Name: ID: 2.

Determine,√ with proof, that (i) the domain and (ii) the range of the function
Homework 1 of Math 2000 due on 2-3/09/2019, Hand to TA in f (x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2 .
tutorial. Solution. (i) The domain of f is given by
Don’t copy the solution from other students, as you may be cheating.
√
Read the examples given at the other pages in this file. Dom(f ) = { (x, y) ∈ R2 | 9 − x2 − y 2
makes sense }
√
(x+y) 2 = { (x, y) ∈ R | 9 − x − y ∈ Dom( −) = [0, +∞) }
2 2 2
1. Find (a) domain and (b) range of f (x, y) = x2 +y 2 . (read review-02.pdf)
(x+y)2 = { (x, y) ∈ R2 | 9 − x2 − y 2 ≥ 0 }
Solution. (a) The fraction is defined if the denominator x2 + y 2 ̸= 0, i.e.
x2 +y 2 = { (x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y 2 ≤ 32 }.
(x, y) ̸= (0, 0). More precisely, we have
( ) The domain of f is the closed disc centered at (0, 0) with radius 3.
(x + y)2
Dom(f ) = Dom (ii) The range of f is given by
x2 + y 2
= Dom( (x + y)2 ) ∩ { (x, y) ∈ Dom( x2 + y 2 ) | x2 + y 2 ̸= 0 } Range(f ) = { f (x, y) ∈ R2 | (x, y) ∈ Dom(f ) }
√
= R ∩ { (x, y) ∈ R | x + y ̸= 0 }
2 2 2 2
= { 9 − x2 − y 2 ∈ R2 | x2 + y 2 ≤ 32 }
= { (x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y 2 ̸= 0 } √
= { 9 − t ∈ R2 | 0 ≤ t ≤ 9 }
= R2 \ {(0, 0)}. √
= { u ∈ R2 | 0 ≤ 9 − u ≤ 9 }
√
(b) To determine the range of f, parameterize the points in Dom(f = { u ∈ R2 | 0 ≤ u ≤ 9 }
√) by polar √ √ √
coordinates. For any (x, y) ∈ Dom(f ) = R2 \ {(0, 0)}, we set r = x2 + y 2 > = { u ∈ R2 | 0 ≤ u ≤ 9 = 3 }
[ ]
0, (x, y) = (r cos θ, r sin θ), and so
= 0, 3 .
2 2
r (cos θ + sin θ)
f (x, y) = f (r cos θ, r sin θ) = The range of f is the closed interval [0, 3].
r2
(√ π )2
= (cos θ + sin θ)2 = 2 sin(θ + ) 3. Sketch the c-level curve in xy-plane of the functions
4
2 π (i) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 if c =, 0, 1, 4, 9
= 2 sin (θ + ),
4 (ii) g(x, y) = 9x2 − 4y 2 if c = −9, −4, 0, 4, 9.
(iii) h(x, y) = xy if c = 2, 0, −2.
where θ ∈ [0, 2π]. It follows that the range of f is given by One can try to use the online program: https://www.geogebra.org/classic/2d
Solution. (i)
Range(f ) = { f (x, y) ∈ R | (x, y) ∈ Dom(f ) }
π 6
= { 2 sin2 (θ + ) ∈ R | θ ∈ [0, 2π] } -
4 
= { 2 sin2 (θ) ∈ R | θ ∈ [0, 2π] }
= { 2t2 ∈ R | t ∈ [−1, 1] }
= { 2u ∈ R | u ∈ [0, 1] }
= [0, 2].

The range of f is [0, 2].

(ii) (iii)
 √
4. Circle the correct name of the level surface 4x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 4? (Read Notes 1) (c) It is a surface of revolution z = 4 − r2 , where r = x2 + y 2 , where r is the
(A) elliptic paraboloid (B) hyperboloid of one sheet distance from the point (x, y, z) to the z-axis. √
(C) hyperboloid of two sheets (D) cone (E) hyperbolic paraboloid (d) It is a surface of revolution of z = 2r where z = ± 4(x2 + y 2 ) = ±2r, where
Answer. Note that r is the distance from the point (x, y, z) to the z-axis.
x2 y2 z2
4x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 4 ⇐⇒ 2 − 2 − 2 = 1.
1 2 2
The level surface is given by
LS4 (4x2 − y 2 − z 2 ) = { (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | 4x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 4 }.

(e) (f)

(e) Observe that 36 = y 2 − 9x2 − 4z 2 = y 2 − (3x)2 − (2z)2 , so it would be better

The level surface is called hyperboloid of two sheets, so the correct answer is D.
to scale the coordinate axes by rewriting (3x, y, 2z) by (x, y, z). Then the new
equation will becomes 36 = y 2 − x2 − z 2 , which is rotational symmetric about the
y-axis.
(f) Similar to (e), one only need to sketch the surface y 2 + x2 − z 2 = 36, which is
rotational symmetric about the z-axis instead.

5. Describe and sketch the level surfaces of the following equations (on the other
side if needed). Read p.880-885.
(a) 3x + 2y + 10z = 20 (b) z = 4x2 + y 2
(c) z = 4 − x − y
2 2
(d) z 2 = 4(x2 + y 2 )
(e) x + y − 9z = 9
2 2 2
(f) y 2 − 9x2 − 4z 2 = 36
One can try to use the online program: https://www.geogebra.org/classic/3d
Solution. (a) Rewrite the equation of the plane (a) in the interception form:
x/(20/3) + y/10 + z/2 = 1, then the plane meets the coordinate axii at the
following points: (20/3, 0, 0), (0, 10, 0), (0, 0, 2). The graph of the plane S is
shown as follows:

(a)
(b) It is a bowl-like surface passing through (0, 0, 0), and stretching up-
ward. The horizontal plane z = k (k > 0) meets the surface at an ellipse.

(b) (c) (d)

Definitions and Worked Examples. 5. Example. Show that the projection into the xy-plane of the intersection of the
plane
1. Definition. Two lines with directions v1 and v2 are said to be parallel, if the
Π : z = 2y and the paraboloid S : z = x2 + y 2 is a circle.
cross product v1 × v2 = 0.
Remark. Recall the projection of R3 onto the xy-plane means that we just ignore
2. Definition. Two planes Π1 , Π2 with normal directions n1 and n2 are said to be the last z-coordinate, more precisely, the projection is given by
parallel, if one of the following conditions holds:
π : R3 → R3 by π(x, y, z) = (x, y, 0).
(i) Π1 ∩ Π2 = ∅, i.e. there is no common intersection point in both planes Π1
and Π2 . Solution. As stated, the plane and the paraboloid S are given by
(ii) the cross product n1 × n2 = 0. Π = { (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | z = 2y }
= { (x, y, 2y) ∈ R3 | no conditions on x, y }, and
x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
3. Definition. A line ℓ : = = is parallel to a plane S = { (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | z = x2 + y 2 }
a b c
Π : Ax + By + Cz = D if one of the following conditions holds: = { (x, y, x2 + y 2 ) ∈ R3 | no conditions on x, y }.
(i) the line ℓ and the plane do not have any intersection point, i.e. ℓ ∩ Π = ∅. For any point P (x, y, z) lying in intersection Π ∩ S, then the real numbers x, y
(ii) direction v = ⟨a, b, c⟩ of ℓ is perpendicular to normal vector n = ⟨A, B, C⟩, and z satisfy both equations:
i.e.
z = 2y and z = x2 + y 2 .
0 = v · n = aA + bB + cC.
4. Example. Let ℓ be the line that is parallel to the planes Π1 : x − y + z = 1 and Hence, by eliminating the common z, one has
Π2 : 2x + y + z = 4 and that passes through (1, 3, −3).
Solution. Let ℓ : x−x 0
= y−y 0
= z−z 0
(in symmetric form) or 2y = z = x2 + y 2 , i.e. x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1.
a b c

r(t) = ⟨x0 + ta, y0 + tb, z0 + tb⟩ = ⟨x0 , y0 , z0 ⟩ + t⟨a, b, c⟩ in parametric form. After the projection onto the xy-plane, i.e. we ignore the information about z,
be the equation of the unknown line ℓ, with direction direction v = ⟨a, b, c⟩. P (x, y, z) is projected to a point P0 (x, y, 0) in xy-plane, subject to condition
As ℓ is parallel to Π1 and Π2 , so we have v is perpendicular to n1 = ⟨1, −1, 1⟩
x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1.
and n2 = ⟨2, , 1, 1⟩, i.e.
0 = v · n1 = ⟨a, b, c⟩ · ⟨1, −1, 1⟩ = a − b + c, The set of all the points P0 coming from projection of P ∈ Π ∩ S is given by
0 = v · n2 = ⟨a, b, c⟩ · ⟨2, 1, 1⟩ = 2a + b + c.
{ (x, y, 0) | x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 }.
In particular, c − b = a, and c + b = −2a. So
2c (c − b) + (c + b) a − 2a a
c = = = = − , and
2 2 2 2
2b −(c − b) + (c + b) −a − 2a 3a
b = = = =− .
2 2 2 2
a 3a a
v = ⟨a, − , − ⟩ = ⟨2, −1, −3⟩.
2 2 2
One can choose a = 2, then v = ⟨2, −1, −3⟩ which gives the direction of ℓ. As
ℓ passes through the point (1, 3, −3), so Hence, the equation of ℓ is given by in
parametric form
r(t) = ⟨1, 3, −3⟩ + t⟨2, −1, −3⟩
= ⟨1 + 2t, 3 − t, −3 − 3t⟩, (t ∈ R).
 √
6. Example. Determine the domain and the range of function f (x, y) = x + y. (ii) For any (x, y) ∈ Dom(f ), we know that (x, y) ̸= (0, 0), one can rewrite (x, y)
Solution. (i) The domain Dom(f ) of f is given by in terms
√ of polar coordinates as follows: (x, y) = (r cos θ, r sin θ), with
√ r = x + y ∈ (0, +∞), and θ ∈ [0, 2π). It follows that
2 2
Dom(f ) = { (x, y) ∈ R2 | x + y makes sense },
i.e. one can evaluate f (x, y) if and only if the following two conditions hold: 2(r cos θ)(r sin θ)
f (x, y) = f (r cos θ, r sin θ) =
(r cos θ)2 + (r sin θ)2
(i) the sum x + y, which is always the case, and
√ 2r2 sin θ cos θ
(ii) the square root x + y of the sum x + y, for this, one requires the condition = = 2 sin θ cos θ = sin(2θ).
r2
x + y ≥ 0 to take the real square root.
We know that sin(θ)| ≤ 1 for any θ ∈ [0, 2π), sin(π/2) = 1 and sin(3π/2) =
Hence, we know that the domain Dom(f ) = { (x, y) ∈ R2 | x + y ≥ 0 }, and one
−1. It follows from the intermediate value theorem that the continuous func-
can presents the domain by the following shaded (unbounded) region including
tion sin(2θ) in θ ∈ R, has a range [−1, 1]. In particular, we have
the red line in xy-plane.
Range(f ) = { f (r cos θ, r sin θ) ∈ R | θ ∈ [0, 2π) }
= { sin(2θ) ∈ R | θ ∈ [0, 2π) }
= [−1, 1].

2x2 y
8. Determine (i) domain and (ii) range of f (x, y) = .
x4 + y 2
(ii) Let Range(f ) be the range of f, i.e Solution. Note that x4 ≥ 0 and y 2 ≥ 0, so x4 + y 2 ≥ 0.
Range(f ) = { f (x, y) ∈ R | (x, y) ∈ Dom(f ) } (i) As both the denominator and numerator are polynomial, so the domain
√ ∗
= { x + y | (x, y) ∈ R2 , and x + y ≥ 0 } = [0, +∞). Dom(f ) of f is just { (x, y) | x4 + y 2 ̸= 0 } = R2 \ {(0, 0)}.
The last equality (*) follows from the following: (ii) By completing the square (or AM-GM inequality), we have

(i) For any non-negative t ∈ [0, +∞), one can see that 2x2 y = x4 + y 2 − (x2 − y)2 ≤ x4 + y 2 ,
√ √
t = t2 = (t2 + 0) = f (t2 , 0) ∈ Range(f ), and equality holds if and only if x2 = y. Similarly,
so t ∈ Range(f ), and [0, +∞) ⊆ Range(f ).
2x2 y = −x4 − y 2 + (x2 + y)2 ≥ −x4 − y 2 ,
(ii) For any (x, y) ∈ Dom(f ), we have x + y ≥ 0, so
√ and equality holds if and only if −x2 = y.
f (x, y) = x + y ≥ 0, i.e. f (x, y) ∈ [0, +∞).
So for any (x, y) ∈ Dom(f ), i.e. (x, y) ̸= (0, 0) we have
Then Dom(f ) ⊂ [0, +∞).
|2x2 y| x4 + y 2
2xy |f (x, y)| = ≤ = 1,
7. Determine (i) the domain and (ii) the range of f (x, y) = 2 . x4 + y 2 x4 + y 2
x + y2
Solution. Note that the domain of polynomial in x and y is R2 . and equality holds for y = ±x2 . So the Range(f ) ⊂ [−1, 1].
Conversely, for any ℓ ∈ [−1, 1] = Range(sin), one can find s ∈ [0, π) so that
(i) Then we have
sin s = ℓ, and set θ = s/2. It follows from
Dom( f ) = Dom( 2xy ) ∩ { (x, y) ∈ Dom( x2 + y 2 ) | x2 + y 2 ̸= 0 }
2 tan θ 2 tan θ
= { (x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y 2 ̸= 0 } f (1, tan θ) = = = 2 sin θ cos θ = sin(2θ) = sin s = ℓ,
1 + tan2 θ sec2 θ
= R2 \ {(0, 0)},
that Range(f ) = [−1, 1].
i.e. it is the xy-plane with origin (0, 0) removed.