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welcome to the first lecture in the

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digital electronics course and this
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course is also called as digital logic
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or digital logic and designing in
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various colleges the name is not
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important the name of the subject is not
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important but the content is and the
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content is going to be same almost same
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in all of this courses so you can start
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from here we will first see what is a
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signal then we will see what is an
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analog signal a discrete-time signal and
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then we will see what is a digital
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signal so that we can start our digital
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electronics course so let's move to the
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signal what it is a signal is a function
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that represents the variation of a
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physical quantity with respect to any
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parameter this any parameter is the
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independent quantity and it is generally
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time or distance so the function is
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definitely dependent upon this
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independent quantity and I hope you
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already know about the function from
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your mathematics course but we will also
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see one example that will clear these
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things more so let's say my function is
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f and as it is dependent upon the
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independent quantity and I will say my
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independent quantities X and then I will
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write it as F X this shows that this
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function is dependent on the X and let's
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say it is equal to minus of a X square
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plus BX plus C now this is my function
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and I will try to implement this
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function in a daily life example for
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this I will take a boy let's have a boy
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and this boy will do a walk for us he
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will go to a particular place and
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measure the temperature from morning
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9:00 a.m. to the evening 9:00 p.m. so
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he's having his thermometer he will
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stand there and he will measure the
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temperature in every one minute so I can
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say he will have a data at the end of
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the day from 9:00 a.m.
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then 901 902 like at 9 a.m. he's having
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27 degrees Celsius the 901 is having
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27.5 degree Celsius in the same way he
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will have the different temperature for
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different time tillie and 9 p.m. so this
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is his task and he will have a data he
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will have a list of the temperatures for
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a different time now what we can do with
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this information we can plot it so let's
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try to plot it and you already know that
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this x-axis we use for the independent
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quantity and this y-axis we use for the
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dependent quantity and in this case the
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independent quantity is time definitely
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the time is independent I will represent
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it by small t and this axis will
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represent my temperature T capital T is
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my temperature and as it is dependent on
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the time I will write T here now we can
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plot this values let's say our origin is
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6 a.m. and this point is 11 p.m. this is
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a 9 a.m. and this one here is 9 p.m. so
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it will just show the temperature for
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the different times and let's say it
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comes like this and then we can join
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these points and we will have our
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function like this so this particular
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function is the downward parabola and it
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is having the equation like minus of a
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t-square plus BT plus C this minus of a
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shows that we will have a downward
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parabola and there is one condition for
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that this a must be greater than zero if
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this a is equal to zero we will have a
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straight line because T will be equal to
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BT plus C this is the equation of a
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straight line y
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equals to MX plus C the C is the
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intercept and if this a is less than
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zero we will have the upward parabola
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the upward para bola so this is a little
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bit about the functions you have already
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learned these things in your mathematics
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back in the 11th standard so we'll not
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go much into that and finally you can
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have your signal
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this one this function is your signal
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you will have the values of the
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temperature for the different time and
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that is what the signal you will have a
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pattern that will tell you how the
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temperature has been changing from 9
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a.m. to 9 p.m. so this is what you have
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to remember about the signals now I will
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narrow down this study of this signal
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and I will talk especially about the
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electrical and electronics and in
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electrical and electronics usually the
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signal is the variation of the
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electrical quantity generally current or
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voltage over time so it's important to
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write this thing and let's write it down
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in electrical and electronics usually
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usually signal is variation you can see
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here we are having the variation of the
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temperature with time in the same way we
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have the variation of the electrical
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quantity and this electrical quantity is
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generally generally current or voltage
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and what is the independent quantity in
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this case the independent quantities
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time so this variation of electrical
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quantity generally current or voltage is
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with time so this is something you have
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to keep in your mind and there is one
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very important point that you must know
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if the current or the voltage remains
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the same for different time then it is
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not a signal it is a direct to volume
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for example if I talk about the current
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the current and if current is
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same for the different time then it is
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then it is
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direct-current it is not a signal it is
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a direct current and we can say di the
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small change in the current is equal to
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zero and the current is not changing and
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you can plot it simply like this the
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current at T one let's say this is T one
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is I naught and current at T two is also
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I naught so the current is not changing
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it is a direct value and does it is not
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a signal signal must wear eye width and
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the independent quantity and let's talk
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about the transducers little bit so the
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transducers are the device which is used
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to convert the non electrical signal to
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an electrical signal and the reverse
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transducer is the device that is used to
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convert the electrical signal to the non
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electrical one and let's see one example
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for it if you are singing a song you
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require mic this one is the mic okay and
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you are singing near to it so that your
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sound is converted to the electrical
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energy this sound creates some vibration
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and that vibration is converted into the
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electrical pulses and that electrical
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pulses is amplified there is a device
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that we call as the amplifier because
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definitely it is required to amplify the
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signal so that it can be converted and
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interpreted oh well so we have a
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amplifier and once this amplifier is
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there it will amplify and then you have
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a speaker the speaker is there and then
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again the sound energy is given back so
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sound energy is given in it is converted
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to the electrical energy it is processed
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well and then again it is given back as
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this sound energy by the means of this
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speaker so this is how the signal works
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and it is a very small explanation for
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this signal there are so many hundreds
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and thousands of types of signal
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available to us and we have just saw one
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example for the temperature now in the
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next presentation we will see what is
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the analog signal and the discrete-time
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signal then finally we can have our
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digital signal so this is all for
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this presentation see you in the next
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one