fraction is called the ratio of x to is written as x y and read as xi oy. ecg a ae y * Numerator "x" is called Ist term or Antecedent and * Denominator “y” is called 2nd term or ‘Consequent. + Antecedent and Consequent must be of same units + Ratio has no unit. Tl. @ Duplicate ratio of is «? i) Triplicate ratio ofa: bis g° 5 ii) ‘Sub-Duplecate ratio of a : bis avo =a! 4! (s) —Sub-Teiplicate ratio of 2:is ¥a:¥o=a' :b' TIL. tnverseratioofa:bisb:a IV. Proportion :- An equality of two rai is called Proportion. Four quantities aby yd are calle proporson if arb= ed Tis asowritenas a:b::e:4 Here a,b, ¢,dare called 1%52%4 3¢and 4" term respectively <= ad =be. bd Product of extreme terms = Product of middle terms. ‘This is called Cross ~ Product Rule Ina:b::c:4, proportion aand b should be of. same kind and c and d should be of same kind. AS Rs.6:Rs.8=I2toffees: 16toffees are in proportion. Ifa, band are of same kind (in same units) such 1 a:biub:e ‘Thenitis called continuous proportion. Here a is Ist Proportion cis called 3rd proportion and scaled mean proportion. bavac Properties of Proportion ee Zz. Ifa: ‘Thena-b:b=c-did. Componendo and Dividendo Harb: rbirerd. Thena:e::b:d ice. ratio of alternate terms are equal. sum of antecedents of all ratios ‘Sum of consequents of all ratios a_c_e _ateter, Bod f bade fe ‘Subtrahendo O wxeeant i) ana K ate @ w Tfan=k = a= ke Ifat=k> ank" Vos -96 ot) Then 4, LOGARITHM fate Where a ¢ 1 and a;0>0 (positive) ‘Then bis suid tobe the logarithm ofthe number © to the base “a” and expressed as Log,c= > — Wherea #1. ‘Types of Logarithm (Natural Logarithm:- ‘The Logurthm of a numberxto base “eis called Natural Logarithm. ie, Log x (i) Common Logarithm: Logarithm of a number to the base 10s called commonLogaritim, ie. LOBigk where x=Anumber 7 Note: If base isnot given thea in arithmetical or 1 commercial woek, basis always taken as 10. eae Re er Some Formul ‘ L Ifstsee Loge =b Wherea #1. Ca 2 gid oge , 9 (i) tog {ran)=Io0g,m+log 3 logsa 4 log, (i log (one. )atog,m yong ak m 5. log, a= fog 5 = log, a.log,b 10. \0g,|5 6 — @ — Wog,a=log,x-log, a a =log,a-log, x * () Jog, a=log, a.log, x08, yanlogy k @ ; log, a =log, x.log, y.log, z....log, a a 108 tog, m how 12, @ __ Iflog,m=log,m> a=b. (@)—log,m=log » > m=n ) 5. QUADRATIC EQUATION ax'+bx-+¢=0;wherea # O:abe, are constansts,Then equation is called Quadratic Equation or Second degree equation. ‘ ° 8 iflog,a=x Discriminant A) IFD>o, Roots Real & Unequal ; (DD a perfect square then roots are ForQuid. Ean. ax'+bx+c=0. ‘ai Discriminant D=b?-dac. ae g Roots of Quad. Eqn. ax'+bx+c=0 jes are Gi) Dot apertect Square =bi\b hee _~bD ‘Then roots ae iatonal & unequal and a 2a Conjugate AS. 2+V/3;V5 If @ and Bare roots of a Quadratic B) IfD=0, Then Roots are Real & equal Equation ax+ bx + 5 Bach root= — ‘Then a + B s aa e. C)IFD <0, Then Roots are imaginary es _Co~eficiem of x : ge: Co =i of 5 VIL. tone root of a quadratic Eqn. is irational then its other roots rational conjugate ab =* Example -. Product of roots een ee a ze : Co-efiien of x? ities Oe ss Hf aand Bareroots ofa Quadratic Ego Then the ean. is \ Note:-( fone otis eciproacal tothe X(a+ Beta paces: => X°- (Gum of roots) x-+ Produet of roots (i) fone root is equal tothe other VL Nature of Roots ‘but opposite in sign. Then [Nature of roots of a Quad, ign depends b=0. ‘upon Discriminant D=b?- dac. ‘0 He aaa RRR aha aed 6. SIMPLE INTEREST. ‘Some Important Formule. @ 1 te yhen iy te Ty ven (@® —T=pxt. [whensin decimal form) @ or = iim Pt (0, ee O -P = io WA = PAT ee: wi) Ae (+4) Where ho = eee (Final vale of investment) * 6 Principal. [Initial value of an eel Raeol mmx ‘time (years.) f= halen ; 2 7. COMPOUND INTEREST * Compound Amount = A=P(1+i)® Le 100m m=No. of Conversion Periods in a yr. ** Compound Intrest = P{1+i)* —1] Where’ & n=mt EFFECTIVE RATE of INTEREST (Eorr, ) Formula + we) =1}x100 100m 1+i"-1 where r= Nominal rate of interest (o.of conversion periods ina year. Present Value PY “At +i" 8 B Annuity ORDINARYANNUITY or ANNUITY REGULAR Definition:-An ordinary annuity or Regular annuity is an annuity if the fist payment of which ismade atthe end ofthe first payment interval. Where $= Amount of an Annuity ‘A= Value ofeach instalment r=rate of interest ~ m=No. of conversion periodsina year n= m=No.of instalments made in tyrs. 1= [ppp 7 Rate of interest of one conversion Period Definition:- An annuity due is an annuity the first payment of which is made atthe ‘beginning of the first payment interval. Amount FV= S= {e221 1 Present Value PV=P= {jee aay }] 9. Permutations mbinations FACTORIAL :- The factorial n, written sn! or in , represents the product of all integers from 1 ton both inclusiveTomake the notation ‘meaningful when n=0, we define 0! =1 When nis negative or fractional number then nis not defined 7.6.5.43.2.1= 8.7.65! 1; The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time, denoted by “4p,” and is given by Pia) or P= nl Na 1)(0- 2a (E+) * Ga where r < Corollary: (i) P (n,n) or *P, @ Gi) P@.p=nP(n-1,1-1) Gi) Plag)=P(a-1,0+2.Pin-1,r-1) e Il (Repetition Allowed) ‘Total no. of arangements / permutationsof“n” different things taking “r" atatime=n* ‘When repetition of items allowed, Il Formula. (Total no. of permutations of “n” different things taking rat time (When repetitions ! not allowed) = es @-n) (i) Totalno. of permutations of n different things taking all at atime ="P, ii) Total no. of perms. of *m” different things and “n” different things taking all (iv) Total no, of permutations of “m” different things andin different things so that mithings are always together and n things are also always together =m!.n!. 21; IV Formula @ Total numberof arrangements of “n” different things taking all atatime=n!. ii) Total no. ofarrangements of "1" ifferent things taking all ata time so that“P” particular things are always together =(n-pt Dl pl “Some units are alike ‘Total no. of permutations of “n” things taking all ata time when “P” of them are alike of one kind "Q” are alike of another kind, and rest‘“n- (P+Q)" things are different (i) The number of circular permutation of different things, is =(n- 1)! (i) When clockwise and anticlockwise arrangement are not different, the number of circular permutation of n different things. @-D! vat Total no, of combinations of “ different things taken “t” things atatime denoted as, ~ °C. or Cini) : nt Fan Where oS rn VII [Some units always included or excluded] Formula, A. Gi) @ —_Totalno. of combinations of “n” different things taking “r” ata time ! where HQ! osrsn. ‘Total no, of permutations of “n” different things taken “r” atatime ='P='C,21 B. (i) Total no. of combinations of “n” different ai) things taken “r” ata time so that “P” particular things are always included Wp Total no. of permutations of “1” (b,a)eR, forall abe A (iy Transitive Relation. relation R on a set Ais said to be transitive iff R b and bRe = aRe, forall, bce A, ie. (@ByeR and (b, CER, forall a bce A. (iv) Anti-symmetric Relations, A relation R on a set Ais said to be antisymmetric iff aR band bRa= ab, forall abe A, that is (@, ble Rand (b, a)e R= a=b, forall a, beA. ” (v) Equivalence Relation. Def. A relation R defined on a set S is called an Equivalence Relation if it satisfies the following three conditions: (i) xRx, (reflexive property) (If xRy then yRx (symmetric property) (iii) If xRy and yRz, then xRz (transitive Property) Where x,y,z are arbitrary elements ofS. ‘We sometimes find it convenient to use the symbol-for an equivalence relation. 12. Calculus -Function:: Therule by which the independent variable (x) is elated with dependent variable () is called Function, Itis denoted as y = f(x) read as yis the function of. ‘Types of Function, 1. Even functions :- Function (x) is called EVEN Function fit satisfies the ‘condition fi-x)=f) 2.0dd Funetion:-Function f(x) is called odd function ifit satisfies the condition Si-x) =~ fix) or fx) =- f-x) r 3. Inverse Funetion:- fy = f(x) bea function defined in the interval (@;b) such that we express x asa function of y ‘Say x= g(y) Then g (y) is called the inverse function of f(x) Inverse function of (x) is denoted f(x) 4. Composite Funetion:- Ify = tx) and += g(u) then y= ff ¢(u)} is called the function ‘of function ora composite function. Limits ‘SOME RESULTS ON LIMITS ‘The calculation of imits is based onthe following results: 1. limmF(a)£ (2) = lim f(x) lim g(), 2 limtf Co) = kim f(x) where k is a scalar. 3. Tim(F (2).g(2)) = lim f(2). im g(x). lim f(a) 4 timZ@) ae g(x) limg@) (Provided limg(2) #0). 13 ——<— — sss 10 rim 2D 21 =log,a;(a>0) te BS 11 lim does notexist 2, Differentiation by Ist principle Formula Him fOtW=$) _ py MO hao hk de -For Two or more than two functions Formula. lim e f(a) existsif| xa o i.e. Righthandlimit= Left hand limit Continuity ‘Continuity :- Something which goes on ‘without interruption and without abrupt changes is called Continuous. A function f(x)! id to be continuous at x=a ifand only if @ — ffx)isdefined atx=a @ tim f()= Tims) 38 i) tim f= fo) Iff{x) isnot continuous at x =a. we say that itis discontinuous at x =a, Notes: @ —Thesum, difference and product of wo continuous functions isa continuous function. This property holds good for any finite number of functions. G) —_Thequotientof two continuous functionsis.acontinuous function provided the denominator is not equal tozero. (i) Constant functions are continuous every where, Gv) Polynomial functions are continuous every where. (¥) rational functions continuous tall points except at those points where the denominators zero. (i) Exponential and logarithmic functions are continuous atevery point oftheir respective domains. 1 2 _—_ DIFFI SOME STANDARD RESULTS Serene 4 nye ae )=e’ See))=a"og, 0 is: a (constant) =0 See) a0" d ogy = d 1 io a og, x) = log, (Addition Rule) duty) _ du, dv a& de de where u and v are functions of x. ” 9. (Scalar Multiple Rule) of (x) AG) = a 10. (Product Rule) dw) =v. dutuedy a& ak de Where u and v are functions of x. lie nie 11.Quotient Rule, (2) ad se Where u and v are functions of x. 12, CHAINRULE 2fa);Then 2 = Ht Ify =h(u) and u=f(x) ; Then F°= 7x Integration SOME Important Results/Formula LG fr ai te wheren #1 a, _(ax+b)"" (ip lars by b= a +e Fy ‘Where n 4-1 2(i) ferde=e'+e @ [7 a= flar+b)'ae — loelaxt6) , a +e 4 (i fat log.a 6) aa Where c= Arbitrary /Integration constant. RULES for Integration T Constant multiple rule. Jif @ode=k [foode where k=constant, ne I. —_SumandDifference rule. Jowtnrae= fudrs fae =P + Saker ee] ‘where u and v are functions of x. (de Stas en re: Sears ag Veal Formal. fu fide {fut 2 7 leek + Vx" =a Where u and v are two functions of x. 7 [Put sr Olee=e 1) SOME SPECIAL INTEGRALS Properties of Definite Integral =) an L Preode= froue= [pode ro ’ ; i.e. The definite integra is independent of 2 tte pie he

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