Chapier STRENGTH OF MATERIALS INTRODUCTION Strength of Materials extends the study of forces that was begun in Engineering Mechanics. The field of Mechanics covers the relations between forces acting on rigid bodies. Strength of Materials deals with the relations between externally applied loads and their internal effects on bodies. The deformations in the bodies, however small they may be, are of major interest. Every body offers resistance against any disturbance to its natural state of formation. This resistance, against deformation, per unit area is known as the stress. It is measured in terms of force exerted per unit area The stresses acting on any surface can be resolved into twa components one normal to the surface and the other tangential to the surface. These are the two basic stresses, namely Normal stresses and Shearing stresses. All other stresses are either similar to these or a combination of these. The axial stresses resulting form axial forces which tend to elongate a member are called Tensile stresses. Members which are subjected to predominantly axial tensile stresses are known as ties. Such axial stresses which tend to shorten or compress a member are called Compressive stresses, Members which are subjected to predominantly axial compressive stresses ane-called Struts, As per Saint Venant’s principle, these axial stresses will be uniformly distributed over the entire area of cross-section. If a force is parallel to the surface an which it acts, it is called a shear force. ‘The direction of shear stress on any plane will be parallel te the plane of shear. Ultimate strength is the greatest stress the material can withstand without rupture. Far obvious reasons of safety, the full strength is never utilised. Allowable stress is that part of the ultimate strength which will be used when maximum permissible force is applied. In the straight line or Elastic theory, the Factor of Safety is, the stress at which the material yields (called as yieldstress} divided by allowable stress. The selection of factor of safety will be based on ‘degree of safety’ required, economy, reliability of the material, required life of the structure, loading conditions, method of assessment of qualities of the material, method of assessment of loads, access inte the structure for maintenance and environmental conditions. Strain is the ratio of deformation 61, to the length | over which it occurred, Thus, e = 6/1, Strain is. a non-dimensional quantity whereas stress is expressed in N,mm+ ete, Generally almost all the structural materials will be capable of recovering and size upon the removal of the deforming forces, provided they are not excessi is called the elasticity. The limit of stress upto which a material can exhibit Elasticity is called the Elastic limit. If the material is stressed beyond this limit full recovery isnot possible. Some permanent deformations will be left unrecovered. That part, which is irrecoverable is called Permanent Set. Robert Hooke formulated that “Stress is proportional to strain within certain limits". The limit upto which Hooke's law holds good is called Proportional limit or limit of Proportionality. Within the Elastic Zone, stress is proportional to strain upto proportional limit and beyond this it is not linearly related. Thus the zone upto Elastic limit (Elastic zone) can be divided as Linearly Elastic zene and Nor-linearly Elastic zone, The constant of proportionality between stress and strain, which gives a measure of stiffness or elasticity of the material is called ‘Modulus of Elasticity’ or Young's Modulus (after Dr: Thomas Young) and is denoted by E. Plasticity of a material is the property of the material by virtue of which it continues to deform without any considerable increase in stress. The ratio of shear stress to shear strain within the shearing proportional limit is known as. Shear Modulus, or Modulus of Rigidity, denoted by N, Cor G. Any normal stress is accompanied by a strain in its own direction and an opposite kind of strain in every direction at right angles to it. The ratio of unrestrained lateral linear strain to longitudinal linear strain is called Poisson's Ratio, mw. 1/m, or v. Usually, this varies from about 0.15 to 0.4. ‘The change in volume per unit volume is called the volumetric strain, If the strains in the three principal directions are ¢,, ¢, and ¢,, the volumetric strain will be the sum of these strain, fc. e 0,46, +€,, Ifa body is subjected to three stresses 4, 6, and 6 all tensilein the three principal directions x, y and z, respectively, strains in the three directions will be given by When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular like direct stresses of same intensity, the ratio of this stress to the corresponding volumetric strain in the body is known as Bulk Modulus, K,The three elastic constants E, N and & together with Poisson's Ratio are connected by the following equations ONK N43K ferred that the Modulus of Rigidity for a material will be leas than Modulus of Elasticity Or, generally the materials will be weak in shear in comparison to normal stresse.g., for mild steel, Ne Od £. Strength is the ability of a material to resist forces by developing the stress based on the nature of the force without failure. esan(ist), reak [1-2], m oo It can bi Stiffness is that property of the material due to which a material can resist deformation. Tenacity is the ultimate tensile strength. Duetility is the property of the material that enables it to be drawn permanently through great changes for shape without rupture. This is indicated by percentage elongating and percentage reduction in area from a tension test. Brittleness is the opposite of ductility. Brittle materials fail suddenly without warming when stressed beyond their strength, They can not accommodate much change in shape without rupture. Hardness is the ability of a material to resist indentation or abrasion or cutting, or scratching, ete. [tis given as force divided by the surface area (of contact) of the spherical indentation (rg. BHN. Toughness is the property of a material which enables it to absorb energy at high stress without fracture. The measure of toughness is the amount of energy that a unit volume of the material has absorbed after being stressed upto the point of fracture. Creep is the property by which a material continues to deform with Hime under sustained loading, Resilience is the amount of energy stored in a strained body, also known as Strain Energy. The maximum amunt of strain energy which can be stored in a unit volume without permanent set is called Proof Resilience or Modulus of Resilience. Ifa ductile material like mild steel is stressed upto fracture, the stress strain curve will be obtained as shown in figure aside in which O is starting point, j,, zero stress and zero strain. A is proportional limit, B is Elastic limit. Cis upper yield point. D is lower yield point. Point G is the ultimate strength. 4 is nominal breaking stress and [ ° Sen —e is actual breaking stress. Solid curve is based on original area of cross-section. Dotted curve is based on actual area of cross-section (possibly) from time to time, OA is linearly elastic zone and AB is nonelinearly elastic zone, DF is plastic zone. FG is strain hardening zone. ‘Stress ——>Members with varying cross-sections are called Non-prismatic members. The total elongation or shortening of the member will be the algebraic sum of the changes in lengths of individual portions, If the cross-sections suddenly vary, 8! = E3l, where I the cross-section is uniformly varying, the change in an element is to be integrated. For a circular red tapering uniformly from a diameter ¢, tou, over a length of fand subjected toa load P, 4Pi the overall change in length, &! will be given by 8! = = 2 z ~ Endy, The strain energy stored in a body due to axial stress is given by Leos cus os us a Stress x Strain x Volume or Lf = et Volume. Ian axial load P is applied gradually, corresponding stress will be, P/A. If the axial load P issuddenly applied, max. instantaneous stress will be 2P/.4, which will gradually adjust to P/A. If the axial load P is dropped through a height 'h’ or applied with equivalent impact, max. Instantaneous stress is given by P BEAR Salis hee a aie 1 } Uf the loading is through a shock, and if the shock transmits L! units of energy, . Whenever a member is made up of more than one material, the section is known a5 Composite Section. The load applied on the member will be distributed among the various materials. In such case it will be assumed that there will nat be relative slip among, themselves, ix., the strain will be same. The equilibrium condition gives one equation and the problem can be solved using the equations E= #24 2% aoe BEC, AVE, AE, AgEs and P=P,+P,+ Pt... eke. where P), A, and £, refer to first material and so on. Every body tries tv expand or contract depending on the changes in the surrounding temperature. If this change és ant allowed the stresses will be developed in thebody corresponding fo such prevented changes. prevented change = Jat, sb Cortesponding stress = Fret Force developed = AE otwhere A is area of cross-section, E is Young’s modulus, a is coefficient of linear expansion and ¢ is the change in temperature. Ifa cylindrical bar of length f is subjected to its own weight, p being the unit weight of material, (By integrating extension im an element) al = pP/2E Ifa conical bar is subjected to its own weight, oP ees Any structure whether a bridge or building ete. will be subjected to various types of loads. Dead load includes all loads which permanently act on the structure including the self weight of the member under consideration. During the course of design of the structure only the weight of that element under consideration is to be assumed, all the other elements supported by it must have been designed already and the dead load from them known. Live load is that part which comes on to the structure based on the purpose when the structure is put to use, The loads may be concentrated at some points (known as concentrated loads) or may be distributed (known as distributed loads}. The internal forces induced in various members of a structure will depend on how the structure is supported similarly, its Ifthe ends of the structure are simply placed over supports, due to bending, the ends of the member get lifted up, thereby reducing the contact area which results in high bearing, stresses. There is no connection between member and support. This will not be stable for high horizontal components, The end of the member may be supported avera hinge on rollers through a pin. This type of support cannot offer reaction in the plane of rollers. This will permit the end of the member to rotate about the centre of pin and hence offers only one reaction component normal to the plane of the rollers Ahinged support will affer two reaction components since it prevents vertical and horizontal movements of the ends but permits rotation. A built in support or fixed support, when the end of the member is either built into the support or rigidly connected, will offer three reaction components, as it will nwt permit the end of the member to move or to rotate. A member is said to be overhanging when the member does not slop ower a support bul continues beyond. Sometimes the end of the member may be left unsupported. By the application of equations of statics, namely EH = 0, EV = 0 and EM about any point lying in the plane of the structure is equal to zero, only three unknown external reaction components can be determined. If the total number of reaction components, based on the nature of supporting exceeds the number of equations which statics can offer, the member is said to be statically Indeterminate. Degree of indeterminacy is total number of reaction components minus threeA force is completely known when all the four elements, magnitude, direction, sense and point of application, are known, Space diagram is the diagram which indicates the structure along with system of forces that act on it to some scale clearly indicating, the direction, sense and points of application of various forces. The Force Polygan is the Vector diagram showing the ferces in magnitude, direction and sense. The closing, line of the force polygon gives the equilibrant of the force system. If the polygon of forces closes by itself, inchiding the reactions, the body will be in equilibrium. Sometimes the force polygon fails to give the idea about the point of application of resultant of a force system, when it is not a concurrent one. In such cases a Link Diagram or alse known as Funicular Polygon is drawn linking the Space Diagram and Force Polygon. ‘The Shear Force at any section is equal to the net transverse force (i... the algebraic sum of the transverse components of force) either to the right or to the leftof the section including reactions. Obviously, shear force to the left or right of the section will be same. ‘The Bending moment at any section is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments about this section of various forces either to the right or to the left af the section including reactions, If yiis the deflection of the beam at a section x distant from origin, a’y ‘ a El Ee «© W,, the load intensity atx, x a El ay « F,, the shear force atx dx" 2 EI ay = M, the bending moment at x In El x a0, the slope of the elastic curve at ¥ Itcan be observed from above that by the integration of function of load intensity the shear force will be obtained and etc. Thus the following Laws of Beam Diagrams can be established. First Law of Beam Diagrams Slope of curve at any point in any diagram = Length of ordinateat the corresponding point in the next higher diagram The order of diagrams is (1) Load intensity diagram (2) Shear force diagram (3) Bending moment diagram. Higher diagram means the just previous diagram. Second Law of Beam Diagrams Difference in lengths of any twe ordinates in any diagram = Area between the corresponding ordinates of the next higher diagram. Simple bending means flexure by pure couples applied to a beam without shearing force. The assumption that Plane transverse sections remain plane and normal to the axis of the beam even aller bending means the strains in the various fibres will be proportional to their distances from neutral axis, Neutral axis is the line of intersection of Neutral plane and transverse section ofthe beam. This will pass through the centre of geavily of cross-section. The assumptions thal material obeys Hooke’s law, limit of proportionality not exceeded and Young modulus is same compression and tension mean thal the stresses will be proportional to the strains in all the fibres. M gE The flexure formula is 7 = 7h where M is the bending moment acting at the section, | is the second moment of the area about an axis passing through centroid, c is the stress in a file which is at a distance of y front neutral axis. E is Young's modulus and & is the radius of curvature (change). This flexure formula is applicable with following limitations + (7) Loads must be static loads. {b) The beam must be free from initial or residual stresses. (e) The beam must fail by bending only and not by twisting, or buckling etc. (d) There must bea plane of symmetry for the.cross-section and all loads must be applied in this plane. Modulus of section with reference to any axis is the moment of inertia divided by the distance of extreme fibre from neutral axis. It-can be observed from flexure formula that 2 or the bent shape for a given moment ee a . will depend on the value of E, F is a material property and J is a cross-sectional property, Hence the value El is combined property of the beam section giving its stiffness. It is called Flexural rigidity. ‘The variation in bending moment along the axis causes differential horizontal stresses to develop. These stresses will be proportional to rate of change of bending moment or shear force at the section, The shear stress ona fibre at any level is given by t= a A where F is the shear force at the section, AY is the moment of the b f area between the fibre under consideration and corresponding extreme fibre taken about the neutral axis/ is the moment of inertia about the centroidal axis, b is the width of the section at the level of the fibre under consideration Generally, unless the width at neutral axis is large, maximum shear stress occurs near the neutral axis. The distribution of shear stress is of parabolic variation. The ratio of maximum shear stress to average shear stress will depend thus on the shape of the cross-section, When a body is 1 MAdr 261 subjected tu bending moment M, the strain energy stored will be . From the flexture formula, 1 2 or when Misconstant (i, purebending moment) and Elis constant (primal R member), the bent shape (or elastic curve) will be of constant curvature. So a prismatic beam subjected to pure bending mament will bend into eireular are.Ina simply supported beam subjected to pure bending moment, the maximum deflection ' a MI? will occur at centre and of magnitude BET" As can be seen from the previous equations, the deflections can be calculated by integrating the bending moment expression bwice in succession. The constants of integration can be determined: using the boundary conditions, [f slope and deflection are calculated at a section, the slope and deflection at other section can be calculated by drawing the qualitative picture of elastic curve, Especially when there is no load in between the two sections, i = Ican be observed that even through the stresses act on a plane, the cracks will form on a different plane altogether, So there may be planes over which the stresses may be of critical nature and magnitude. On any plane the stresses may be resolved inte two components normal and tangential, Such planes on which no tangential stresses act will be known as Principal planes. The only normal stresses acting on these principal planes are called Principal Stresses, The larger one is called Major Principal Stress and the smaller one is called minor principal stress. Im any stressed member the maximum and minimum normal stresses will be Principal stresses. The two principal planes will be at right angles to each other, If the principal stresses are a, and a, both of same f= 0, 8-= 0,40 nature maximum shear stress will be given by 3) Straight ine By analysis the normal and tangential stresses on any plane inclined ata given angle can be found. The plane carrying maximum shear can be determined by differentiating shear stress expression wrt. @ and equating to zero. 0, anda, both tensile Gy rit “Hl tf T tT ‘Strese condition Motes circle Ellipse of stress and Mohr’s circle of stress can be used. [f no shear stress acts on these two planes and a, and a, areequal and of same nature, then Mohr’s circle will be a point, The radius of any Mohr's circle will give the magnitude of the corresponding maximum shear stress.A moment acting on a member about the longitudinal axis trying to twist one end of the member with respect to the other is called twisting moment or Torque. A bending moment bends the member whereas a twisting moment twists the member. A beam supporting a balcony or portico, itself being supported rigidly at the two ends or one end by columns is an example for a member under combined bending and torsion, Shafts in automobiles, beams in grid works will be subjected to torque. ‘The assumption that a plane cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis remains. same even after the application of torque is valid only for circular sections. The torsional formula r No isp [where Tis the twisting moment or torque in. Nm. J is polar moment of inertia of the cross-section in mi. t is the shear stress in the material at a radial distance of r, in N/fm*, ris the radial distance of fibre in m. N is the modulus of rigidity in N/m?. 6 is the relative twist between two sections, f apart, in radians. | is the distance between the two section in m. The stresses generated in the material will be shear stresses since the applied twisting moment will force each cross-section to slip over the other, The material on the periphery will be subjected to maximum shear stress. The ductile materials will allow cross-sections to slip easily and they may fail by shear slip between cross-sections. Brittle materials will fail by diagonal tension the crack occurring at 45° to the longitudinal axis. The maximum twist will be small when compared to that in a ductile material. 2nnT Horse power transmitted by a shaft = - 05 x 10" wre it is ¢-p.m., T is torque in kg cm. When a member is subjected to a bending moment M and twisting moment T, a single bending moment that can produce the same major principal stress called, equivalent Bending moment, is given by, =a |Meat +T?| 2 Similarly, equivalent twisting moment producing same max. shear stress is Ty= Meare ‘The torsional formula is not valid for impact loads, This is valid only for circular sections. IF a crack develops it starts on the periphery and develops towards the centre, if itis a pure torsion, A helical spring, will be close cailed or apen coiled based on the angle of helix, If the angte is more and hence the spring is open coiled, it will develop bending stresses in addition to shear stresses when subjected to axial loads. If the mean coil radius is R, every cross-section is subjected toa twisting moment of WR, when the spring is subjected to axial force W, Thus the material of a close coiled helical spring will be subjected to shear stress when the spring is subjected to axial load. If the spring is subjected to axial twist, the number of coils in the spring will increase or decrease depending on the nature of the twisting moment. Because the overall length of the spring is same, when number of coils changes, the radius of curvature of the spring coils changes. Whenthe radius of curvature changes for a member, the straining action will be bending moment. ‘Therefore when a close-coiled helical spring is subjected to axial twist, bending stresses will develop in the material. When an axial load of W acts on a close coiled helical spring, the spring undergoes a SaWR'n cat radius of the coil of the spring, 1 is the number of coils in the spring, € is the modulus of rigi and d is the diameter of the spring wire compression (or deflection} which is given by , where W is the load, R is the mean ky: The load required to cause unit deflection is called Stiffness | =|. ff two springs are in series, and their Stiffness are &, and K, the stiffness of the combined spring, is K = ay where Bs AG Ky +Ky" a, mae gor Vf two springs with stiffnesses K, and X, are in parallel, the stiffness of the combined spring is K= where Wel, +4, W,=K,6,W,=K,8, and W=(k, + K,) Kak +k, If the helical springs crack, the crack will be initiated on the inner side of curvature, ca* BAR Dn The energy stored in a compressing spring is i uss 2 The stiffness of spring is Uf the diameter to wall thickness ratio ina shell is less than 20] ie., 20], the cylinder can be considered as thick cylinder, If : > 2 the cylinder can be considered as a thin cylinder, The hoop stress developed to withstand the internal fluid pressure in a thin cylinder will not vary along, the thickness af the wall to a considerable extent and hence variation can be ignored. In a thick cylinder the houp stress varies considerably with maximum at inner radius and minimum at outer radius for an internal fluid pressure. To improve the capacity of thin cylinders, often they will be wound with wire under tension, which will develop hoop compression in the cylinder and thus the latter can withstand higher pressure,To make thick cylinders more efficient and to have most favourable distribution of hoop stress, another thick cylinder will be jacketed on to this. Instead of having a heavy thick cylinder, number of laminated) thin cylinders forming a compound cylinder fitted by shrinking, on will serve more efficiently. In a cylindrical shell subjected to internal Pressure only, the element on the surface will be subjected to two // 2B * te) 3, principal stresses, A longitudinal crack will develop if it fails due to “ 9, An element of an elemental ring of a thick cylinder will be subjected to three principal stresses, 0,0, and ,. The contents of Lame’s equations can be calculated for a given problem based on the conditions of pressure. Some structures like masonry dams, chimneys etc. will be subjected to combined bending and axial stresses. The masonry structures will be weak in te |. Therefore to avoid tension, the resultant of forces at any level should pass through, middle third of the base at that level. ‘That portion of the area of cross-section of a member within which if a compressive force is applied no tension develops anywhere in the cross-section is called Core. In other words, to avoid tension at any fibre in the cross-section, the compressive force should be applied within the core. ‘The eccentricity of a compressive load is thus limited. Acolumn is a vertical member subjected to compressive force predominantly ‘The short columns will fail by crushing, The long columns will fail due to instability, which will be usually earlier if the column is long, The load which can cause buckling in columns will depend on E, !and L and end conditions. Euler analysed columns with different end conditions Por both ends hinged For both ends fixed EL For one end fixed and the other free P= Tig 2 Rconcend fiedadibeotheckingd 2p = 2 Effective length of a column is that length of the same column but with such a modified length with which the column will have same strength as that af a hinged ended column, Thus the effective length will be for a column with both ends hinged L, = L for a column with both ends fixed L, = 1/2 fora column with one end fixed and the other free £, = 21 for a. column with one end fixed and the other hinged L, = L/ 2. Acolumn will have maximum strength when its both ends are fixed, Radius.of gyration of a section is = (774The radius of gyration will depend on the axis about which bending takes place. The ratio, L/ris known as Slenderness ratio, The Eulers formulae are valid only when L/r > 120. ‘The failure of load resisting members, under static loading usually consists of one of two types of action, namely (1) inelastic deformation (yielding) or (2) brittle fracture. Brittle fracture means separation of the material without accompanying measurable yielding, Which one of these two modes of failure occurs depends on the inherent internal characteristics and structure of the material and also on the external conditions such as temperature, state of stress, type of loading, rate of loading etc. A shell is a structure which will havea curved surface, The curvature of the surface will be so designed to avoid development of bending moment and shear force. Because the material is subjected only to direct stresses, the material im a shell structure will be put to more efficient use. Il. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1 Elasticity of a body is (a) the property by which a body retums to its original shape after removal of the load (0) the ratio of stress to strain {c) the resistance to-the force acting obooaga {d) large deformability as in case of rubber. 2. The stress ina member subjected ta a farce is (a) continued deformation under sustained loading, (6) load per unit area {c) the resistance offered by the material per unit area to a force {d) the strain per unit length, 3. A perfectly elastic body is fo) that body which recovers its original shape completely after removal of force ooogo {b) a body of such a material with a lot of extensibility fe) a body made of rubber only (dl) a body whose cross-sectional dimensions are very small. oboo0 4. Permanent set is ta) the force which acts permanent {b) irrecoverable deformation in the body {e) the shape of the member just after completion of construction won the body oooa (@) ratio of Poisson's Ratio to Young's Modulus, 5. Inthe case of a partially elastic body that part of the work done by theextemal forces during deformation is dissipated in the form of heat, which is developed in the body during (a) non-elastic deformation O (bh) elastic deformation. Qo (fe) 50% of total deformation D(a) last 25% of deformation. o6 The law “Stress is proportional to strain within certain limits” is formulated by Be (a) Themas Young: DP Poisson ic) Mohr 0 td) Robert Hook. Amember with a cross-section of A mm? i Young's Modulus E N/'mm*. The linear strain will be PL PA 4 (a) AE N/ met Oo th TE N/m P AP () Ge mm oO th ig mmm. Young's Modulus is the ratio of the normal stress to the {a} normal strain within elastic limit (b) reciprocal of sormal strain within elastic limit {c) normal strain within proportional limit ia) normal strain at yield point As per elastic theory of design the factor of safety is the ratio of (a) working stress to yield stress OC ib) yield stress to working stress {cy ultimate strength to yield stress Dd) ultimate load tw load at ylele Oo o subjected toa force of PN. Itis Lmm long and of o opoog 6 o Ina composite bar the load distribution among, different materials of which it is made is based on the assumption that all the materials will have (a) equal areas 0 (bh) same Young's Modulus (r) same strain 0 ig) same stress. The stress due to temperature change in a member depends on. (a) length of the member Bib) ares of cross-section (e) supporting conditions at the twoends QO — (f) none of the above. Ina Uniaxial tension test on a mild steel bar, the Lueders’ lines will be {a} inclined at 45° to the direction of tensibe stress applied (6) perpendicular to the direction of tensile stress applied (c) along the direction of tensile stress (i) none: of the above. The percentage elongation of a material from a direct tensile test indicates a} ductility Dib} strength (e) yield stress O Ghultimate strength, The percentage reduction in area of a member from a direct tension test indicates a) ductility Dib) elasticity fc) malleability: OC id) brittleness, o o oad ooog og 6 The standard gauge length over which the extension is to be measured to determine percentage elongation of a specimen with init I cross-section of a, is (a) 6.56 yy D585 ay (e) 6.65 flay O tha, 4656‘The Poisson's Ratio is the ratio af {a) lateral elongation to linear elongation (6) lateral stress to linear stress {c} lateral strain to longitudinal strain if) Young's Modulus of elasticity to Modulus of Rigidity. booga The equation connecting Young's Modulus (E) Poisson's ratio (1m) and Modulus of Rigidity (C), is fa) C=2E (1+ 1/m) OD (E=2¢(t-2%m) te) B= IC + Tym) BD (dbs 201 + fm). Modulus of Rigidity is the ratio of (a) shear stress to shear strain (b) normal stress to normal strain {c) Poissun’s ratio te ultimate strength in compression (cf) lateral stress to Lateral strain. A tie is. a member which fa) connects two joints (b) is subjected to axial tension primarily {c) does not suffer any stress irrespective of loading conditions Ul} suffers two equal and opposite faeces at the two ends. A strut is. a member which fa) connects twa joints {b) is subjected to shear force predominantly (ec) 8 subjected to axial compressive force predominantly {d) is subjected to bending moment and shear force along with any axial force, A principal plane is a plane whieh carries fa) maximum shear stress. (0) the given stresses of higher magnitude acting fe) no shear stress (7) plane inclined at45° to x-axis, The angle betweea the two principal planes is. ia) 45° oO (hoor 1) xP Dd) a. oda oboogd booo aooa npoog o o If an element of a specimen of brittle material is subjected to shear stress, the crack propagation if occurs, will be inclined to the sides of the element at to) 45° BD t90 fe Didar. Bulk Modulus, Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio are connected by the relation fa) K= E/3(1-2/m) O (E=K/3(1+2/m) (QE=2K (1+ 1/my OD fi) £=3K (1-2/m). o o2. 31. A prismatic bar is supported at top and is subjected to its own weight. The area of cross- section is A, length is L, density of the materials is p and Young's Modulus is E. The total clongation of the bar is given by (a) pP FE OD (bh aF/2e a (co) PAL S2E- DO idypP/2EA. a The elongation of a conical bar, supported at top under the action of its awn weight if the length of the bar is J, the diameter of the base isd and the density of materials isp, is given by (a) pl? /6E BD tb m/e o tc) dplniE DB tip bp uP. o In the case of uniaxial tension the angle between the plane carrying maximum shear stress and direction of tensile force will be (a) 90° Oo He o (ons O wer, o An element is subjected to two normal stresses o, and o,, both tensile on two mutually perpendicular planes. There are no shear stresses on these two planes. The max, shear stress is given by (a) (a, + ay) /2. O th(o,-0)/2 Oo (oro +0 D to,-oy o The maximum shear stress fram a Mobe's circle is given by (a) the diameter of the circke o (B) the distance of centre from the origin, o (c) the distance of farthest point on the Mohr’s circle from origin o (a) the radius of the circle, a An element is subjected to two equal and like stresses o, on two mutually perpendicular planes. The shape of the Mohr's circle will be (a) a circle of radius 20 D tbh acircle of radius o o (e) a circle of radius 0/2 Dita point. o If the strains in the three principal directions are e,, 2, and ¢,, the valumetric strain will be (a) 1/3 4c, +e, +6.) O (he, +e+e) o (ch Ble, +e, re) Dhl +e, oy o The residual stress in a member is (a) the stress due to the loading on the member o (D) the average of initial and final stresses Oo (c} deformation stress. o (i) instantaneous stress due to sudden loading. o The stress along the contact surface of a rivet and the member is (a) bearing stress: 0 (bh compressive stress o (c} shearing stress OD if) axial tensile stress. oa7. a. A plate 100 mm wide, 10 mm thick is having a hole of diameter 10 mm, symmetrical about the axis of the plate, The plate is subjected to a force of 9 KN. The maximum stress on a section passing through centre of the hole will be (a) 10 N fom? O (h)>10N/mm* o (ch 10. N/mm? 0 (9 N/mm, o Ina stressed body the maximum normal stress at any point is always (a) a principal stress o (B) average of maximum and minimum ghear stresses o (c) sum of the two normal stresses acting in two principal directions o (d) none of these, o Ina stressed body the minimum normal stress at any point is always (a) average of two normal stresses acting in the two principal directions o (bia principal stress B (c) difference of tweo normal stresses in the two principal directions plus shear stresses on thuse planes Oo (i) nome of these. Qa The maximum shear stress will be equal to (a) one half of the algebraic difference of the maximum and minimum principal stresses at the point o (b) the intensity of shear stress acting on the major principal plane o (ch the shear stress acting on the planes in the direction of tw prinelpal directions o (a) none of these, o ‘The ratio of strengths of a rivet in double shear to that in.a single shear will be 1 (ai Bos 5 (op? 0 (a) nome of these, When a column is resting on a base plate, the stresses along the surfaces of contact are (a) compressive stresses Dh) shear stresses o (c) tensile stresses D(a) bearing stresses. o An isotropic material is the one which (a) has same structure at all the points o (bh) has Youngs Modulus equal to Modulus af Rigidity o (c) has the elastic constants, identical in all the directions o (d) obeys Hooke's law upto failure, o If the Poisson's ratio of a material is 0.25, the ratio of Modulus of Rigidity to the Young’: Modulus is (ay2 thd (2s Ota. o © o45. a7, The actual breaking stress of a ductile material from a tension lest will be {o) greater than ultimate strength (}) equal to ultimate strength fe} equal to nominal breaking stress af) less than the ultimate strength but greater than nominal breaking stress, The difference in placing the end af ¢ beam simply over a support and the supporting end through a hinge on rollers is that the roller support oooa (9) can offer reaction in the plane of rollers 5 (8) can offer moment reaction o (e) will not allow the end to lift up due to deflection o (i) will not offer reaction normal to the plane of rollers o The number of reaction components passible at a hinge om rollers support is to) 1 BD we o to DB is o The number of reaction components possible at a hinged end for a general loading is (a) Oo wa o fe) 2 0 tdys o ‘The number of reaction components possible at a fixed or built in end for a general loading B fa). B ws o fo) Oo tdyp. o Asimply supported beam is subjected to.a pure moment. This will be resisted through (o) a moment reaction at hinged end o () a moment reaction at hinge on rollers end o fc) a couple formed by the reactions from the two supports o (a) extemal support capable of resisting moment which is necessarily to be provided. o A cantilever beam is the one which is supported with (2) one end hinge and other on rollers 0 (bh) one end fixed and the other on rollers o fc) both ends on rollers OD ff) one end fixed and the other free. o A horizontal beam with both the ends hinged will be statically determinate for this type of loading, {o) purely vertical loading (8) purely inclined loads o te) any general loading DB )inclined loads with moments Bo A beam is said to be, in general, stable and statically determinate for general loading when the number of reaction components is (a) greater than 3 Bo ie o fe) legs than 3 O tds oA beam is supported over three rollers lying in the same plane. The beam is stable for fn) any general loading (b) loading with no component in the direction of the beam (¢) loading with no component perpendicular te the direction of beam id) only when no load except self weight acts, A simply supported beam is subjected to a udl of intensity w/m throughout the length of the span. The B.M. diagram will be a {a) triangle with wl?/B max, ordinate D1 (8) rectangle with uniform ordinate wl? /B fe) parabola with w!@/8 max. ordinate Did) parabola with tl/4 maw. ordinate. o The bending moment in a beam will be maximum where fo) the SF. is uniform, Df) the SF. is maximum fe) the SF is zero Dit) none of these. The slope of curve of S.F. diagram at any section will be equal to a oooa0 oa (a) the slope of loading, at thal section (6) the ordinate of loading diagram at that section {e) the area of loading diagram from end te that section ooaaq (i) the bending moment at that section. The slope af curve of BM. diagram at any section will be equal to (a) the slope of loading diagram al that section (0) the slope of fe) the ordinate of SF. diagram at that section (a) the area of S.F. diagram starting from any one end. To difference between B.M. values at any two sections will be equal to (a) the area of S.F. diagram between those two sections Oo diagram at that section oo000 (0) the difference in slopes nf S.F. diagram at the same sections o (c) the area of loading diageam between the two sections o (d) the moment of area of loading dlagram between the two sections taken about mid-point between the two sections. o The difference between $.F. values at any two sections will be equal to (a) the area of BLM. diagram between the two sections o (li) the difference between the slopes of the curve of loading diagram at the two sections o (es ontinay sf agra atone recon pls tha eope oth lading agra mihi by the distance between the bro sections {d) the area of the loading diagram between those bwo sections, o A cantilever beam is subjected to a uniformly varying load with zero intensity at the free end and with the maximum intensity of wy at the fixed end, The maximum bending moment will be fa) wf OD tb) ws o fe) PS Did) 2/3, o61. 67, A simply supported beam is subjected toa uniformly varying load with zero intensity at the wo ends increasing to ayn at the centre, The maximum 5.F. is ta) wif Ditty airs o fe) wP/2 Btw 4. a Asimply supported beam is subjected to.a uniformly varying load with zero intensity at the fwo ends increasing to w/in at the centre. The max. BLM. will occur at (a) 1/3 from centre Dt) 1/2 from ends 5 (e) at the twoends Dt) none of these. o A simply supported beam is subjected toa uniformly varying load with zero intensity at the hwo ends increasing to ayn at the centre. The maximum B.M. will be equal to ta) wi 12 DB ti wty24 o fearso BD ith ettra. o Which of the following end conditions permits the displacement in any direction and also rotation ? (a) fixed end D8) hinged end o fe) free end D1 Gtyroller end o Points of contraflexture are the points where (a) the $F. is zero OD (b) the BLM. is zero o fe) the beam is supported Dit) the BM. changes its sign. o Which of the following beams will have points of contraflexure ? (self weight is negligible) fo) a simply supported beam with udl over entire span o (0) a over hanging beam with loading only over supported span and not on averhangs o (c) fixed beam subjected to concentrated load a (a) cantilever subjected to uniformly varying loads. o Acantilever of spam fis subjected to bending moment M at the free-end, The S.F. ciagram will be fa) a triangle with maximum ordinate at the fixed end o (6) a rectangle with ordinate M o fc) a parabola with maximum ordinate of Mi?/2 at the fixed end a (d) no shear force at all, o Abeam is said to have been subjected fo a pure bending moment, when (9) SF is maximum o (b) the load is applied as.a ud! throughout the spam o {e) Fina length is zero o fd the load is applied at the mid-span section only. o A mild steel flat of cross-section 10mm * 120 mm is bent into a circular are of radius 10 m. Assuming Young's Modulus as.2 + 10° N/mm. the required B.M. is (a) 2kNm O fh 20kNm Oo o) 200 New DO Gh20Nm. o68, 74, . A rectangular section 100 < 200 mm is subjected to a moment of 20 kNm. The maximum bending stress is ia) 30 N/mm? CO (b) 5/6 N/mm? o ic) 10000 Num? Dif) 300 N/mm? o ‘The slope of the BLM. diagram changes ils sign when (a) BM. changes its sign D(H SF ismaximum B (c) SR changes its sign id) rate-of loading changes suddenly. o The minimum moment of resistance of a beam with material of allowable stress o, is given by ox ‘8 Distance of farthest fibre trom neutral axis S ibha x 1 o e—_— et o distance of nearer extzeme fibre Ui) L + ratio of distances af the two extreme fibres. o ‘The assumption that the cross-sections plane before bending remain plane even after bending means tu) thestrains in the fibres are proportional to their distances from neutral axis (b) the bending moment will be resisted by the central core of the section {c) the stresses in the fibres are proportional ta their distances from neutral axis, oo0qqaq ia) the neutral axis lies at mid height, The assumption in the theory of bending that the material is homogeneous and isotropic and has the same value of Young's Modulus in tension and compression implies that (a) the stresses. are proportional to strains at all fibres o (b) the strains are proportional te distances of the fibres from neutral axis o ic) the bean bends into a circular are o (a) the neutral axis lies at the centre. a The moment of inertia of a rectangular section 6% d about the base is fa) 1/13 ipsa ta o fe) 1/36 bd? Dit) hi? fe. o Fora circular section, 1, = Ij, + lye Then 2i-axis fo) coincides with xx-axis o {b) coincides with yw-axis o {e) will be tangential to the circle o {q) will be passing through point of intersection of xx and yy-axes and perpendicular to the plane of cross-section, o ‘The moment of inertia of Wriangular section b x k, about the base is (ay BSD Do cyatey2 o fey RAIS Ditto. o76. 81. In the case of T section, the maximum bending stress will occur at fa) neutral axis O (6) extreme fibre in the flange o fc) extreme fibre in the webs Dt) junction of web and flange. o ‘The neutral axis of any section is (o) the axis passing through middle point of the height o {b) the line of intersection of neutral plane with cross-section 5 fe) the axis about which the moment of inertia is minimum o (it) longitudinal axis of the member, o Avrectangular section with bf ratio of f.5 and a circular section have same area of crass-section 10,000 mim. The ratio of moment of resistance of rectangle te that of circle is (o) 1.67 Othe a tt O tos, a Which of the following sections is the most efficient in carrying bending moments ? fa) rectangular section OD (bh) circular sections o fe) section D fit) T-section. o ‘The maximum shear stress will always occur at (a) neutral axis o (0) the top extreme fibre o {c) the bottom extreme fibre o id) a fibre in the cross-section depending on the configuration 5 ‘The ratio of maximum shear stress to average shear stress in the case of a rectangular section is ta) 4/3 DO th 3/2 o fel Bhs o In an J section almost all the shear force is taken by fa) webs D8) top flange o fe) bottom flange D1 fityhalf the depth of each flange. o In the case of H section the maximum shear stress will occur at (a) top fibres 0 tb) bottom fibres o (c) neutral axis D1 idyat the junction of the web and flanges, o Asimply supported beam is subjected toa ud] of wy/ri over the entire span of 2m, The cross- section is 24 x 50.cm. The maximum permissible shear stress is 10 kg/cm’. What is the maximum intensity of load that is permissible on the beam ? fa) 8000 keg. Bit a000 kg 5 fc) 10000 kg Dit) 12000 kg. o A beam of length (J © 2a) is supported on supports | apart with equal overhangs on each side. Two concentrated loads W each are applied one at each end. The shear stress at the neutral axis at a section in between the supparts is ta) WAY fh BD mawaY sm a te) zene Bh WAP /2byh +20) 587. A straight beam subjected to pure bending will be bending in the shape of (a) circular are BD (ib) parabolic are o fe} straight line D (d}triangle. BD Longitudinal cracks observed in timber beams are due to a) high bending stresses o (6) application of concentrated Inads over the beams o (c) shear failure between layers o Ui) timber not being strmg in compression o In the case of beams of brittle materials, and with square cross-section and if they are supported with one diagonal as neutral axis, by removing small triangular portions from top and bottom corners, the ion modulus will (a) not change O (bi decrease o fe) increase Ot) depend on bencing moment. o The flexure formula is valid only for a) static loads Dib) dynamic loads a (c) static loads with no residual stresses. 0 id) dynamic loads with no residual stresses. a For the materials which do not have a pronounced yield point from a tension test the yield point is taken to be (a) stress corresponding to 0.2% strain from the stress strain curve o (b) the stress at which the permanent set reaches the value 0.2% Oo (e) ultimate strength oO ay average of ultimate strength and actual breaking stress, o The product Elis called (a) flexural rigidity Db) torsional rigidity 5 {c) second moment of area Ot) none of these, ao Accantilever is subjected to.a concentrated load W at the mid-point of the span. The slope at the free end will be tay WL?/6Ed Dib) WL4/2EF o (eo) WY 3ET By WLF/SEr. 0 When a cantilever AB is subjected to a concentrated load at the free end, the slope and deflection at the free end are WL?/2ET and WL4/3 £1, If the same load is applied at mid span point, the deflection at the free end will be we 3 5 WE o 5 WE es by) = o a Su EI ® 48 EF we wo icy ET Od} eer’ o A cantilever is subjected to moment M at the free end. The deflection at free end is wwe ML ye Wee a Met M se Bo WT a 2EI BEL95, a7. ‘101. Assimply supported beam is subjected to a central concentrated load. The slope at the two ends is given by ia 3 wel bp ot o OFT 4BE! 2 2 tM Oo gee. o BET Tse A beam is supported with equal overhangs ower the two supports. Each overhang is a and supported span is L, The deflection of the mid point of the beam due to two concentrated loads W each acting on the two ends is, Wat? Wal? ae o tw o Oe OG Wat? e o o © RED ‘The expression Eld'yidv! at any section for a beam is equal to fa) load intensity at the section O (b) S.F_at the section Oo fc) B.M. at the section: OD (df) slope at the section. o What is the maximum number of unknown teaction components that can be determined using only statics (a) 0 o th o fey Oo is Statically indeterminate structures are opted inspite of being indeterminate because (a) they can be made of good material (0) they can be designed to have larger dimenstons (e) higher loads can be supported with fess consumption of material Iu) they can be easily analysed. o obooa In carriage springs in acldition to changing the number of plates, to have uniform strength fn) the thickness of each plate will be changing, o (6) the width of the plate will be gradually decreased o {e) additional rivets ace privided o fet) welding is done. o Twisting moment is a moment applied in the plane of cross-section acting about (a) longitudinal axis Oth) neutral axis o fe) gyranis Did) veaxis o When a member is subjected to a twisting moment, the material will be subjected to fn) axial tension Di) shear stresses o fe) bending stresses DD yaxial compressive stress, o Ia shaft is subjected to pure twisting moment, an element on the surface is subjected to fa) normal tensile stress. © (h) normal compressive stress o {c) pure shear stress 0 if) bending stress. o4, 105. 106. 7, 108, 109, 110. 1. 112. 113, When a member is subjected to twisting moment the stress in any elementral ring will be proportional ta {a) its radial distance from centre Di) area of cross-section o {c) Young's Modulus of material 1D Gt) Modulus of rigidity of the material o When a shaft made up of a brittle material is subjected to a twisting moment as shown, the possible crack propagation will be ta) 45° clockwise w.r.t. axis 5 d) perpendicular tw axis, o fc) 45° anti-clockwise w.r.t. axis o (a) parallel to axis. a ‘Tersivnal rigidity is (a) EI O he o ie) NT Did x” o Polar moment of inertia of a circular section with radius Ris fay Re 32 Oth) me ya2 o bey RAG OD tdyer'y2. o Ina shaft subjected to pure torsion, maximum shear stress will occur at ia) contre of shaft O (bh) periphery o Ie}a distance of semi-radius from centre DG) none of these. o What are the units of torque ? (a) Nev O iin o (Nim OD tty Ny/m? o The maximum shear stress produced ina shaft is 5 N‘mm*, The shatt is of 40 mm diameter. The value of twisting moment is {a} 628 Nm OD i428 o (c) 125.6 Nm Ot) 1256 Nm. o Polar moment of inertia of a hollow circular section with external diameter D and internal diameter d is & nD wie gi AD ips tay 5 (Bt tty o wow o 9) 2 ota o ow Qo A brittle material will 1a) fail after giving ample warning 1D (fail suddenly o (c) never fail Di) never be used for structural purposes. o Which of the following is a relatively ductile material ? (a) mild steel O (bh) cast iron o ir} high carbon steel Of) bronze, o114, 115. 116, 17, 118, 119, 120. 1m. 122, 13. 124, By increasing the carbon content in steel, the ultimate tensile strength will la) decrease Dd) not be affected fc} increase O fd) become zero. With the increase in the carbon content, the ductility of the steel will ta) increase Dib) decrease fe) not be affected Dit) difficult to tell Which of the following materials will have the highest Young’s Modulus ? (a) brass O (hh copper ic} mild steel 0 if) timber. Creep of a material is (a) continued deformation with time under sustained loading, {b) disappearance of deformation on removal of load {c} not being ductile Uh to become brittle. What is tenacity ? (a) ultimate strength in tension (6) ultimate strength in compression {e) ultimate shear strength D (dyultimate impact strength. At ordinary temperatures, how is the yield point affected with rate af loading ? (a) not greatly influenced D1 (8) very greatly influenced (e) not influenced at all Diet) difficult to tell How does the elastic limit vary with increase in temperature ? (a) will increase DD (6) will not change ic} will decrease D ft) none of the above, How does the Young's Modulus vary with increase in temperature 7 La} will not be affected ib) will decrease ic) will increase Dif} difficult to tell. oa oboad og o o The moment of resistance developed in a beam subjected to bending, moment will, at any instant, be (a) equal to bending moment applied at that instant {}) greater than bending moment applied ic) loss than bending moment applied (af) always the full strength of the beam Which of the following materials is suitable for transverse test for modulus of rupture ? (a) mild steel Oth) timber (e) aluminium Bid) rubber. What is the number of basic elements of a force ? wa DB wt ye a thd ooo0 oo1235. 126, 127, 128. 129, 130, 131. 132. What are the units of twist in torsional formula, : (a) degrees Oth N/mm? o (c) radians 0 Wnm, o A eylindrical member made of ductile metal subjected to a static torsional moment will generally fail (a) by yielding due to circumferential shearing stress o (D1 by sudden fracture Oo (ch by bending o (a) due to diagonal tensile stress, a A plane section before twisting will remain plane after bwisting if the cross-section is (a) rectangular Oth circular o (ch squame OD id) triangular. o ‘The torsional formula is valid if the shearing stresses (a) are uniform throughout the cross-section Oo (b) are within the shearing proportional limit Oo (c) are zero throughout the cross-section o (q) are caused due to twisting moment applied only at the free end. o The power transmitted in kW by a shaft rotating ata speed of rpm transmitting a mean torque of T (in kg m) is given by (a) nT / 3080 Di) 7500 Oo (ey maT Diy 3060 aT. o Whena shaft of diameter is subjected toa bending moment M and torque T, the equivalent BM. is given by tay s +7 a 16 z (a Sy + M4 T?) 0 wie (M+ yao?) oD When a shaft of diameterd is subjected to a bending moment M and a torque T, the equivalent torque is given by eee Dw {weer 5 2 ‘(dE (9 oe 1 o woe e As per maximum principal stress theory, when a shaft is subjected to a bending moment M and tonque T, and if pis allowable stress in axial tension, the diameter d of shaft is given by (and = Sen YM) o tor = awe ey o to@= n+ fr?) D we= im + fntaT) o - 7133, 134, 135, 136. 137. 138. 139, When a close coiled helical spring is subjected toan axial compressive load the material will be subjected to fa) axial compressive stress 1 (b)axial tensile stress o fc} shear stress D(a) bending stress o When a clase coiled helical spring with 1 coils, with mean radius & and wire diameter d is subjected to axial load, the compression in the spring is given by 3 a oe J o 22a 5 cit Two close coiled helical springs of stiffmesses K, and K, are placed in series. The stiffness of the combined spring is Ky ‘ciated fa) Ky + Ky Db ures o iy Sith C1 (i) greater of K, and K,. o RyRy ‘Two close coiled helical springs of stiffmesses K, and K, are placed in parallel, The set is placed in between two rigid plates and subjected to axial load. The stiffness of the combination will be (a) Ky +K, o {c) greater of K, and K, o The stiffness of a spring is: fa) the load required for breaking the spring (0) losd required to compress the spring upto shearing propastional limit {c) load required to produce unit deflection (a) load per coil of the spring. Two close cviled helical springs are arranged in parallel. A load Wis applied on to them through a set of rigid plates. The ratio of loads shared by the first and the second springs is fa) Ky = Ky O (hays ky o oooo KK Ky 8 woe. o Wk +k The diamond cone indentor is used in fa) Rockwell hardness test OD (hi) Brinell hardiness test o fc) Vicker's hardness test D tq) Direct shear test. o140. 141. 142. 143. 144, 145. 146, 147. 148, 149. 1, The diamond quadrilateral pyramid indentor is used in (a) Rockwell hardness test O (>) Brinell hardness test o (c) Vicker's hardness test D(a) Direct shear test o In Briel! Hardness test, the type of indentor used is (a) hard steel cone © (by hard steel ball o (e) mild steel ball Did) diamond cone. o Glass will abey Hooke’s law upto {a} yield point (Ph proof stress o (ch fracture iW) 50%, of stress at fracture: a The effect of the size of the specimen on ultimate strength will be more serious for (a} ductile materials CD (bl bbrittle materials o (c) hard materials 0 id} none of the abowe. o The proportional limit of mild steel specimen is taken as the stress corresponding to a permanent set of (a) 0.2% DB hal o (e) 0.25% DB yom. o For structural carbon steel the ratio of yield stress to ultimate strength will be about (a) 0.55 to 01.6 BD ih 02t003 o (cy 1.0 O Wi b2to.s, a Within the elastic range of a tensile test the deviation from Hooke's law and some after effects may be noticed. This is due to (a) thermo elastic effect o (b) material does not at all obey Hooke’s Law: o (c) yield stress is crossed o (#) elastic limit is greater than ultimate strength. o Who introduced the terms upper and lower yield points? (a) Robert Hooke OD (b) Thomas Young, o (co) Mohe DO td) Bach. Oo The lower yield puint is more significant than upper yield point because (a) it is less than upper yield point o (b) it is less influenced by shape of the specimen o (cp it occurs before upper yield point o (q) strain is more at this point. o The compression test is commonly used for testing (a) ductile materials OC ih rubber a (e) brittle materials Did) none of these. o When a cylindrical specimen af a ductile material is subjected to compression (a) it ultimately assumes the shape of a flat disc o (0) it fails by fracture like a brittle material o (c) it fails immediately after starting of loading o (d) diameter of the specimen decreases. o151, ‘152, 153, 134, 155, ‘156, 157. 158, 159. ‘160, ‘161, The impact tests are used to determine (a) ultimate crushing strength Di) toughness (e) ductility D fdytenacity, Toughness is (a) ability to absorb energy during plastic deformation (b) higher ultimate strength {e) stress al yield (a) strain energy at yield. The brittle materials have low toughness because (a) they have large plastic deformation before fracture (b) they have only small plastic deformation before fracture {c) they can absorb high impacts (a) they fall very progressively, How is Izod test specimen supported ? (a) vertical cantilever D(H) horizontal cantilever tc) simply supported Bid) none of these. The notch provided on the specimen for impact test should be placed on la} compression side Db) tension side fe) all along the perimeter of the specimen O (il) netch should face the hammer. oo oooo opoog oo o o An open coiled helical spring when subjected to an axial load, the material is subjected to (a) bending moment 6 (bh) twisting moment ie) bending moment and twisting moment O (if) direct normal stress. A thin cylinder is the one in which la) the variation is hoop stress along the thickness can be neglected (b) the hoop stress can be neglected (c) the thickness bs less than 20 mim i) only internal fluid pressure acts, A cylinder can be assumed as.a thin cylinder when the diameter to thickness ratio is ia) < 20 DO ()>20 te) 10 fit) negligible. oa ooog o o A thin cylinder of diameter 100 mm and thickness 5 mm is subjected to a internal fluid: pressure of 10 N/mm’, The hoop stress is fa) 100 N/mm? CO (h)10N/mm* fe) 50.N fam Cid) 00 Nom A thin cylinder is subjected to an external fluid pressure. The hoop stress will be a) compressive Oh) tensile fe) bending stress OD fd)zero. Acylinder is to be designed asa thick cylinder when dit ratio is ia) < 20 CO th>20 icy 10 0 i) negligible. o162. 163, 164. 165. 166, 167. 168, 169, Ina thick cylinder the hoop stress, alung the thickness (a) varies uniformly OD ibis constant o (ch ero 0 this of parabolic variation. o Ina cylinder wound with wire under tension, the cylinder will be before the introduction of fluid, under (a) tension OD (b) bending o (eh hoop compressing Dé) will not be stressed at all o ‘The longitudinal stress in a thin cylinder subjected to internal fluid pressure of o will be od xt (a) ar oS o wot Bw Sade o The volumetric strain in the case of a thin cylinder subjected bn internal pressure o, is ow 5 1) i iB Dye o saa D Wor. o The hoop stress in the case of a thin spherical shell will be od ot a Bows o 4a (ep ental o re o ‘The volumetric strain in a thin spherical shell will be Sod Send = h- ON NE o mw aE a o o o The initial tension in the wire wound on a thin cylinder, upon introduction of fluid under pressure, will (a) decrease Db) become zero o (c) increase 0 td)not change. o Ina thick cylinder the variation in hoop stress along. the thickness is given by tee BD thoes 5 = F tote Dp wt 7 a170, 17, 172, 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. Ina thick cylinder for internal fluid pressure, the hoop stress will be maximum at (a) outer surface O (b) inner surface a (c). centre of the thickness 0 (d) at the centre of hollow portion. o A close coiled helical spring has mean coil radius R and diameter of wire d. has o coils. ‘The effect of direct shearing stress due to axial load, besides developing the twisting moment, will depend on (a) Oo th 4 ratio o (c) material of spring, Df) none of these. o For heavy springs the cracks usually start on {a} the inner side of the coil D(H) outer side of the call o (c}-centre of the: coil wine D (dj none of these, o When a thick cylinder is subjected to external fluid pressure only, hoop stress will be maximum at (a) outer surface OB) inner surtace o (ch centre of thickness D(a) centre of the shell o When a thick cylinder is subjected to internal pressure only, maximum radial pressure will occur at (a) inner surface CO (Hl outer surtace o (c) centre of thickmess Bid) nome of these, o subjected to external pressure only, maximum radial pressure will (a} inner surface DO (By outer suntace B (ch centre of thickness D (i) none of these. B A thin cylindrical pipe is tested for internal fluid pressure. If it has failed due te hoop tension mainly, the crack will be (a) longitudinal O (b) circumferential o (ch al 45° to longitudinal axis DG) none of these. o When a hollow thick cylinder (jackel) is shrunk on to another thick cylinder, the inner cylinder will be subjected to (a) hoop tension with maximum at outer surface (2) hoop tension with maxinwun at inner surface (co) hoop compression with maximum at outer surface (d) hoop compression with maximum at inner surface. A jacket is shrunk on to another cylinder. After the introduction of the fluid, the jacket will be subjected to (a) hoop compression with maximum at inner fibre (B} hoop tension with maximum at inner fibre oooQa (c) hoop compression with maximum at outer fibre: oooo (a) hoop tension with maximum at outer file.174, 130. 11. 182, 183, 134. 185, 186. Ifa cylinder is made up of thin-walled cylindrical sheets or laminations, the hoop stress will be of (a) the most unfavourable distribution with very high stress at outermost fibre Q Ub) the most favourable distribution with more or less uniform distribution over the entire thickness of compound shell o {c) same distribution as that of ordinary thick cylinder of total thickness o (di similar distribution as that of ordinary thick cylinder of total thickness but with hoop compression, o What is strain energy ? (a) the energy stored ina body because of being strained (b) the energy that is spent for straining a body (ch stoess » strain (d) volume * stress » strain. The ratio of maximum instantaneous stress due to sudden loading to the maximum stress due to gradual loading, will be (ad Oo ih3 oooa F 2B (cy2 Oty 3 The strain energy stored in a body due to an axial stress is stress? x volume (a (Pi stress strain = area a 2 (9) SE area D(a) stress» strain x volume, o Strain energy due to bending stresses is Mite Mute af o mf a Mde to { = OW 5 The core of a circular section of radius & is (a) a square of diagonal 28 DD (b)acisele of radius R/2 o (cha circle of radius 8/4 DO Wd)acircle of radius R. o The core of a rectangular section b x dis (a} a thombus with diagonals b/3andd/3 O (bla rectangle with sides 4/3 and d/3 o (c) a rectangle with sides b/6and d/4 O id)a rhombus with diagonals b/'6and a6, 5 What is the core of a section ? (a) that portion ef the cross-section within which if a compressive force is applied, tension is not produced any where in the section o {h) the central portion of the cross-section of similar shape but with half the area o (c} the area within which a compressive force if applied will not cause any compressivestress 4d) none of these, o187. To avoid any possibility of tension occurring in masonry structures, the resultant of various forces at any level must pass through (a) the section Oth) the centre of the section (c) middle third of the width or depth of the section (aa comer of the section. o ‘The Euler crippling load for a column with both ends hinged is tay ele O barter te) PEL AP BD wharerr, The Euler crippling lead for a column with both ends fixed is lay rEVP OD tharene (ey PEL AP Ou) Beeler. The Euler crippling load for a column with one end fixed and the other free is wet an"Er wi Ft oe te) Et ow 2ee, The Euler crippling load for a column with one end fixed and the other hinged ia) =e o ae 2 2 te) a ow a ‘The effective length of a column with both ends fixed is fay 1/2 O ia (ify? But, The effective length of a column with both ends hinged is iayi/2 D wa tie ihe ‘The effective length of a column with one end fixed and the other end free is lay 1/2 Oo iw ted Bit ‘The effective length of column with one end fixed and the other end hinged is tay df, Oo tha tye? DB wyt. In the case of long columns the maximum permissible stress depends on (a) the ultimate crushing strength of the material {b) the: maximum slencemess ratio {c) radius of gyration only iy effective length only. o ooo9g1, 198, 199, When a closed coiled helical spring is subjected to an axial tensile load the material of the spring will be subjected to (a) axial compressive stress Dit) bending stress o (c) axial tensile stress Df} shear stress, a When a close coiled helical spring is subjected to an axial twist, the material of the spring will be subjected ta (a) bending stresses: D (bj axial compressive stress o o ic) axial tensile stress DO tif) shear stress. In the Euler's theory for long columns it is assumed that {a} the failure eecurs by crushing of the material B (6) the failure eccurs by buckling only B e} the column shortens so much that itwill become shortcohurnn o Jul) the column is having initial curvature and the load is eccentrically applied. o Fulee’s formulae fow columms.can be used if the slendeniess ratio is ta) < 100 Oo ihe oO (cy > 120 OD fd) > 120 but less than 180. o The strain energy stored in a member due to shear stress is, (a) Sp = volume o = x volume o gos a wt o 2E aN A thin cylinder designed as per the theory of thick cylinders, will be (a) very unsafe Bf) just unsate o fe) on safer Bit) very much sate, o A thick cylinder designed as per the theory of thin cylinders, will be la} on unsafe side Dib) just sate o (e} very much on safer side Oi) difficult to tell. o Ifa shafl subjected to pure torsion cracks, the crack will start (a) at centre of cross section 0 thon the periphery o (e) throughout the cross-section simultaneously o i) none of the above, o Which of the following gives Modulus of Elasticity ? {a) eatin of linear stress to linear strain o (b) catio of shear stress to shear strain Qo {c) ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain o (d) ratio of the normal stress (of equal magnitude on all six faces) on a solid cube to the volumetric strain. o206. 207, 208, 2. 210. aL 22. 213. 214. 215, 216. 217, In problem 205, which would give the modulus of rigidity ? In problem 205, which would give the bulk modulus ? In problem 205, which would give the Poisson's ratio ? The property that is responsible for the body to-return to its original shape after the removall of the external load is known as ta) resilience 1D (bi plasticity o te) ductility D fdelasticity, o ‘The stress-strain curve obtained by gradually increasing, axially applied load on a ductile material to the point of failure is given below. Identify the elastic limit tale ihe toy tah In the figure of problem 210, identify the limit of proportionality, boao ‘Strain —e In the figure of problem 210, identify the upper yield point. In the figure of problem 210, identify the lower yield point. In the figure of problem 210, the stress corresponding to point w, is called (a) breaking stress: Oth) yield stress o (ec) nominal stress DB ft)ultimate stress, o In the figure of problem 210, the stress corresponding to point /, is known as (a) breaking stress. 5 tb) yield stress o (c}) nominal stress OB td) ultimate stress. o In the figure of problem 210, which is the breaking point tae OD thar o tea Owe o The 5.1. unit of modulus of elasticity is. ta) Neem? Oth) Nem? o te) dyne/em? Ott) ne units, o Arad oflength Land uniform cross-sectional area A is rigidly fixed al its top and is hanging. Atany section which is ata distance x from the lower end, the stress due to its own self- weight is proportional to falar ott) t o to Oo th o x219, 224, 235. Identify the correct relationship that exists between the modulus of elasticity £, modulus of rigidity C, and bulk modulus K. SK+C SKC ta) E= ORC O WEE o aK K e= pak fe) 3K-0 Oo Ww c o For a certain material Poisson's ratio is 0.25, Then the ratio of modulus of elasticity to the moculus of rigidity for the material is fa) 4 oO (h25 o ted Oo wos. a For a certain material Poisson's ratio is 0.25. Then the ratio of modulus of elasticity to the bulk modulus for the material is fa) 1.5 oO (yo o (c) 0.5 Oto, o The work done to.strain a material within elastic limits is known as (a) resistance DB (Oh) virtual work o (c) resilience Dd) work modulus. o A tod uniformly reduces its diameter from D tod over a length . TF an axial load P is applied, the corresponding elongation produced is given by nEOd ar. &) 4PL a TED B EDM APL OR DW o In the problem 223, if the Tod has uniform diameter D, the elongation is given by neo? , BPL )L 5 yep A EO" APL oa a aa o Acrod of square section of side D at one end tapers toa square section of side at the other end, If its length is L, the elongation produced by an axial load P is given by oo Db Db A bar is made of different materials to have a composite section and carries an external load. Then {a) strain in all the material is same (0) the sum of the individual loads carried by different materials is equal tw the external lxad fe) both (a) and (6) (al) none of the abowe, oboo0The modular ratio of two materials is defined as fa) 4 o Ww a o Ky Ey G Wey = o D If cdenotes the co-efficient of linear expansion, T the rise in temperature the thermal stress is given by (a) ETa ow = D = The circumferential tensile stress induced when one cylinder is shrunk over the other is known as (a) longitudinal stress DB (6) ultimate stress o tc) shear stress 0 id) hoop stress, o If the stress at elastic limit is p,, the modulus of resilience is given by 2E fe ta) e o aE o wo Dp wt o " 4E The volumetric strain produced ina sphere is ...... times the strain in its diameter fa} two OG) three o (e) fone OD Githone and a half. o A pull of 20 Fis suddenly applied toa rod of cross-sectional area 40) cm’. The stress produced in the rod is equal to ta) 0.5 2/em? OD th) 1.0t/em* o fe) 2.0 ¢fem? Do idth 4 tem’ o Let the strains produced in length and diameter of a cylindrical rod be u and fi, Then the volumetric strain is given by fay + 2h D thhoep a Wwa-p O we-2p. o Arod of length Lis hanging vertically and carries a load P at the bottom. Let the weight per length of the rod be wt, Then the tensile force in the rod at a distance y from the support is given by iP D i P-av o te) P+ ey BO id) P + 0A —y. o240. BEE A body is subjected to an axial tensile stress p. Then the normal stress on any ablique plane inclined at an angle 8 to the cross-section of the body is given by to)p,=psin® DO (ip, spose o fc) p.=p sin? ® D ti)p,= pcos? 6. Do In the problem 235, what would be the tangential shear stress on the oblique plane ? ta)p,~£ sin 20 O tp-Esina o telp=£ cosmo O thp.-0. a For what angle @, will the normal stress be maximum ? fa) 90" Diy ase o fc) OD id. o For what angle , will the tangential shear stress be maximum ? io) 30° Biase D fc) HP Oo tyr o When a member is subjected to an axial tensile load, the plane normal to the axis experiences fo) maximum shear stress OD (b) maximum normal stress o {¢ minimum noemal stress D fdt)nene of the abowe. o In the problem of 239 a plane inclined at 45° to the axis carries fa) maximum shear stress, 0 (fh) minimum shear stress o fc) maximum normal stress. OD ff) minimum normal stress, o Amember is subjected to an axial tensile stress of , Then the maximum shear stress induced in the member is equal to wt D wip 5 te) Dah o A bod subjected to normal stresses p, and pl, in two mutually perpendicular directions alongwith simple shear 4. Then the maximum principal stress is given by + ey — ae + + iy — oF +4? fa) EP £ BD ogy tes wey ta o 2 z 2 2 i (mito ag? ey Me mi sag io a din ~4 s In problem 242, minimum principal stress is given by. In problem 242, minimum shear stress is given by. ‘The angle between the plane of principal stress and the plane of maximum shear will be (a) 30° O ibyeoe o fe) 45° OD taya, oaT. 249, EEE A-circle is marked on a mild steel plate and then it is subjected to two normal stresses in mutually perpendicular directions alongwith simple shear. After the loading the circle assumes the shape af (a) ellipse DO tbheyeloid o (c} remains as circle O(a) square. o Aconical bar with base diameter D and length [has a unit weight of %. The elongation due to its weight is given by bE rea (al Sy o wt 5 (a) ar ab) ‘ = Effective length ; 9, ¢ and 8 = Constant, In problem 270, which is the Johnson’s parabolic formula ? In problem 270, which is the Rankine's formula ? Margin in the case of riveted joints is defined as the distance between the ta) fa) centre of rivets in adjacent rows (0) centre of rivet hole tn the nearest edge of the plate (c) centres of two consecutive rivets in a row i) any of the above, ‘Tearing off the plate between the rivet hole and the edge of the plate will not happen if the margin distance is at least ooog (a) 05d OD (hore o fed Ota) 1se o Ina riveted joint, the quantity ( « t ) gives, (y being the pitch) (a) strength of solid plate D (by bearing strength o fe) crushing strength DO (qd) tearing strength, o Ina riveted joint, let P,, P, and P. denote the maximum load per pitch length from the view point of tearing, shear and crushing respectively, and let F be the strength of the solid plate. Then the efficiency of the joint is given by B Fe ta) o ws o Pp east ot a oe By eR Rand a The tensile, shearing and crushing stresses in a riveted joint are computed based on (a) dumeter uf the rivet OD (8) diameter of drilled bole o (c) average of (a) and (6) 1D Gif) none of the above, o A welded joint, compared to a riveted joint, has {a) more strength D (bless strength o {ec} same strength DD (i) difficult to predict. o The Unwin’s formula for the diameter of rivet in terms of the thickness of the plate is given by fa)d= levi O (id= oF o id= byt DB tddaagt 5fd, nand f, denote the diameter of the rivet, number of rivets per pitch length and permissible shear stress respectively, then the shear strength pitch length of a lap joint is given by tah a Eat x O thanx ce xf 5 (ch 3 x Fans, Oo te ae xf o In problem 280, which expression gives the shear strength of a butt joint ? If f denotes the safe crushing stress, the crushing strength of a riveted joint per pitch length is equal ta th Fe ap we D (indxrepen oD (eh fem D ldjperafen oD A spring has a stiffness of &, IFitis cut into tweequal portions, the stiffness of the cut portion of the spring is k (ak Oo this o 2 & (ey 2k Oo wy. o In the case of thick cylinders, the longitudinal stress (a} varies with maximum at outer surface to minimum at inner surface o (O) varies with maximum at inner surface to maximum at outer surface o (c) is uniform throughout the thickness: o (d) is zero everywhere, o The radial, circumferential and longitudinal stresses at any point in a thick cylinder are all (a) tensile O (Hl compressive a (c} shear Did} none of the abou o Ad eylinder of internal radius &, and the external radius K, is subjected to internal fluid pressure p, Then the minimum radial stress is given by a RE ta) 2 Bo thy o Ry ~ Ry 2 teh ow (s = o In problem 286, which is the maximum radial stress ? In problem 286, which is the maximum circumferential stress ? Tn problem 286, which is the minimum circumferential stress ?200, 21, 292, 293, 24, 295, 296, A thick spherical shell is subjected to an internal fluid pressure p, Then the radial stress at any radius + is given by tal = a o a +a o 2 e tc} ap 4 Oo Ww ae Oo where @ and b are constants, In problem 240, what is the circumferential stress at any radius x ? What is the maximum shear stress induced in a thin cylindrical shell subjected toan internal fluid pressure p ? 2 po at a we o oe bw o What is the maximum shear stress induced in a thin spherical shell subjected to an internal fluid pressure p ? ia) a O (ty zer D oe a wR, o A helical spring is subjected to an axial load W. If d, m, Rand C denote the diameter of the spring, number of coils, mean radius of the coil and modulus of rigidity respectively, the deflection of the spring is given by ea Ra , OA WR Tete o ®%j—— o tal os a GEWR A sewn n 9 oj» — o fe} cat (wy cat The stiffness of the close-oailed helical spring is given by a 8 0 ed WAR cat cat OWwiRa Oo OR Rn a The maximum shear stress in a clase-cuiled helical spring is given by 16WR WR iat “ae Co th Toa? o IWR eR oF a w=. o297, 248. 299, 301, Three beams made of same material (but of different sections) of same span are subjected to same maximum bending moment, Then which section will have the maximum weight per unit length ? (a) circular Oh) square o (cr) rectangular 0 if) none of the above. o Asimply supported beam of span / carrier a u.d.l. of w kg/m. What Is the magnitude of concentrated load to be applied al the centre of this beam which would produce the same deflection as the wd? tay 2 wl Oo a o 5 z gw Oty 5a, o Asolid circular cylinder bas.a diameter (9. A hollow circular cylinder has an internal diameter Dand has the same cross-sectional area as the solid cylinder. Then the ratio of the moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder to that of solid cylinder is equal to tay 2 O ba o ty Oo ws o Arectangular section has dimensions of 10cm * 20 cm. The ratio of the moment of inertia about c-axis passing through its centroid to the moment of inertia about y-axis passing through its centried is equal to ays O thd o (6 O the a The OGS unit of stress is (a) erg, OD (6) dyne/om? o (ey NfcmE Oi) kgycm?, o The SI unit of stress is la) Ném? DO tb) Néem* o ir) Paseal tet) Booth Garp anne (eh. a When a tensile load of P newtons is applied on a circular rod of diameter D and length 1, it produces an elongation of x units. What is the elongation produced by the same tenside load on a hollow circular rod with extermed diameter D and internal diameter 0.5D and made up of the same material and of same length? ta) Se ow 3 o te) By DB tax, Bo A compound bar consists of steel and bronze bars with areas of 10 cm? and 20 cm? and Youngs modulus of Elasticity 2 x 10°N ‘ram? and | x 10° N/mm? respectively. If the loads shared by them are P_and P,, then P_: P,, will be tay 1st O (yi:2 o icy OO tdyts4. o310. au. 312. A solid circular barchanges its diameter from (D-1) to {2 +9) avera length L, What is the Percentage error in estimating the Youngs modulus E if the mean diameter is used instead of varying diameter in the calculations ow f=" cto oD oo oO wh I 100, o Arrange the values of Youngs, Bulk and sibin modulus of mild steel in the ascending, order of magnitude a) E-K-C O (t)K-C-£ o Wy)C-E-K QO (d)c-K-E. o The relationship among the three elastic constants is BkK+C aK+C i) E= OKC o ih x o OKC fs Ow o e ake “aK aes a5 The volumetric strain in a sphere is equal to ...... times the linear strain in the diameter ta} 1 QO (h2 oO 3s DB tha. o Ife, is the volumetric strain in a circular rod, ¢, is the strain in diameter and ¢; is the strain in length, then DO Whe=2e,+4 o Oe, = 2c, +2, o When a cube is subjected to a pressure p on alll faces, the strain energy stored is given by 2 2 (a) £ » Volume of cube o i x Volume of cube o 2 a te) a « Volume of cube Oo i v = Volume of cube, o When a rectangular block is subjected to a shear stress q, the strain energy stored is given by ta) £ » Volume of the block =) x » Volume of the block o 2 Volume of the block Oo it on » Volume of the block, o What is the radius of gyration of rectangular section of base b and depth d about one of its vertical edges ? fay dev Oey bf liz o te) bi OD thas, o313. a4. 35, 316, 37, 318, 31%, 321, In the case of rectangular section of base b and depthe,, what is the ratioof radius of gyration about vertical edge to the radius of gyration about the base d 4 (a) b oO tt 7 a (ch o wit : o a The cross-section of a structural member has an area of 256 cm? with 1, =x 10! em! and 1, = 16x 10 cm. What is its radius of gyration about 2-2 axis (a) 50 cm OC (60cm oa (c) horn Ot) Sem, o Froma circle of diameter D, a smaller circle of diameter d is cut out concentrically, What és the ratio of J,, of the original cirele to the [,, of the circle after taking out the inner circle if aj Dis 1/2? 16 5 (a) cr Oo tt Te Oo & 7 (cy 7 Oty z o A beam RACBS with its mid-point at C is simply supported at A and B while the overhangs RA and BS are equal in length. Two concentrated loads equal in magnitude act at R and S respectively. Which portion of the beam is subjected to pure bending ? (a) RAL O (bh AB Oo (cy BS OD whac. 5 Which portion of the beam in question 316 experiences zero shear ? (a) BS O thar o (cp AB Oth ce. o Which portion of the beam in question 316 experiences a constant bending moment ? (a) RS Oh As a (oan BO ihas. a Which point of the beam in question 316 experiences maximum sagging moment ? wc O ihe o tos OD if} no sagging moment in the entire bear, o In the beam in question 316 if the portion AB is subjected to u.d.1. and the two concentrated loads are removed, which portion of the beam experiences zero shear (a) AC and CR DRA and BS B (c) RA.and AC DG) CBand as. o If the downward deflection is considered positive, then in the beam of question 320 over which portions of the beam the deflections will be negative ? (a) Ra and BS DO (hag o (c) RA and AC Dt) CBand Bs. o326. In the beam in question 320, at what points the slope is zero? ta) A Do mec o iB OD i)Rands, o In the beam of question 320 at what points the deflection is zero? [a) Rand 5 oD we o fe) R, Cand $ Did) Aand i. o Abeam RACBS is simply supports at A and B. The spans are AB =, RA = BS =a, and Cis mid-point of AB. The beam is subjectes to u.d.l. over its entire length that is from R to $. The beam will experience the hogging moment over its entire length when fa) 12 DO taste o lea hi2 1D (@) difficult to guess, o In the beam of question 324, the sagging moment becomes zero wen tajaels2 O te=t/2 o tyne 2 1D Gi) there is no relation between a and J, o In the beam in question 324 for what value of [will the sagging and hogging moments be equal ? 1 1 to) Ie ow o 1 1 oye Bah aR 5 A-cantilever beam AB of length J carries ud. of w, kg/m over its entire length. Another identical cantilever beam carries ud. of w, kg/'m over half the span nearer lo the fixed ead A, What shall be . for the B.M. at the fixed end to be same in both the beams fa) 2 Oo (4 o (6 Oty is. o In question 327 what shall be the S.F. at the fixed end has to be same in both the beams (a2 oD wa o (8 O this. a Acantilever beam of length / is subjected to.a concentrated load of P new tons at its free end. The reaction at the fixed end will be {u) Antisclockwise moment Pland an upward vertical farce P (}) Antivlockwise moment P? and an downward vertical force P fc) clockwise moment P! and an upward vertical force P ooa0aQ0 (i) clockwise moment Pl and an downward vertical force P,330, In the case of rectangular beams the ratio of max shear stress to the average shear stress is equal to W050 OD th 1.0 o fc) 1.25 OD tL. o ANSWERS Objective Type Questions 1 tn) did 3 ta) 4 1b) 5. ta) Uy Te) Bi) 5b 1D. ie) IL te) 12. ta} 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) We. (c) 17. Ah 1B. (a) 19, (F) 2D. fc) ‘21. fe) 22. (h) 23. la) 24. tal) 25. (bh) 26. La) 2 le) 28. (bh) 29. Al) 30. ta) 31 (bh) 32 (c) 33 ta) 34 1b) 35 ta) 36, Ib) 37, tay) 38, te) 38. al) 40. te) 41 tb) 42, (a) aR fc) 44 fa) ic) 46. 1b) 47. tc) a8. (al 49. ua) 50. tl) SL. (by 52. ie) BR ie) 34. ib} 53. ic) 56, (a) 57. (ay 58, (a) 59. (b} ‘60, (b) él. la) 2 ib 63. ial Gd, ich 45. Lay 66. ich 87. (aly 8B. (a) 88. ic) 70. (a) 71 ta} 72. ta) 73. tb) 7A ly 75. ta} Fa. te) 77. (6) 7B. (ah 74, te) 80. (al) SL. tb) 82. ta) 83. (ay 34. ta) 85. ic) 86. (a) 87. ic) SB. ic) 89. ic) 90. ib) 1. ta) 92, ly 93. 1b) 4, (0) 95, (i) M6, (e) 97, (a) 98, aly 99, (c) 100, () 01. ia) 2. ib) 103, ich 104. (a) 105, (a) 106. ic} 07. (ath 08. (br 105. ta} 110. (b} TL tc} 112. (b) ‘113. ta) ‘114. ic} 115. tb) 16. tc) 117. (a) TB. ta} 119. ta) 120. (0) 121, (b1 122, (a) 123, (bh 124, (a) 125, beh 126, (a) 127. (bh 128. (6) 129, (a) 130, (a) 131 (bh 132, (bb 133, (0) 134, (b) 135, (b) 136, (a) 137, (ch 138, fa) 139, (ay 140, (e) 141. (by 142, (ey 143, (by 144, (ath 145, ta} 146, (a) 17. ty 148, (b) 149, (e) 150, (a) 131. (b) 152. (a) 153, ib) 154. (a) 155, (b} 136. ic) 157. (a) 158. (b) 159. (a) 160, (a) 161, (a) 162, (ity 163. (ec) ‘od, (ap ‘65. ial ‘La6. ia} ‘L67. iay 168. (e} ‘168. (ap 170. (b) ITL (bh 172. (a) ‘173. (bb ‘174, (al 175, (b) 176. (a) 177. (ay 178, (b) 179. (b} 180, (a) a1. (e) 182, (a) 183. (a) 184, (0) 185, (a) 186. (a) 187, (¢) 188, (i) 189, (b) 190, (¢) TOL (al) 192. (a)193. (i) 19%, (By 205. (a) IL (a) 217. (ti 23. (a) 72, (i) 235. (a) 241. (a) 247. (61 253. (0) 254, (bh) 265. (i!) 31. (c) 277, (bb 283, (ch 289. (a) m5, (i) aM. (BH) MT. (c) M3. (ti nS. (i) 325. (1) 194. (B) 200. (0) 206. (h 212. (ch 218. (ai 24. (i) 230. (8) 36. (a) 242. (a) MAB. (ch 2b. (il) 260, (c) 266. (6 372, (tH) 278. (a) BA. (0) 290. (a 26, (a) ME, (a) MB. (c) MA. (a) 320. (b) 326, (ch 195. (2) 201 (ay 207, (a) 13. (i) 21. (c) 235. (ch 196. (1 202. (ce) 0B (e) 2a. (al) 220. (bi 226. (ch 232. (bh) 238. (i) Bad. fc} 250, (61 256. (a) 262, li) 268, (al) TFA, (ul) 280. (i) 286. (ce) 292. (e) 298, (¢) M4, (ay 10. {a} 316, (b) 322, (b) 328. (a} 197. Ui) 203, (a) 209, Lit) 215. (a) 221. tai ‘227, (by 233. (a) 239, (b) 245, (dl) 251. (Fh 257. tay 263, lit) 269, (aly 275. (al 281. (b 287, (by 293. (bh 299, (b) M05, (r) BULL li) BIT. (c} 323, lily 328. (a) 198. a} 2H. (hy 210, 1b) 216. tl) 222. (c) 228, (ai 234. Ul) 240. ta} 246, (a) 252. lay 258. (c) 264, (a) 270, (a) 276. (ul) 282. (c} 288, (uf) 294. (¢) 0, (b) 6, (i) BIZ. (e} 318. (0) 324, (a) 330. (a