Table of Contents: Pg.

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1- Introduction
a) History of digital clocks 01

2- Digital Clock & 21st Century

a) Need 02
b) Defects of modern digital clock 02
c) How are we overcoming the defects? 02
d) Significance of our project 02

3-Construction & Design

a) Hardware 03
 4026 IC 04
 555 Timer IC 04
 7 segment display 05
b) Designing 06
 1hz frequency generator
 Schematic layout 06
 PCB layout 07
 Final PCB Output 07
 Clock Circuit
 Schematic layout 08
 PCB layout 08
 Final PCB Output 09
 Introduction to Digital Clock:
A digital clock is a type of clock that displays the time digitally (i.e. in numerals or other
symbols), as opposed to an analog clock, where the time is indicated by the positions of
rotating hands

 History of Digital Clocks:

In all walks of life, digitals system are making sophisticated approach to the mankind of
course the machines cannot be replaced by human beings in exact accuracy in some fields.
For a long time humans are using digital devices, in our case digital clocks in their daily
life.
 Joseph Pallweber (1885)
The first digital pocket watch was the invention of Austrian
engineer Josef Pallweber who created his "jump-hour"
mechanism in 1883. Instead of a conventional dial, the jump-
hour featured two windows in an enamel dial, through which
the hours and minutes are visible on rotating discs. The
second hand remained conventional. By 1885 Pallweber’s
mechanism was already on the market in watches by IWC Schaffhausen

 Plato Clocks (1903)

Plato clocks used a similar idea but a different layout. These
spring-wound pieces consisted of a glass cylinder with a
column inside, affixed to which were small digital cards with
numbers printed on them, which flipped as time passed. The
Plato clocks were introduced at the St. Louis World Fair in
1904, produced by Ansonia Clock Company. Eugene Fitch of
New York patented the clock design in 1903. 13 years earlier Josef Pallweber had patented
the same invention using digital cards
  Pulsar (1970)
In 1970, the first digital wristwatch with an LED display was
mass-produced. Called the Pulsar, and produced by
the Hamilton Watch Company, this watch was hinted at two
years prior when the same company created a prototype
digital watch for Kubrick's in 2001. Throughout the 1970s,
despite the initial hefty cost of digital watches, the popularity
of said devices steadily rose.

 Digital Clock & 21st Century:

 Need:
At this time most people in the whole world need an automated digital clock in their
everyday use.. In 21st century where time being more than money, regarding this change,
our hobbies of checking our time every minute is dramatically increasing. About 99% of
today’s digital clocks are made using microcontrollers which make them more hand able
from the rest, those we can set the time to start any minute or second we also set an alarm
for reminder so that the system will store the value in a memory and then when the time
reaches the alarm will be on. As the microcontroller consists almost all the logical devices
external logic gates doesn’t exist. In order to be used properly and for a long life usage
digital clocks must cover a very small place as much as it could but the size of most of the
digital clocks manufactured this time is unexpectedly increasing as the use the give
increases.
 Defects of Modern Digital Clocks:
This are the list of problems that exists in today’s digital clocks
 An extensive range of large.
 Use of independent LED matrix digital wall for the display that takes a huge space in the
circuit and a lot of matrix code in the controller.
 Displays only hour and minute. This makes the use they give us limited on the range
given.
 Not easy to maintain. When the clock gets damaged some can’t tell where the problem is
easily, on the microcontroller or on the other driver ICS.
 Very costly.

 How are we overcoming these Defects?

The system that we built consists of a 6 digit clock including hour, minute and second using a very
cheap devices (ICs) that covers a very favorable place. The design consists of all the features that a
digital clock should consist and as the design is synchronous the overall delay is negligible.

 Significance:
Digital clocks are being a very useful components of our lives. Regarding this change the need of
accurate and simple materials also dramatically increasing. Our proposed project uses a very simple
logic devices to build an accurate synchronous digital clock that is expected to satisfy the need of
those materials.
 Construction & Design:
We are providing a breif explanation of construction of this project.

 Working Principle:
We know that 60 seconds equal to 1 minute and 60 minutes equal to 1 hour. Hence the
minute section is drived by second section and hour section by the minute section. Each
of the minute and second section has been designed to give a count from 00 to 59 after
which it resets to 00 and the hour section to give a count from 00 to 12 hours after
which it resets to 00. For each cycle of 00 to 59 in second section the minute section
increases its count by 1. Similarly for each cycle of 00 to 59 in minutes section the hour
section increases its count by 1. In this way when the clock reaches 23 hrs. 59mins.
59secs. each of the section resets to 00 giving us a display 00.00.00 popularly known as
the 0th hour.

 Hardware:
We used following items in the hardware construction for the digital clock.

1- IC-4026 (Counter & Display Decoder)

2- Resistors ( 1M, 220k, 100k, 10k, 1k,330, 100)
3- 7 segment display (common cathode)
4- Diodes ( 1N4148)
5- 555 Timer IC
6- And Gate ICs
7- Push buttons
8- Transistor
9- Capacitor
  IC-4026 (Counter & Display Decoder) :
The 4026 IC is a 16-pin C seven-segment counter from the 4000 series. It counts clock pulses
and returns the output in a form which can be displayed on a seven-segment display. This
avoids using a binary-coded decimal to seven-segment decoder, but it can only be used to
display the (decimal) digits 0-9.

 555- Timer:
In astable mode, the '555 timer' puts out a continuous
stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency.
A resistor (call it R1) is connected between Vcc and the
discharge pin (pin 7) and another (R2) is connected
between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2)
and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node.
Hence the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and
discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low
impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the
capacitor. The use of R2 is mandatory, since without it the high current spikes from the
capacitor may damage the internal discharge transistor.
  7 Segment Display:
To convert a binary number between 0 and 9 to the
appropriate signals to drive a 7- segment display,
you use a (appropriately named) "binary number to
7-segment display converter." This chip looks at the
binary number coming in and turns on the
appropriate bars in the 7-segment LED to display
that number. If we are displaying the seconds, then
the seconds part of our clock looks like this:

 Designing:
The entire project has been divided into four modules. They are as follows:
 Seconds section
 Using two counters and drivers ICs (IC 4026) in such a way that this portion
produces output from 00 to 59 continuously with a frequency of 1 Hz (1pps).
 Using seven-segment display (IC 5001) to display the counts. Both the ICs are of
common cathode type.
 Checking the output of the circuit.
 Minutes section
 Repeating the same circuit as that of the second section, but here the output should
count from 00 to 59 with a frequency of 1 Hz for 1 ppm.
 Checking the output.
 Hours section
 Designing the circuit in such a way so that the output resets to 00 automatically
displaying 12.59.59.
 Here the counting proceeds with a frequency of one pulse per hour.
 Checking the output.
 Assembling
 Assembling the three sections together.
 B) Checking the output of the final circuit.
  Software:
The software part is sub divided into three parts
1- Proteus Schematic Layout
2- Proteus PCB Layout
3- Final PCB Output

 For 1Hz Frequency Generator:

We used a 555 timer IC along with capacitors of 4.7nF and 1nF , resistors of 10k and 100k to
make a stable 1 Hz frequency generator.

As the stable timer requires a very precised value of capacitors and the market is short of it,
therefore our clock is 17 minutes back from the original clock. We will work on the precised
capaitors further. Below is the implementation for the 1hz frequency generator on proteus.

 Proteus Stimulation:

 Proteus PCB Implementation:

  Final PCB output:

Up view:

Down View:
  For Clock Circuit:
We used 6 seven segment displays along with 4026 IC and AND Gate ICs.

 Proteus Stimulation:

 Proteus PCB Layout:

  Final PCB Output:

Up View:

Down View: