 Galileo's telescope made clear that the universe was far larger than had

been imagined — and our place in it far smaller than had been imagined.
 We have wonderful instruments that do this — the telescope, the
microscope, fMRI brain scans, the Large Hadron Collider. We now see
many invisible worlds: tiny bacteria in our water, shifting patterns of
blood flow in the brain, submicroscopic particles (some hope) that
haven't been seen since the first microseconds of the universe.
 making a photographic image (camera)
o The use of photographic equipment in conjunction with telescopes
has benefited astronomers greatly, giving them two distinct
advantages: first, photographic images provide a permanent
record of celestial phenomena, and, second, photographic
plates integrate the light from celestial sources over long periods
of time and thereby permit astronomers to see much-fainter
objects than they would be able to observe visually.
 Spectrographs - The spectrograph consists of a slit, a collimator,
a prism for dispersing the light, and a focusing lens.
o an instrument used to obtain and record an astronomical
spectrum
 Photomultiplier tubes - The photomultiplier tube is an enhanced version
of the photocell, which was first used by astronomers to record data
electronically.
