Ex.

No: 1 Date:
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICEMETER

Aim:
To determine the Co- efficient of Discharge of the Orificemeter.
Apparatus Required:
A Orificemeter, differential U-Tube mercury manometer, collecting tank
fitted with piezometer and control valve, stop watch and meter scale.
Theory
The instrument is based on Bernoulli‟s principle which states that following:
“The pressure difference between any two points on a tapering pipe
through which the fluid is flowing depends on the change of levels and on the
change in velocities and therefore on the volume rate of flow”

An orifice meter is used to measure the discharge through a pipe. An orifice

meter in its simplest for consists of a plate having a sharp edged circular hole
drilled in it known as the orifice.

There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just
downstream . the difference in the pressure at the upstream and downstream can
be measured by inserting a differential manometer.
When the fluid through the orifice meter, the velocity increases when it flows past
the orifice hole and there is an equivalent drop in the pressure head. Beyond the
orifice, occurs vena contracta. Vena contracta is the minimum jet area that
appears just downstream of the restriction. That is, reduction of cross section of
the flowing stream in passing through orifice increases the velocity head at the
expens e of pressure head. This reduction of pressure between taps is measured
using a differential manometer and it gives a measure of the discharge.
The velocity of the fluid will be at its highest and the pressure at the lowest
at vena contracta. After that, the velocity will decrease to the same level as before
the obstruction. The pressure recovers to a level lower than the pressure before
the obstruction and adds a head loss to the flow. The pressure recovery is poor
compared to the venture meter. The actual discharge occurring in the pipe is
smaller for the calculated theoretical values due to various losses. That is the
purpose of evaluating the coefficient of discharge of flow measuring devices to
calculate the actual rate of discharge.
Formula used:
Co- efficient of Discharge is the ratio between the actual discharge (Q a) and
the theoretical Discharge (Qt), (i.e) Cd = Qa / Qt
a) Theoretical Discharge:

½
Qt = a1 a2 (2gh)
2 2 ½
(a1 .a2 )
Where,
2
a1 = (π/4) d1
d1 = Diameter of pipe (m)
2
a1 = Area of inlet (m )
2
a2 = (π/4) d2
d2 = Orifice diameter (m)
2
a2 = Area of inlet (m )
h = (h1-h2)(Sm-S1)/S1 (Sm-S1)/S1 = 13.6-1 = 12.6

h= Differential head is meters of water h1,

h2= Manometer reading in mm of Hg.
Sm= Specific gravity of manometric liquid
3
b) Actual discharge Qa =AH/t m /s
Where,
A=Area of the collecting tank (m) H=Rise
of water in the capillary tube (m)
T= Time taken for the „H‟ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec)
Observation:

pipe diameter d1- 25 mm; orifice diameter d2-16.77

mm collecting tank -0.3*0.3*0.5 m
pump power -0.5 hp
pump speed -2880 rpm

Modal Graph:
Qa(m3/s)

3
Qt(m /s)
3
From Graph Qa =_____________m /s
3
Qt =_____________m /s
Cd =____________
Procedure:
1) The diameter of the inlet and the outlet are recorded and the dimensions of
the collecting tank are recorded.
2) Priming is done first for venting air from the pipes.
3) The inlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads on both the h1, h2
are noted.
4) The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time taken for
„H‟ meter rise of water in the collecting tank is observed.
5) The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and
observing the required readings.
6) The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge of the Orifice
meter are computed.
Tabular Column

Differential Time for 10 cm

Actual Co-efficient
head rise of water in Theoretical
Manometer reading Discharge of
the capillary Discharge
S.No Discharge
tube
h1 h2 h1- h2 h1- h2 H t Qa Qt Cd
3 3
cm Cm cm m (Hg) sec (m /s) (m /s)
1

5
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:

The co-efficient of Discharge of Orifice meter is determined.

a) Theoretically = ………………………

b) Graphically = ………………………
Ex. No: 2 Date:

FLOW THROUGH VENTURIMETER

Aim:
To determine the co- efficient of Discharge of the Venturimeter.
Apparatus Required:
A Venturimeter, differential U-Tube mercury manometer, collecting tank fitted
with piezometer and control valve, stop watch and meter scale.

Theory
This instrument is based on Bernoulli‟s principle which states the following:
“The pressure difference between any two points on a tapering pipe
through which the fluid is flowing depends on the change of levels and on the
change in velocities and therefore on the volume rate of flow”
A venturimeter is a tube a constricted throat that increases velocity and
decreases pressure. Through venturimeter measures the flow rate of both
compressible and incompressible fluids, it is mostly used for liquids. The basic
principle on which a venturimeter works is, by reducing the cross sectional area
of the flow passage, a pressure difference is created and by measuring this
pressure difference, the discharge through the pipe can be determined.
A venturimeter consists of a short converging conical tube leading to a
cylindrical portion, called the throat , of smaller diameter of that pipe of the
pipeline, which is followed by a diverging section in which the diameter increases
again to that of the main pipeline
 .
0
The fluid is accelerated through a converging cone of angle (15-20 ) and
the pressure difference between the upstream side of the cone and the throat is
measured which indicates the rate of flow. The fluid slows down in a cone with
0
smaller angle (5-7 ) where the most of the kinetic energy is converted back to
pressure energy. The flow area is at a minimum at the throat.
Maximum pressure and energy recovery makes the venturimeter suitable
where only small pressure heads are available. The pressure recovery is much
better for the venturimeter than for the orifice plate as the flow is gradually
accelerated and decelerated. The venture tube is suitable for clean, dirty and
viscous liquid and slurry service.
In the upstream cone of the venturimeter velocity is increased and the
pressure is decreased.
Pressure drop in the upstream cone is utilized to measure the rate of flow
through the instrument.
Velocity is then decreased and pressure is largely recovered in the
downstream cone.
 The actual discharge occurring in the pipe is smaller for the calculated
theoretical values due to various losses. That is the purpose of evaluating the
coefficient of discharge of flow measuring devices to calculate the actual of
discharge

Formula used:

1. Co- efficient of Discharge is the ratio between the actual discharge(Qa) and the
theoretical Discharge (Qt), (i.e)
Cd = Qa / Qt

2. Actual Discharge(Qa) = AH/T

where,
A=Area of the collecting tank (m)
H=Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)
T= Time taken for the „H‟ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec)
3. Theoretical Discharge:
½
Qt = a1 a2 (2gh)
2 2 ½
(a1 - a2 )

h = (h1-h2)(Sm-Sl)/Sl (Sm-
S1)/S1 = 13.6-1 = 12.6
Where,
2
a1 = (π/4) d1
d1 = Diameter of pipe (m)
2
a1 = Area of pipe (m )
2
a2 = (π/4) d2
d2 = Diameter at throat (m)
2
a2 = Area of throat (m )
h= Differential head is meters of water
 h1, h2= Manometer reading in mm of Hg.
Sm= Specific gravity of manometric liquid
S1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid
2
g= Acceleration due to gravity, (m/s )

Observation:

Pipe diameter d1- 25 mm; orifice diameter d2-14.77

mm Collecting tank -0.3*0.3*0.5 m
Pump power -0.5 hp
Pump speed -2880 rpm

Modal Graph:
Qa(m3/s)

3
Qt(m /s)
From Graph
3
Qa =_____________m /s
3
Qt =_____________m /s
Cd =_____________

Procedure:
1) The diameter of the inlet and the outlet are recorded and the dimensions of
the collecting tank are recorded.
2) Priming is done first for venting air from the pipes.
3) The inlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads on both the h1, h2
are noted.
4) The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time taken for
„H‟ meter rise of water in the collecting tank is observed.
5) The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and
observing the required readings.
6) The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of discharge of the
Venturimeter are computed.
Tabular Column

Differential Time for 10 cm

Actual Co-efficient
head rise of water in Theoretical
Manometer reading Discharge of
the capillary Discharge
S.No Discharge
tube
h1 h2 h1- h2 h1- h2 H t Qa Qt Cd
3 3
cm Cm cm m (Hg) sec (m /s) (m /s)
1

5
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:

The co-efficient of Discharge of Venturi meter is determined.

a) Theoretically = ………………………

b) Graphically = ………………………
Ex. No: 3 Date:
CALIBRATION OF ROTA METER

Aim:
To determine the Percentage of error for Rota meter.

Apparatus Required:
A Rota meter having 0-10 LPM range, single phase 0-5 Hp 1440 RPM
mono block pump set, Reservoir tank arrangement tank, piping system, stop
watch and meter scale.

Theory
A rotameter is a flow metering device which is used to meter the flow rate of
liquid or gas. Rotameter belongs to the category of variable area meters which
meters the fluid flow by allowing the fluid to travel through a tapered glass tube
where the cross sectional area of the tube gradually becomes greater as the fluid
travels through the tube.
The flow rate inside the rotameter is measured using a float that is lifted in the
tube by the fluid flow based on the drag and velocity of the fluid opposing gravity
pulling the float down.
The flow rate through the rotameter is proportional to the float position (height) as it
moves up and down inside the tapered glass tube. The float reaches a constant
position when the upward drag force along with the differential pressure forces
equalizes the downward gravity force. When the flow through the system increases,
the float is pushed upwards increasing the annular flow area inside the tapered tube.
The decrease in flow rate makes the float to drop decreasing the flow area. It must be
noted that the float does not actually float in the fluid: it has to have a higher density
than the fluid; otherwise it will float to the top even if there is no flow.
Formula used:
1) Percentage of error = Qt- Qa / Qt

2)Actual discharge: Qa =
3
(AH/t) m /s
Where,
2
A = Area of the collecting tank (m )
H = Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)=10 cm=0.1 m
T = Time taken for the „H‟ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec)

Where,
3
Qt (Theoretical discharge) = Rota meter reading /60000 m /s
Observation:

Range -3-30 LPM

Motor pump-0.5 hp
Collecting tank-0.3*0.3*0.5
m Pump speed-1440 rpm

Model Graph:
Qa(m3 /sec)

3
Qt (m /sec)
Procedure:
1) The dimensions of the collecting tank are recorded.
2) Priming is done first for venting air from the pipes.
3) The inlet valve is opened slightly such that the discharges on the
Rota meter are noted.
4) The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time
taken for „H‟ meter rise of water in the collecting tank is observed

5) The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow

and observing the required readings.
6) The observations are tabulated and the co- efficient of discharge of
Rota meter is computed.
Tabular Column

SlNo Rota meter Rota meter reading Time taken for Actual Percentage
3
reading(lpm) (m /sec) 10cm rise of Discharge (Q a) of error
water
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:

The Percentage of error for Rota meter is determined,

1.Theoritically =

2.Graphically=
Ex. No: 4 Date:
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
(Determination of Co- efficient of Friction)
Aim:
To determine the friction factor of the given pipe.
Apparatus Required:
Horizontal pipe of diameter is 25mm,20mm&15mm differential U-tube
mercury manometer, collecting tank fitted with piezometer and control valve, stop
watch and meter scale.

Theory
A pipe is a closed conduit through which the fluid flows under pressure where it
runs full and the liquid has no free surface. When liquid flows through a piping
system, some of the potential head is lost to overcome hydraulic resistance due to
1. friction effects (majorloss)
2. local resistance due to change in the cross sectional area, sudden bend,
obstruction and pipe fittings is collectively referred to a minor loss.

Frictional loss in pipe flow

When a fluid flows through a pipe, the velocity of the liquid layer adjacent to the
pipe wall is zero. The velocity of liquid goes on increasing from the wall and thus
velocity gradient and shear stresses are developed in the flow due to viscosity.
The liquid experiences frictional resistance due to which some of the energy is
lost. The loss of energy head due to friction is expressed by Darcy weisbach
equation. The frictional resistance depends upon the roughness of the pipe. More
the roughness of the pipe more will be the frictional resistance.
Formula used:
a) friction factor on pipes can be found out by the formula,
2
hf = flV
2gd
Where,
hf = (h1 – h2) (Sm-S1) / S1
(Sm- S1) / S1 = 13.6-1/1=12.6
hf = Loss of head in meters of water
h1, h2 = Manometer reading in mm of Hg
Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
S1 = Specific gravity of flowing liquid
f = friction factor
l = length of the pipe (m)
2
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m / s
V = Qa / A
Where,
V = velocity of pipe (m/s)
2
A = Area of the pipe (m )
b)Actual discharge:
3
Qa = (A x H ) / t , m /s

Where,
2
a = Area of the collecting tank (m )
H = Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)
t = Time taken for the „H‟ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec )
Observation:

Length of the pipes = 3 m

Area of the collecting tank = 0.6x0.3 m2

Tabular column:

2
Sl. Pipe Manometer Loss of Time for 10cm Actual Velocity V Friction Factor
No Dia, d reading head, hf rise of water in Discharge V= f
2
h 1
h 2
h-h
12
the capillary tube Q a /A m/s
3
cm cm cm m sec m /s m/s
Procedure:
1) The diameter, length of the pipes and of the collecting tank is recorded.
2) The inlet valve is opened slightly and the manometer heads in both the
h1 and h2 are noted.
3) The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time
taken for „H‟ meter rise of water in the collecting tank is observed.

4) The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow

and observing the required reading.
5) The experiment is repeated for a pipe of various diameter is 25mm.
6) The observations are tabulated and the co- efficient of friction of pipes
are computed.
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:
The co-efficient of friction for Pipe of 25mm of diameter is…………
The co-efficient of friction for Pipe of 20mm of diameter is…………
The co-efficient of friction for Pipe of 15mm of diameter is…………

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Ex .No: 5 Date:

PERFORMANCE STUDY ON SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Aim:
To determine the best driving characteristics of the given centrifugal pump
at constant speed and to draw the characteristic curves.
Apparatus Required:
Centrifugal pump fitted with accessories, meter scale, stop watch.
Theory
A pump is a power absorbing hydraulic device that requires energy on it to operate.
A pump converts mechanical energy of a motor into hydraulic energy (potential and
kinetic energy of a liquid ) and is designed to elevate, deliver and move various
liquids.

Centrifugal pumps belong to the category of rotodynamic pumps where in the

pumping of liquid and generation of head is influenced by the rotary member, the

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impeller. The main elements of a centrifugal pump are (a) impeller (b)casing (c)
suction pipe, strainer and foot valve (d) delivery pipe and delivery valve
The impeller is the rotating element consists of a set of vanes attached to a shaft
which is rotated from the outside using an electric motor or an engine. The
impeller is enclosed inside a casing. suction pipe connects the center (eye) of the
impeller to a sup from which liquid is to be lifted. The suction pipe is provided
with a strainer at the lower end to prevent the entry of solid particles, debris into
the pump. A foot valve, a non return valve is located just above the strainer.
Delivery pipe leads the liquid fro the pump outlet to the discharge level. The
delivery valve, a non return valve regulates the flow in the delivery pipe.
Formula used:
1) Total head, H = Hp+Hv+Z
= G*10 + (v*10.336)/760 + z, m of
water. Where,
2
G = Pressure gauge reading (kg/cm )
V = Vacuum gauge reading (mm of Hg)
Z = Difference between the centers of the pressure gauge and
vacuum Gauge, m=58 cm
2) Actual discharge, Qa = (A * H) / t,
3
m /s Where,
A = Area of the collecting tank, m2
H = Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)
t = time taken for the „H‟ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec)
3) Output power, Po = (w *Qa *H )/1000, Kw
Where,
W = specific weight of water in
2
(KN/m ) H = Total head (m)
 4) Input power, P1 = ( n * 3600 * ηm )/(N*T),KW
Where,
n = no revolution counted in energy meter
disc ηm = Efficiency of motor(0.8)
N = Energy meter constant (rev/kw.hr)

T = Time taken for n revolution in the energy meter

5) Efficiency (η) = (Po/Pi)*10

Observation:
Suction pipe-25 mm
Delivery pipe-20mm
Impeller diameter-45 mm
Pump speed -1420 rpm
Motor power-1 hp
Measuring tank-0.3*0.3 m
Energy meter constant-150 rev/kW-hr
Model Graph:
Procedure:
1) Measure the dimensions of the collecting tank, energy meter constant
and the datum head.
2) Prime the pipe before starting the motor.
3) Open the inlet valve and note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge.
4) Take the readings at full open condition.
5) Then reduce the flow rate by adjusting the gate valve.
6) Repeat the same procedure for 6 readings.
Tabular Column:

Time for
Pressure Vacuum 100mm rise
Sl. Total Time for Input Output
gauge gauge of water in Discharge Efficiency
No head „n‟ rev power power
reading reading the capillary
tube
3
G V H t (sec) Q (m /s) T (sec) Pi Po η (%)
2
(Kg/cm ) (mm of Hg) m (W) (W)
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:

The Characteristics curves were drawn for the given centrifugal pump and

from the curve the following results was obtained

Characteristics Experimentally Graphically

1.Maximum Efficiency

2.Optimum Total Head corresponding

to max efficiency
3. Optimum Input power corresponding
to max efficiency
4. Optimum Discharge corresponding
to max efficiency
Ex. No: 6 Date:
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON CONSTANT SPEED
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim:
To determine the best driving characteristics of the given reciprocating
pump at constant speed and to draw the characteristic curves.
Apparatus required:
Reciprocating pump fitted with accessories, meter scale, stop watch.

Theory
A pump is a power absorbing hydraulic device that requires energy on it to
operate. A pump converts mechanical energy of a motor into hydraulic energy
(potential and kinetic energy of a liquid ) and is designed to elevate, deliver and
move various liquids.

The reciprocating pump falls under the category of positive displacement pumps.
Incase of positive displacement pumps the fluid id physically pushed or displaced
from the enclosed space.
A reciprocating pump consists of
1. A piston or a plunger that reciprocates inside a closely fitted cylinder.
2. Suction and delivery pipes which are provided with non return valves.
3. Crank and connecting rod mechanism operated by an engine or an electric motor.

Formula used:
1) Total head, H =Hp+Hv+Z
= G*10 + (V*10.336) / 760 + Z, m of water.
Where,
Hp -pressure head, hv-vaccum head, z-datum head
=52cm
2
G = Pressure gauge reading (Kg/cm )
V = Vacuum gauge reading (mm of Hg)
Z = Difference between the centers of the pressure gauge and vacuum
gauge, m

3
2) Actual discharge, Qa = (A*H) / T , m /s
Where,
2
A = Area of the collecting tank, m
H = Rise of water in the capillary tube (m)
T = time taken for the „H‟ meter rise of water in the capillary tube (sec).

3) Output power, Po = (W * Qa * H) / 1000, KW

Where,
2 2
W = Specific weight of water in (KN/m ) = 9.81 KN/m
H = total head (m)
 4) Input power, Pi = ( n * 3600 * ηm ) / (N * T) , KW
Where,
n = no of revolution counted in energy meter disc
ηm = Efficiency of motor (0.8)
N = Energy meter constant (rev / kw.hr)
T = Time taken for n revolution in the energy meter.

5) Efficiency, η = (Po/Pi) * 100

6) Slip = Qt - Qa
7) % slip = Qt - Qa / Qa
 TABULAR COLUMN
Pressure Vaccum Time for
Time
Pressure Head Vacuum gauge 10cm rise of
Total Discharge for I/P O/P Efficiency
gauge gauge reading water in the
„n‟ η
Sl.No

head power power

reading reading capillary
rev
tube
G Hp V Mm Hg H T Q T Pi Po
2 3
Kg/cm mm of m Sec (m /s) sec W W (%)
Hg
Procedure:
1) Measure the dimensions of the collecting tank, energy meter constant
and the datum head.
2) Prime the pipe before starting the motor.
3) Open the inlet valve and note the pressure gauge reading and vacuum
gauge reading.
4) Take the time taken for 5 rev counted in energy meter disc.
5) Take 5 sets of reading by varying the delivery pressure.

Specification
Suction pipe -25mm
Delivery pipe-20mm
Piston diameter-40 mm
Stroke length-45 mm
Pump speed-1420 rpm
Motor power-1 hp
Measuring tank -0.3*0.3*0.5
Energy meter constant-750rev/kW-hr
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Model Graph

Result:

The Characteristics curves were drawn for the given Reciprocating pump and

from the curve the following results was obtained

Characteristics Experimentally Graphically

1.Maximum Efficiency

2.Optimum Total Head corresponding

to max efficiency
3. Optimum Input power corresponding
to max efficiency
4. Optimum Discharge corresponding
to max efficiency
Ex.No:7 Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR OIL PUMP
Aim:
To determine the characteristics of gear pump.
Apparatus required:
Stop watch, Measuring Scale.
Theory
A pump is a power absorbing hydraulic device that requires energy on it to
operate. A pump converts mechanical energy of a motor into hydraulic energy
(potential and kinetic energy of a liquid) and is designed to elevate, deliver and
move various liquids. Gear pup falls under the category of rotary displacement
pumps. Gear pump is otherwise known as gear pump wheel pump.

Gear pump unit consists of two identical intermeshing gears with involute teeth to
pump fluid displacement. The external gear pump uses two identical gears rotating
against each other. One gear is driven by a motor and it in turn drives the other
gear. Each gear is supported by a shaft with bearings of the on both sides of the
gear. These gears rotate in opposite directions working in a fine clearance inside a
stationary casing.

Formula used:
1.Actual Discharge from the
3
pump Q = Ah/t (m / sec)
A-area of the collecting tank H-rise
of water in the capillary tube t-time
taken for H cm rise of water

2. Input power to the motor: Pi = n*3600*ŋ / NT (hp)

Where, N = Energy meter constant is rev/kwh
T = Time taken for n rev in the energy meter.
Ŋ=mechanical effiency motor=80%

3. Output power from the pump: Po = WQaHt/ 1000 kW

3
W = specific weight of oil-7848 N/m
Q= Actual discharge

H= Total head(m)
Where,
2
A = Area of cross section of the collecting tank in m
 t = time taken for „h‟ unit of water level in the collecting tank in sec
Delivery head p

4. Total Head Ht = Hp +Hv+Z

Hp - pressure head (m) = G*10 (m)
Hv- vaccum head (m) = V*10.336/760 (m)
Z-Datum head

5.Efficiency of the pump:

η = Po / Pi * 100 %
 Tabular column:

pressure Pressure Vaccum Vaccum Total Time taken Discharge Time Input Out Efficiency
S1. gauge Head gauge Head head for 10 cm 3
taken for power put ŋ (%)
No reading (Hp ) reading (Hv) in m (Ht) rise of Qa(m /s) n (pi) power
2
G(kg/cm ) M V(mm m water(t)s revolution (p0)
Hg) of EM
disc T (s)
Observation:
Suction pipe -20mm
Delivery pipe-20mm
Piston diameter-40
mm Pump speed-1420
rpm Motor power-1 hp

Measuring tank -0.3*0.3*0.5

Reservoir tank-0.5*0.5*0.5m Energy
meter constant-750rev/kW-hr
Procedure:
1) Close the delivery valve.
2) Start the motor.
3) Open the delivery valve to lot of water flow from the pump.
4) Note down the measure gauge and vacuum gauge reading.
5) Collect oil in the collecting tank for arise of „h‟ unit of oil level and
note down the time taken for collecting that amount.
6) Note down the time taken for 10 rev in the energy meter.
7) Adjust the delivery valve to change the rate of flow and repeat the steps
5, 6 and several readings can be taken, by varying the head from a

maximum value at shift often a minimum value from when the gate
valve is fully opened.
8) Take a minimum of reading including full open and full close
condition.
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Model Graph
Result:

The Characteristics curves were drawn for the given Gear pump and from the

curve the following results was obtained

Characteristics Experimentally Graphically

1.Maximum Efficiency

2.Optimum Total Head corresponding

to max efficiency
3. Optimum Input power corresponding
to max efficiency
4. Optimum Discharge corresponding
to max efficiency
Ex.No: 8 Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
Aim:
To conduct the load test on the given Pelton wheel turbine and study the
performance at constant speed and obtain the characteristics curves of the impulse
turbine
Apparatus required:
Peltonwheel, supply pump unit, Tachometer, scale.
Theory:
A turbine is a power generating hydraulic device that produces energy. Hydraulic
turbines convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical
energy is then converted into electrical energy by coupling the turbine shaft to a
generator.
Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine. In this type of turbine in which the entire
energy of water is converted into kinetic energy by passing in through a nozzle is
made to impact on the runner tangentially. The impact thus produced causes the
runner to rotate and here produces the mechanical power at the shaft.

Formula used:
1. Total head Ht = P*10 m of water
2. venturi meter head (h) = (p1-p2)× 10
m 3. Discharge (Qa);

4. Net load W = (W1+W2) –W3 kg

5. Input power (Pi)

Pi= wQHt/1000 KW

6. Torque = Re*W (N-m)

Re = D/2 + d (m)

7. Output power

P0 = 2πNT*9.81/60,000 KW

8. Efficiency (ŋ)
Ŋ= P0*100/ Pi
TABULAR COLUMN

S1. Pressure Manometer Ventur Dischar Shaft Load on Spring Net Input Brake Efficiency
No gauge Reading i head ge Q speed hanger balance load power power
reading p P1 P2 P1-P2 (h) N W1 reading
W3
2 3
Kg/cm m m /S Rpm Kg Kg Kg kW kW %
 3
p- pressure gauge reading (kg/cm )
h- differential head ( m of water)
2
P1,P2- manometer reading (kg/cm )
W1 = load added in hanger (kg)
W2 =weight of hanger and rope (kg)
W3= spring balance reading (m)

D = diameter of brake drum (m)

d = diameter of robe (m)
N- turbine speed (rpm)
3
w= specific weight of water (N/m )

specification
head = 25 m
discharge =100 lpm
nominal speed = 1000 rpm
jet water =15 mm pitch circle
diameter D= 100 mm no of
buckets =12
brake drum diameter D= 100
mm rope diameter d = 15 mm
weight of rope and hanger = W2= 0.5
kg effective radius Re= 0.065 m
-4
K =7.9575 × 10
Procedure:
1) Measure the brake drum diameter and datum level head (i.e., Vertical
distance between centre of pressure gauge and centre line nozzle).

2) Start the pump and gradually open its delivery open up to the
required pressure.
3) Open the nozzle partially to keep the gate opening constant.
4) Adjust the load on the brake drum to keep the speed constant.
5) Note the manometer readings and pressure gauge readings.
6) Note the spring balance readings (f1xf2) and measure the shaft speed
using tachometer.
7) Take required set of readings in the allowable range of
delivery pressure.
8) Tabulate the readings.
9) Calculate the discharge, torque, input power, output power
and efficiency.
10) Plot the graph
i. Speed Vs efficiency
ii. Speed Vs output power
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:
Thus the performance of Pelton wheel turbine was studied and the
characteristics curves were plotted from the curve the following results were studied.
Characteristics Experimentally Graphically

1.Maximum Efficiency

2.Optimum Output Power corresponding

to max efficiency
3. Optimum shaft speed corresponding to
max efficiency
Ex.No: 9 Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE
Aim:
To study the performance of Francis turbine at variable speed and obtain
the characteristics curves of the reaction turbine.
Apparatus required:
Francis turbine, Tachometer, scale.
Theory:
A turbine is a power generating hydraulic device that produces energy.
Hydraulic turbines convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The
mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy by coupling the
turbine shaft to a generator

Francis turbine is a reaction turbine in which only a part of total head of water
is converted to kinetic head before it enters the runner. As the water passes through
the runner its pressure changes gradually being higher at the inlet than at the outlet.
This difference in pressure is responsible for the variation of the runner.
Formula used:
1. Total head Ht = P*10 m of water
2. Orifice meter head (h) = (p1-p2)× 10 m
3. Discharge (Qa);

4. Net load W = (W1+W2) –W3 kg

Where W2= 0.5 kg

5. Input power (Pi)

Pi= wQHt/1000 KW

6. Torque = Re*W (N-m)

Re = D/2 + d (m)

7. Output power

P0 = 2πNT*9.81/1000 KW

8. Efficiency (ŋ)
Ŋ= P0*100/ Pi
Tabular column:

S1 Pressure Manometer Orifice Discharge Shaft Load Spring Net Input Brake Efficiency
.N gauge reading head Q speed on balance load power power
o reading p (h) N hanger reading W
P1 P2 diff W1 W3
2 3
Kg/cm M M /S Rpm Kg Kg Kg kW kW %
Observation:
Head = 40 m
Discharge = 100 lpm

Nominal speed = 1000 rpm

Brake drum diameter = 300
mm Rope diameter = 15 mm
effective radius Re =0.165 m
-3
K= 6.727*10
Procedure:
2) Measure the brake drum diameter and datum level head (i.e., Vertical
distance between centre of pressure gauge and centre of line of nozzle).

3) Start the pump and gradually open its delivery open up to the
required pressure.
4) Open the nozzle partially to keep the gate opening constant.
5) Adjust the load on the brake drum to keep the speed constant.
6) Note the manometer readings and pressure gauge readings.
7) Note the spring balance readings (f1 xf2) and take required set of
readings, N in the allowable range of speed by varying the load.
8) Calculate the readings.
9) Calculate the discharge, torque, input power, output power and
efficiency.
10) Plot the graph
i. Speed Vs efficiency
ii. Speed Vs output power
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:
Thus the performance of Francis turbine was studied and the characteristics
curves were plotted from the curves, the following results were studied.
Characteristics Experimentally Graphically

1.Maximum Efficiency

2.Optimum Output Power corresponding

to max efficiency
3. Optimum shaft speed corresponding to
max efficiency
Ex.No: 10 Date:
PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE
Aim:
To study the performance of Kaplan turbine at variable speed and obtain
the characteristics curves of reaction turbine.
Apparatus required:
Kaplan turbine, tachometer, Scale.
Theory:
Kaplan turbine is a reaction turbine in which only a part of total head of
water converted to kinetic head before in to enter the turbine runner its pressure
changes gradually begins high at the outlet this difference in pressure is known
as reaction turbine pressure and it is responsible for the rotation of the runner.
Formula used:
1. Total head Ht = P*10 m of water
2. venturi meter head (h) = (p1-p2)× 10 m

½
3) Discharge, Q =Q C a a (2gh)
2 2 ½
t= d 1 2

(a -a )
1 2

4) Input power, Pi = pgQH /1000 *kw

5) Torque t = Re*W
6) Output power Po = 2πNT/60,000 Kw
7) Efficiency η = (Po/Pi) *100 %
Tabulation

S1. Pressure Manometer Venturi Dischar Shaft Load on Spring Net Input Brake Efficiency
No gauge reading head ge Q speed hanger balance load power power
reading p P (h) N W1 reading
P1 P2 diff W3
2 3
Kg/cm m m /S Rpm Kg Kg Kg kW kW %
Observation:
Diameter of the inlet pipe D1 = 0.1 m
Diameter of the outlet pipe D2 = 0.059 m
3
Density of water = 1000 kg/m
3
Density of mercury = 13,600 kg/m
2
Gravity constant = 9.81m/s
Cd = 0.9
Radius of brake drum = 0.115 m
Weight of the RopeW2=2 kg
Procedure:
1) Measure the brake drum diameter and datum level head (i.e., Vertical
distance between centre of pressure gauge and centre of nozzle).
2) Start the pump and gradually open its delivery open up to the
required pressure.
3) Open the nozzle partially to use the gate opening constant.
4) Note the manometer readings and pressure gauge readings.
5) Note the spring balance readings measure the shaft speed using
tachometer.
6) Take required set of readings of N in the allowed range of speed by
varying the load. 7)
Tabulate the readings.
8) Calculate the discharge, torque, input power, output power and
efficiency.
9) Plot the graph
i. Speed Vs efficiency
ii. Speed Vs output power
Model Calculations:
Reading No:

Result:
Thus the performance of Kaplan turbine was studied and characteristics
curves were plotted from the curved the following results were obtained.
Characteristics Experimentally Graphically

1.Maximum Efficiency

2.Optimum Output Power

corresponding to max efficiency
3. Optimum shaft speed corresponding
to max efficiency