Superior

Posterior

Superior Cranial H 0
Dorsal surface I 0
Palmar surface J 0
Plantar surface K 0
Diaphragm a 0

Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity L 0
Cranial cavity Ll 0
Posterior Anterior
Spinal cavity L2 0
Ventral cavity M 0
Thoracic cavity Ml 0
Pericardia! cavity M2 0
Anatomical position A 0 Abdominal cavity M3 0
Midline B 0 Pelvic cavity M4 0
Lateral c 0
Medial D 0 Planes
Proximal E 0 Transverse plane Nl 0
Distal F 0 Frontal plane N2 0
Caudal G 0 Sagittal plane N3 0

3
 E

M-=~~
F------,r:./---Q,tC/::-:--

Cell membrane A 0 Centrioles Fl 0 Endoplasmic reticulum J 0

Cytosol (Cytoplasm} B 0 Ribosomes G 0 RoughER Jl 0
Cytoskeleton c 0 Mitochondrion H 0 SmoothER J2 0
Microvilli D 0 Nucleus 0 Golgi body K 0
Cilia E 0 Nucleolus ,, 0 Lysosome L 0
Centrosome F 0 Nucleoplasm 12 0 Peroxisome M 0

5
 I,
• 4u' i :14 ! t I ; t$1 IJf)

B
c

D E

F G

Basement membrane A 0 Stratified squamous epithelium F 0

Simple squamous epithelium B 0 Stratified columnar epithelium G 0
Simple cuboidal epithelium c 0 Stratified cuboidal epithelium H 0
Simple columnar epithelium D 0 Transitional epithelium 0
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium E 0

7
G A
K

M F
D

Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissues N

Nerve Cell 0

Elastic fibers A 0 Mast cell 0 Smooth muscle N3 0

Reticular fibers B 0 Wandering macrophage J 0 Nucleus N4 0
Collagen fibers c 0 Sessile macrophage K 0 Striations Ns 0
Mesenchymal cell D 0 Lymphocyte L 0 Nerve cell 0 0
Fat cells E 0 Red blood cells M 0 Cell body 01 0
Fibroblast F 0 Muscle tissue N 0 Axon 02 0
Melanocyte G 0 Striated muscle Nl 0 Dendrites 03 0
Plasma cell H 0 Cardiac muscle N2 0

9
 Structural Types *

Simple Exocrine Glands A

Compound Exocrine
Glands B

Functional Types *

c D E

c,

Simple exocrine glands A 0 Tubular compound gland Bl 0 Secretion Dl 0

Tubular Al 0 Alveolar compound gland B2 0 Secretory cell D2 0
Coiled A2 0 Tubuloalveolar glands B3 0 Apocrine gland E 0
Branched A3 0 Holocrine gland c 0 Cell port El 0
Simple alveolar glands A4 0 Discharged cell cl 0 Parent cell E2 0
Branched alveolar glands As 0 Developing cell c2 0
Compound exocrine glands B 0 Merocrine gland D 0

11
the INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
 • 1:11 ':' i t1'1M a:' 1£3 a ':'''':'·1·' a~1 wJ, c4 r-.

E G,
Epidermis A 0
Stratum corneum Al 0
Stratum lucidum A2 0
Stratum granulosum A3 0
Stratum spinosum A4 0
Stratum basale As 0
Dermis B 0
Hypodermis c 0
Sebaceous glands D 0
Sweat glands E 0
Sweat gland ducts El 0 Root sheath F3 0
Sweat gland pores E2 0 Bulb F4 0 Meissner's corpuscle G2 0
Hair F 0 Papilla Fs 0 Artery H 0
Hair shaft Fl 0 Errector pilius F6 0 Vein I 0
Root F2 0 Pacinian corpuscle Gl 0 Fat tissue J 0

15
 C3: fr1 ~ i j ;I i: I ;1 4:,.

the SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Cranium A 0
Face B 0
Mandible c 0
Pectoral girdle D 0
Clavicle o, 0
Scapula D2 0
o, Sternum El 0
Ribs E2 0
Humerus Fl 0
Radius F2 0
Ulna F3 0
E, Carpals F4 0
Metacarpals Fs 0
E2 Phalanges 0
F6
Vertebral column G 0
Pelvic girdle H
Femur ,, 0
0
K Patella 12 0
Tibia 13 0
Fibula 14 0
~- Tarsals Is 0
Metatarsals 16 0
Phalanges 17 0
Flat bone J 0
Irregular bone K 0
Sesamoid bone L 0
Long bone M 0
Short bone N 0

19
 •., :,,., (·1;$[1·] ,,, ~.] :ttJ ~t·] :'•

-1---Hf--- K

Diaphysis A 0 Articular cartilage E 0 Spongy bone J 0

Proximal epiphysis B 0 Periosteum F 0 Trabeculae Jl 0
Distal epiphysis c 0 Sharpey's fibers G 0 Medullary cavity K 0
D 0 Nutrient arteries H 0 Endosteum L 0
Metaphysis
Compact bone 0 Marrow M 0
Epiphyseal plate Dl 0
21
 4 i: I~3 :1 1l! ~ i:i i3iJ ~ ~·~ 11 1l;J l·!31~ Ii'a'l ~
Occipital bone A 0
Parietal bone B 0
Superior temporal line Bl 0
Inferior temporal line B2 0
Frontal bone c 0
Supraorbital foramen cl 0
Glabella c2 0
Temporal bones D 0 c
Zygomatic process Dl 0
Zygomatic arch D1, J1 0
External auditory meatus 0
M
D2
Mastoid process D3 0 D
Styloid process D4 0
Sphenoid bone E 0 0
Ethmoid bone F 0
Maxilla G 0
Infraorbital foramen Gl 0

Lateral view
B

Q
N
Nasal bones H 0
Vomer bone I 0
Zygomatic bone J 0
Temporal process Jl 0
Zygomatical facial foramen J2 0
J2 Lacrimal bone K 0
Squamosal suture M 0
Mandible N 0
Mental foramen Nl 0
Body N2 0
Ramus N3 0
Condylar process N4 0
Coronoid process N5 0
Lambdoidal suture 0 0
Coronal suture Q 0
Anterior view
Occipital mastoidal suture R 0
Nasal concha s 0

23
 Occipital bone A 0
Occipital condyles Al 0
External occipital protuberance A2 0
Foramen magnum A3 0
lateral foramen A4 0
Condyloid fossa As 0
Parietal bones B

Superior view
A
Ll

Posterior view
Frontal bone c 0
Temporal bone D 0
Zygomatic process Dl 0
External auditory meatus D2 0
Mastoid process D3 0
Styloid process D4 0
Stylomastoid foramen Ds 0
Mandibular fossa D6 0
Carotid foramen D7 0 D2 D3
Sphenoid bone E 0
Foramen ovale El 0
Maxilla G 0 R
Nasal bones H 0
Vomer bone 0
Zygomatic bone J 0 Inferior view
Palatine bones l 0
Occipitomastoidal foramen ll 0
Squamosal suture M 0
Mandible N 0
lambdoidal suture 0 0
Sagittal suture p 0
Coronal suture Q 0
Occipitomastoidal suture R 0
25
 f4 i: llj :JIJ! !'J I: ii4;1: t;1 (11J jl ls13)

c
F
Occipital bone A 0
Foramen magnum A3 0
E Jugular foramen A4 0
Hypoglossal foramen A6 0
Posterior cranial fossa A7 0
Basioccipital band Aa 0
Parietal bone B 0
Frontal bone C 0
Frontal sinus C3 0
Temporal bone D 0
Styloid process D4 0
Internal acoustic meatus Da 0
Sphenoid bone E 0
Foramen ovale E1 0

Superior view
of skull floor
A

Sella turcica E2 0
Foramen rotundum E3 0
Foramen spinosum E4 0
Sphenoidal sinus E5 0
Foramen lacerum E6 0
Greater wings E7 0
Lesser wings Ea o
Ethmoid bone F 0
Crista galli F1 0
Cribriform plates F2 0
Perpendicular plate F3 0
Maxilla G 0
Nasal bone H 0
Vomer bone 0
Palatine bone L 0
Squamosal suture M 0
Mandible N 0 L
Lambdoidal suture 0 0

27
 Manubrium A 0
Jugular notch A1 0
Clavicular notch A2 0
Body B 0
Sternal angle B1 0
Xiphoid process c 0
Rib 0 0
True ribs 01 0
False ribs 02 0
Vertebrochondral ribs 03 0
Floating ribs 04 0
Concave angle o5 o
Shaft 06 0 o,
Demifacet 07 0
Capitulum o8 o E
Neck 09 0

F
D4Antenor
.. vtew
11

Rib Articulation D1 o

Anterior view

Tubercle 010 0
Costal cartilages E 0
Vertebrae F 0
Hyoid bone G 0
The Hyoid Bone G
Hyoid bone body Gl 0 G2
Greater horns G2 0
lesser horns G3 0

29
 • i: ilj 4i1 i4:) j1;1 ''.) !'1(,1:.
Superior view:
Curvatures B

Anterior

Lateral view:

Anterior

Processes of the Vertebra C

Sacral division A..:t 0

Coccygeal division As 0
Four curvatures B 0
Cervical curvature Bl 0
Thoracic curvature B2 0
Lumbar curvature B3 0
Sacral curvature B..:t 0
Processes of the vertabra c 0
Body !centrum) cl 0
Vertebral arch c2 0
Floor c3 0
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN IN PLACE Pedicles C..:t 0
Laminae cs 0
Vertebral foramen c6 0
Five divisions A 0
Spinous process c7 0
Cervical vertebrae Al 0
Transverse process ca 0
Thoracic vertebrae A2 0
Superior articular process (9 0
Lumbar division A3 0

31
 Atlas A 0
Cervical Vertebral foramen Al 0
vertebrae
Transverse foramen A2 0
Transverse process A3 0
.....g Anterior arch A4 0
J!!
"'
Posterior arch As 0
~
A2 lateral mass A6 0
The Atlas A Superior articular facet A7 0
(Superior view) Articular surface for the dens As 0

B1

The Axis B
(Superior view)

Axis B 0
C4
Vertebral foramen Bl 0
Typical Cervical Vertebra C
(Superior view) Transverse foramina B2 0
Transverse process BJ 0
Dens (odontoid process) B4 0
Superior articular facet Bs 0
Posterior lamina B6 0
Ds Bifed spinous process B7 0

D1

D4
{Righf lateral view)
02
{Superior view)
Typical Thoracic Vertebra D

Typical cervical vertebra c 0 Typical thoracic vertebra D 0

Vertebral foramen cl 0 Body 01 0
Transverse foramina c2 0 Spinous process 02 0
Transverse process CJ 0 Superior demifacet DJ 0
Body (centrum} c4 0 Inferior demifacet 04 0
Superior articular facets cs 0 Transverse process Ds 0
Pedicle c6 0 Transverse costal facet 06 0
lamina c7 0 Superior articular facet 07 0
Spinous process Cg 0 Prominent lamina Dg 0

33
 Typical Lumbar Vertebra A
A4 A7

Articulated Lumbar Vertebrae

E (Right lateral view)
Typical lumbar vertebra 0 Sacral canal F2 0
Body 0 Median sacral crest F3 0
Vertebral foramen 0 Sacral cornua F4 0
Transverse processes 0 Sacral hiatus F5 0
Spinous process 0 Sacral foramen F6 0
~~~D
Superior articular facets 0 Ala
J.UI-.-A
F7 0
-.,._...,.__-~A 1
Inferior articular facets 0 Lateral sacral crest Fa o
Superior vertebral notch 0 Sacral tuberosity F9 0 ~~-D
Inferior vertebral notch 0 Apex F10 0
Superior vertebra 0 Articular processes and facets F11 o
Inferior vertebra 0 Coccyx G 0
Intervertebral disk 0 Coccygeal vertebrae Gl-4 0
Intervertebral foramen 0 Coccygeal cornua G5 o
Sacrum 0 Transverse processes G6 0
Base of the sacrum 0

~..-------..~ G6
fll'I"-"""'!'1[~---..JGl
G2
G3
Anterior view Posterior view
The Sacrum F and Coccyx G G4

35
 •tllll QQ4;I!!§; iJ JM 'i't.i ;: ljQ t; (.] ;1;1 19 !:j ·1! a
Clavicle A 0
Acromial end Al 0
Sternal end A2 0
Conoid tubercle A3 0
Costal tuberosity A4 0
Scapula B 0
Acromion process s, 0
c Acromioclavicular joint B2 0
Coracoid process B3 0

THE UPPER EXTREMITY

IN PLACE
The Scapula B
Bs
Bu

The Clavicle A Scapular notch B12 0

Superior view Inferior angle B13 0
Superior angle Bu 0
Ribs c 0
Sternum D 0
Glenoid fossa B4 0 Humerus E 0
Spine of the scapula Bs 0 Radius F 0
Supraspinous fossa B6 0 Ulna G 0
Inferior view Infraspinous fossa B7 0 Carpal bones H 0
Subscapular fossa Bs 0 Metacarpals I 0
Medial border B9 0 Phalanges J 0
Lateral (axillary) border BlO 0
Superior border Bn 0
37
 • I: Ill) QQi ;I :t:i j ;j JM' i't.i j: lj :(liM 3)If.,

G Al
F

Humerus A 0
Head Al 0
Greater tubercle A2 0
lesser tubercle A3 0
Intertubercular groove A4 0
Anatomical neck As 0
Surgical neck A6 0
Shaft of the humerus A7 0
Deltoid tuberosity As 0
Radial fossa A9 0 A
Coronoid fossa Aw 0
lateral epicondyle An 0
Medial epicondyle A12 0
Capitulum A13 0
Trochlea A14 0
Olecranon fossa A15 0
Scapula B 0
Clavicle c 0
Ribs D 0
Sternum E 0
Radius F 0
Ulna G 0
A11 A12

Posterior view

39
 • ; :III JQu1;I J:i i ;JJMii'tf i :Ij ;, ;1 .' ll tl;1 : 1·1 I) !:t',

B \
~(;
/

A4
II
I
I
\

As
A6

Radius A 0 Ulna B 0
Head of the radius Al 0 Trochlear notch Bl 0
Neck of the radius A2 0 Coronoid process B2 0 Head of ulna B7 0
Radial tuberosity A3 0 Ulnar tuberosity B3 0 Articular cartilage Ba 0
Shaft A4 0 Radial notch B4 0 Interosseus membrane c 0
Ulnar notch As 0 Short styloid process Bs 0 Distal radial-ulnar joint Dl 0
Styloid process A6 0 Olecranon process B6 0 Proximal radial-ulnar joint D2 0

41
 Radius A 0 Base of the metacarpal Dl 0
Ulna B 0 Shaft of the metacarpal D2 0
Carpals c 0 Head of the metacarpal D3 0
Scaphoid bone cl 0 Phalanges E 0
Lunate bone c2 0 Proximal phalanx EJ 0
Triquetal bone c3 0 Middle phalanx E2 0
Pisiform bone c4 0 Distal phalanx E3 0
Trapezium bone cs 0 Base of the phalanx E4 0
Trapezoid bone c6 0 Shaft of the phalanx Es 0
Capitate bone c7 0 Head of the phalanx E6 0
Hamate bone ca 0
Metacarpals D 0

Middle Middle
finger finger
Anterior view Posterior view

43
 • i: II (.)+,t; 3:1 ff:j i:1 J,f,j ii'H j:I I :t1 j ,, tl11;j .) !•

Lateral view Lateral view p

PROCESSES OF THE OS COXA
4
BONES OF THE OS COXA

Pelvic bone A 0 Anterior superior iliac spine 02 0

Pubic symphysis Al 0 Iliac crest 03 0
Sacrum B 0 Posterior superior iliac spine 04 0
Femur c 0 Posterior inferior iliac spine Os 0
Patella D 0 Greater sciatic notch 06 0
Tibia E 0 Ischium p 0
Fibula F 0 Ischial spine pl 0
Tarsals G 0 lesser sciatic notch p2 0
Anterior view
Metatarsals H 0 Ischial tuberosity p3 0
Phalanges 0 Ramus of the ischium p4 0
Sacrum J 0 Pubis Q 0
Sacroiliac joint K 0 Pubic tubercle Ql 0
Coccyx l 0 Superior ramus Q2 0
Male pubic arch M 0 Inferior ramus Q3 0
Female pubic arch N 0 Body of the pubis Q4 0
Ilium 0 0 Obturator foramen Q5 0
Anterior inferior iliac spine 01 0 Acetabulum R 0
45
 Femur A 0 Medial epicondyle Aw 0
Head of femur Al 0 Lateral epicondyle An 0
Neck of femur A2 0 Medial condyle A12 0
Shaft of femur A3 0 Lateral condyle A13 0
Greater trochanter A4 0 Intercondylar fossa Au 0
Lesser trochanter A5 0 Patellar space surface A15 0
Intertrochanteric line A6 0 Pelvic girdle B 0
Intertrochanteric crest A7 0 Patella c 0
Linea aspera As 0 Tibia D 0
Popliteal surface A9 0 Fibula E 0

D
A2

AiJ..
Al

Posterior view

47
 Anterior view
THE PATELLA IN PLACE

Anterior view Posterior view

Patella A 0 Fibula Notch B7 0
Base Al 0 Fibula c 0
Apex A2 0 Head of fibula cl 0
Tibia B 0 Lateral malleolus c2 0
Lateral condyle of tibia Bl 0 Femur D 0
Medial condyle of tibia B2 0 Lateral epicondyle of femur Dl 0
Intercondylar eminence B3 0 Medial epicondyle of femur D2 0
Tibial tuberosity B4 0 Interosseus membrane E 0
Anterior crest B5 0
Medial malleolus B6 0

49
 •; :11 !·1'n 1:I f:S; ;J JM 'i't.i i :1ts1:1a! I·' :1·1 z.x.> •

Lateral Posterior Medial

Tarsals A 0
Talus Al 0
Calcaneus A2 0
Cuboid A3 0
Navicular A4 0
Medial cuneiform As 0
Intermediate cuneiform A6 0
A lateral cuneiform A7 0
Trochlea Aa 0
Metatarsals B 0
Base s, 0
Shaft B2 0
Head B3 0
Phalanges c 0
Proximal phalanges c, 0
Middle phalanges c2 0
Distal phalanges c3 0
Tibia D 0
longitudinal arch E 0
Transverse arch F 0

Superior view

51
CATEGORIES OF JOINTS
•r·l I:1 fJ·1: I·1·1 ;i itil) !r1 i[.]~f)
B
c

TYPES OF DIARTHROSES

D E

G H
Synarthrosis A 0 Fibrous joint capsule Cl 0 Saddle joint G 0
Fibrocartilage A] 0 Synovial membrane (2 0 Hinge joint H 0
Amphiarthrosis B 0 Synovial Auid (3 0 Pivot joint 0
Vertebrae B] 0 Articular cartilages (4 0 Atlas 11 0
lnvertebral disk B2 0 Condyloid joint D 0 Axis 12 0
Fibrocartilage B3 0 Ball-and-socket joint E 0 Odontoid process 13 0
Diarthrosis c 0 Gliding joint F 0
53
Abduction Al 0 Circumduction D 0 Dorsiflexion Hl 0
Adduction A2 0 Depression El 0 Plantar Rexion H2 0
Pronation Bl 0 Elevation E2 0 Inversion 11 0
Supination B2 0 Retraction Fl 0 Eversion '2 0
Flexion cl 0 Protraction F2 0
Extension (2 0 Rotation G 0

55
 C3: t71 4i j ;I (·1 11:m

the MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
 Frontalis A 0
Occipitalis B 0
Galea aponeurotica Bl 0

Lacrimal gland
Orbicularis oris c 0
Zygomaticus D 0
Levator labii superioris E 0
Depressor labii inferioris F 0
a Buccinator G 0
E Nasal cartilage Mentalis H 0
Platysma I 0
b Risorius J 0
Obicularis oculi K 0
Corrugator supercilii L 0
F
c
f

Anterior Anterior
superficial view deep view

Levator palpebrae superioris M 0

Nasalis a 0
B
Masseter b 0 D
Sternocleidomastoid c 0
Omohyoid d 0
Sternohyoid e 0
Temporal is 0 G
Posterior auricular g 0
Splenius copitis h 0
Trapezius 0
Levator scapulae j 0
Middle scalene k 0
.
J

Right lateral superficial view

59
 Parietal bone
Masseter A 0
Temporalis B 0
Medial pterygoid c 0
Lateral pterygoid D 0
Occipital Genioglossus E 0
llone Zygomatic Styloglossus F 0
bone Palatoglossus G 0
Hyoglossus H 0
Levator labii superioris a 0

Parietal bone
Mandible
Right lateral superficial view
Frontal bone
Occipital
I:> one

Temporal
bone (cut) ----'~~"'r.u-tt-~ Zygomatic
bone {cut)
Temporomandibular
joint

Styloid process
Mandible
F Right lateral deep view

g Maxilla
Tongue
Buccinator b 0
d Orbicularis oris c 0
Inferior longitudinal d 0
Geniohyoid e 0
Mandible
Mylohyoid 0
e Digastric g 0
Larynx Tendon Lateral view Middle constrictor h 0
Hyoid bone Stylohyoid 0
Thyroid membrane Stylopharyngeus j 0
Inferior constrictor k 0
Superior constrictor I 0

61
 •?Jifl3 '£1·]' i:' 1 t• '' t:i i ;J' sfi ti•
Frontal bone

E
Frontal sinus
A
D

B F Maxilla
Lacrimal gland
Lateral view of the right eye

Superior rectus A 0
Inferior rectus B 0
Lateral rectus c 0
Medial rectus D 0
Superior oblique E 0
Inferior oblique F 0
Levator palpebrae superioris a 0
Optic
nerve

Medial view Trochlea

v

¢( D~
D
c

Anterior view

63
 '''t\lfl3! fl·l 1 j: I j: IJ3 :«·1: l·l·l ;fs1 ljs\*j' i'a

Mandible

Parotid gland

Affinterior belly
lJjosterior belly
rllli~r---::::._ Hyoid bone

-~MY~~+--- Thyroid cartilage

G
~-F

Superficial muscles Deep muscles

Digastric A 0
Intermediate tendon Al0
Fibrous tissue A20
Stylohyoid B 0
Mylohyoid c 0
Omohyoid D 0
Sternohyoid E 0
Sternothyroid F 0
Thyrohyoid G 0 B A
Cricothyroid H 0
Hyoid bone
Levator scapulae I 0
Masseter J 0 M
Scalene muscles K 0
Sternocleidomastoid L 0
Trapezius M 0

Right lateral view

65
 •t. \itl3 !fl·l I I:IJ ! ·1i\ 4a:• 1

Omohyoid A 0 Sternohyoid B 0
Superior belly Al 0 Sternothyroid c 0
Intermediate tendon A2 0 Thyrohyoid D 0
Inferior belly AJ 0 Cricohyoid E 0
Sheath of fascia A4 0 Posterior cricoarytenoid F 0
lateral cricoarytenoid G 0
Arytenoid H 0
Thyroarytenoid I 0
Thyroepiglottis J 0
Aryepiglottis K 0
Superior constrictor l 0
Hyoid bone Middle constrictor M 0
Thyrohyoid Inferior constrictor N 0
membrane
Palatopharyngeus 0 0
L Salpingopharyngeus p 0
Stylopharyngeus Q 0

Tracheal cartilage

Anterior superficial view

Anterior deep view

Epiglottis Hyoid bone

H J
Thyroid
cartilage

Tracheal
cartilage
Right posterolateral view

Left lateral view

67
 1[,\lf%3! fl·l I i: IJ i: [.) :f·):t:1: 1·1;1 :) •I•J{,j 3: 11·1: i i~ :1 [.) iJ)

H
M

F j

Deltoid H 0
Pectoralis minor I 0
External intercostals J 0
Internal intercostals K 0
Subclavius l 0
Subscapularis M 0
Teres major N 0
Coracobrachialis a 0
m Biceps brachii b 0
Plalysma c 0
Sternodeldomastoid d 0
Trapezius e 0
Superficial view Deep view Gluteus medius f 0
Tensor fascia latae 9 0

Rectus abdominis
Iliopsoas h 0
Internal oblique C 0
Pectineus 0
Intersections of tendon Transversus abdominis D 0
Adductor longus j 0
External oblique Pectoralis major E 0
Aponeurosis
Gracilis k 0
latissimus dorsi F 0
Sartorius I 0
lineo alba Serratus anterior G 0
Rectus femoris m 0
69
 Sternum

Ribs

K
Ribs
J

01
A

Superficial view Deep view

Rectus abdominis A 0 Transversus abdominis D 0 Diaphragm 0 0

External oblique B 0 Pectoralis minor I 0 Central tendon 01 0
Internal oblique c 0 External intercostols J 0 Quadratus lumborum p 0
Aponeurosis cl 0 Internal intercostals K 0

71
 'r'''fid, fl·]' i: 'I i: ,., it;t;t;' s,.,., ~J .;.zs'' i ~•• s·t' i1;1 r·] :Ja

Superficial view Deep view

Trapezius A 0 Serratus posterior superior H 0 Semispinalis capitis b 0

latissimus dorsi B 0 Serratus anterior I 0 Splenius capitis c 0
Supraspinatus c 0 Serratus posterior inferior J 0 levator scapulae d 0
Infraspinatus D 0 External oblique K 0 Triceps brachii e 0
Deltoid E 0 Internal oblique L 0 Gluteus medius 0
Rhomboideus major F 0 Erector spinous M 0 Gluteus maximus g 0
Rhomboideus minor G 0 Sternocleidomastoid a 0

73
 Clavicle E

Acromion process

Coracoid _J..-~7
Subclavius A 0 process
Pectoralis minor B 0
Serratus anterior c 0
Trapezius D 0 F
Levator scapulae E 0
Rhomboideus major F 0
Rhomboideus minor G 0
Sternocleidomastoid H 0
Deltoid I 0
Infraspinatus muscle a 0
Teres minor b 0 Anterior superficial view
Teres major c 0
Anterior deep view
External intercostals d 0
Internal intercostals e 0

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus
c

Vertebral column -+-Hl-L:.(E--~,___.~

Posterior Posterior
superficial view deep view
75
 Splenius capitis A 0
Splenius cervicis B 0
Iliocostalis cervicis c 0
Iliocostalis thoracis D 0
Iliocostalis lumborum E 0
longissimus capitis F 0

D
Transverse
process

Q
Q

Spinous
process
'IJJL_----r--R Posterolateral view
\.'JNJ.'----,;L':--~---;-- 0
Atlas

T
Posterior view

longissimus cervicis G 0
logissimus thoracis H 0 Second rib Anterior view
Spinalis capitis I 0
Spinalis cervicis J 0
Spinalis thoracis K 0
Interspinales Q 0
Semispinalis capitis L 0
Semispinalis cervicis M 0 lntertransversari i R 0
Semispinalis thoracis N 0 Interior scalene s 0
Multifidus group 0 0 Middle scalene T 0
Rotators p 0 Posterior scalene u 0

77
Superficial view Deep view

Pubococcygeus A 0
lliococcygeus B 0
Coccygeus c 0
Ischiocavernosus D 0
Bulbocavernosus E 0
Superficial transverse perineus F 0
Deep transverse perineus G 0
Urethral sphincter H 0
External anal sphincter I 0
Gluteus maximus J 0
Sacrotuberous ligament K 0
Obturator internus l 0

79
 :::1------~--· -/::....____ Penis
--t==--~...1---

Ramus of ischium

Fascia

'h-"-='-'-~M---A

JA\)~~~--···~B

c J

Coccyx

Pubococcygeus A 0
lliococcygeus B 0
Coccygeus c 0
Ischiocavernosus D 0
Superficial transverse perineus F 0
Deep transverse perineus G 0
External anal sphincter I 0
Gluteus maximus J 0
Sacrotuberous ligament K 0
Obturator internus L 0
Bulbospongiosus M 0
Central tendon N 0

81
 -~~tlf%3! fl·l I i: !J !s) i 4;f71 I i: [.] it?t:•
Clavicle Anterior deep view
E Coracoid process
Pectoralis major A 0
f Latissimus dorsi B 0
Deltoid C 0
A Rib Subscapularis D 0
Supraspinatus E 0
Infraspinatus F 0
Teres major G 0
Teres minor H 0
Coracobrachialis 0
Brachialis a 0
Biceps brachii b 0
Triceps brachii c 0
Serratus anterior d 0

Thoracic vertebra

Acrom·

G
c

Humerus

Levator scapula e 0 B
Subclavius 0
Pectoralis minor g 0
Rhomboideus minor h 0
Rhomboideus major 0
External intercostals j 0
Internal intercostals k 0 Posterior superficial view Posterior deep view

83
 Clavicle
Acromion
process Scapula

process
Humerus

Posterior view
Anterior view
E

c
Posterior
Anterior superficial view

Biceps brachii A 0
Medial
Long head Al 0

A1r2 B
Short head A2 0
Brachialis B 0
Brachioradialis c 0 A,
Triceps brachii D 0
Long head o, 0
Anterior
Lateral head D2 0
Medial head D3 0
Anconeus E 0
Deltoid a 0
Teres major b 0

85
 Tendon
ofD

Tendon
of E

Tendon
ofl~~~=
Posterior
superficial view

Tendon c Humerus
of K

Posterior Carpals I
deep ~~;;:;::----::-\--

Flexor carpi radialis A 0 Extensor digitorum I 0 Supinator Q 0

Palmaris longis B 0 Extensor digiti minimi J 0 Pronator quadratus R 0
Flexor carpi ulnaris c 0 Extensor carpi ulnaris K 0 Pronator teres s 0
Flexor digitorum superficialis D 0 Abductor pollicis longus L 0 Biceps brachii a 0
Flexor digitorum profundus E 0 Extensor pollicis brevis M 0 Brachial is b 0
Flexor pollicis longus F 0 Extensor pollicis longus N 0 Triceps brachii c 0
Extensor carpi radialis longus G 0 Extensor indicis 0 0 Anconeus d 0
Extensor carpi radialis brevis H 0 Brachioradialis p 0
87
 •:,tlf%3! fl·1 I i: IJ i: It1:1tz1: ii3iJ [.] :J.
A

Patella
Anterior
superficial view

Transverse
section p Q
Posterior

Femur
F
H J
Femur Anterior
Anterior G superficial view
Anterior deep
view

Psoas major A 0 Vastus intermedius H 0 Biceps femoris 0 0

Iliacus B 0 Adductor magnus I 0 Semitendinosus p 0
Tensor fasciae latae c 0 Adductor longus J 0 Semimembranosus Q 0
Sartorius D 0 Adductor brevis K 0 Gluteus medius a 0
Rectus femoris E 0 Gracilis l 0 Quadratus lumborum b 0
Vastus lateralis F 0 Pectineus M 0 Psoas minor c 0
Vastus medialis G 0 Obturator externus N 0

89
 Cy\if%3! fl·] I i; IIi; I t£1: lll•ti ii ;J [.] :J)

Iliac crest

Sacrum

Posterior superficial view

Sciatic nerve
Semitendinosus A 0 Posterior superficial view
Semimembranosus B 0
Sartorius c 0
Gracilis D 0
E
Tibial nerve
Gluteus maximus 0
Adductor magnus F 0
L
Posterior deep view
Biceps femoris G 0 Inferior gemellus 0
Vastus lateralis H 0 Obturator externus M 0
Obturator internus I 0 Gluteus medius 0 0
Quadratus femoris J 0 Gastrocnemius a 0
Superior gemellus K 0 Plantaris b 0

91
Superior extensor
retinaculum

Superior extensor
retinaculum
Inferior extensor
retinaculum
··-~~-- Inferior extensor
retinaculum

{Lateral)

Lateral superficial view

Anterior superficial view

Tibialis anterior A 0 Gastrocnemius G 0 Quadriceps femoris a 0

Extensor hallucis longus B 0 Calcaneal tendon Gl 0 Tendon al 0
Extensor digitorum longus c 0 Soleus H 0 Fascia latae b 0
Peroneus tertius D 0 Plantaris I 0 Biceps femoris c 0
Peroneus longus E 0 Flexor digitorum longus J 0
Peroneus brevis F 0 Extensor digitorum brevis K 0

93
 Posterior deep view
Posterior superficial view

Popliteal fossa

Tibia

Tendon of G

Calcaneus
(Medial) (Lateral}

Gastrocnemius A 0 Flexor hallucis longus E 0

Calcaneal tendon Al 0 Flexor digitorum longus F 0
Soleus B 0 Tibialis posterior G 0
Plantaris c 0 Peroneus longus H 0
Popliteus D 0 Peroneus brevis 0

95
the NERVOUS SYSTEM
 <·1!4 j ;\!A I\'~''·' I i: II: I~ ;\!l-11flj'ti; It•
Central nervous system A 0
Peripheral nervous system B 0
Brain c 0
Spinal cord D 0
Visceral sensory nerves El 0
B Somatic sensory nerves E2 0
1\
[J ---""'"
Somatic motor nerve
Sympathetic nerve
F]
F2
0
0
Parasympathetic nerve F3 0
Gray maHer G 0
a White maHer H 0
Cell bodies 11 0
Axons 12 0
Heart a 0
Skin senses b 0
Skeletal muscle c 0
b
A

99
 • : 13 ;\!j 13 j ! $)
The Neuron
C4 Myelin sheath G 0
Schwann cells (neurolemmocytesl H 0
I G Cytoplasm of Schwann cell Hl 0

~~~
Nucleus of the cell H2 0
Neurolemma H3 0
Nodes of Ranvier I 0
A2 Astrocytes J 0
Oligodendrocytes K 0
A5 Microglia L 0

H,

Cell body A 0 B
Nucleus Al 0
Nucleolus A2 0
Mitochondrion 0
Types of Neurons
A3
Nissl body A4 0
Neurofibril As 0
Dendrites B 0 B
Axon c 0
Axon hillock cl 0
Initial segment c2 0
Axis cylinder c3 0
Axolemma c4 0
Telodendria D 0
Axon terminals E 0
End bulbs F 0

*BIPOLAR

101
 •·1: f.) (.U,\'I·l I j: llj UI: f·1 1{·1 ;1 •)

Gray matter B 0
Spinal cord A 0 White matter c 0
Cervical enlargement AJ 0 Dorsal root 0
CJ
Lumbar enlargement A2 0 Ventral root 0
c2
Conus medullaris A3 0 Dorsal root ganglion 0
c3
Filum terminal A4 0 Spinal nerve D 0
Cervical segment Ac 0 Pia mater E 0
Thoracic segment Ar 0 Arachnoid F 0
Lumbar segment AL 0 Dura mater G 0
Sacral segment As 0 Cerebrum a 0
Cerebellum b 0
Occipital bone c 0
Sacrum d 0
Coccyx e 0
103
 4 ·1 JlUI {"1·1 I j: I43 ij I:t·1 1{·1 t1·1·1:1·J:14 ;W a

A7
Gray matter A 0
Dorsal gray horn AJ 0
Ventral gray horns A2 0
Lateral gray horn A3 0
Gray commissure A4 0
Dorsal root As 0
Dorsal root ganglion A6 0
Ventral root A7 0
Spinal nerve A a 0
Spinal cord B 0
Fl Ventral white columns B] 0
Dorsal white columns B2 0
Lateral white columns B3 0
Anterior white commissure B4 0
Central canal c 0
Motor axons Fl 0
Motor neuron F2 0
Dorsal root ganglion G2 0
A6 Epineurium H 0
Fascicle 0
Perineurium J 0
Endoneurium K 0
Axon L 0

SPINAL NERVE K

105
 Bl
Cs
B2
s{[~; ~~~~x=·---B4
Cs --~~-~-~~~--B3
T1
T2
T3
T..t
Ts
T6
T7
Ts
T9

Cervical plexus A 0
Ansa cervalis Al 0
Lesser occipital A2 0
Transverse cervical nerve A3 0
D Greater auricular nerve A4 0
Supraclavicular nerve As 0
Phrenic nerve A6 0
Brachial plexus B 0
Lateral cord Bl 0
Posterior cord B2 0
Medial cord B3 0
Axillary nerve B4 0
Musculocutaneous nerve Bs 0
Radial nerve B6 0
Median nerve B7 0
Ulnar nerve Ba 0
Lumbar plexus c 0
Sacral plexus D 0
Ventral rami E 0

107
 TlO
T11 Lumbar plexus A 0
T12 Iliohypogastric nerve Al 0
L1 Ilioinguinal nerve A2 0
L2 Genitofemoral nerve A3 0
L3 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve A4 0
L4 Femoral nerve A5 0
Ls Obturator nerve A6 0
B s1
Saphenous nerve A7 0
s2 Sacral plexus B 0
S3 Superior gluteal nerve Bl 0
S4 Inferior gluteal nerve B2 0
Ss Sciatic nerve B3 0
As Tibial nerve B4 0
Perineal nerve B5 0
Pudendal nerve B6 0
Medial sural cutaneous nerve B7 0
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve Ba 0

A4

109
 Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) A 0
Cervical dermatomes c2-8 0
Lumbar dermatomes L1-5 0
Sacral dermatomes s1-s 0
Thoracic dermatomes T1-12 0

l5

Anterior view

Posterior view
111
 Cerebrum A 0
Diencephalon B 0
Thalamus Bl 0
Hypothalamus B2 0
D2 Epithalamus B3 0
Cerebellum c 0
Brain stem D 0
Midbrain Dl 0
Pons 02 0

D2 Medulla oblongata 03 0
Spinal cord E 0
Pituitary gland F 0
Corpus callosum G 0
Olfactory bulbs H 0
Cranial nerves 0

113
 G

Scalp A 0
G
Skull bone B 0
Dura mater c 0
Outer layer c, 0
Inner layer (2 0
Dural sinus (3 0
Falx cerebri (4 0
Subdural space D 0
Arachnoid E 0
Arachnoid trabeculae El 0
Arachnoid villus E2 0
Subarachnoid space F 0
Blood vessels Fl 0
Pia mater G 0
Cerebral cortex H 0

115
 B

Right lateral view

L c

Anterior view

Cerebrum A 0
H M lateral ventricles B 0
J third vel')tricle c 0
Fourth ventricle D 0
p Choroid plexus E 0
Frontal section
Interventricular foramina F 0
Cerebral aqueduct G 0
J Single median aperture H 0
lateral apertures I 0
Subarachnoid space J 0
Spinal cord central canal K 0
Superior sagittal sinus l 0
Cerebellum M 0
Pons N 0
Medulla oblongata 0 0
Spinal cord p 0
117
 Anterior

Left hemisphere Posterior Right hemisphere

Superior view

Lateral view on right side

Cerebellum

B3
Frontal section
B,
A
Postcentral gyrus (2 0
Fissure D 0
Longitudinal fissure o, 0
Lateral view Transverse fissure D2 0
B, Sulcus E 0
Gray matter A 0 Central sulcus El 0
White matter B 0 lateral cerebral sulcus (fissure) E2 0
Association fibers Bl 0 Parieto-occipital sulcus E3 0
Commisural fibers B2 0 Frontal lobe F 0
Projection fibers B3 0 Parietal lobe G 0
Gyrus c 0 Occipital lobe H 0
Precentral gyrus c, 0 Temporal lobe 0

119
 Corpus Callosum

E
G

c
H J
L M

c
Posterior D
Anterior
G
A

Porohippocampol gyrus A 0 Anterior nucleus H 0

Singulote gyrus B 0 Olfactory bulb I 0
Hippocampus c 0 Fornix J 0
Dentate gyrus D 0 Stria terminolis K 0
Amygdala E 0 Stria medulloris l 0
Septal nuclei f 0 Mammilothalamic tract M 0
Mammillary bodies G 0

121
 Thalamus A 0
Anterior nucleus Al 0
Medial nucleus A2 0
Ventral anterior nucleus A3 0
Ventral lateral nucleus A4 0
Ventral posterior nucleus As 0
Pulvinar nucleus A6 0

Lateral geniculate body A7 0

Medial geniculate body As 0
Hypothalamus B 0
Supraoptic nucleus Bl 0
Paraventricular nucleus B2 0
Preoptic nucleus B3 0
Tubural region B4 0
Sympathetic region Bs 0
Parasympathetic region B6 0
Mammillary region B7 0
Emotional center Bs 0
Infundibulum c 0
Pituitary gland D 0

123
Dorsal view of brain

Sagittal section As
E3 B

Cerebellum A 0
Left cerebellar hemisphere Al 0
Right cerebellar hemisphere A2 0
Vermis AJ 0 Arbor vitae D 0
Folia A4 0
Superior cerebellar peduncles El 0
Anterior lobe As 0
Posterior lobe 0
Middle cerebellar peduncles E2 0
A6
Flocculonodular lobe A7 0 Inferior cerebellar peduncles EJ 0
Primary fissure Aa 0 Pons F 0
Cerebellar nuclei B 0 Medulla G 0
Cortex of the cerebellum c 0
Choroid plexus H 0
Fourth ventricle 0
125
 4 i: IJ :J ;!51 I: Ji i Jr'•

Anterolateral view Posterolateral view

Midbrain A 0 Decussation E2 0
Cerebral peduncles Al 0 Inferior cerebellar peduncles E3 0
Superior cerebellar peduncles A2 0 Olives E4 0
Corpora quadrigemina B 0 Caudate nucleus F 0
Superior colliculi Bl 0 lentiform nucleus G 0
Inferior colliculi B2 0 Amygdala H 0
Cranial nerves c 0 Corona radiate 0
Pons D 0 Thalamus J 0
Middle cerebellar peduncles o, 0 Pineal gland K 0
Medulla oblongata E 0 Mammary body l 0
Pyramids El 0 Infundibulum M 0

127
 •;:1«3;'·':1 ,.,w:1 air; t-.

Olfactory nerve A 0 Facial nerve G 0

Optic nerve B 0 Vestibulocochlear nerve H 0
Oculomotor nerve c 0 Glossopharyngeal nerve I 0
Trochlear nerve D 0 Vagus nerve J 0
Trigeminal nerve E 0 Spinal accessory K 0
Abducens nerve F 0 Hypoglossol nerve l 0

129
 4 ij: jj.Jij l•l: [.)\f,j [j :1 j jW•11f(j'{i; J91(j'lt~1 Pzi i: I j i[j)

a
Preganglionic nerve fibers A 0
Sympathetic (vertebral) ganglia B 0
Superior cervical ganglion s, 0
Middle cervical ganglion B2 0
Inferior cervical ganglion B3 0 Celiac plexus E2 0
Postganglionic nerve fibers c 0 Superior mesenteric plexus E3 0
Splanchnic nerve c, 0 Inferior mesenteric plexus E4 0
Collateral (Prevertebral) ganglia D 0 Skin blood vessel Fl 0
Celiac ganglion Dl 0 Arrector pili muscle F2 0
Superior mesenteric ganglion D2 0 Spinal cord a 0
Inferior mesenteric ganglion D3 0
Plexuses E 0
Cardiopulmonary plexus El 0

131
 • 1: 11·\ii '·': '·'M tt: 14 ;\'l·X•tit£3; Jl'.tl p.1 itli'IM g.s i: 1i i,.,,

Al~~~~~~~~
A2-~~~~-C\

(,
I

Otic ganglion B4 0
Autonomic plexuses c 0
Oculomotor nerve (Ill) Al 0
Cardiopulmonary plexus cl 0
Facial nerve (VII) A2 0
Celiac plexus c2 0
Glossopharyngeal nerve {IX) A3 0
Hypogastric plexus c3 0
Vagus nerve (X) A4 0
Terminal ganglia
Pelvic splanchnic nerves D 0
B 0
Ciliary ganglion 0
Postganglionic nerve fibers E 0
Bl
Pterygopalatine ganglion 0
Pelvic splanchnic nerves D 0
B2
Sacral nerves 52-54 0
Submandibular ganglion B3 0
Spinal cord a 0
1~
 4 I: lid 1: f31·l I t·1•t3: lt3 a1:1 ;j 134 J,., ifl)

A{r Epidermis A 0

s{( Dermis
Hypodermis
B
c
0
0

c<[ B
Adipose tissue
Free nerve ending
cl
D
0
0
Merkel's corpuscles E 0
Meissner's corpuscles F 0
Ruffini's corpuscles G 0
Pacinian corpuscles H 0
Root hair plexus I 0
Surface hair J 0
Sensory nerve fiber K 0

B
E
B
D

J
G A
H

B
B B

135
 4 i: llj j :fi J.] lt}i j IC1ifi la' (.) ;\'1 ;1 13 j J(.] ;fi.

\\

Tongue A 0 Pore El 0
Bitter taste Al 0 Gustatory cell F 0
Sour taste A2 0 Microvilli Fl 0
Solty taste A3 0 Nucleus F2 0
Sweet taste A4 0 Supporting cell G 0
Circumvallate papilla B 0 Supporting cell nucleus Gl 0
Fungiform papilla c 0 Cranial nerve H 0
Filiform papilla D 0 Epithelium 0
Taste bud E 0 Connective tissue J 0
Epiglottis a 0
137
 A

Route of air
c D
Olfactory bulb A 0
Olfactory epithelium B 0
Olfactory receptor cells c 0
Sustentacular cells D 0 Ethmoid bone a 0
Basal cells E 0 Nasal conchae b 0
Olfactory knob F 0 Connective tissue c 0
Olfactory hairs G 0 (basal lamina)
Mucus layer H 0
Olfactory glands 0
Axons J 0
Fiber bundles K 0
Mitral cell L 0
Glomerulus M 0
Olfactory tract N 0

139
 (:Ht., (·1;'.\'l·ll i:IIJ'i i8

E
A,
Sclera Al 0
Cornea A2 0 Vitreous chamber H 0
Limbus A3 0 Retina 0
Iris Bl 0 lens J 0
Ciliary body B2 0 Macula lutea Kl 0
Choroid B3 0 Fovea K2 0
Pupil c 0 Optic disk L 0
Anterior chamber D 0 Optic nerve M 0
Ora serrata E 0 Ocular conjunctiva Nl 0
Suspensory ligaments F 0 Palpebral conjunctiva N2 0
Posterior chamber 9 0 Fornix 0 0

141
 Fibrous tunic
Vascular tunic
0
0
•i:lli'(•
Neural tunic 0
Pigmented layer 0
Optic nerve 0
Optic disk 0
Blood vessels 0
Retina 0 J
Photo receptors 0
Rods 0
Cones 0
B.1poIar neurons 0
Horizontal ne urons 0
Ganglionic neurons K 0
Amicron neurons L 0

K
A B C L
~~A~

143
 «·X=t3 f$1·' i\'11 j;JI!i (IJ ;1 fl·) I I: !J i'i.
Eyebrows A 0
Palpebral fissure Bl 0
Tarsal plates c 0
Eyelashes D 0
Meibomian glands E 0
Palpebral cornea 0
b Fl
Ocular conjunctiva F2 0
Conjunctival soc (fornix) G 0
Cornea H 0
Lacrimal gland 0
Excretory ducts J 0
Lacrimal punctum K 0
Lacrimal canal L 0
G
Lacrimal soc M 0
Nasolacrimal duct N 0
Inferior meatus 0 0
External nasal meatus p 0
Orbicularis oculi a 0
Levator palpebrae superioris b 0

Medial canthus

Lateral canthus

145
 A B

D
External ear A 0 Auditory ossicles H 0
Middle ear B 0 Malleus Hl 0
Internal ear c 0 Incus H2 0
Pinna D 0 Stapes H3 0
Concha o, 0 Bony labyrinth I 0
External auditory canal D2 0 Vestibule 11 0
Helix D3 0 Semicircular canals 12 0
Antihelix D4 0 Cochlea 13 0
Scapha D5 0 Oval window 14 0
Earlobe (lobule} D6 0 Round window 15 0
Tympanic membrane E 0 Vestibulocochlear nerve J 0
Temporal bone F 0 Vestibular branch Jl 0
Tympanic cavity Fl 0 Cochlear branch J2 0
Eustachian tube G 0

147
 4 ·] i l;1 Ifl ·l I ; :ljl: I: 14 ;I !;1 :a

Anterior view G
D
F c,

Posterior view

H H,

Semicircular canals A 0 Organ of corti c3 0

Anterior canal Al 0 Oval window D 0
Posterior canal A2 0 Round window E 0
Lateral canal A3 0 Saccule F 0
Vestibule B 0 Utricle G 0
Cochlea c 0 Ampulla H 0
Cochlear duct c, 0 Cristae Hl 0
Basilar membrane c2 0 Endolymph sac I 0
Endolymph duct 11 0
Macula j 0
149
 «3: ,,, Ai 3;13 E:D

the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 4 i: !Jj:I·X·X3 ij 1:111 !;Hi·})
B
Pituitary gland A 0
Hypothalamus B 0
Pineal gland c 0
Thyroid gland D 0
Parathyroid glands E 0
Thymus gland F 0
Heart G 0
Digestive organs H 0
Pancreas I 0
Adrenal glands J 0
Kidney K 0
Testis L 0
Ovary M 0

L~---------1

153
 Steroid hormone
Membrane
A
B
0
0
4: t·l i!t'.t·l ~IIi~; i,,. ii'•
Cytoplasm
Receptor
Hormone-receptor complex
Nucleus
c
D
E
F
0
0
0
0
QA D

I. MOBILE
DNA molecule G 0 RECEPTOR
Messenger RNA H 0 MECHANISM
Endoplasmic reticulum I 0
Protein J 0

1
H

ll;l
T
...0 Protein hormone K 0
~Q) Cell membrane l 0
..:.0 Receptor M 0
0
..J::.
c.. Inactive adenylate cyclase N 0
"'0
..J::.
Activated adenylate cyclase 0 0
p s Target cell
Q..

AfP molecule p 0
responses Cyclic AMP Q 0
Cellular cytoplasm R 0
II. FIXED- Protein kinase s 0
MEMBRANE Inactive cAMP molecule T 0
RECEPTOR
R Phosphodiesterase enzymes u 0

::;
MECHANISM
Bloodstream v 0

c::--====------
155
 li i:II Q; il] i (.1 i\'11 !;HI·)

Posterior

THE PITUITARY F
E GLAND IN PLACE
H
Utedoe >moolh mU>Jf
Optic chiasma H 0
Basilar artery I 0
Hypothalamic tract J 0
Hypothalamic neurons K 0
Kidneys Primary capillary plexus L 0
Hypophyseal portal veins M 0
Secondary capillary plexus N 0
Hypothalamus 0 0

Testis
Thyroid

Anterior lobe A 0
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTHJ A1 0
Growth hormone (GHJ A2 0
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) A3 0
Gonadotropin hormones A4 0
Prolactin A5 o B--l-llf-d~W)~!(
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) A6 0
Posterior lobe B 0
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
B1
B2
°
0
Venule

Sella turcica c 0
Hypothalamus D 0 Venule
Infundibulum E 0 PITUITARY-HYPOTHALAMUS

Sphenoid bone F 0
Sphenoidal sinus G 0
157
F

Thyrocervical trunk F 0
Superior thyroid vein G 0
Middle thyroid vein H 0
Internal jugular vein 0
Inferior thyroid vein J 0
Anterior view Brachiocephalic vein K 0
Thyroxin hormone l 0
Parathyroid glands M 0
left lateral lobe Al 0
Right lateral lobe A2 0
Isthmus A3 0
Thyroid cartilage Bl 0
Cricoid cartilage B2 0
Superior thyroid artery c 0
External carotid artery D 0
Inferior thyroid artery E 0 M

Posterior view

159
 • 1:11 J;1:t3 :J tlJI a:I·X·X3 iJ 1:11 tiJ:rii '·':••

Pancreas A 0
Body A1 0
Head A2 0
Tail A3 0
Stomach B 0 p
Duodenum c 0
Aorto D 0
Celiac trunk E 0
Posterior pancreatoduodenal artery l 0
Splenic artery F 0
Gastroduodenal artery M 0
Great pancreatic artery G 0
Superior pancreatoduodenal artery N 0
Superior pancreatic artery H 0
Pancreatic duct 0 0
Inferior pancreatic artery 0
Exocrine cells p 0
Superior mesenteric artery J 0
Endocrine cells Q 0
Anterior pancreatoduodenal artery K 0
Cross sections of blood vessels R 0

161
 c

Surface of
Endocrine Function adrenal gland N

Left adrenal gland Al 0 Right inferior phrenic artery E2 0 Right suprarenal vein K 0
Right adrenal gland A2 0 Left superior suprarenal artery Fl 0 Cortex L 0
Left kidney Bl 0 Right superior suprarenal artery F2 0 Zona glomerulose Ll 0
Right kidney B2 0 Left renal artery Gl 0 Zona fasciculata L2 0
Aorta c 0 Right renal artery G2 0 Zona reticularis LJ 0
Left middle suprarenal artery Dl 0 Left inferior suprarenal artery Hl 0 Medulla M 0
Right middle suprarenal artery D2 0 Right inferior suprarenal artery H2 0 Capsule N 0
Left inferior phrenic artery El 0 Left suprarenal vein I 0 Celiac trunk a 0
Left renal vein J 0 Superior mesenteric artery b 0

163
The Thymus Gland

Before puberty

Thymus gland A 0
Pineal gland B 0
Heart a 0
lungs b 0
Trachea c 0
B
-
Thyroid gland d 0
larynx e 0
Pons 0
Cerebellum g 0

165
the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 K

D
E

Right atrium A 0
Right ventricle B 0
Pulmonary trunk c 0
Left pulmonary artery cl 0
Right pulmonary artery (2 0
Right lung D 0
left lung E 0
left pulmonary vein Fl 0
Right pulmonary vein F2 0
Left atrium of the heart G 0
left ventricle H 0
Aorta 0
Thoracic aorta 11 0
Abdominal aorta 12 0
Q 12 Carotid arteries J 0
Upper extremities K 0
Superior vena cava l 0
Thoracic organs M 0
Azygous veins N 0
Visceral organs 0 0
lower extremities p 0
Inferior vena cava Q 0

169
 4 i: IJ: If.1 ii II f:j ij i): t·1 1·1: t) <·1y5'i)

Aorta J 0
Arch of the aorta Jl 0
Jl Coronary sulcus K 0
Anterior ventricular sulcus L 0
Posterior ventricular sulcus M 0
Al H Right coronary artery Nl 0
Left coronary artery N2 0
Marginal branches 0 0
T Circumflex branch p 0
Anterior interventricular branch Q 0
Cardiac vein R 0
Middle cardiac vein s 0
B Coronary sinus T 0

Anterior view
L

Al
Superior vena cava Al 0
Inferior vena cava A2 0 G
Right auricle B 0
Right ventricle c 0
Pulmonary trunk D 0
K
Pulmonary artery E 0
Right pulmonary artery F 0
Pulmonary veins G 0
Left auricle H 0
A2
Left ventricle 0

c
Posterior view
T M

171
 • 1:11: ,,,, :i 111: i i4iJ: ,,, t;1: t;' ,.,:,s·••

Superior vena cava A] 0 Left pulmonary arteries Gl 0

Inferior vena cava A2 0 Right pulmonary arteries G2 0
Right atrium B 0 Pulmonary veins H 0
Pectinate muscles Bl 0 Left atrium I 0
Fossa ovalis B2 0 lntraatrial septum J 0
Cusp Cl 0 Cusp of the valve Kl 0
Chordae tendinae c2 0 Chordae tendinae K2 0
Papillary muscles CJ 0 Papillary muscles KJ 0
Right ventricle D 0 Left ventricle L 0
Trabecular carneae D] 0 Aortic semilunar valve M 0
Interventricular septum E 0 Arch of the aorta N 0
Pulmonary semilunar valve F 0 Descending aorta 0 0
Pulmonary trunk G 0

173
 4J;1!H31J.11·1;1 ~~ iJ Ifl·l I j:!j:r•] ·)'a

Aorta A 0
Thoracic aorta A1 0
Abdominal aorta A2 0
Brachiocephalic trunk B 0
left common carotid artery c, 0
Right common carotid artery c2 0
Right external carotid artery c3 0
Right internal carotid artery c4 0
Vertebral artery D 0
F2--l----+ left subclavian artery E1 0
A~-#~~--~~~~ Right subclavian artery E2 0
left axillary artery F1 0
Jllfl:f----~~-1/),~ Right axillary artery F2 0
left brachial artery G1 0
Right brachial artery G2 0
left radial artery H1 0

~~-¥/-~ri\-\\\-01 Right radial artery H2 0

02 ~~~1------l--\\-\\----*\---······~ p left ulnar artery 11 0
Right ulnar artery 12 0
A2····~~~-t~-~~~~~~~~~~--1-~~r-Q
Coronary arteries J 0
Celiac trunk K 0
Hepatic artery l 0
Gastric artery M 0
Splenic artery N 0
~---=~~--\1\tr'-T 1 Left renal artery o, 0
Right renal artery 02 0
Superior mesenteric artery p 0
Gonadal artery Q 0
Inferior mesenteric artery R 0
left common iliac artery s, 0
Right common iliac artery s2 o
Anterior view left external iliac artery r1 o
Right external iliac artery T2 0
left femoral artery u, 0
Right femoral artery u2 o

175
 «·1;i i 4iJIfl·] I j:IJ :Ij;) ·I·1:I·J :113 :e
Aorta A 0
J3 Brachiocephalic trunk B 0
Q Common carotid artery c 0
Subclavian artery D 0
Internal thoracic artery E 0
Thyrocervical trunk F 0
Costocervical trunk G 0
Vertebral artery H 0
Basilar artery I 0
Posterior cerebral artery Jl 0

tl'r~~"""""V/1-J'- N
M
~~~------1ft----
~;(-:::=:::~~- K

Arterial Flowchart

CD
{>-
E CD
Rib ~ S::J

Communicating artery
Middle cerebral artery
J2
J3
0
0
f0 tfDS:t
Anterior cerebral artery J4 0 G:> CI) CD
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
K
L
0
0
~{>-tf
Lingual artery M 0 (Circle of Willis)
Facial artery N 0
Occipital artery 0 0
Maxillary artery p 0
Superficial temporal artery Q 0
Superior thyroid artery R 0

177
 Aorta A 0
Brachiocephalic trunk B 0
B
D Left subclavian artery c 0
Left common carotid artery D 0
Right common carotid artery E 0
Right vertebral artery F 0
Thyrocervical trunk G 0
A Suprascapular artery H 0
Right subclavian artery I 0
Axillary artery J 0
Subscapular artery K 0
Posterior humoral circum~ex artery L 0

Arterial Flowchart

CD
Anterior view {7
~
{7

s
c G )
{7
~
R {7
~
n
f7 :&
CB CD
~ ~
c land U )

Anterior humoral circum~ex artery M 0

Brachial artery N 0
Deep brachial artery 0 0
Nutrient artery of the humerus p 0
Superficial palmar arch T 0
Radial artery Q 0
Ulnar artery R 0
Deep palmar arch u 0
Interosseus artery s 0
Digital arteries v 0
179
 B Optic bulb

11

Posterior L
Inferior view Circle of Willis H
B
Internal carotid artery A 0
Anterior cerebral artery B 0
Middle cerebral artery c 0
Basilar artery D 0
Left posterior cerebral artery El 0
Right posterior cerebral artery E2 0
left posterior communicating artery Fl 0
Right posterior communicating artery F2 0
Anterior communicating artery G 0
Circle of Willis H 0 A
left vertebral artery 11 0
Right vertebral artery 12 0
Superior cerebellar artery J 0
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery K 0
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery l 0
Pontine M 0
Labyrinthine artery N 0
181
 Aorta A 0 Superior phrenic arteries J 0 Left lumbar artery Ql 0
Left subclavian artery Bl 0 Inferior phrenic arteries K 0 Right lumbar artery Q2 0
Right subclavian artery B2 0 Celiac artery L 0 Left gonadal artery Rl 0
Left internal thoracic artery cl 0 Left gastric artery Ll 0 Right gonadal artery R2 0
Right internal thoracic artery c2 0 Hepatic artery L2 0 Left common iliac artery sl 0
Left lateral thoracic artery Dl 0 Splenic artery L3 0 Right common iliac artery 52 0
Right lateral thoracic artery D2 0 Superior mesenteric artery M 0 Left external iliac artery Tl 0
Bronchial arteries E 0 Inferior mesenteric artery N 0 Right external iliac artery T2 0
Pericardia! arteries F 0 Left suprarenal artery 0] 0 Common carotid arteries a 0
Esophageal arteries G 0 Right suprarenal artery 02 0 Vertebral artery b 0
Mediastinal arteries H 0 Left renal artery pl 0 Thyrocervical trunk c 0
Intercostal arteries 0 Right renal artery p2 0
183
 Abdominal aorta A 0
Celiac trunk B 0
Common hepatic artery c 0
Hepatic artery D 0
Right gastric artery E 0
Gastroduodenal artery F 0 A.
Gastric artery G 0
Esophageal artery H 0
Splenic artery I 0
Pancreatic arteries J 0
Left gastroepiploic artery K 0 B
Short gastric artery L 0
Superior mesenteric artery M 0
Jejunal arteries N 0
Ileal arteries 0 0
~~:==-L
Ileocolic artery p 0
h'-----\\----\\-tH---\--+-- G
Middle colic artery Q 0 D
Inferior mesenteric artery R 0
Left colic artery s 0
Sigmoid artery T 0 Spleen
Superior rectal artery u 0
Pancreas

Duodenum
Transverse colon
B. Anterior view c.
Transverse colon
M s
L

p
~~--Jr-ll~- R
Jejunum

Anterior view
Descending colon

185
 Aorta A 0
left common iliac artery B1 0
Right common iliac artery 82 0
Internal iliac artery c 0
External iliac artery D 0
D Femoral artery E 0
Deep femoral artery F 0
Medial femoral circumflex artery G 0
lateral femoral circumflex artery H 0
Descending genicular artery I 0
Popliteal artery J 0
Posterior tibial artery K 0
Peroneal artery l 0
Anterior tibial artery M 0
Dorsalis pedis artery N 0
lateral plantar artery 0 0
Medial plantar artery p 0
Plantar arch Q 0
Digital arteries R 0

Arterial
Flowchart

•
••
c__R_)
Anterior view Posterior view

187
 4 QiJ IU31 P,1 l+j 11: fl·] I i: IJ :!•] ·)'•

A--~~--~~~~
h ---1--H--+1

K2 ----1-U--1.1
L2 -----1-1-./....-1.1.--1•
0

s,
T
Left brachial vein Kl 0
Right brachial vein K2 0
Left basilic vein Ll 0
Right basilic vein L2 0
Pulmonary veins M 0
Coronary sinus N 0
Hepatic vein 0 0
Hepatic portal vein p 0
Splenic vein Q 0
Anterior view
Superior mesentery vein R 0
Left renal vein s, 0

Superior vena cava Right renal vein s2 0

A 0 Left internal jugular vein Fl 0
Inferior vena cava B Left inferior mesenteric vein T 0
0 Right internal jugular vein F2 0
Left common iliac vein 0
Left brachiocephalic vein c, 0 Sigmoid sinus G 0 u,
Right common iliac vein u2 0
Right brachiocephalic vein (2 0 Facial vein H 0
Left subclavian vein o, 0 Left cephalic vein 11 0
Left internal iliac vein
Right internal iliac vein
v, 0

Right subclavian vein 0 Right cephalic vein 0 v2 0

D2 12
Left external jugular vein Left external iliac vein w, 0
El 0 Left axillary vein Jl 0
Right external iliac vein w2 0
Right external jugular vein E2 0 Right axillary vein J2 0

189
 IJ!i jl :fl·1 I 1:11: I1·1 ·1·1:1·1: I13:•
H

Brachiocephalic vein A 0
Venous Flowchart
Internal jugular vein B 0
••
External jugular vein c 0
Vertebral vein D 0
Sigmoid sinus E 0
Superior sagittal sinus E1 0
Inferior sagittal sinus E2 0
Straight sinus E3 0
Straight sinus !continued) E4 0
Occipital sinus E5 0
Cavernous sinus E6 0
Great cerebral vein E7 0
Facial vein F 0
Ophthalmic vein G 0
Temporal vein H 0
Maxillary vein I 0
Posterior auricular vein J 0
Occipital vein K 0
191
 4!411: fl·l I i: !Ill iJ iJ 1;I J:j j ;) Jt'~1 i i'a

b
Pu~monary
vems

0 Superior vena cava A 0

Brachiocephalic vein B 0
Internal jugular vein c 0
G External jugular vein D 0
Subclavian vein E 0
Axillary vein F 0
Venous Flowchart
Highest thoracic vein a 0
Lateral thoracic vein b 0
Subscapular vein c 0
Brachial vein G o
Radial vein H 0
Ulnar vein I 0
Palmar venous arch J 0
c__E_) Digital veins
Bosilic vein
K
L
0
0
Median cubital vein M 0
Median antebrachial vein N 0
Right cephalic vein 0 0
Accessory cephalic vein p 0

....
•
Anterior view

193
 A

J
H
K
B
l

M- N
0

Q
Diaphragm

Renal veins p 0
Superior vena cava A 0 Axillary vein H 0
Gonadal veins Q 0
Inferior vena cava B 0 Cephalic vein 0
Lumbar veins R 0
Mediastinal veins c 0 Azygous vein J 0
Esophageal veins D 0 Hemiazygous vein K 0 Common iliac veins s 0
Internal thoracic vein E 0 Intercostal veins L 0 Internal iliac veins T 0
Left brachiocephalic vein Fl 0 Hepatic veins M 0 External iliac veins u 0
Internal iugular vein a 0
Right brachiocephalic vein F2 0 Phrenic veins N 0
Vertebral vein b 0
Subclavian vein G 0 Suprarenal (adrenal) veins 0 0
External jugular vein c 0
195
 4'4 1I: tt·) I i :IJ ! ·1'N 4:I J!j i :J J~,1 i i'•

Venous Flowchart
c__A_)
{t
c__B_)

.••
Anterior view Posterior view

Inferior vena cava A 0 Great saphenous vein F 0 Anterior tibial vein M 0

Left common iliac vein s, 0 Medial plantar vein G 0 Dorsalis pedis veins N 0
Right common iliac vein B2 0 Dorsal venous arch H 0 Posterior tibial vein 0 0
Internal iliac vein c 0 Metatarsal veins I 0 Lateral plantar vein p 0
External iliac vein D 0 Digital veins J 0 Deep venous arch Q 0
Femoral vein E 0 Popliteal vein K 0 Peroneal vein R 0
Small saphenous vein L 0 197
 -: 14i'' itt;.):; l;1li'fi i 49•
Aorta
Liver 0 Inferior mesenteric vein A 0
Left colic vein B 0
Sigmoidal veins c 0
Superior rectal veins D 0
Splenic vein E 0
Superior mesenteric vein F 0
K Right colic vein G 0
Jejunal and ileal veins H 0
L Ileocolic vein I 0
N Pancreatoduodenal vein J 0
Gastroepiploic vein K 0
J
Gastric vein L 0
E
F Cystic vein M 0
Hepatic portal vein N 0
Hepatic vein 0 0
G
Inferior vena cava p 0
H
A
-t---\---1--t-- Descending
colon

c
Small
intestine

I
D

Schematic Diagram

Heart 0 0
Aorta b 0
Superior mesenteric artery c 0 b
Inferior mesenteric artery d 0
Hepatic portal vein e 0
Hepatic artery f 0
Hepatic veins g 0
Inferior vena cava h 0
e
Intestinal tract

199
 Placenta

Fetal heart

~CD~
H (!
CD

12 15 CD· >0
Heart Schematic Blood Flowchart
~
Aorta A 0 Umbilical vein E 0 Right ventricle 12 0
left internal iliac artery s, 0 Liver F 0 Foramen ovale 13 0
Right internal iliac artery B2 0 Ductus venosus G 0 Left atrium 14 0
left umbilical artery cl 0 Inferior vena cava H 0 Left ventricle 15 0
Right umbilical artery (2 0 Heart I 0 Ductus arteriosus 16 0
Umbilical cord D 0 Right atrium of the heart 11 0

201
 «3: ,?, if i j ;14 '1:' ...
the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 Thoracic duct A 0
Cisterna chyli A] 0
Right lymphatic duct B 0
Palatine tonsil c 0
Submandibular lymph nodes Dl 0
Cervical lymph nodes D2 0
Axillary lymph nodes D3 0
Mammary lymph nodes D4 0

A
b2
bl
F
Peyer's patches Ds 0
D4 Iliac lymph nodes D6 0
Inguinal lymph nodes D7 0
Intestinal lymph nodes Da 0
-G
Lymphatic vessels E 0
Al Thymus gland F 0
Spleen G 0
Da ~-~~~~--Ds
Appendix H 0
Bone marrow I 0
d Internal jugular vein a 0
D6 Right subclavian vein
H bl 0
left subclavian vein b2 0
Small intestine c 0
D7 large intestine d 0

205
 15'1 t', 1Q:I :(.l ,] f)

fJ
.1)
Capsule A 0
Medullary sinus D2 0
Trabeculae B 0
Medullary reticular fibers D3 0
Cortex c 0
Afferent lymphatic vessels E 0
Follicles cl 0
Afferent valves El 0
Germinal centers c2 0
Efferent lymph vessels F 0
Cortical reticular fibers c3 0
Efferent valves Fl 0
Cortical sinus c4 0
Hilus G 0
Medulla D 0
Medullary cords Dl 0

207
 4 5'1 9J Q:fJ i [j •) :!r1 I: f•t?l• l I i:lj :If. 1•)

Infraorbital lymph nodes A 0 N

Parotid lymph nodes B 0
Buccal lymph nodes c 0
Mandibular lymph nodes D 0
Submental lymph nodes E 0
Submandibular lymph nodes F 0
Periauricular lymph nodes G 0
Retroauricular lymph nodes H 0
Occipital lymph nodes 0
Superficial cervical lymph nodes J 0
Deep cervical lymph nodes K 0
Parasternal lymph nodes L 0
Subclavian lymph nodes M 0
Lateral axillary lymph nodes N 0
Central axillary lymph nodes 0 0
Subscapular lymph nodes p 0
Pectoral lymph nodes Q 0
Parotid gland a 0
Submandibular gland b 0
209
Diaphragmatic surface A 0
Visceral surface B 0
Gastric area Bl 0
Renal area B2 0
Hilus B3 0
Splenic artery c 0
Splenic vein D 0
Capsule E 0
Trabeculum El 0
Red pulp F 0
White pulp G 0
Trabecular arteries H 0 B3
Splenic cords 0
Venous sinuses J 0
Capillary network K 0

211
 • i: II M' {, ll J: II Q:t.X3 {$)
Bone A 0 Lymphatic tissue a 0
Bone marrow Al 0 Circulation b 0
Immature T-lymphocytes B 0
Thymus gland c 0
Mature T-lymphocytes 01 0
Helper T-lymphocytes 02 0
T-lymphocyte receptors 03 0
Antigen for T-lymphocytes E 0
Activation of T-lymphocyte El 0
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte F 0
Helper assistance Gl 0
Mature B-lymphocytes H 0
B-lymphocyte receptor Hl 0
B-lymphocxte receptor H2 0
B-lymphocyte receptor H3 0
Antigen for B-lymphocyte I 0
Activation of B-lymphocyte 11 0
Plasma cells J 0
Antibody molecules K 0

a E
~

K
213
the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Oral cavily A 0
Pharynx B 0
Esophagus c 0
Stomach D 0
Small intestine E 0
Large intestine F 0
Rectum G 0
Anus H 0
Salivary glands I 0
Liver J 0
Gallbladder K 0
Pancreas L 0
Right upper quadrant a 0
Epigastric region b 0
Left upper quadrant c 0
Right lumbar region d 0
J Umbilical region e 0
Left lumbar region 0
Right inguinal region g 0
Hypogastric region h 0
Left inguinal region 0

217
 4 p: II•) :!s1 l!f.£4' •'•

Cheek A 0
Lips B 0
Vestibule c 0
Teeth D 0
Gingiva E 0
Nasal cavity G Hard palate F 0

\ s
Soft palate
Uvula
Palatopharyngeal arch
GO
H 0
I 0
Palatoglossal arch J 0
Tongue K 0
Lingual frenulum l 0
Hyoid bone MO
Body No
Root 00
Papillae p 0
Sublingual salivary glands QO
Lingual tonsils R1 0
Palatine tonsils R2 0
Pharyngeal tonsil R30
Eustachian tube s 0
Nasopharynx T1 0
D Oropharynx T2 0
M Sagittal section Epiglottis u0

Anterior view
Tongue, anterior view

219
 D D

D
D

Lower Jaw

Upper Jaw A B c D

Upper jaw

Lower jaw

B c D
Incisors A 0
G Cuspids B 0
Bicuspids c 0
Molars D 0
K Upper dental arch E 0
lower dental arch F 0
M Crown G 0
Neck H 0
Root I 0
L Alveolar bone J 0
Gingiva K 0
Periodontal ligament l 0
Cementum M 0
Enamel N 0
R Dentin 0 0
Pulp cavity p 0
Root canal Q 0
Apical foramen R 0
Nerves s 0
221
 • i; 1411! CJ.1 i\'11 !·1: 1·1)

d c

Parotid glands A 0
Parotid duct !Stenson's duct) B 0
Opening of the parotid duct B1 0
Submandibular gland c 0
Submandibular duct {Wharton's duct) D 0
Sublingual glands E 0
Sublingual ducts F 0
Zygomatic arch a 0
Masseter muscle b 0
Second maxillary molar c 0
Mandible d 0
Lingual frenulum e 0
Tongue 0

223
 H3
Oblique layer HJ 0
Serosa I 0
Submucosa J 0
Mucosa K 0
Muscularis mucosa Kl 0
lamina propria K2 0
Mucosal epithelium KJ 0
Gastric pits l 0
K

Outer stomach wall N

lesser curvature A 0 Pyloric sphincter E 0 Neck mucous cells M 0

Greater curvature B 0 Pyloric outlet F 0 Chief cells N 0
Cardiac sphincter c 0 Rugae G 0 Parietal cell 0 0
Cardia Dl 0 Muscularis externa H 0 Esophagus a 0
Fundus D2 0 longitudinal layer Hl 0 Duodenum b 0
Body DJ 0 Middle circular layer H2 0
Pylorus 04 0
225
 Duodenum
Jejunum
A
B
0
0
• i:I43 9t·1!I I: i jfi iI: I)
Ileum c 0
Plicae circulares D 0
Villi E 0
Intestinal crypts F 0
Muscularis mucosa G 0
Submucosa H 0 B
Circular muscle I 0
Longitudinal muscle J 0
Serosa K 0
Lamina propria L 0
Epithelium M 0 Large
Artery N 0 intestine
Vein 0 0
Lymph vessel p 0
Nerve Q 0
Capillary network R 0
Microvilli s 0

227
 4 I: IJ';' it? 11:' ifi i 1:1•
Ascending colon A 0
Transverse colon B 0
Descending colon c 0
Ileocecal valve D 0
Cecum E 0
Vermiform appendix F 0
Mesoappendix G 0
Hepatic flexure H 0
Splenic flexure I 0
Sigmoid colon J 0
Rectum K 0
c

Levator ani Taeniae coli L 0

muscle Epiploic appendages Ll 0
p Haustra M 0
Anus N 0
Plicae transversales 0 0
R Anal canal p 0
Anal columns Q 0
s External anal sphincter R 0
Internal anal sphincter s 0
N Stomach a 0
Duodenum b 0
Jejunum c 0
Ileum d 0
229
F Islets of Langerhans G 0
Exocrine cells H 0
G Blood vessel 0
Esophagus a 0
Diaphragm b 0
Stomach c 0
Duodenum d 0
Jejunum e 0
F
Liver 0
H Hepatic ducts g 0
Pancreas A 0 Gallbladder h 0
Head of the pancreas Al 0 Common bile duct 0
Body of the pancreas A2 0 Spleen j 0
Tail of the pancreas AJ 0 Left kidney k 0
Main pancreatic duct B 0 Right kidney I 0
Ampulla of Vater c 0 Left ureter m 0
Accessory pancreatic duct D 0 Right ureter n 0
Acinus E 0 Superior mesentery artery 0 0
Exocrine cells F 0 Superior mesentery vein p 0
231
 e
Posterior view

E
Hepatic Blood Supply

Coronary ligament D 0
E Gallbladder E 0
Porta hepatis F 0
Common bile duct G 0
Cystic duct H 0
Hepatic duct I 0
J Sphincter J 0
Ampulla of Vater K 0
Diaphragm a 0
Stomach b 0
The Gallbladder Inferior vena cava c 0
Liver A 0 Hepatic portal vein d 0
Left lobe A1 0 Hepatic artery e 0
Right lobe A2 0 Capillary network 0
Caudate lobe A3 0 Hepatic vein g 0
Quadrate lobe A4 0 Pancreas h 0
Falciform ligament B 0 Pancreatic duct 0
Round ligament c 0 Duodenum j 0
Jejunum k 0
233
the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nosal passage A 0 left moinstem bronchus Fl 0 Diaphragm 0
Nosal conchae Al 0 Right mainstem bronchus F2 0 Tongue 0 0
Frontal sinus Bl 0 left bronchial tree Gl 0 Esophagus b 0
Sphenoid sinus B2 0 Right bronchial tree G2 0 Ribs c 0
Pharynx c 0 left lung Hl 0 Sternum d 0
larynx D 0 Right lung H2 0 Clavicles e 0
Trachea E 0

23'
 (2 Nasal cavity A 0
External nares Al 0
Vestibule A2 0
Olfactory region A3 0
Internal nares A4 0
Nasal septum B 0
Maxillary sinus cl 0
Frontal sinus (2 0
Ethmoid sinus (3 0
Nasal conchae D 0
Superior nasal concha Dl 0
a Middle nasal concha D2 0
Inferior nasal concha D3 0
Superior nasal meatus El 0
h Middle nasal meatus E2 0
Inferior nasal meatus E3 0
G Maxilla
Nasopharynx F 0

Frontal bone

Sagittal section

Oropharynx G 0
Laryngopharynx H 0
Epiglottis I 0
Glottis J 0
Vocal cords K 0
D2 B
Thyroid cartilage L 0
Cricoid cartilage M 0
Trachea N 0
Hard palate
Soft palate
a
b
0
0
c1 c1
Oral cavity c 0
Tongue d 0
Eustachian tube e 0 Frontal
section
Lingual tonsil 0
Palatine tonsil g 0
Pharyngeal tonsil h 0
Esophagus 0
Thyroid gland 0
239
 a

H
A2
c><
~ E2
3 D2
Dl

Anterior view Posterior view Sagittal section

Posterior

J
c \
\
I
~ ci:' (2, ))
v
I
I
Tongue (Jl@'

Anterior

Thyroid cartilage A 0 Right arytenoid cartilage D2 0 Extrinsic ligaments H 0

Laryngeal prominence Al 0 left corniculate cartilage El 0 Ventricular folds 0
Thyroid cartilage A2 0 Right corniculate cartilage E2 0 Rima vestibuli 11 0
Cricoid cartilage B 0 left cuneiform cartilage Fl. 0 Vocal folds J 0
Epiglottis c 0 Right cuneiform cartilage F2 0 Rings of cartilage K 0
left arytenoid cartilage Dl 0 Intrinsic ligaments G 0 Hyoid bone a 0

241
 A

Lumen of
trachea

N
Larynx A 0
lhyroid cartilage Al 0
Cricoid cartilage A2 0
Cricothyroid ligament A3 0
Thyrohyoid ligament A4 0
Hyoid bone As 0
Trachea B 0
Hyaline or tracheal cartilage Bl 0
Annular ligaments B2 0
Left mainstem bronchus cl 0
F
Right mainstem bronchus c2 0
Carina D 0

F
Right secondary bronchi El 0
Left secondary bronchi E2 0
Cartilage F 0
Tertiary bronchi G 0
Bronchioles H 0
Lobules 0
Mucosa J 0
Ciliated epithelium K 0
Lamina proprio L 0
Smooth muscle M 0
Mucous cells N 0
243
 fi i:!J!IJH{)

Right superior lobe A 0

Right middle lobe B 0
Right inferior lobe c 0
Left superior lobe D 0
Left inferior lobe E 0
Horizontal fissure Fh 0
Oblique fissure Fo 0
fo Cupula !Apex) Gl, G2 0
Base Hl, H2 0
Left costal surface 11 0
Right costal surface 12 0
Fo
Mediastinal surface Jl, J 2 0
Esophageal groove K 0
Cardiac impression Ll 0

Right lung L2 0
Diaphragmatic impression Ml, M2 0
Hilus Nl, N2 0
Bronchi 0 0 Ll
Pulmonary artery p 0
Pulmonary veins Q 0
Aortic groove R 0
Trachea a 0
Mainstem bronchus b 0
Secondary bronchi c 0
Tertiary bronchi d 0

D
c Lateral view, Lateral view,
right lung Medial view,
left lung left lung

245
the URINARY SYSTEM
 E F

B Iliac
A2 crest
H
c I
c
G
D D

Anterior view
Posterior view

Posterior
Left kidney Al ()

Right kidney A2 ()

Ureter B ()

Urinary bladder c ()

Urethra D ()
K Renal artery E ()

E Renal vein F ()
E Abdominal aorta G ()

Inferior vena cava H ()

Lumbar vertebra I ()
F M
Suprarenal glands J ()

Renal capsule K ()

Adipose capsule L ()

Renal fascia M ()

Peritoneum N ()
Anterior
Inferior view of transverse section

249
 Blood Flowchart
Capsule A 0
F--1--1-l~~~JJ Renal cortex B 0
LL--.......,..'T'"'r""J,.,- Renal medulla c 0
Renal pyramids D 0
Base D1 0
D Apex {renal papilla) D2 0
Hilus E 0
Renal sinus F 0
Papillary duct G 0
Minor calyx H 0
Major calyces I 0
Renal pelvis J 0
Ureter K 0
Renal columns l 0
Frontal section of right kidney Renal artery M 0
Renal vein N 0
Segmental arteries 0 0
Interlobar artery p 0
Arcuate arteries Q 0
Interlobular arteries R 0
Afferent arteries s 0
Glomerulus T 0
Efferent arteriole u 0
Peritubular capillary v 0
Interlobular vein w 0
Arcuate vein X 0
Interlobar veins y 0
Segmental veins z 0

251
 B

Kidney A 0
Nephron B 0
Renal artery c 0
Renal vein D 0
Ureter E 0
Cortex F 0
Medulla G 0
Renal corpuscle H 0
T Cortical nephron Hl 0
Juxtamedullary nephron H2 0
u Collecting duct I 0
Interlobular artery J 0
Afferent arteriole K 0
Glomerulus L 0
s Efferent arteriole M 0
Peritubular capillary network N 0
T Bowman's capsule 0 0
Q Proximal convoluted tubule p 0
~'I Descending limb Q 0
R Loop of Henle R 0
To renal pelvis
Ascending limb s 0
Distal convoluted tubule T 0
Interlobular vein u 0

253
 4i i: Ill):)!: f·1 i\'1 :) !·1 .] .] 1••

J
H
Female

Ureter A 0
Ureter orifices Al 0
H3 Peritoneum B 0
Detrusor muscle c 0
Trigone D 0
Mucosa E 0
b Rugae El 0
Neck of bladder F 0
Urethral sphincter G 0
Urethra H 0
H Prostatic urethra Hl 0
Membranous urethra H2 0
Spongy urethra H3 0
External urethral sphincter I 0
Male
Urogenital diaphragm J 0
Prostate gland a 0
Penis b 0

255
the REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 H4

Testis A 0 Glans penis H2 0 Coccyx b 0

Epididymis B 0 Prepuce H3 0 Pubic symphysis c 0
Ductus deferens c 0 Orifice of urethra H4 0 Urinary bladder d 0
Ampulla cl 0 Suspensory ligament Hs 0 Ureter e 0
Ejaculatory duct D 0 Scrotum I 0 Urogenital diaphragm 0
Prostatic urethra E 0 Seminal vesicle J 0 Rectum g 0
Membranous urethra F 0 Prostate gland K 0 Anus h 0
Spongy urethra G 0 Bulbourethral gland L 0
Penis H 0 Sacrum a 0
Corona Hl 0

259
 p

Scrotum A 0
Septum B 0
Dartos c 0
Cremaster muscle D 0
Internal oblique muscle E 0
Fascia F 0
External spermatic fascia Fl 0
Internal spermatic fascia F2 0
Tunica vaginalis G 0
Cavity Gl 0
Tunica albuginea H 0
Septum I 0
Lobules J 0

Anterior view

Seminiferous tubules K 0
Rete testis l 0
Efferent ductules ll 0
Epididymis M 0
Head M1 0
Body M2 0
Tail M3 0
Ductus deferens N 0
Blood vessels, nerves 0 0
Spermatic cord p 0
Suspensory ligament Q 0
Fundiform ligament R 0
Corpora cavernosa s 0
Corpus spongiosum T 0
Spongy urethra u 0 Sagittal section

261
 4:,t;1! 1;1{3 f}l·l ;\'17 !·1: I·})
Ductus deferens A 0
Smooth muscle Al 0
a b Ampulla B 0
Seminal vesicle c 0
Glandular folds cl 0
Outpockets (2 0
Body c3 0
Base c4 0
c Vesicle duct
Eiaculatory ducts
Cs
D
0
0

c,
Posterior view
D
F3 c4
F, c5
Seminal Vesicle
F4
F4 Urethra E 0
Prostate gland F 0
Mucosal glands Fl 0
F3 Submucosal glands F2 0
Main prostatic glands F3 0
Submucosal ducts F4 0
Bulbourethral gland G 0
Duct Gl 0
Cross section of prostate gland Urinary bladder a 0
Ureters b 0

263
E Prostate gland A 0
Urethra B 0
Prostatic urethra Bl 0
H F Membranous urethra B2 0
Spongy urethra B3 0
Ejaculatory duct c 0
Bulbourethral gland D 0
Urogenital diaphragm E 0
Root of penis F 0
Bulb G 0
Crus H 0
Shaft 0
B-· Corpora cavernosa J 0
Corpus spongiosum K 0
Tunica albuginea L 0
K

N
0

L
R
Frontal section

Blood vessels M 0
Smaller blood vessels N 0
Glans penis 0 0 M
Corona p 0
Prepuce Q 0
External urethral orifice R 0
Urinary bladder a 0 Cross section
Internal urethral orifice b 0

265
 c

Ovaries A 0 Posterior fornix H 0 Urinary bladder a 0

Uterine tubes B 0 Anterior fornix 0 Urethra b 0
Fimbria Bl 0 Cervix J 0 External urethral meatus c 0
Infundibulum B2 0 Vagina K 0 Rectum d 0
Round ligament c 0 Urogenital diaphragm L 0 Coccyx e 0
Uterus D 0 Greater vestibular gland M 0 Anus 0
Endometrium o, 0 Vaginal orifice N 0 Sacrum g 0
Uterosacral ligament E 0 Mons pubis 0 0 Pubic symphysis h 0
Rectouterine pouch F 0 Clitoris p 0
Vesicouterine pouch G 0 Labium minora Q 0
Labium majora R 0

267
 6 i: IJ·1'/;1 :\'1;1:1·11) ij:J!:II (I):J f)

F
D

Al Fimbriae s, 0
Infundibulum B2 0
Ampulla B3 0
Isthmus B4 0
Intramural part of uterine tube B5 0
Uterus c 0
L Broad ligament D 0
Mesovarium E 0
Ovarian ligament F 0
Suspensory ligament G 0
Corpus albicans H 0
Cervix 0
Cervical os 11 0
Vagina J 0
Primordial follicle Kl 0
Cells K2 0
H Ml Secondary follicle K3 0
Mature follicle K4 0
Egg cell L 0
Ovary A 0
Corona radiata Ll 0
Cortex Al 0
Early corpus luteum Ml 0
Vascular medulla A2 0
Mature corpus luteum M2 0
Ovarian hilum A3 0
Vein h 0
Tunica albuginea A4 0
Fallopian tube B 0
269
 c

Posterior view

Uterus A 0 Fallopian tubes B 0 Uterine artery G 0

Body (corpus) Al 0 Fimbriae Bl 0 Uterine vein H 0
Fundus 0 Infundibulum 0 Vagina 0
Isthmus
A2
A3 0 Ampulla
B2
B3 0 Vaginal canal ,, 0
Cervix A4 0 Intramural portion B4 0 Fornix 12 0
Cervical os As 0 Ovaries c 0 Rugae 13 0
Cervical canal A6 0 Perimetrium (serosa} D 0 Vaginal artery J 0
Internal os A7 0 Myometrium E 0 Vaginal vein K 0
Uterine cavity As 0 Endometrium F 0 Ureter l 0

271
 A

c Ovary
Uterus
A
B
0
0
Vagina c 0
Cervical os D 0
Urogenital diaphragm E 0
Hymen F 0
External genitalia G 0
Vestibule H 0
Labia minora 0

Urethra J 0
Clitoris K 0
Prepuce L 0
Greater vestibular !Bartholin's! glands M 0
Mons pubis N 0
Labia majora 0 0
Anus p 0

p
A1

273
 Pectoralis major muscle A 0
lymph vessels and lymph nodes B 0
Deep Fascia cl 0
Superficial fascia (2 0
Nipple D 0
Areola E 0
Cooper's ligaments F 0
lobes G 0
lobules of mammary gland H 0
Secondary tubules I 0
Mammary ducts J 0
lactiferous sinus K 0
Lactiferous duct l 0
D

275