Term Project

On

A Novel Design of Micro Strip antenna

for satellite communication

By

Keshav Kedarnath 2014AAPS283H

Ravi Kumanduri 2014A3PS380H
Harika Kothapalli 2015A3PS364H

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN)

Hyderabad Campus

(Nov 2017)

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Contents:

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Literature survey

4. Relevance of Project in Current Satellite Communication Scenario

5. Objective

6. International status

7. National status

8. Approach for implementation

9. Design of micro strip patch antenna

10.Results

11.Conclusion and future work

12.References

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Abstract
An effort has been made to design a micro-strip patch antenna with a single feed to
function at 2 bands (dual band) thereby enabling the same antenna to carry out
multiple functions. A micro-strip line inset fed Rectangular Patch Antenna with a
resonant frequency of 10 GHz, the relative constant of substrate is 2.2 with 0.79 mm
thickness. The values of W and L work out as 11.9mm and 9.7 mm. The given
rectangular geometry is altered to make it a dual band antenna with increased
bandwidth efficiency by changing the design and having multiple slots. The process
has been simulated on Anysoft HFSS software.

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Introduction

In satellite communication, the transfer of signal (beam of modulated microwaves)

is sent to towards the satellite which after amplifying the signal is sent to receiver’s
antenna on the surface of earth. Satellite Communication utilization has become
wide spread and ubiquitous throughout the world for diverse applications like
Television, monitoring environment, remote sensing, military uses to exploit the
unique capabilities in terms of coverage and outreach. The technology has advanced
greatly over the past few decades and is now being used in many applications.
Satellite communication has become a part of our lives in more ways than we realize.
Some of major areas of interest in satellite communication antenna design,
transmitter design and link design for application. Antenna design has been described
as the heart of satellite communication and this project concentrates on the micro-
strip patch antenna.

Antennas in Satellite Communication

One of most associated images with satellites are the parabolic TV dish antenna and
hence antennas can be called as the most visible part of the satellite communication
systems. Although the requirement of most antennas is same (receive and transmit
the modulated waves) the difference in the operating conditions can lead to major
requirements and constraints in terms of size, weight, performance, cost and ease of
installation. This importance coupled with requirement and scope to improve make
antenna design one of the most robust field for research in satellite communication.

Micro-strip antenna
The micro-strip antennas are typically used at microwave frequencies. They are also
called printed circuits as they are fabricated on printed circuit boards (PCBs). A
patch of metal foil is placed on the surface of the PCB and there’s a ground plane on
the other side. A micro-strip is used to connect the transmitted/receiver to the
antenna. The fact that that micro-strip antenna has a thin planar profile has led to
high usage. While patch is most common helical, loop etc. can be designed too.
These antennas cost less, can be fabricated easily and have a low profile. Yet one of
the most noticeable draw backs is narrow-bandwidth.

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In this project a micro-strip rectangular patch antenna with resonant frequency of 10
GHz, the relative constant of substrate is 2.2 with 0.79 mm thickness. The values of
W and L work out as 11.9mm and 9.7 mm. 2 rectangular blocks of dimensions x*y
mm and 2 square blocks of z*z mm are carved out on the shorter sides of the
rectangle without disturbing symmetry along the micro-strip transmission line. The
simulation is run in the software and we observe that single band has been converted
into dual band. Now, 2 slots in the shape of I are carved out in between a rectangle
and square and the simulations are again run.

In the literature survey, different properties of antennas and different types of

antennas are reviewed. This is followed by brief overview of the types of ways to
change bandwidth in a micro-strip antenna. Then, we move to a paper which uses
change in geometry to convert into dual band followed by carving out a slot in the
patch to increase the bandwidth efficiency.

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Literature Survey

Types of Antenna:
Wire Antennas: A random wire antenna is a radio antenna consisting of a
long wire suspended above the ground, whose length does not bear a relation
to the wavelength of the radio waves used, but is typically chosen more for
convenience. The wire may be straight or it may be strung back and forth
between trees or walls just to get enough wire into the air; this type of
antenna sometimes is called a zig-zag antenna.
Log Periodic Antennas: A log-periodic antenna (LP), also known as a log-
periodic array or log-periodic aerial, is a multi-element, directional, antenna
designed to operate over a wide band of frequencies. It was invented by
Dwight Isbell and Raymond DuHamel at the University of Illinois in
1958.The most common form of log-periodic antenna is the log-periodic
dipole array or LPDA.
Travelling wave Antennas: In radio and telecommunication, a traveling-
wave antenna is a class of antenna that uses a traveling wave on a guiding
structure as the main radiating mechanism. Their distinguishing feature is
that the radio-frequency current that generates the radio waves travels
through the antenna in one direction.
Reflector Antennas: An antenna reflector is a device that reflects
electromagnetic waves. Antenna reflectors can exist as a standalone device
for redirecting radio frequency (RF) energy, or can be integrated as part of
an antenna assembly.

Properties of Antennas
 Antenna Gain: Measures the degree of directivity of antenna’s radial
pattern is known as gain. An antenna with a higher gain is more effective in
its radiation pattern.
Aperture: Aperture is also known as the effective aperture of the antenna
that actively participate in transmission and reception of electromagnetic
waves.

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 Directivity and bandwidth: The directive of an antenna is defined as the
measure of concentrated power radiation in a particular direction. It may be
considered as the capability of an antenna to direct radiated power in a given
direction. It can also be noted as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given
direction to the average radiation intensity. Bandwidth is one of the desired
parameters to choose an antenna. It can be defined as the range of
frequencies over which an antenna can properly radiates energy and receives
energy.
Polarization: An EM wave launched from an antenna may be polarized
vertically and horizontally. If the wave gets polarized in the vertical
direction, then the E vector is vertical and it requires a vertical antenna. If
vector E is in horizontal way, it needs a horizontal antenna to launch it.
Sometimes, circular polarization is used, it is a combination of both
horizontal and vertical ways.
 Effective length: It’s the efficiency of the antennas in transmitting and
receiving electromagnetic waves.

We have already seen that one of major draw backs in the micro-strip antennas is
the problem of narrow band width and the ways to increase narrow band width are
Defective Ground Structure (DGS): Lowering the Substrate Permittivity:
Substrate Permittivity and Bandwidth are inversely related.
Impedance Matching Network: Altering the shape: Changing the geometry like
including slots increases the bandwidth.
Stacked Patches: Having multiple patches with desired materials can lead to an
increase in the bandwidth.
Increasing the thickness of the substrate: Increasing the thickness of the
substrate leads to increase in bandwidth. However, beyond a point this increment is
offset by surface waves

Citation
In the paper “Design of Z-Shape Microstrip Antenna with I- Slot for Wi-
Max/Satellite Application” by Swarnaprava Sahoo and Mihir Narayan Mohanty.
The authors proposed converting single-feed, single band rectangular micro-strip
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patch by altering the geometry and giving the patch a Z shape. It is of Z-shape with
I-slot antenna that operates at 3.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz which can be used for Wi-
Max/S-band &C-band satellite applications. Multiple frequency response is
generated when a slot is cut out of the radiating edge. In this paper an I-slot has
been cut out of the radiating edge of the Z shape to achieve dual frequency
response. In the simulated result we observe that I-slot helps the Z patch
outperform Z-patch and the rectangular micro-strip with highest bandwidth.

Design specification of patch antenna.

Parameter Value Substrate FR4-epoxy
Center frequency (fr) 2.32 GHz, 3.62 GHz
Height of substrate (h) 1.6 mm
Loss tangent 0.02
Dielectric constant 4.4
Width of patch (W) 38.04 mm
Length of patch (L) 29.44 mm
Feed width (w0) 1.8 mm
Y = 0 5 mm
x0 = 0.6 mm

Bandwidth (%) efficiency with respect to the resonance frequency is calculated

Rectangular microstrip patch antenna 2.98%
Z-shape patch antenna 2.91%
Z-shape with I slot patch antenna 3.53%

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OBJECTIVE

To make a multi-purpose microstrip antenna by converting it into dual band

by changing the shape of the patch.
 To achieve a greater bandwidth by carving ‘I’ shaped slots thus elevating
itself from narrow to higher bandwidth domain.
To simulate the design using Ansoft HFSS tool and analyse various results
namely bandwidth, return loss, VSWR.
To compare our design and make modifications for improved results in
bandwidth, return loss, directivity of the antenna.
 To achieve impedance matching by introducing an ‘I’ shaped slot in the
patch.

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International Status
 Marek Bugaj, Rafal Przesmycki, Leszek Nowosielski, and Kazimierz
Piwowarczyk, “Analysis Different Methods of Microstrip Antennas
Feeding for Their Electrical Parameters” , Faculty of Electronics,
Military University of Technology and Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2 Str., Warsaw
00-908, Poland
 Jiang Long, Daniel F. Sievenpiper, “A Compact Broadband Dual
Polarized Patch Antenna for Satellite Communication/Navigation
Applications”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Year:
2015, Volume: 14, Pages: 273 – 276.
 G. Gronau; I. Wolff , “Microstrip antennas for satellite broadcast
applications”, Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,
Volume: 25 Pages: 902 – 905, 1987.

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National Status

 Sourabh Bisht, Shweta Saini, Dr Ved Prakash, Bhaskar Nautiyal, “Study The
Various Feeding Techniques of Microstrip Antenna Using Design and
Simulation”, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engg, Graphic Era
University, Dehradun, India .
 B.Mazumdar, U.Chakraborty, A.Bhowmik, S.K.Chowdhury, “A Compact
Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication”, JIS college of
engineering.

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Results
Without any alterations

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Conclusion and Future Work
Even though this microstrip patch antennas have been extensively researched
inthe recent past, this field still has a large scope for improvement in the near
future.
The model from the referred paper radiates at 4.2 GHz and is suitable for C-
Band applications.
 The constructed design for the patch gives us dual bandwidth applications for
C-band and Ka –band and hence can be used as a dual band antenna and for
various applications.
By introducing the slots in the proposed design we can see a further reduction
in the reflection coefficient at both the resonant frequencies.
To overcome narrow bandwidth problem, number of methods and techniques
have been suggested and investigated

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References
 Prerna Gupta, S.N.Vijay, “Design and Parametric Study of Rectangular
Micro-strip Patch Antenna for C- Band Satellite Communication”, IEEE
International Conference on Recent Advances and Innovations in
Engineering (ICRAIE-2016), Dec- 2016.
 Mohammod Ali, Abu T. M. Sayem, Vijay K. Kunda, “A Reconfigurable
Stacked Microstrip Patch Antenna for Satellite and Terrestrial Links” ,
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Volume: 56, Issue: 2, Pages:
426 – 435, 2007.
N. Rastogi and R. Kumari, "Improved characteristics of microstrip patch
antenna using reactive impedance surface," 2017 3rd International
Conference on Computational Intelligence & Communication Technology
(CICT), Ghaziabad, 2017, pp. 1-6

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