Homework 3 of Math 2000 Solution of Homework 3

Hand in to your TA in before 5:00 pm on Wed 18/09/2019.

Read class notes and examples before you start.
Chain Rule Formula. Let w(x, y) = g( f (x, y) ) and g be a function of 2 variables
1. Find (i) fx (x, y), fy (x, y), fxx (x, y), (ii)fxy (x, y) and fyx (x, y).
and 1 variable respectively, then we have 2y √
(a) f (x, y) = . (b) f (x, y) = ln 1 + x2 − tan−1 (xy).
∂w ∂f y + cos x
= g ′ ( f (x, y) ) · (x, y) (1) Solution. (a)
∂x ∂x
∂w ∂f
= g ′ ( f (x, y) ) · (x, y) (2). ( )
∂y ∂y ∂ 2y 2y ∂ 2y sin x
fx (x, y) = =− · (y + cos x) =
Formula. The tangent plane Π of Let S = { ( x, y, f (x, y) ) ∈ R3 | (x, y) ∈ Dom(f ) } ∂x y + cos x (y + cos x)2 ∂x (y + cos x)2
( )
be the graph surface of the function z = f (x, y) at P (a, b, c) where c = f (a, b) ) is ∂ 2y 2(y + cos x) − (2y)(1) 2 cos x
∂f ∂f fy (x, y) = = = ;
given by z = f (a, b) + (a, b) · (x − a) + (a, b) · (y − b). ∂y y + cos x (y + cos x)2 (y + cos x)2
∂x ∂x ( )
∂ ∂ 2y sin x
fxx (x, y) = (fx (x, y)) =
1. Find (i) fx (x, y), fy (x, y), fxx (x, y), (ii)fxy (x, y) and fyx (x, y). ∂x ∂x (y + cos x)2
2y √
(a) f (x, y) = . (b) f (x, y) = ln 1 + x2 − tan−1 (xy). 2y cos x · (y + cos x)2 − 2y cos x · 2(y + cos x)(− sin x)
y + cos x =
d 1 du d 1 du (y + cos x)4
Hint. (i) (ln u) = · ; (ii) (tan−1 u) = 2
· ; 2 2
2y cos x + 2y cos x + 4y cos x sin x
dx u dx dx 1 + u dx = ;
du
·v−u· dv
(y + cos x)3
d
(iii) dx (u · v) = du
dx · v + u · dx ;
dv d u
(iv) dx ( v ) = dx ( dv )2 dx . ( )
dx
∂ ∂ 2 cos x
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane and normal line of the graph of the function fyy (x, y) = (fy (x, y)) =
∂y ∂y (y + cos x)2
2
z(x, y) = 2 at (1, 1, 1). 1 ∂
x + y2 = 2 cos x · (−2) (y + cos x)
(y + cos x)3 ∂y
23 2 1 3 4 cos x sin x
3. Find all points (x, y) on the graph surface z = f (x, y) = y + y − x2 at = .
32 24 (y + cos x)3
which the tangent plane is horizontal. ( ) ( )
∂ ∂ 2y sin x ∂ y
4. Let u(x, y, z) = √ 1
. Show that u satisfies the following equation fxy (x, y) =
∂y
(fx (x, y)) =
∂y (y + cos x)2
= 2 sin x
∂y (y + cos x)2
x2 +y 2 +z 2

∂2u ∂2u ∂2u 1(y + cos x)2 − y · 2(y + cos x) · 1

+ 2 + 2 = 0. = 2 sin x ·
∂x2 ∂y ∂y (y + cos x)4
(y + cos x) − 2y (2 sin x cos
5. Let z(x, y) = x2 y + sin(xy), find all the partial derivatives: = 2 sin x · 3
= .
(y + cos x) (y + cos x)3
zx (x, y), zy (x, y), zxx (x, y), zyy (x, y), zxy (x, y) and zyx (x, y). ( )
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ 2 cos x
Notations. Recall that zxy (x, y) = ( zx (x, y) ) and zyx (x, y) = ( zy (x, y) ). fyx (x, y) = (fy (x, y)) =
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂x (y + cos x)2
( )
− sin x · (y + cos x)2 − cos x · 2(y + cos x)(− sin x)
∂2z ∂2z = 2
6. If z = f (x, y) = (x + y) sec(xy), prove that = . (y + cos x)4
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
Remarks. (i) This is(a problem in the −2 sin x · (y + cos x) + 4 sin x cos x
) first2 test in 2018. ( ) =
∂2f ∂ ∂ ∂ f ∂ ∂ (y + cos x)3
(ii) (x, y) = ( f (x, z) ) (x, y) = ( f (x, z) ) .
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y∂x ∂y ∂x 2 sin x cos x − 2y sin x
(iii) https://www.symbolab.com/solver/calculus-calculator/ =
(y + cos x)3
 √ 1 23 2 1 3
(b) As f (x, y) = ln 1 + x2 − tan−1 (xy) = ln(1 + x2 ) + tan−1 (xy), we have 3. Find all points (x, y) on the graph surface z = f (x, y) = y + y − x2 at
2 32 24
( ) which the tangent plane is horizontal.
∂ 1 2x 1 ∂ Solution. The tangent plane of the graph at (a, b, f (a, b)) is horizontal implies
fx (x, y) = ln(1 + x2 ) + tan−1 (xy) = + (xy)
∂x 2 2(1 + x2 ) 1 + (xy)2 ∂x its normal direction is parallel to (0, 0, 1), i.e. ∇f (a, b) = (0, 0). It follows that
x y
= + ; 23 b2 b
1 + x2 1 + x2 y 2 0 = fx (a, b) = −2a
( ) and 0 = fy (a, b) =
16
b+
8
=
16
(23 + 2b).
∂ 1 x
fy (x, y) = ln(1 + x2 ) + tan−1 (xy) = ; ( )
∂y 2 1 + x2 y 2 Then (a, b) = (0, 0) and 0, − 23
( ) 2 .
∂ ∂ x y
fxx (x, y) =
∂x
(fx (x, y)) =
∂x 1 + x2
+
1 + x2 y 2 4. Let u(x, y, z) = √ 1
. Show that u satisfies the following equation
x2 +y 2 +z 2
1(1 + x2 ) − x(2x) 1 − x2 ∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
= 2 2
= ; + 2 + 2 = 0.
(1 + x ) (1 + x2 )2 ∂x2 ∂y ∂y
( )
∂ ∂ x x(x2 · 2y) 2x3 y
fyy (x, y) = (fy (x, y)) = =− =− ;
∂y ∂y 1 + x y 2 2 2
(1 + x y ) 2 2 (1 + x2 y 2 )2 Solution. By using chain rule, we have
( ) ( )
∂ ∂ x y ∂ y ( )
fxy (x, y) = (fx (x, y)) = + = ∂ 1 ∂ 2
(x + y 2 + z 2 )− 2
1
∂y ∂y 1 + x2 1 + x2 y 2 ∂y 1 + x2 y 2 ux (x, y, z) = √ =
∂x 2
x +y +z2 2 ∂x
1(1 + x2 y 2 ) − y(x2 · 2y) 1 − x2 y 2
= 2 2 2
= ; 1 ∂
(1 + x y ) (1 + x2 y 2 )2 = − · (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 −1 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
1

( ) 2 ∂x
∂ ∂ x
fyx (x, y) = (fy (x, y)) = = −x · (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 ;
3

∂x ∂x 1 + x2 y 2
1(1 + x2 y 2 ) − x(y 2 · 2x) 1 − x2 y 2 ∂ ( )
−x · (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2
3

= = . ux (x, y, z) =
2
(1 + x y ) 2 2 (1 + x2 y 2 )2 ∂x
3
= −(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 − x · (− )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 −1 · (2x)
3 3

2
5 ( )
2. Find an equation of the tangent plane and normal line of the graph of the function = −(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) − 3x2
2 5 ( )
z(x, y) = 2 at (1, 1, 1). = −(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 −2x2 + y 2 + z 2
x + y2
∂z 2 ∂ 2 4x
Solution. (x, y) = − 2 · (x + y 2 ) = − 2 , and
∂x (x + y 2 )2 ∂x (x + y 2 )2
∂z 2 ∂ 2 4y Similarly, we have
(x, y) = − 2 · (x + y 2 ) = − 2 .
∂y (x + y 2 )2 ∂y (x + y 2 )2 −5 ( )
∂z uxx (x, y, z) = −(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 −2x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,
At the point (x, y) = (1, 1), one has (1, 1) = −1 and ∂y ∂z
(1, 1) = −1. −5 ( 2 )
∂x uyy (x, y, z) = −(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 x − 2y 2 + z 2 ,
The equation of the tangent plane to the graph at point (1, 1, 1) is given by −5 ( 2 )
uzz (x, y, z) = −(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 x + y 2 − 2z 2 .
z = 1 + (−1)(x − 1) + (−1)(y − 1) = 3 − x − y, i.e. x + y + z = 3.
Then we have

uxx (x, y, z) + uyy (x, y, z) + uzz (x, y, z)

−5 ( )
= −(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (−2x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + (x2 − 2y 2 + z 2 ) + (x2 + y 2 − 2z 2 )
= 0.
5. Let z(x, y) = x2 y + sin(xy), find all the partial derivatives: ∂2z ∂2z
6. If z = f (x, y) = (x + y) sec(xy), prove that = .
zx (x, y), zy (x, y), zxx (x, y), zyy (x, y), zxy (x, y) and zyx (x, y). ∂x∂y ∂y∂x
∂ ∂ Remarks. (i) This is(a problem in the ) first2 test in 2018. ( )
Notations. Recall that zxy (x, y) = ( zx (x, y) ) and zyx (x, y) = ( zy (x, y) ). ∂2f ∂ ∂ ∂ f ∂ ∂
∂y ∂x (ii) (x, y) = ( f (x, z) ) (x, y) = ( f (x, z) ) .
Solution. ∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y∂x ∂y ∂x
∂ 2
(iii) https://www.symbolab.com/solver/calculus-calculator/
(a) zx (x, y) = ∂x ( x y + sin(xy) ) = 2xy + y cos(xy); Solution. We evaluate the first derivatives:
∂ 2
(b) zy (x, y) = ∂y ( x y + sin(xy) ) = x2 + x cos(xy);
( )
∂z ∂ 1
∂x ( 2xy + y cos(xy) ) = 2y − y sin(xy);
∂ ∂ 2
(c) zxx (x, y) = ∂x ( zx (x, y) ) = = fx (x, y) = (x + y)x sec(xy) + (x + y)
∂x ∂x cos(xy)
∂y ( x + x cos(xy) ) = −x sin(xy);
∂ ∂ 2 2
(d) zyy (x, y) = ∂y ( zy (x, y) ) =
1 ∂
(e) zxy (x, y) = ∂ ∂
= 2x + cos(xy) − xy sin(xy); = sec(xy) + (x + y) · (− 2 ) (cos(xy))
∂y ( zx (x, y) ) = ∂y ( 2xy + y cos(xy) ) cos (xy) ∂x
(f) zyx (x, y) = ∂ ∂ 2
+ x cos(xy) ) = 2x + cos(xy) − xy sin(xy). − sin(xy) · y
∂x ( zy (x, y) ) = ∂x ( x = sec(xy) + (x + y) · (− )
cos2 (xy)
= sec(xy) + (xy + y 2 ) sec(xy) tan(xy);
( )
∂z ∂ 1
= fy (x, y) = (x + y)y sec(xy) + (x + y)
∂y ∂y cos(xy)
1
∂
= sec(xy) + (x + y) · (− )
(cos(xy))
cos2 (xy)
∂y
− sin(xy) · x
= sec(xy) + (x + y) · (− )
cos2 (xy)
= sec(xy) + (x2 + xy) sec(xy) tan(xy).

( )
∂2z ∂ ∂z ∂ ( )
= = sec(xy) + (xy + y 2 ) sec(xy) tan(xy)
∂y∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
= x sec(xy) tan(xy) + (xy + y 2 )y sec(xy) tan(xy)
+(xy + y 2 )(sec(xy))y tan(xy) + (xy + y 2 ) sec(xy)(tan(xy))y
= x sec(xy) tan(xy) + (x + 2y) sec(xy) tan(xy)
+(xy + y 2 ) sec(xy) tan(xy)x · tan(xy) + (xy + y 2 ) sec(xy) sec2 (xy)x
( )
= 2(x + y) sec(xy) tan(xy) + (x2 y + xy 2 ) sec(xy) tan2 (xy) + sec2 (xy) ;
( )
∂2z ∂ ∂z ∂ ( )
= = sec(xy) + (x2 + xy) sec(xy) tan(xy)
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
= y sec(xy) tan(xy) + (x2 + xy)x sec(xy) tan(xy)
+(x2 + xy)(sec(xy))x tan(xy) + (x2 + xy) sec(xy)(tan(xy))x
= y sec(xy) tan(xy) + (2x + y) sec(xy) tan(xy)
+(x2 + xy) sec(xy) tan(xy)y · tan(xy) + (x2 + xy) sec(xy) sec2 (xy)y
( )
= 2(x + y) sec(xy) tan(xy) + (x2 y + xy 2 ) sec(xy) tan2 (xy) + sec2 (xy) .