surface chemistry deals with phenomena that occur at the surfaces or interfaces, Many imforts phenomena, noticeable amongst these being corrosion, clecttode processes, heterogencous catalysis, dissolution and crystallization occur at interfaces. The subject of surface chemistry finds many applications in industy, analytical work and datly life situations. In this Unit, you will be studying some important features of Surface chemistry such as adsorption, catalysis and colloids including emalsions and ges ‘The substance, which secunulates at the surfaces termed advorbate sand the material on the surface of which the adsorption takes place fa Silled adsorbent () Prodtet (0) Gas masks (i) Conteol of hui Gv) Removal of cote () Heterogeneous (0) Separation of inert gases (vi) In curing diseases (Git) Froth fleatation process (Gx) Adsorption indies pcieamaerec ec surface on which itis adsorbed is called desorpti ing an adsorbed substance from a Inadsorption, the substance is concentrated only atthe surface and does ‘not penetrate through the surface to the bulk of the adsorbent. while in absorption, the substance is uniformly distabuted throughout the bulk ‘tthe solid SN nice cZsieminmi vom nines ‘esponsible for attracting the adsorbate particles on its surface, The fextont of adsorption increases with the inerease of surface area por unit ‘mass of the adsorbent at piven temperature and pressure 2 During adsorption, Al =-ve. aS —-ve. For ' process io be spontaneous, AGC AI TAS) must be negative. AG can be negative ifAH > TAS, Which happen erature. As adsorption procecds AH ‘becomes las and les negative ultimately Ait becomes equal to-TAS omes zero At this state equilibrium is attained, ‘chemical bond formation: ot specific highly specific reversible iireversible ‘More easily iquefiable gases are Gases which can react with The adsorbed read adsorbent show chemisorption, ferall= 20-40 EF mat ‘Aeterna = 80-240 KI mot ‘Geeurs at Low iemperatur, tcereases with increase of High temperature is avourable, Graph ofthe extent of adsomption ve temperature ata given pressure ts called adsorption bar Substances, which accelerate the rate ofa chemical reaction and themselves remain chemically and quantitatively tinchaniged after the reaction. are known as catalysts, and the senomscnon is known as exislyss Promoters are substances that enhance the activity of aca poisons decrease the activity ofa catalyst. For example, in Haber's Process for manufacture of smanceie, Mo act asa promoter for Fe— Cait nd CO acs as prvon AGARAESRNORNEREANAD Wc the reactants and catalyst are i the same phase the process said tobe homogencous catalysis Example! Hydrolysis of sugar is catalysed by 11" tons furnished by tse" ‘Heterogenousiental¥sss The catalstic process in which the reactants and the catalyst are in diferent phases known as Mirogenation of vegetable oils i the presence of finely Duttuson of reactants to the suttace of the catalyst (Gi) Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface ofthe catalyst, {Git Occurrence of chemical reaction on the catalysts surface {through formation ofan intermediate (Gy) Desorption of reaction products from the catalyst sur jon products away from the catalysts surfac ‘of the catalyst to enhance the rate of a chemical ‘ofthe catalyst ‘ofa catalyst ss ability to direct a the abil reaction is called the ati “The select temperature Aemperature, reaction to veld a particular product. ‘No appreiaieasivation seray_ Migh activation emery 00g St) "> UB HOW. results into TtimoTed ‘Results into unimolecular ayer ||! C6 = ade Ss cxvomg layers an co) «Hy CHOY The catalytic reaction that depends upon the pore structure ofthe catalyst and the size ofthe reactant and replaced by aluminium atoms giving AI-O-St framework. The lace in zeolites depend upon the size and shape of and produet molecules as well as upon the pores and cavities Of the zeolites. They are found in nature as well as synthesized for ‘catalytic selectivity. Zeolites are being very widely used as catalysts in petrochemical industries for eracking of hydrocarbons and. omertzation. An important zeolite catalyst sed in the petroleum lusry is ZSM-5. converts alcohols directly into gasoline (petrol) bby dehydrating them to pive mixture of hydrocarbons. ‘are protein molecules. They catalyze metabolic reactions, aking place in cells of plants & animals” The enzymes ae, thus, termed as ‘biochemical eatalysts and the phenomenon ts known as Diochemieal catalyeis Example: Inversion of cane sugar: The invertase enzyme converts ‘cane sugar into glucose and fructose[ RBMBRERE A coifoid sa Reterogencous system m which ane substance ix dispersed (dispersed phase) ax very Tine particles another wiBHAnCe led dispersion medium. The range of diameters of particles of dispersed phase is 1 -1000 nm, 1) Lyophulic colloids (Gi) Lyophobic colloids AWWW) son oes a 7% ‘The aggregated particles thus formed are called micelles, These ae alo known as associated colloids. The formation of micelles takes place only ‘ove a partieular temperature called Kraft temperature (Tk) and above a particular concentration called eritieal micelle concentration (CMC), ‘On dilation, these gollouds rovert back to individual ions 10585 PE sped «0 DUS —D- Sho + 3,0 2 Ak SHO + SHO —BME + ae» COO + ecko sho 2+ Fao a «30 Peptization may be defined as the process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with dispersion medium in the presence ofa small amount of electrolyte. The electolyte used for this purpose is called peptlzing agent The process used for reducing the amoeat of mparitis to a requisite miniavum ts known purification of colloidal solution, (GIDIISSIREA is process of removing x dissolved substance from a colloidal solution by means of diffusion through a suitable membrane Since particles (toms or smaller molecules) i «tre solution can pans Uwough animal membrane or parchment paper or cellophane act but not the colloidal particles, the membrane can he wed for dialysis. The apparats une for this purpose sealed dialyser (i) Eleetro-diatysiss Ihe Urafitration is the process of separating the colloidal particles from the solvent and soluble solutes present in the colloidal solution by specially prepared filters, which are permeable t all substances except the colloidal particles. Colloidal particles can passthrough ‘ordinary filter paper because the pores are too large. However the pores of filter paper ean be reduced in size by impregnating with colledion ‘Solution to stop the flow of colloidal particles. The usual collodion is a 4% solution of nitrocellulose in a mixture of alcohol and ether. Am ult filter paper may be prepared by soaking the iter papcr i a collodion solution, hardening by formaldehyde and then Finally dying i ysis in the presence of electrical ficld i called electrodialysis. ‘Properties of Colloidal Solutions: () Colligatve properties: (i) Tyndall effect: (ji) Colour: (jv) Brownian movement! (v) Charge on colloidal particles The potential diference between the fixed layer andthe diffused layer of opposite charges Is called the electro kinetie potential or zeta potential. (si) Electrophoresis: The movement of colloidal paticles under an applied electric potential is called eleewophotess {oi} Coagulation or precipitation This can be carried out in the following ways: i) Byelectrophoresis: (i) By mixing two oppositely charged sols: (i) BY boiling” (iv) By persistent dialysis: (v)By addition of electrolytes The 1on responsible for neutralization of charge on the particles i called the coagulating ion. A negative ion causes the prcipitation of positively ‘charged Sol and vice versa Greater the valence ofthe flocculting ion added: the sreatt is its power to cause precipitation. In the coagulation of a Positive sol the Nocculating power {slnthe order: [Fe(CN)I* ~ PO. > SO CHAAMALIAAPOWERSEAIOAE The minimum concentration of an elevtrolyte in mill hours is called coagulating value. The smaller the quantity needed, the higher will be the coal ~cr tion of a st in two. oles per litre required to eause precip ing power ofan ion, Lyophilic sols are more stable than Iyophobic sols. This is due to the fact that Iyophili colloidal particles are covered by a ‘heath ofthe liquid in which they are dispersed Lyophilic colloids are capable of protecting Iyophabic colloids. When a lyophilie sols added t9 the lyophobic sl, the Iyophilic particles form a layer around lyophobic particles and thus protect the latter from electrolytes. Lyophilic et tied for this porpose ae called protective colloids These ae liquid-iguid colloidal systems, eth dispersion of finely divided droplets in another liquid (G) Oi dispersed in water (QW type) and (8) Water dispersed in ol (W/O type) ( Blue colour ofthe sky” (i) Fog, mist and rain (iti) Food articles (iv) Blood (¥) Soils (i) Formation of delta ds (4) Electrical precipitation of smoke- Cottrell precipitator _(i)Purification of drinking water (ii) Medicines Gv) Tanning (9) Cleansing action of soups and detergents" (i) Photographic plates and films (vit) Rubber industry (ili) Industrial products