VIBRATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS FOR MACHINES AND TURBINES Dynamical Problems in Civil Engineering by ALEXANDER MAJOR Dr. Techn. Se. Dr. Bagh, GE, WITH 500 FIGURES 51 TABLES AND SEVERAL NUMERICAL EXAMPLES Collet's COLLETS HOLDINGS LIMITED, LONDON ASADEMUAT XiAD6, BUDAPEST. 1982PREFACE es any during th ast fw decades that more exe, nae cape AMT ar beam dinette ed experience ong in to marie it, Man oe sh fod ie rte foundation of Sm ae ie ell en ape ibe enna cm ea od af ety emt ic During amet le of Brin es rnin ine sae recy Br TG, Racine ee gue tert comiertions oud Be wT dared na i ef experimen, The it phe ia 6 enh fms may earl oe design, mes Je agente forces relied ly pen, praia epg ihe Sinan sy of gt tat ll polos vd Ye ry Eater ae nth be of fotrs Bad rune eon nr ep na be and op man ima endo, Tae deggie! ond Pee pplication of ne endure stanly Fl en ne ick of machen ough Tost cde, hows on See eel to this progress ey 1 eee in practice complicated protlems in cannery vei ent aac Power lana in Beye 68 2 ions, pl foundaions wre Waly tt Hn pe digi of te ighenpacy Banka Pe, aia tk Phere rx able toe the experiance Sines Om station in uneasy ery etaments ese saring the oration oF ae este poser otation om Berlin et Path igo pe ations nd inl Bie Se ne Se aad the auter bas ed opportuni, dang eine ew Fn one la ae en race, Seas nt ar macnn hi Pd fie Pons ek eenment of this branch of selene name ed mahi indeed hit wre both Tete Ee melanin aration, th Ould mate the i aemachanial andthe Re mach erin fants ey ees Ue Ot Sachin Seeine he srs ype and pina of PO machines rate rcs tray cnet Gogh of i oundrechanicabengineering problems of vibrasion-damping as well as vibrations af buildings, home nthe mati branches of ceil enginacring, and finaly the ‘hrnamie forces arising in hydraulic sructurs, Lesures had et the Tnseute for Postgraducte Baucation, Toshnieel University, Budapest, ond atthe Hun Berion Avademy of Sciences are also incorporated in this beak The contents are arranged in sopuonce to introduce the reader into the thdory af eibations and vibration measurement bufore dating with ho methods af ancysis. Tho idea isto make him realize the praia! ngnficenca of fre sing ad apie pir elnino he died ano vero oe The frst Hungorian edition ofthis book was out af print ina rlaively shine tine I ge wd of varios Spertnons ofthe Tedetcal Univers tha Scientific Insitute for Building’ Research 1 the Desien Office or Geil Engineering, atthe Office for Bridge Design and ihe Design Office for Industriel Plans, Drawing on the practical experience gained thereby large parts ofthe Bef ere rere fo the Fie ede. Th expand and rote rman taiion wos adopied as the basis Jor the’ present English version sehich ere eavours to ellos for spectal foatires of English practice end to include latest “achivvemants, in ardar to aasat farther advancertent in this impartant branch Of names Barc na eens inotai Bagh sullen ivan in brackets. tn tho numerical examples im addition toihis the specie, Safons oft Now Brush Code re shure eine ON or conan athe book is dived into seven paris and 23 Chapters. Ghopter Fis devoted tothe strastural principles of machina foundations sihile the fundamentals of th theary of vibration are discussed fn Chapter 1 including non-linear vibrations and the various methods or determining the nelurel frequency, among them the method of sustesive approsimatien which of erent procial significance ‘Bachine foundations are grouped inte types and machines are classified les carve ‘atéording to speed in Chapter II, while the fundamental. princ ‘sponding othe specifications of various counmries re outline in Ch «, Chapter V deats with structural, aswell us natural and artifical dayping and seuntabsorbng materiale including such wced for provcting Ichi foundartons with parity reference to their dynamte Shardetarisies 1 “Dynomic foveas acting on the soll, the relovont practical investigation insthods including tha instruments for generating and measuring. vibrations, and the results of the most recent experiments are considered in Chaptar VT GHaptor VIE deals with the theorsticel and experimental dtermination of the laste soit propertios. The behaviour of toile uader dynamic loads ie examined tit Chapter ‘VITT, whereas the considerations governing the assumption af par rissible sol stresses are reviewed in Chapter TX. In Chaptar X the theoretical principles of the vibration analysis of machine foundations are developed and the practical results of vibration investigations for machine foundations are recounted in Chapter XT. ‘These Chapters of general theoretical ond practical charactor are followed ‘by Chapters XTT to XVUL on tho structural design ond analysis of carious Jovindation types, accorapanied by a description of the operation of the corre sponding-machino, It has Been endeavoured to include the methods of caleu- presse 9 letion puatished in the course of scientific progress. Whew discussing the various tyes of machines the description of the theory of compuiation is fae toed by a carparsoy if difrent metodo, Considerations favour of te suggested procedure of calculeion are given finally. In addition, the structural fonsideruians, the initial data of design aid anniysis are compiled for each group at the end of each Chapter én the Summary, which is indispensable in Pree Fate Chapars deal aio with th various pe of foundation for machines causing inspect loads, for reciprocating engies, machines causing. periodic forces and turbines with high speed. Operating principles ofthe machines and the principles of foundation design are included to eequaint the evil engineer vith the mackine to be accommodated, Date tention sted in he uk the Seundatons of igh speed machines and machine sts, especially turboxgenerators. In the course 9 Etdustrial velopment these machines have been morfectured in unite of increasing dimensions ard the sructurel design oftheir foundations has tntro- duced Kes which affect theoretical investigations in @ decisive manner. Besides the groups mentioned above, foundations for various machines (rolting mills, erashers, grinding mills, mitchine tols ea.) and of such set directly on the workshop oor are ineluded. aie and explanations concerning the corvect design of machine foun dations ars given im Chapter XIX. Not only the conventionel types, but also the more upsio-date, prestressed and prefabricated structures are seated here. Numerous exanyples forthe corect installation of machines are ded to came pplote the material. For correct foundarion design close co-operation is necessary butcson the civil ard mechanical engineer. The multifarious possibilities of this eo-oper- ation ‘ore enlightened in Chapter XX on the mechonizal msthods of vibration damping, inner batencing, various shock end vibration absorbers and flexible couplings. Chajter XX is devoted to studies on vibration of parious structures, bridges and means of transport including also the travelling eranes in workshops. Danan effects encountered in hydraulics are deat eth in Chapter ZXXTL,}n whch the dynamis forces arising in dam, water haruner in pipelines, A namical prebeme'in tydraocte pasar urocteren,soclatons of otal and vibracons of marine engines are mentioned. This book should, first of all, be of greai help to design enginaors and structural mgineers, itis hopad howecer, that il prove helpful to mechanical engineers po. Every effort has been made to discuss from 0 strictly scientific aint of vive all theoretical and practeal statements recognized as sound in this branch of gineering. ‘The prime air has been to present she principles on which good practice is based ad thas ts illustratd i the las caper where rtany murerical otam ples are worked out for the application of the susgested compuiation methods ‘Any concept, wherever encountered in this book, has the same symbel. This principle es heen adhered to sry aol wre the arent th the Iierarure was inevitably required. The mare importont symbols ae.com piled in thelist of symbols. All dimensions inthe matric system are given in thea mesracs, Me, W. Harmen br Eng of te armen teolon, THe beste orbiaten examples valuable aid was received from Mr. 8. Ssiics, Eng., especially in the Wiel, Engr MrT. Bosn, Brg, Mrs I. Caibor, Eran Dh 1. Her, Eng The autor ts Indeed to thes Gonlonen for thir saluable aid and found asap for scionfie and educational tnaiaong uneries and Author's address; Gorkij fasor 40 Budapest, VI, ‘Hungary 4, MAJOR CONTENTS 3 PREFACE. : 2 usr oF sxupors ee {HEORY AND PRACHICE OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS » MACHINE FOUNDATIONS IN GENERAL ” ‘he jpperance of mace Coda 2 ¥ Bee Etcpment of metho wed for mace fu & ERAS eget e FUNDAMENTALS OP THE THKORY OF VIBRATION 8 Harms sbaie Unllrm cela mai % Fern tn gg : Ese cele of iron, 3 L Fectiiatos wu dempig : S Foe cng oe 4 i) owed sete wcboot Gaming 5 4B) Darn ferent ibations mon 5 Denoa! ioe! Shree of ona tear wocncsicess 8) SORE Ec cute or evoomuse ystems cla ec heaton, of mhin fda ooo z ce Regia SM gece ny Asepae natin of pena wh seven degen of von 62 OT" a) Systems having two des Fs 8 cms Rive tre 2) Suet hivog fou" depfees of endo Ce ciate 13) Natural equeneat of pei Boer distribution and coustant_crowescton, a ty Nactel frequesci of temmeverse ibeations for sass2 cowrents 8) THE method of aucatsive appeouiation SO 8, Eepesimental detrmin om of maize faquencios 86 SUMDIARY OF THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THEORY ‘OF VIBRATION as CLASSIFICATION OF BiACHIINE, FOUNDATIONS AND MAGES coc... 90 1. Supls ot Mack fndutions 7 2 0 & Goer uma & FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS -vrtecresn oo :a DUILDING MATERIALS FOR MACHINE FOUNDATIONS . 4 1. The bobaslour of tele wader altrating onde ws E The luis poperin ot mater ve : 5 3 Billing steals foc neocttes wid ity to si anda Toate 9Y 4) Bild evsssoes : : 9B) Some 2 { : ) Pinks cogecetas Dy Teiatrend concrete Meals F) Taber 4 Vibrations aul soundesbsorbing pibterate oo... ve Shoe A) Cork ‘ 3) Rabher G) Balen: DY PVE ipaiyvinyl as t ) Tinbet en ¢ vibeationabvorbing material F) Metal seructares = SB. Mater foe protecting. machine feundatirs _ DYNAM SOIL, INVESTIGATIONS. vinRaTORS, INSTRUMENTS OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT, THEDRY AND PRACIICE OF SOIL DYNAMICS, PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE ANALYSIS OF. MACHINE FOUNDATIONS. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON THE SOM AND THEIR EXAMINATION, 2 L Dynamic soil Investigations in general . 2 Efuipaeat goed for dynamic so invstigelous : 4) anion generating dyatmie free soe ME a Gendone equipmeat seoannnpenine 7 Sy Morcwig"Wiseacng machine 2S | contents 13 2B, tostruments for sneasuring wibretios «+ ur “aj Meckantat”wbromgters csv are sg! pore as } Hicetosnsaonlpiok-ap beady a Bs {} Soviganl end culuodesay oxlosopey 180 4, Meas for mening vvatons : 18 4: Sat ivedigeton pratce : t Te comition & exiting foudations : a9 Toe ee eened forthe sensrous and syacgoaizd mieasuceavnt of vc teen the foundations of tachines end bul at ‘1 Touan gation ef sbrations by azote sibeating tables as E Dyenele ah inveiatons tad tho venuts of reserch work 155, ‘THE THEORSTICAL AND. PRACTICAL DETERMINATION OF THR ELAsti¢ PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL... a peor ws 1 Consents characterising the elastic formation of the soi 165 4) Hook's law eee 165 Yoong: metas : : TONED 8d ) Dolesn's rato — ipstle modula ‘cf wil aE nati deformations of sits Peete : 169 1) Ueiform qmpresson of 40ll ess sceeet : 189 FB Moncttte Cpresten of fe wil 22000 in é ©) Undiorm dnplsesreat of i. : Das 5) Nowrwaifect deplactment of til Dit 8 Bostity analyse of pile foundations... 00027 23s 14) bvetigatien of plo foendations si Dooeeseese HIS 2) Anvenifecan of prow of a ce 6) Verdot esate tal op ple foadations at: 1) Movinealloalag om pile Youndaton vevearssss = vs ‘THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOS UNDER DYNAMIC LOADS ..... aad 4, Sail eton and adhesion wader dynamic Toa 1 Mt ee alee 1 4 Rotaure ii F Coneeltionaf densi ‘ibcation acapltudes sud he direction ‘of vibstion 188 oeuw cons [PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTATION FOR MACHINE FOUNDATIONS. ooo... 198 4. The verial vibration of founda 7 SHEE aes 1A) Vertical vibrations of the foundation without cosldering damplag See tee isin oil 188 . ‘py Vertaal otbrationy” of” foundadioas ‘with Yezued $3 the" deonping Faction of the 201 veo sene on eee 6 Be dng i i hl atin he font diglacemeat 4 Vibestions seenuyponying siaaltan MeeRianal deplaceaent of the four 1A) Dittercotil equations of vibtatory motion 4) Rater sibrtin of foundstione nd 2) BOSE tions of foandatione 00002000002 ) taticence of Se cecentese postion af the asses th the nuacbine on the eatuoel frequency, ‘UWE EXPERNMENTAL STUDY OF FOUNDATION VIBRATIONS .. 1. examinetion of weteal ibrition X Eemiettna etude on the damping contin E Eiktafation of worations of foundations bile on pls 4 FEMORIS Study of hoitoutal sean | 0200052. verti no berg Hnear aad of the Hon aia 26 as Sate ait Esa STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MACHINE, FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS FOR MECHANICAL HAMMERS. 1. Type of constractions " 7 “Snape woe ein i) Titbe bane eee i ieee i ” Seen : ie ay lls Mtg Me etal nosverseqeneneen oye 12. Bagg of designee an 3 Lonling date ‘pax COMPUTATION OF HAMMER FOUNDATIONS 1 Introd 3 The theory of eons : a ae oe coors 6 A) Basie epeaptation date vs eee ae ) Bese compete tet pats ead ou hpae oo ycgcs 24 | 2) HRPESGST Gy of the movement of the Taal. 295 7) Geetceat of impact fevervsvenss are 1b) The dstermination of uateral froqsendien aes BE i By The Setecmnnation of amplitudes teens sznc Sen i 1G) Te Nemtiy af gemgenblevaher of wmplivedae oo. 3B ‘ 2) Bis Aeterltaten of be factors of ley En Fen eer fetertnason vf weight and base es for Basimce Rrondstiont eae cet a econ 6G) Tae determination af the dynamic foros a cadealng hammer fooion with sping ewe i Bharata ee \ 3, A comparison of computatic | ‘ecommmended couthe of the 238 ' og Eatpuuas of beter fooSstone a % Ee A} Computation of hammer ; foundations set directly om the ground ... 254 4 eementation of hacomer foundation sing an Slide rapport Sora Sidon ead te wel nes 6 45: the aw denge of ames fonda eveseovetes 219 i aoe rc capaarion o hemes fonda wid he srngn Belew B40 1 i) The construction of hammer foundations with the springs ‘above 261 i 4G: Recuamented racic for tenfensi-cmerete sates of amie foo | done penne = 262 |. suwmany oF excursion wersoD$ FoR mass FOUNDATIONS . 6 { carr x [FOUNDATIO’S FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES WITH CRANK DERIVE 1, Types of construction te (A) Steam engines «oe fasseeseeecgategsce . oe seal wtean wagner wilh lde-vaine onicl o) Berecensttied hortotal snge-eytnder wees, coats. 8) Yestpeatel compound: steam eBaise 1B Veresal seu eagiaes Ti giete age compeesaet =. py tl stage compreonee Displacerot pms S"Sogleseting 5) Soblnecting €) Doubieastng pumps 3 Ditlereatal pompe sso Meni Pulp 4b Recommended design practice ..-soecresitit & Bosatacatas of dimensioning uae IIHR COMPUTATION OF FOUNDATIONS FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES Jy Katradaeion oo. 285, 28s ar 2B Desge theory ate cscs ta16 cosets A) Bandamentel peices a 5) Caleaioton ofthe disturbing fore 2200. : @) Siuglegylinder machines Sen 3) Mworeiader machinee 0! : ¢) Tareceslindor mashiaee 4) Fouroyinier machines n 4) Steecylinder mtokines ) Determination of he cesta ‘| : DB) Datermination ef the moments of waa inertia -E) Daterminssion of the moments af fasta of tho base solace F) Sites fecte of shatls beddings evvtvesosvsses 9) Bella's 5) Bhneo beddings teas x 2) Stel oprnps esietiecsnasiecsteat 2 Pits ee 6) Calsalatian of the maceal feces : () Tine waturdl Eeaguaney is toe vertical direction 3) The naturel vibrations aang fy tae lanes se Sada } The antwral Sequsncy (ep. m) for ion ta the hortzontak H) Detertinetn of toe anopleudes «. 7 te) Vertical amplitader dae to x vertical free. 8) Amplitadee of the whratiods generated tx planes a andy 4} Amplitude of rotational ribratons 7 4) Approsinate equations for determining snplituda» of forced TE aetineaeeene air ‘ 1) Forces acting on he foundation cpectieneooe ‘ ‘a) Detersination of the dyusmie force, _vsscoeescscoase . 8) Mose force 7 : : 1) The postion of he entre of lation ad the “iccaion’ of ig gucnsh tbe haat forges and thy tptag forons en Fo stops Subject to hericontal mpl ovens 48, Comparzon of computation nithods for foundations of wiprvesting engines fia the retstinohded enaten of ther enlsiatone nnn nnn Fg procadace af sompatatton : 5. The dimeasoniug af foundations 7 SUMMARY OF THE CALCULATION METHODS FOR FOUNDATIONS OF "RECIPROCATING ENGINES TURBINE FOUNDATIONS ..... 1, Claniffeation of tu 4} Chssitcation of tusbosmechines according te speed oe 2B) The regen We pate D) Typer of torbamashine te ovsscsas-vcvesssssssvwssow ston of matetale Toundationss-- A) Dead Toads... i B) Clee lone 00S COMPUTATION METHODS FOR TURBINE FOUNDATIONS <....+-ssee5--0+ 1. Leraduction : 2. Theory of cosipsiatioa : a ue ae ry we ny 3 Sap a8 sa om 3 316 an ner Sif ces ott bax bance \ 4) The fundamental principles, of geleulation fs a . 3r7 ) The fesieations of wataral froqonneie in geactal ssccccsse~ 312 want aie Poi Beet eePanclyus for practical wee sseenvoni SN ae 7 'a) The determination of the equivalent static force necording cet ose eg ead lee seem oe I nee eae 14) Dasa Tod oo 3) Diveerive for design work ) Bynes ree ? 3) The diving olor 9) The BRS Rand ie the gato IIIS 2. Forging proton 4 Fouudlbn for dcop-weight eaers| sean 4 Foundations for orusing all 2B. Ps fr ebenB cores y s corres cy oontien for fr eure eer 4) Reality Se eo coi Be phoebe ca se 3) Fowedatnt oo gatog al eee oe ta iag fwd ene ag ease Se nncreeecceeee 286 Te ioral balenig of Pt mise : 1 mS IIs So Me 2 Biches Serra itt os 5 Foundations for muchine tole a Selon damping be as + ee ry Daeg data oejgeoteeetts secccceeee $F 1) Paes of ating iran ; 2 BORER Sw ati ie Senn at 4) Baptin Gi aa oe Y Fereiog ot rabbes sige : “gc Machine foundations om buling 100% i, Fess souplingt oo gets of api Sei : 9 a ie 1 ins a eg a ae 3 Hoe cvnocany @EMARKS TO PARTS THREE AND FOUR) at cuAPTER XOX . EB env DEAS ROR MACHT FOUNDATIONS 9000/7" we sere IDRATIONS 1 BEILDIN s 4. Concreting foundations and their connection to the suporstructire 494 (G8, BRIDGES AND VEHICLES 1 aug matt 2 ha ena 20 aoa Dhami en ypmarions n° BUIEDINGS, BRIDGES AND VEBAGLES -cescessssens 8 ine cece = tye eect of wcans om he Daa oenit 7 3 Beam : Liye sete BE 1) Eloorin eevee . ager s. Phevomens observed in buildings ane 7 y yal i eet aaa ere co 2 pst ot id olen 4) Eatin : ee 7 ae By The propagation of vibration, a on ) rei snecated cage sontoreent coca kin te cetnn nen e fe ep enlarge Le oe Goundatioos «+ 808 5 heli fore sore etonneton 10 DuREIRRS 6+ 4 £ Rosmecting lesente 7 Gj Determination of stresses de 10 ‘jbvetion ia wiructural elements 6 Se a eal wi Be 4 Petesion against whration 0028 tie ior 5. Sooner ce anlices i i fosdetion, Erecting Mltnnsreageeeeatgkee oe AO as Udy Prosecton ot the plat of genection 1p Seen, of edges with Soe : SRI sig, HFS in uiinge due to nd 7 Broteties gonerete Loundalone Sur 2) Vibrio of tll sack oo. Sib BY Vibrations of towers oo 8 Beem or deucing suing fon anton fn rogions sublos a ging wabldaace vos 7 MS . B) Yiptattns of tewerlike engine bowies oo+.- +7 soda oot ee eee Bs sy Eieson F gta eee a 5) Htaae owe as ae U3, Economical foondations. Hallow found c sal F) Protection of instruments by sens “Gi Mibvation absorbers 2.25 81 mi! fn tng macnn wena EE a Dymo en In res a one ems Sake atthe on chided a 6. Butte eee fie ceca ws & |b) Hollow reinforced-conerete “macbine foundations gab sod by Bee 28 uy Boer feta gles igual sy ro AE ete pnt i eat 4 Pecado 00 ; eee ae te. Presonus DYNAMICS OF EYDRAVLUG STRUCTURES ai seectanteaL METHODS OP VIBRATION DAMPING [DYNAMICS OF HYDRAULIC SFRUCTURES eer =) coven = 1, dyuemie foes In wel og ecig es MecHANtCAL METHODS OF VESRATION DAMPING 1007-9" 8 E rlsrr deeaans ecicste poo : ee pa haeto mupeanentetettrnes See &: Spa aes aear rene & 2 RESET al : : 8 phon Foun tegen 8 ELL Ta ecting fro op : at o2 [NUMERICAL EXAMPLES FROM PRACTICE «..+--- crosses 66T 2B Deecainaion of oe neta fesguoney af a tvorleggeds fixed fsme ..» 630 > 2 te ag (abe HD gnctmatie ismamer -vcvereccesce OOD 5 ero dant (8 team Bem or & 2 Hie Sle Ge tyitader diesel engine 2 ‘oh a SIESP tousopinder Deut cane US F Foundation fo a toumlaign ok a tworstage rngleslindeecompresor, T2L S Bowadation for 2 12,800 KW tarhino wecaigerergs, Be Bonaiaton (or * ica anual. bration of fretstandiag colts for fine foandation vencreesgaset 61 an. Phunlaon for 2 25,000 00am sbine 2 168 BE Foscaton for 3 deop-eight el = ‘al 3B. Peuntadion for 3 jaw cramer. 30 TE Foundation for 3 fue tall mm APPENDIX: ‘ON THE, INTRODUCTION: OF THE’ (INTERNATIONAL) PHYSICALTECHNT- ‘GAL SYSTEM OF UNITS 0...-- 70 “ 7 199 pIBLIOCRAPRY ior EobES aND spacrmicétTons eee a8 SeRNOWLEDCENENTS i 7 ar AGRE S PEnocaaiee IIS a uo INDE: i 7 mn St & z Tropact and rate fonds due 0 js Bobituces of floating steoeraren Cops) A) Yeteodstion 5 sete 4 Maden SP nein of diting attsoaces"™ 2) Te elininaton of vibeation t= sips AB) Bitwle Bedding OF marine engines [NUMERICAL EXAMPLES Jaf tho natueat frequency of = snply supposted Beam ..-~ S6f al eteenc) of system a beat on LIST OF SYMBOLS isbn th indiotuel lewergroups th nore imprint symbole are given here Un the “dao hale appearance tn the fost ay dintanc Js Oj ffom the vesca aoe SSRI SEE fereedgibeations of he vi Se TEE of the forced ibeatons of th 's TUbahy oe peopageitn of presare we Wier Sen rau let) Sf iuplitade Se general : Ae Fietion amplieede with darwping fy yecoal amplitude Ae Woiteneal ulna of the excel vibrations Irplvode ofthe eatationsl vibrations Cippitnde of torsfoanl vibrations SBlucoe amplinde of se foundation Trapleade of Sibwetion of the aan areata pltude of the foandation wader the sping, Whegtlonel ana af the vibrattony at the este of te framebeam amtfende of beaton of the feame-bear sins of atin fermen ween oe Et he cession wbraiont of the foundation ae of he rotational wlcatons of the fowadotion Peeson factor inthe ease of gol wuss crate Mees fing om the eberactesaties of hamnet petits Pike fees sartace a te ras =pring> Shere af uistaceoonen asker of fhe ies J from their cerltant, which pares through the Ceniee of lastly fe SEES phathest of eae eancerponing epider ih Sone of the cone f Splgg-constast : A SORE ear of satines of the’ bedding, ‘S SSiicent af tines of the pad ander the aol Getticlent of stfoese of the beddig co setnare of sel pring fe an laste medion BALEARES = een abe [err of rigeity ef the Beasn Str of Bkiaty af she cola RMSE OF Rly of the incvidual frenes f) Mifitene factor of the absorber Ee Seltnes factor of the constructs Sh ettuns facter of the vibration damper Sf Sete atifines fasion E Repinmes! etiness factor Se Boge tor for rotation ia the vordeal plane & SEER EES ee Coan nab boriontl plese NE propagecon velocitycxguifugl fore EG Sietaatength of, the concrete Ge State of Sem espe a, EE atlcwoe of water compensa 0 8 g Sogcontora dence ‘eit Gy Saetee gstane fe abe seats a6 CE. eg ntti Me don ‘ Ye My eee ich n propsonal ar {nt gio of suecoive approximation Specie webght of the ett } Be Eithne weight She 3 Wutpoter of the spine stl B felative dowelty i 2B taney of tee sping coil i B deamater of the pipe \ Dette suareesing of the ile | i etesent of the ple regarded os « Haid DY HE EilGiee due to bousiee Se Getcekon a, to se ge eimprenion. of he columns B Sholccment of the a Je Sikincemene of the apper 21a : je fees plaemn of te frame by hoger SPU fundatlon deme eco “Singtel or verteat eircom of the vic efecs of thw generating FO 1s pgorithide ecremeut \ 3 garth ct any of nei ad he xcs of SAU? t eieegriy of the Toeeing, aH Th SEN of, the Blow, Se SEN, “Che sent of she cto focces related to the \ le «Serica ane 2 ae eof las te pal Soir sie Sena of rubber / Ss Siar a en ate ome tamer mt fT cal Bis w ar oe ste ei Ses agp Coe i hme area Fe tee eae ae By aged Sep. tee, of the ler eabbe block 1 By loaded, SP Tepes of the sling 200, wail jE ei ete ce maton «ge eee eee eo as ed oe Sate GR eantan Se et uy of she water usr or sym0rs 38 sedge af the ool EDS GES MS and thet of the beck ‘wage of the ata NaBH oF he foundation Below She Spiny Wash of See ter the foundation and env form = gl oy ight of she goes uty aed enantio Devers ovation a amet Wee tatent of the conduct, valve tine constant oF ce equation for elcity of the hater ead Baer by the loading P te ROP te spring comprented by the Toi See ie He Some f Rilonnal maes fore BRESEL felines of che feeme Seta aml ag ‘i : Domznntl raul TS sland to the mses 7 nod + ping ron ment of Monuié of uthine and foundation e ts soma, consl ot hata tothe exes passing tour the eure Peioy of te base slo ett oF OM ee ofthe equivalent maar about the entre of eu "fuer of eykinders bomber of tacne 2 OSREY Plea at the hanes foundations ‘Moment of jucrtis of flat foundstions: Jove the foundation & e & é é & i i ‘ # i u meme of tues of st foundations Patent af iawetie Hat fouéaons cn of anetin of the Be Roment of inertia of the cokes, ide of Secon i ttn fr Meme foondasons of the for of wider comoprenion “ Sng eben ing Pee etfche. ot fapact {ism sosstant e ‘ sek ae of the gonerating forge in the deetiog 2 Traaat cmon of the eeaeraung force im the Geos © forlortal component of tke generating focee in the direction ¥ flea Teagse of pbs Tongs of ee NEE of the Samesgirder {Bist pewen ie ae of arty of the connecting od sad of 1, Net of connecting <8 4 Neath 9} Soteaey af the aatozal Gregus BCU SSSSSRSY Ge 85 eng antral Frozen fe Sra Sales hequeny at she Harmer foonansoer JE SUSE Mane Srequeney of the at 2 EUR lngueney of the foe agaeeeeaiasy en ala) : ae freqneney Case 2. The corresponding equations are: aration of ome period Arrangement m3 tel, — 2) = 0 38 mis + el) —5) = Pino hlww squomaooydnp sip monsds soot 086 ET To ee eke og oy sraamooeydeyp ones fq woo Kowonbaxy TUSUORDE SH, acomy ays Sspuey eos potmerep 9g Heo AovonDag on oe 0= Sp ep 1 topnaydue quod ye ems00 souEUOse A noua er opmamiay Teed 78 SA rymsatep 3058 saoyon Suysneo vepuonbayp Smgmasp oq sepaandese op Fy (ota oH awe go)msg ere (ov) (er foyorw ses ua soot = hoe + sofatulee IN voyusg = (ou (2) opsagdors wrmanyxeur 9g Syenroadson ‘ome (6) aes ey paw (6) Pan ro) wee tap |= sq suoresqu dou podaropun yo Kovonbooy pram 998 9018 \ om (e—tb + he ver) Vieapeg = (= — So + teh te nou ep onom jo voneabo OT, “onaoy “yong souny Busqamasrp ome WS OPE preno oq TE sevu9 Sor, ede a om werent se tee Bees Ee pandop eopenctare orp 980004 10203 = sosarvans 0 oat souvqimsyp ous v 02 onp siuoaseyteap ay} Suyuymusrep Xq poumergo sf wonmjos om suoreaqie qedmopan dog TARP 94 WHO eMo|eaPoUOD TwsaUad opus seTeOR aN Paprdis erga mosy “uonouny ous v 01 Stypioade Fupkcen aosoy Seeqansiy seis Aq uodn posse sf uinasds seet-oms ¥ i0yi auinere a aoe SRAISAS SSVI OE 40 SNOLLYUALA aADuOA azanve (a ssour jo PG OF PontuopE 5 fu eve Jo UononE ays souPIaU seqRotated sigs Ey ag od 03 ore of swomoonpletp oanejox aya any worsenbo onoge agn way ures oq ves ny ee) soos ere wee stuasmoonydep oanvyas aqs soy upsago an ‘uonwaqta 2025 oR: Sup oofeyy Go~ oho tw tw OG eu ig t | e419 ment — ae Ge) ; teres Bo oa) aay PET oma tH Heme. = soxogt “pags sn Jo stoner roportad te potopistoo sq wro soto an stay Sey oheed coped oat ee aP Eee Toute prenmyy erte so eens nag ow Jo STS Oo [rompurn Gest | howgrsg = Ge ey (tH) Fauog oy omnsee suonenbe pormeceyy aqt ‘Cousnboxy oues ome ‘en sb0%0; yog JT “sssswur yneq Wo Y0R 9990} FUCGaKASIP aUL,g aee) (os) some 2 er opmayideae omy, + (6-410) a9 = ot (ee) : yO Go— oyu “ue se ee OE 4 sto) sgt $ (+10) wom ssuoreyoe aps paw swonwvasnos gnove go aptz9yua ax svoan ”56 Resonance entues thus for dla, 4) de : and, consequently, the equation toe tatisted is ann aitot + ett — 2 i) — Bem 0 (18) 1 da dsping i ml 1 one need nth the guy of undamped free vibration may be regarded as the reten: amped ve vi ny be regarded as the resonant frequency. amas and the corresponding maximum relative displacement is: “Pring, Plom tm) a Cese 2. The damping force acts upon @ mass indepondent of the disturbing force. “Dhe equations of motion are (49) mi + dé —2)= Pein} a mgiy + By bela) = 9 | i The amplitude of slative displacement s, appeosimatsly, ee Pema ma) = 8 jale— moh oy . Case 3, The damping force acts on bot messes, Fase ce the Squbtons of motion ae mip thy tea) —Psinot a myli + hats + els) = Thelargent relative deplecemens, ovcurt ‘ smaedbsTrgertelacve diaplacomes,ocering et reenanceiappes: Pon, + a) Teeth + mi) (3) if TF the disturbing force (P sin o ) sets on mass my, oaly 2 is changed and thus. ss if tee eee area (4 onset oxpansrats OP 36 TREORY OF VIBRATION a ‘the shove results apply to two-mass systems, yet are similar for ystems consisting of more then two masses. 6, Foreed Vibration of Machine Foundations Operating machines tranomit, through the foundations, forced vibra: tions of the soil, The designer of machine foundations must provide for The maximam possible difference between the natural frequency of the Eitigand vibrating system (which consists of the soil, the foundation end ope'eitchine itels) and the operating speed of the inachine. This menus cee vance of the entire vibrating system must be prevented by satis: fying the condition ae The foregoing cozsiderations were based upon en implicit fundamental thoort naeeribog fo which the vibrating quatvolastic body was assumed to abiy Hooke's law eae [Avociding to this Taw the elastio deformation of body snder Lond is geet Hiouly only up to the elastic limi. The graphical representation of Hooke's Jaw is a straight line. - “ghsriowa of various natural oilt whick do not obey this Taw are rot rosy seneaibleto exact analytical treatment. Te fire approximate Tat tot eines olution of the problem was given by Den Hartog who bet Jal the forced vibrations of an uadampee system ss s particular Soil the ital equetion for constant gonorating amplitudes is mi 4 fle) = Py cose 69) Putting for f(e) the fanction of the cizculas frequency e form f(z) = Hs) cos wt then aL = mare +f 66) ‘Thie linear function is represented by a straight line which intersects the padinate exis at a distance Py above the origin 0, end forms sn angle ma with the horizontal family of straight lines obtained by Lorene” using the graphic method of Den Hartog and representing different frequencies (o = 20-40 Br chown ju Fig. 10. Plotting the function f(z.) representing the character {tos of the soil and obtained by a series of dynamic soll experiments it + Dur Bauiagentoar Oct. 1950, no. 10, pp. 385 ffss susony 4No ence co-ordinate system the full curs in Fig. 10 corndinte sytem the fl curve fn Fig. 10 tind The fgur conti tbo a staight dashed Tne presenting Hook's In ‘tick duane Jncar fenton betwoen sft and stot If te fay of sei es senresenting th save guise proce entra the cl share tchie carvs the sbscatn pointe corrnpnding to ath ntesctio og eaten nee eee Fig. 20. Charecterntic carve of sil plotting the values thus obtained Eegachs, he consnponting sesmnace sures wil be abtabed. Hw the ts Hooke’ In wheres the tesonance sur dstrted towers the fight i selated to dhe sapeninegrchaastrie arve Vibradone at which the es noe follow Honks’s laws ane Won as pandearmantsiratons ve nats tmplitade of sch ibeatins doe at according to the Figu af resonance curves, grow to ether with the disturbing freques fe ccondvorder hyperbolic fengton of the atees bit ee slower ae the nuximum amplitude being shifted towards higher frequency banda.’ canna owoAnvvatl oF TA -THEORY OF VIBRATION 3 ‘The curve shown in Fig, 11 and deviating to the right is the resonance curve cf a supertinear, pseudo-harmonie vibration, at which, as against fare i ctifus (dached) stiffness increases together vith amplitude Bete opposite ese, of resonance curves diverging tothe left, the vibrations Inthe oppesntpiinear, where stiffaese decreases, with growing amplitude (Fig. 12). YW Lorena? applied the graphical method of Den Hartog advan- uacteristic curve of the soil. He established, ‘tageously to determine the cha nsy ive, experimentally, the bathe aid of mechanioally generated vibrati | 0 Fig. 12, Reonanee qurve subline “breton ig. 12. Resonance curve at sup ‘bss seaonence surves of the soil end constructed from these the characteristic seems ere At the same time, let us allow also tor the fuer that the Seeing (littmbing) foree does not remain constant during the dynamic ea es (cpetion, but rather increases as the square of freque “Ie Chapter VI (devoted to soil dynamics) we. shall desl in, deta with verions vbrevionsinducing instruments which can operate at dilicrent Tedutncies and with diferent cccentrieities of the impulse weight, With FREI Gr experimental resuite given by these devices we caa plot the wepltiie curfes as functions of the frequencies and ‘hue obtain, the apelin) carves: Then we plot a series of straight Lincs ivclined at Mor FAN) Gib uucthod adopted in Fig. 10, but the starting points are now BLUM nueative branch of the abscissa at intervals mar/My where m denotes 28 the neeet pe ecoonerie flywheel of the vibrationsinducing device, r the + See foomate on ps 50 sadius ofthe fyvhest and M fhe viet ‘right lines se tnenceued ea ae vate tae fom Supple th requielthcactnete ears ego tm, ate plotted onthe sbvenn of se eoeneg ote 2 if mass of the instrument. These ines corresponding to amplitude the ordinate, however, it is not the distarhi fo ig 8 Om i compression o (glem) whichis ndieated, Ts lates ie he tang forests adeeb te the ratio of the ented ant ad by tho flywheel of the vibrati tag Fasramon fumeraee) nator is tutta cfnie tntioment tga xy tho ao lenominater) Bonpeae h Shasasiotie curves oe abet iat Bene th 7 6 Dtial a the soit eberaster- Se curve th obtained ead tha egal ean ‘hee. the adn whose val : values as functions © TF! of the sil steess or voll comprecion cat a Staten Stet Aueshen(eateetittgaretiiiqn, STder 10 account for the actua wt amin in general forall pile (eepeetey Peo fo wil be transformed by subtiutn (Gyan forthe aie sol pin 2 the a Ve lynamic bedding coefficient 6 where g = 9.81 m/seok cme FUNDAMEIDAES OF THE THEORY OF VIMRAMOS a Inox wo alter ¢, by changing tho weight or area of the foundatioa, the ratio of the detuned n, and ng values (meaning values belonging to the low and high zones, respectively) will be obtained ia the following form? Zen (58) Tot us substitute inthe shove expression ‘the individual valuee concerned. Te is clear that this is not an economical way of modifying the froquoncy of the vibration. IF sweincrease the weight of the 91 yoy, pe foundstion or reduon its area [ay ; by, eay, 10 por vont the natu ral frequency shows @ change | ‘of about $ per cent only. —t 4 b) According to the fig i urespeedoualyabesined cot |g K cient C deereases with increas . t ing eoil pressure and attains ‘fA pS const value at a cortala | sole limit, Detuning by altering the °F te aes ant rea of the founde- tion is thus uneconomical im Oty vehoe sw tho ease of sand soils or coke. sive soils hearing high static loads, Or the other hand, the natural frequency can be influenced favourably in the cme of cohesive soils by changing the area and depth of foundation, provided the static soil pressure is maiutained sufficiently low. Jy shold be noted fcther that the abteved resonance curve ip oils (Fig. 12), indieating that vibrations ten Sue als of omplcion don ot ene and thus the sublinear rather than the superlinear tread is characteristic Of the deviation from the linear. ‘The rurva prndnoed by Den Hortog’s Zraphics, method corresponds in this ease to the trend of the upper curve fn Fig: 1. "Ya gractce she reouance curve i repretented asending to epeii sations of the German DIN Standards by plotting on the Y ants the equiv alent static forces depending upon all the rotating masses of the machine to be supported. The determination of their forees will be diseuseed later. ‘Tho X exis indicates, at the same time, the values of the = NJNe factor. 4 resonance gurve drawn. sctordingly it indicated in Fig. 1S Te is secu that the left-hand branch of the earve fa.the zone of low fe. auencies shows a rapid rise, whereas on the right-hand branch ia the zone ‘of high izoquencier the deoline of the carve i at first rapid but later sore gradu The soil 8 commonly tssumed to have clastic properties and, con: sequently, its vibratory resistance is regarded to be proportional to the displacement. Fig. 14. Curve of ratonanceHBORY AnD PRACTICE OF uAcumNe sotDATIONS Pane one sing, Unumption of nonlinear vibrations results in 8 dynamie factor inHg By SUE 2h deviating resonance curves fom Us rl eee in Fig. 14 and corresponding to°the Inne condition, (Tgrteal psendo-hesmonts vibrations of sit Satien have zecently hae Dot Shortie anlpnic by. Novak (56t a sgh en The “ease? led a nomogram wall sulted for ovaleatog cc wk pestod sted for evaluation wae spplemencel Ey ore with bearing surfaces trom 0. te Yay Ih would-be. desirable to-develop « computation method ave on iin wuetion of peeudo-hecinonte vibrations whlch apmesedeated 22 ditions moro nes! then che ons ops This prohtem, however, eanaey ie i vfonatanegental rnuteconesening various wyper of aol ye, Samet Yiheatloninducing’ deviens. (Wo reer hare Re resulta of Chapser V1 ead ta thee ch on pb, sconding to whieh the 1. Natural Frequencies of B; Systems arti vibrating systems, to which vibcations of complex mucking foundations axe reduced, are toed bane eran pore noted that there az» numerous theoretical exeetantheds of agfbreaipate practical ones far the ealsltion of sataeahg tas of dierent basis ace 7 Biss Gueh OD gives exact mathematical methods of vibration foe he ech (982-38) dene withthe theory nad spr raion or beatin of Dame; Hohenemser ond rage (iotthenk ae soiten OF tue maid pot besine By aa. proximate msetaod sed cok te Pech floes gaagpoine. Timoshenko (L9d7), Bac Bicone (OAR a Hestos Garey gtd Kemler 2949), Hettat Taos Castles (si), sean , 0983),Koenter Sea) sane eageae (th contain esgauaiom Sr Beta mes, plate Boa ee eS ot the these artes of forme ralying be the Rindoneneal ei) oe ngtheety of vibration, Nesitke (1935) Swe genase uiek solution Sore deta natmations i stems with esta Seger of eke ee snd Aye okay etalon in Sestion 7A, preseaChanacte go oe indo abl five theoretical aad nometote approceey Does gronn fib, Pbees as wal as an exconded blag tree aa eet Ge Dovene ineaf 8 Prtea application ofthe staat Meche gram "y Lorene (1960) pated aac) date hody conte of infinite mumber of miforly dfstribured tases. points, and bas akg Bhorefore the number of dogacs of Aagtly, MARY 3 Degroe of recto or She eaeey, TRE Masher of eo-odinats cinactarniag WE cig Io ona dat Af Any inant ofthe motion The moti et mgeraion th yeeetion ova be’ characterized by engl eoendaecnan Pot the system possesses one degnet af Rectons 6 soed motbemmtiealp by « dple dierent Spun tte atm trig srl apie of redo hy owt conan of creping fake ae Marie Pi er ‘i ceedom. f machine feundations: sth umverl dope af fe “ tion of aystoms wit A} Accurate solu ing seversl monte. ‘tems comprising over dpi Une vibration of yee somprig tie so af ageom having on taste number of degrees of 1D) Vibretions of systems fréedom. eae ees E) Approximating solutions. AL DEGREES A) ACCURATE SOLUTION OF SYSTEMS WITH SRVER) OF FREEDOM tie malic requeneley I dhe mass ofa lati li iia ereseparstel fon Fach stker thoy ext Be peed nated Inn dicctnus The possibilty of n displacements or joing rotations "der ue our af the following dednetion, the following will be used for direction snobs fenoe mownent of ines) m (8) force fineeia —m Fe dey influenee factors Reese Masel dostey is characteiedhy inf isplacement of mass et go here denon the deacon of sas Fave olan ores atk aul ay the dopincement oes edu te “at ros at ti, aoording to A. Nest we ae the fat valet i Faron or keldotvesce fotos ths vase hey every tf the fofluenee fuctors, Serer: end oot ards their direction ng remeron it the masses are restrained as rege meron motion He moe te pelt ha lee and ple by ony, Sen Tigluceaeta'e a°ouints Ito ae assumed By replacing sstporting fare by Tne totest when damping ie Stregaeded, the equ Fores by Inia fore ‘equilibrium et point ue BPa baat ba Put ote t os ttn = mee (59) For undamped conditions (60) =Feosos and x)= —ot%cosor Nevithay Ay Der Boufngenir Besia, 1983, pp. 248 After Sertha, AL, Der Bout“After transformation the differential equation sesumes the form: BP at EaPae to RP to BP — meer) 5, Pin (61) ‘The n equations for vibrational amplitudes form a homogeneous set giving natural frequencies and modos of vibration. When the determinant, formed from the coefficients of the set of equation is made to equal 2er0, the equation of frequencies (a) is obtained. or the frojuences 0 we get nn real solutions. Coupled Vibrations. Should individual vibrations be coupled, « smaller degree of freedom results, The” displacements under consideracion being small, relations of a linear character can be assumed to exist between them Owing to the positive coupling, only the components in direction 4% of foroes acting upon individual masses are entered into the equation describing equilibrium conditions. The ith equation will become MPa = F008 while the kth equation assumes the form: AP ten = Zee Sinve the forves Z; and 2, perform no work, we have Hi pcos, + Zs 008 05 = 0 aad Forces due to the coupling are thus eliminated. Consequently the 4th equation must be added to the ith equation multiplied by c. For example, by substituting into a set of equations with four degree of rondo nee ewe obtain [Pum mot Py (Pis + oP) Py Pym mot (Bg + ePa) 6 Cat PelPyt Pa Py tePeAPe try = lng + etmy ot i ‘The solution hereafter is identical with thet of a system having three degrees of freedom (coe p. 61.) Construction of Natural Modes of Vibration, If the. natural frequen- ies obtained are introduced successively into the set of equations (61), ~ 6 se rizony vipat 14'The solution of the equatioit omogencons sts of equations are ob reps eeniten in the following form D, a Te here Dy is thy subdeterminant belonging to the ilth member, Vibra TIME aie yerpendicular to each other, i.e (8) Tra Sm, Ry =O (64) Fovel Vibains, Ihe vat pte i abcted oa se Eee ae ts pet fe sys cass seerting tent oe fasion ath natal fegueny. he of perdi foeltne mes of forced sean nl the magaiade of ie ire given -by the solution of the set of equations (sce gnplinds: $ SSomed, however, that damping i negligibly small except 6 ara mens where it must be taken into cousdera8o i in direction x, then ‘P's periodic force acts at tho ith point in direct Qt) = Q, 808 we (65) 4EPy to FP in Pa $R(Pp— m0) PHP yt FePey : : {66 labs HRPa tee BP MOY FHP { I ‘The solution of the equation is Q(- DBD ca where D, = the subdeterminant of the set of equations belonging to the ith member. Introducing Eq, (67) assumes the form: = Vy" (68. 5 Sop Fontan Mo ad Tent66 ‘TuoNY AND PRLEMce oF aACIaNE FOUNDATIONS ane ove It follows from Bq, (68) that the value of = Becomes infinitely large, ifthe ditucbing frequonty o i identical with ono of the natural Brequessee, fd that z= 0 if the determinant of the numerator disappears, If she determinant of the numerator equals zero, anit ha i the systom has a nodal poiat in i. Neturel fequency i iential with the Frequency of foreed vibration, the macs ise remaining motiolens Systems having two, three and four degrees of freedom are treated haere aceording t9 the requiroments of practice, To simplify calouations the dingesms of A. Nesitha are introduced for tho analysi of systems having threo and four degrees of freedom. 4) Syutems Having Tico Degen of Freedom ‘The esefficent determinant ofthe frequency equation isin tie case: Pum niet Py’ | ante Pa ly fa Fam mel il For the sake of symmetry and uniform dimensions the ith row and the ith column are divided by |/m,. With the notations: pli = 8) and ote Vu Bq: (69) becomes jan 20% ley ea ee or developed according tothe povers of Boas, AE m where (4) +2) ga [eD 09} i len el Tatrodacing the ooefsent: nek and anil a di we obtain aati (73) The solution ofthis equation ie 1 [I vaatalfi os ene owDuexeats Ge THR tReORY oF BRATION o “The soot are sea al post if a Osexy b) Systems Having Three Degrees of Freedom ‘Tho covficient determinant of the frequeney equation is in this case Parmet Py eee] : [Pes Pay mot Pay ie (75) Pa Pao. Po mat) Simpitied i th same manner os Bq, (10) i assomed the Foes yay—aa2 a3) ay @j—2a tao 6; Ten aa) gaa or develops according to the powers of 2 we have =i 4 Ay 1+ dpm 7 where: Ayes (it) + (22) + (83) p= jan) 02))+/an aa))+j@% es) at) 2) +n @3)| 4-13) @9)! z= jay) 02) a3) } oy jen em ay} 11) 2} (39) Introducing the coefficients the equatien becomes: Aeieaw2 9) ‘The equation cam be solved with the help of the curves given in Fig. 15, ee . 1 a osest S185 o Should be substituted: in the equation. ‘Therefore a systers fixed to the toil hax aa many roots at maveets For intance, by replacing wae inass of a threesmess system by the soil (Fig 18) and comedering its mace a infinitely larg, fusther hy dedingevery member of the equation by m, aud assuming the limit transition my co, the following equation results: ofall + cto ‘The amplitude of the mastes is obtained as the solution of the equations of moment: jae Asin +9) jaa Asin dee) p= Ansin (dt +9) (89) 1, Bilezeining Pp 8) sve ndbating wer then nthe egutions of motion we get rmase oo 2h A= (AL A) ing sywem fixed © — 28m, Ay = (A, — Ay) e — (4g — Ap) oy tonite ground 34m, Ay = (dy — 4a) The adding up of the equations yields Bmp Ay = my Ay pm Aah ms Ay = on indicating thet the systom has a single eentre of gravity which does not Suffer displacement in the course of vibration. The graphical Aetermination of the mode of vibration is hosed on this consideration. 4) Graphical Determination of the Mode of Vibration Tn determining nitural frequensy { is aot the amplitudes ‘of the aaasses, but the ratio of the amplitudes to each other which is of interest. Therefore, assuming for any emplitudo eg. of a three-mass rystem the ashitrary value ay, we have A and Ay= 4, — ROAM Ad With these if A is known, the mode of vibration can be drawn. The ratio of the amplitudes is often known as a result of the symmetry of ‘masses and spring constants. In similar cases the mode of vibration can be plotted by assuming the masses at distances corresponding to the spring coustants, and by entering the amplitudes on the verticals of the masses, The line, connecting the ordinates of the amplitudes, intersects the axis et the nodal points. The system contsining several maxses can be reduced to the left and to the xight of the nodal points to oue-mass systems, the frequencies of which give the unknown roots of vibration, Once the spring conctante are determined by measurement, the natural frequencies are obtained from equation ia | i | ( I the case of the shove three-mass system, the spring constants are plotted horizontally, while amplitudes in thelr ‘original direction, i+ vvectically. ‘One snode of vibration is seen in Fig. 19. ‘The intersection of the axis and o° the line connecting the ordinates, defines « nodal point. The System car be reduced to one-mass and two- Guess aystas of the same angular frequency, & o therefore: be te =/a fs fe a=] ae ‘The Tiagram of the second mode of vie “/|—— a bration is shown in Big, 20. The line connect. { BESihe aapltudes £6 Ay: dy obtained with -QAWAEGE | BE Tap iy inccetote"she axis at bodal | 1 ointes Ibs aystem cam thur Be reduced to |G gree ene-na eyateme, Consequently ‘Ther is always fixed point at the pot : of attachment in a system fixed to. the soil | provided the latter is Gonsidered a rigid body. Sy | Labia b) Lunkerley's Approximating Method — ! | | This method can be used to determine © | 14° AG the lovers sovceled basic vibration ofa eys- Big 20 Senn ude of whet tem containing several masses arranged along Woe of = theese yer fo stonlghe Hae (Pig. 21). OY Se anal paint) “The syetors ie reduced theoretically into tturee, each consisting of «single mass and all g, me ge cy Springs lyng in the direction of the point of @4(h stachiaest. Natural frequencies of these sys tems are: ig 21, Therese vibration it = eae He armletal ath tats! le vibration is (92)8 [THTORY AND raat op aAcEINE PoUNDATIONS ART ONE Natural eg encies computed by this approximating method are S$ to 10 per cent if t a idence wer than the actual ones. ©} The Holzer Method ‘he approximating method doveloped by Holzer lends itself to the Aeteomination of the notural frequency of multimoss. systems either ‘without demping or seth daunping that con he neglected Cp oes to explain the exsestal feae sures of thin method reference is made to the remoss ystem shoven it Fig. 22. dma the sto bee with an angular frequency © which cane uo nate tual Lreguency, if any external generating force is prownt. Assume further mase'm to move with an azeplitude of vty, £6. 1 em (in). Thur the equation of motion for mee my iv ese FLishoe# Thi epteion fo thie mone the ction ofthe Bree = ma $y = my of aln oy Hence the greatest compression of the sprin @3 tie eteaenee cece my Fig, 22, Vibratiog system ‘ath nimanes (93) paultahch 4 the placement ef ma ri of the spring is given by'the above valuey the obtained as ONY ® e 1, and the compression ieplacemont of see my mot (94) Hence the maximum value of the force acting on mass m, is », mani ft it (95) and the compression of the epring (2, 3) (6) Proceeding logically we reach the jth mass which cannot move sales acted upon by a force Bye With ree vibpaion, howwvers Py sed thu the ceessty ego fr compas th value af yi ven abuve approsiuting compatiion tun be expediently ceted out in the tabulated form shat in et ‘able 3. | | i cue [FUNDAMENTALS OF THE-THEORY op VueRATION 6 ith mavaral frequency oy = Fein ‘e ‘The nuxebers representing the magnitude of the individual masses are in the first column, whilst the same values multiplied by the square et the assumed a, are ia the second. In the firs line of the third column Sve must put 1, and in the other nes we enter the diferonce between the {hind and seventh columns of the preceding line ‘The fourth column i the product obtained by multiplying the second colurmn by the third one, fd the fifth coluzan isthe stam of Uae values of calumm 4. Columas 6 and 7 ded no further explanation. If the assumed value 0, is coszect, the last line of column § will yield a value squat to 0. If nds, the procedure must be repeated using’ a hhew. value cy, -mtil the correct value is found. Thir value of cy, i8 ofe Of the natural Yeequencies of the system. If there is no vevereal of sign ia ‘column 5, ve obtain the first natural frequency, if thore is oaly ono roversal, ‘we obtain the second natural frequency. Ta general, when b reversals of the sign take place we get the (k-+ I)th matorel frequency of the syster. being studied. For the second, third eto, eppreximating assumptions the following rule oil provide guidance: with a postive mainder when looking for the first, shied ete. natural frequencies, we must try a higher value ‘of e, while whon looking for tho second, fourth ots. axtural froquoncies, Wwe muse ry a ower valte of >. With a negative remainder we must proceed fn the opposite way. 6) TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS OF ONE- AND TWO-MASS SYSTEMS This subsection is devoted to the investigation of vibrations of concentrated suatsn on rode, of which the mats ean be neglevted (Hig 23). ‘The retering classic force developed by rod diglaced at the position of the mast by the distance y cam be exprened se Pat (7) 7 where 1 = the displacement of the rod at the position of the mass, due 19 unit force.6 ‘anon aio PRACTICE OF shcurve FOONDATION an ont ‘The corresponding equation of motion ie (98) (inertia force == — spring force); FeBy=o whence the angular frequency of the natural vibration is 1 aol 9) my ‘The natural frequency per minute is obtained from the expres 300 A (ein em 200) 1B ) (200) (in inches} where = the deflection of the rod, em {in}, under the influence of mass m and at the position thereof. If there are two masses on a rod (see Fig. 24), they may vibrate in ‘two different ways: in the same direction or in opposite direetions. | SE ee NEE bere baer Fig. 28. Vibration of pointe an a rod of noglgle a Fig, 24 Vibration of 9 pointe asce on a tod of uogligil ‘Two natural frequencies, the first of them being the basie vibration, correspond to the above vibrations: When loaded simultancously by mastes im, and my, the deflections of the rod at the corresponding points will be denoted by y, and ¥,, respectively. 7); is the deflection of the rod at the position m,, when tke rod is aeted upon by the force P, is the Aeflection of ube rod at the position my, when, instead of my, the fore P, = 1 is acting; 7 18 the deflection of the rod at the position of the othe? mass, when P= 1 acts at the position of the first mass, According to Maxwell's theorem this value is the seme in both cases. FumtPar | aon Pn Pane J ‘whence » eM (102) mm Sine the equations of motion will be malts a = 095; © hey matte — P52 + yeth— 10 ‘Tho olution of the above cet of equations is the expression: mts YM — (omy ema) BLO 04) ‘The two roote of this expression yield the two natural frequencies. 1D) VIBRATIONS OF SYSTEMS WITH INFINITE DEGREES OF FREEDOM ‘Tho neglect of the mass ofthe spring usally revue in a rather high ddogreeafinscoaracy. If the mate of the enlomm carrying the masses of the horiontal shaft and the vibrating mass i t bo taken into consideration, these, mut be rogended ara erie of mastes of infinite number, elastically coupled to one another. Consequently the vibrations of this system of fates vil have an iafiaite number of different modes and, accordingly, fn infinite number of natveel frequencies. Belew we shall deat with a) the natural transverse frequencies of Dboams wich a vontinuons mans distribution subject to tranaverte vibrations, 2) the natural trancverao frequencies of plates. Approximate solutions Mill be given in Section TE. "The infinite number of masses of the above aystemns can be seplaced with gool approximation by a great but finite number of masses, yet sven fea we face a problem the roluson of whichis very laborious and “uneuitals for procticel purposes. Several uethods of compatation can befound in technical Kterature. The aeourate solution by means of successive approximations is given in a) for the case of small, finite numbers (two to four). Several methods are ‘widely used giving quite satisfactory solutions: for practical purpotes. We shall consider one of these methods in Section ‘Tia and, for others, reference will be made to the literature. A commonly luseil metbod of successive approximations ~will be deseribed in 5). a) Notural Frequencies of Prismatic Structures with Continuous Mass Distribution and Constant Cross-Section We shall discuss transverse vibration wi the prismatic structures. For determining the transverse vibrations of « prismatic beam it should be noted, that one mode of vibration y(x) pertains in general to are very important for ‘very natural frequency. The differential equation of the mode of vibraxion is ayia) EL ay en ata) shore E = Young's modulus of elasticity T = moment of inertia of the cross-section of the beam ‘co-ordinate in the direction of tho axis of the beam Suase per tit J (evonaltywinowe) natural tamer rqseney of the Introducing the notation the solution will be “y(s) = C,sinh be ++ Cyoosh ba + Cy sin be + C, 08 be ‘ho ratio of tho umimown constants Cy... ean be compared from the conditions of the support of the beam, Por the values of the constants Efourlineer equations cet'be found. The determinant ofthis et of equations tonst be equa to eco in order to obtain «result otber than zera. A trane Scondentel expression, ie, an infinite number of natural frequencies is thus Shunined for f Various ratios of the constant C, coresponding to different ‘Values of 2 cam readily be computed. Those constants define the functions {esonbing tae various natural frequencies. The fist four natural frequencies Together ‘ith the cocresponding todes of vibration have been compiled in"Table 4 for soma of the more. important cars. ‘With modes of wibvation of higher orden, the beams axe dimensioned for simply supported end conditions end the span is taken asthe distance between tvo adjacent nodal points The amplitude ie the defleation of thie Beam under the dyneiie force (sec Pare Three) divided by the factor of fatigue (see Chapter ¥) eur FUNDANENTALS-OF THR THEORY OF VIBRATION » [Nene frequencies of tansnese sbrtions jor bam : T raps 0506] Bo monday of ehsitry 41 = somest of iors of beam eoseaieton je = ssn poe une fngth of the beam FS Keng between the rapport singly ai het a ised beam Beam with one | Hee | es Hee | pe dls Sopperted the ene a | terme | gains Ran dep | es | | ees ' | Bicep ger | ae aos | game 1b) Natural Frequencies of Transverse Vibrations jor Slabs For deteuniuing the naturel feequencies of transverse vibrations for slabs, refeccnce is made to the works of Suehting and Timoshenko Natural frequeacies in the most important cases aze given in Table 5.e -TEORY AND PRACTICE OF MAGHIEE FOENDLTIONS vant one Natacal frequencies of ieeneterse elbratons for slabs 1 Fised sicuae ae sain oss} iret Re eewcurasias PE REET SATA mebeat ame 0 eae Vales of & ny 21.36 Maar 51.02, t Bi Et a3 1k : Bio ule (ate bee, a sl Sat ta ee pes desing dof een ah 2. Rectangular slabs AT be ea anne eee ede so Bagge eno area ae Fuucomcntal and harmonic modes of wbration of quadratic las fined ot four ees E) APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS 8) Rayleigh’s Method, Js isa well known fact that the natial frequency consists essentially of charge in the kinetic and potential encrges the swan of whieh is conetane, if uo damping is teken into consideration. Thus Ex+E, = constant At neximum displacement E,—0, and at the moment shen the spring is relaxed E, ='0. Hence Ee mas™ Ey max 6 5 Mj oat fr Mah a Tie,2 [THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SACHIN FOUNDATIONS ant ont When the displacement is y= A sin it, the velocity v= j= Ai cos it ond the restoring force ‘P= de, then aaa mitt and Eran Epmae Lave consequently also dnaalie 2 2 and the natural frequency is r s, and for the entire xystem ‘This applies to every element of the mass, and y the following equation must be true: 205) nex | Fema If we succeed in Finding the suode of the vibcations of the bear ot colomn, and the kinetic and Sotentinl energie of ocoh mats element thee, Gn the ant of the natwal iroquencen of thee elesemts, the nateral Frequoncy of the eatce system cin be determined If 4 modo of vibration inschoven, i which all ee elemento vibrate inthe same diectons we obtain the fundamental wbraton: In the ease of traeyense wbedony Rayleigh aanumen thee tthe mextom smplitade of toe fendenresel sibretion the form af the henmn wil esomble shat resumed bythe boas then its deflected ner a state lends Accurate computation hes proved Te comectnets of tis sump : fff iavogattn ef beau perpondiola tothe axle yee the xpress (206) : ond ix uniformly ‘The second equality applies to the case where the load y istribuced, repretents the mass per anit length, ond y denotes the man eee ee eee 07) nara FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THEORY OF Ytanaaton os, where SE, = the work performed by the mass elements, obtained as the product of the. inereasing spring force and the amplivude he bending moment which is at the same time proper. onal to the second differential quotient of the dltlested beam axis MUIE = the reciprocal of the radius of curvature ‘The symbol indiostes thet the summation must be extended to all members comprising the system. If the line of deflection ean be expressed by a function the integration ean be performed. Otherwise the component members must be resolved into elements and the results eummuized. Finally 208) the netural frequency of the basic vibration These considerations apply to the cote where. exclusively transverse pibrations take place ino system consisting of woveral membenr The saveal Frequency of column can bo determined ou We coe ei liferenee, however, that the work performed during the eceeree in oe ‘he column must be determiod from the fore acting upon the theceass Of the caluisn and from the displacomonte culared’ Be the eee geavity of the cloments owing to comprention, his approximate method gives rowewhat higher value than accurate computation The reason is that the heam was tenderel sete Sake asbitrary assumption of tho mode of vibration and thas fe vibection yee scoaloraced avleigh's formula was simplified by Morley (1909) which is equal, Jyh kuova = Kul's formula (ull 1918) or Revsor's trout (Oey 1929), Por the gratual improvement of the reaits chustned behts Senge ste Hobenemsce and Prager (1933). The theorew shat aster: deooce hae soag il postle moder of vibration necting the smallen qeesticn ot nergy for the continvows change of kinetic” potentad, Cnet et in Ritz’ method (1911) quoted also by Bios and Gramma (1059), She azothod of E.G. Galerkin dicussed in Galfablatt Shaws book fio) Chapter Tl, page 62, is also of approsimating checsenrs 1b) The Mothod of Successive Approsimation ‘This method for calculating najurel frequencies is based on the follow- lng principle: im natural vibration the inertia force of every lemcutayy ‘mass is fu equilibrium with the spring force acting upon it. The maraea {TKORY AND PRACTICE OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS vant ox value of kinetic energy of the mass is further equal t0 the maximum of ts, potential encrgy. Consequently, when the weight of the ovclating lente i taken into consideration — provided this it not negligibly smell wand if aay, even bonruniformly distibuted, oad ast on the viorating Detin, then the opting foroe arising at the displacedient of the beam te always of the some magnitude ae the one caused by the inesta forces of the Beam at the tine of deplecement. SF'we can find the mode of displacement at-which thé displacement ‘dus to the sncrtia foree equals the dlaplacement earumed, we heve found the state of equilivium from which the natural fequeney of the system fan be determined. The inertia fore is ealealated from the given values of corresponding martes and displaccmenta, For en arbitrary system (0g ‘continuous best, or frame, ete) the difereainl equations ofa beam under inertia force are a Zeno = (109) 2 Zyao E ‘hs shove ifersiial equations dese th deformation of a beam under nYoad mf Fs venpoctvey mitul where and fenots the displace sents perpendiur sil parallel a0 the an seapestivey. “rhodgh enact mathelatiea sultln! are avilable forthe difren- sia cquatiiay tho procedure iavalyed is logshy tne, roqelriag meh fimo sven in timp cases when ony traverse ibratons ae tao ito sso Whe alton oi on sae socom, to fe Sutbine foundations yith taforcedconsrete thames, and tee stows of Csleuleion requiad i enormous, Thus the adoption of « mathematic] tolotion can budly be justified, Moreover, conldering the fet that or Stovsntions concering she length of the ipombers nd the conditions of Suppor sult nvaivs appreciobls wacertaatiee, we ate bound to,se £0 {hE conclusion thatthe svathematialexactnon Inthe analysis of machi foundations should oot be overemphsized, or thee seatous the shove difiatiesshosld preferably be overcome by a method which produces the rlution of the difreia equations by fccenive approximations and withthe deised degre of acotracy. The Ene required for mathemetial work is governed by the later. Tie procedure of thie method coats ofthe following steps Tie etm (lap Soporte Fh, conta ily psy pase fame, ete) wachy in alition 29 sho dead weight, carries various CSneenteeted and waifrelydsteboted Ions, dived aco aul ction, Secording to the accuracy required. These sections eas be regarded a fndivdual sloments each having constant moment of inertia. The load futried hy sach san be ansused'seunlforaly distributed and to act a the centro of gravity ofeach element au a concentrate foes cure ‘ruvpAierrats oF naz tuvea oF vikarios 88 rei nd aa ea a eed ee rete ape af ete? ces ee Pale Beiuetine tHe setae he tues lh hen on ae cpeuat ate toe caneeedete Patel ark Spend ic be gi er rnin foe oe inertia forces can be determined. ce Ee srlgor aa of Lupa matical a vine te noon he Ee ‘The inertia foree reduced by B ean thus e obtained with the value nity mity yo and E where P mths weight ofthe eam cement. “a tho fnst tial we start with valoes y 1, and! B= 1 4. With the assumed values j# — 1 and E'=— 1, we provecd by deter- alning the defen eevs of the beam Hix anmmed tha he neta es act on cach element both along the ans of the born am Peed to it These tw inertia forces are natussly diffrent, thee Sabena however, proportional to the assumed displacement, - 7 aeconcipilt #” and w dsplacemente obteaed tis way are used forthe determination of the Pe and. Pu valiee with rrpost to eres ekena fence, determining the (Pr’)® end (Pu’)* values and summerining then, welobhin atthe second te the aypronnate ale ce 1 Vaeer te Pee r 110) whichis proportional to 2 whe oS AE Fan of th broad trial wo noxt deter Snr fren with caresponding wy Wand p” values ithe way. dernicd akeoey Proportional values obtained by aubuttuion ofthe fess ores Pry? and Pay 1. Now those inertia forces are applied again to the bea resulting dixplaoements w” and'u" are taculatel once maser 2 SH 8. Then the values of Po", Pu", (Pe"}! and (Pu? i amined anh he values of Pe", Pu’, (Po"} and (Pu? are agtin deter- 1 SPs PRE an)6 ‘Tugpay ano PRAGICR OP MACHINE FOUNDATIONS ane ox ‘his procedure is contioned until the succemsive values obtained are spprosimetely oguel. Here, then, we have found the valoe which corte. sponds to the sate af equilib, Thefinel natura fequansee ean now be esined hy ising the flowing formulas: 2 ay \ER 3) ‘The third teial usually produces the required result, Slower xetes of convergence may often occur with frames, where the displacements due to axial and ehear forces must ales bo considered. In such casts iin advisable to select the most charseteristic points of each har (the central point of @ beam and the top of a column) ahd to proceed by exemiing how the dis- placement of the points concerned varies. By doing this we shall obtain the probable final values of the displacements by estimation or by forming. 2 geometrical progression. With the quotient of these final values and the displacement of the point chosen for tho last trial we multiply the valuos applying ta the other points. Tho produet guined thie way is to bo regarded as the first approxi ttion and the procedure should be repeated, until the correct final sesult & obtained ‘The method discussed above enables us to obtain not only the natural frequencies related to the fundamental vibrations but also the higher harmonics thereof provided the diserepaney between the sesumed and actual modes of vibration is not significant. When dealing with these major harmonies the nodés of oscillation siust bo located. For this purpose the incztia force detormined in the first trial on the basis of an arbitrary choice of the node is compared with the spring foreo and if these two values are not equal, the position of the node is modified by progressive tral and error until i€ proves to. be correct, the inertia forces equslling the spring Forces st that point, ‘This method is very suitable for the determination of natural freques cies of any degree and can be applied to oscillating systems of any configura: tion having several degrees of fresdom and componed of @ aumber of ele- In ordor to illustrate the practical application of this method, detailed numerical examples for the natural frequencies of a simply supported beam, 8 girder system and a single-bay fixed frame are given in Chapter XXTIE. 8, Experimental Determination of Natural Frequencies As oan be neon in the foregoing Chapter. natursh frequencies. of stae- tural comnts can be determined both by exact theorvteal tweatmont cna, PUNDAMENTAIS OF THE THEORY oF BRATION sr fixed. Hore there is practically no constraiat between adjoiing Hecere, ; se, tn identeat but fly Eso veo ll Lave 5 fay OO Pee 2 per min.* i the actual fixty, but the theoretical determination of the latter is usual difficult. : : oan ne XVII on p. 493 the natural feeqeeucy of « simply supported flooe lly movable sapere ie pve ee norar-so] SEE While that of a joint fixed at beth ende i soiet vid one cae [E T ¥ ‘Thus for, E = 2,000,000 (in) the rie begomes 11.95.31 — eens fasly wellvidh abe valve 100 ot nonew |i = nza0] 122, Thin sesule [see the ebeerved value ox p88)difference between the natural frequencies of the partially fixed beam and the simply supporssd beam, on the one band, and between the partially fixed berm antl the entirely fixed cantilever, on the other, can eaaly be eslealated. Conclasions ean be drawn inthis way as to the degree of fixity. For experimental tests o be discussed in move detail later, a vibrator with variable peed. has boon ured fo generate vibrations. Another method Tor inducing vibrations consists in the application of static lond until the boar is deformed, The loed in then suddenly sslonsed. im practice the most suitable and the ranplost metbod ie to sot individual elements vibrating by dropping « weight on them. The exact determination of the absolute values ofthe amplitudes this gonorstod is of no imgortenoe or computing hatorel Requencies. Considering farther shat the amplitedor depend. on the energy of the biow and the factors charncterzing the shock intensity, ie vil slice to drop a piece of consreto of about TO't0 15 kg (20 to 30 1b) fom a height of says 40 to 30 em (10-20-20 In). on the element selected for examination. A sintlar method can be adopted to determine the matural fequency in the horizontal plane. Por thie «similar weight should be brought into. collision with the element im question using thr weight a» 4 pendalam and dealing # How at the body in the horizontal plane. The Experimentally determined natural frequensy eax be compared with thet ‘obtained by éaloulation. : Tn an example of vibration anslyiis pefornied at x Hungarian power plint, « supporting cement of the oiler house, considered simply sup: ported heats had sn orginal naturel frequency of ll cysles por see. When Inounted in the structure, 0 value of 25 cycles per se0 could be measured The ratio ofthe two values is 25/11 — 2.27 Thus the boam actually boheved as a fixed beam after installation, inasmuch as the ratio of the naturel Ftaqueneics of the fixed. and tingly supported beam. hat been derived previously as 2.23, ie sino the above valuc. 1a other instances examined the coefficient of Fixity was 19/ld = 120 and 25/4 — 179. Ta the former tate we hd to deal with pastel fixity of spproximataly 25 per cent, while in the latte, the fixity it 60 per cant ‘Constutions an ta tho oleraster of support may alco be drawn by rmoasuring the timplitudes at several points of the beam and plotcng the curve of smplitudes, characterising the deformation produced by vibration. By analysing’ experimuntally the propagation of waves to other elements of the Building, we may also drew conclusions ar to the way it ‘which the eloments concemed affect each other ‘Hence vibration catlysis enables us to explain actual static conditions and, though indirectly, to check the quality of the construction omen oUNDANEREALS OF THE THKRORY OF via 9 SUMMARY + of the Fundamentals of tha Theory of Vibration ‘be theory of mechasial vibrstions iy applied ja ths book primarily to soils and machine foundations, yet the fundanntae of bration theory will be dscust ley ‘when dealing with the mectnieal methods of vibration dasnping and with other related Drbkneeaoausee fa sl parse ‘des to presenta clear general picture it was fouod necessary to enlace xpon some consipts Dealing on the teetare of ths Chapter sad to explain the counecions of ‘ib Chapt on fondatentals tothe wabeoqueat oneal theoreied charset, shine fuadations are commonly of toe ac types ia thee singles oem szrenged ina manucr that the ening fous shold ct iy tht com vest! cea of Eoe datifue nd the foun ese simple Japouts here the sage tony be regarded te toncestened, are deste wh in Sestons fad of this Chapter (pg: S416) wail Seton 3 Gott to energy conditions of wratans in gonera: Hees co well x forced Vibvatlons ef eed tar.maseayetenis without wit tied 5. The general aspects ofthe che reachioe foundation fs erected Section op. 1H) Se whih the nonlinear character af sl leans “tio natoral vibrations of basic system aredscussd in Seeion ‘ce determination Is pesesany ln oe pracioal onsen order to void Seonence of tie thachine buudation, Yet even the amplleades and Syramie forces acting onthe sol aed "eprestuing a potential soure of éiturisnes to te surrousdings my Pe af inter. “Thy vibredig system seid to have severe degses of Bede if the asso the chine uation Ie subjected to fonsruting foneesactog putede the vera contol ofthe bom plane, The vibrations inthe principal dectvas of slr ryteme are ie most fates coupled, general colutin for systems iva ssvotal degrees of frerdom, ad th ‘etatatescuilon for systans having ten, three and four degtees af freedoms ave given “nde Peat A(pp.8 11 inSeeton', ilo Point B pp) Tolevoted to diferent nets sfsolutis forthe straights vibrations of ston fous:tng of vera could oelata Dewees, Tanavenve ot bending vibrations of one: and tbat tysisio ave Stree Under Bete POGp. TH). ‘Arto he seen from the clemificnton given in Chapter II, Section 1 (p. 9). the sdous egcountated a preetee ate ot pny of tho Baek, hut af rare caplet 1d ay be designed a frames whichare lly noapled timer ystan, ‘frat leur can be voddced to oth. Bar saniysing the trautverie vibestions of tye aving intnite degres of fteedom, of Lomogeasaie Seams with disrbted ‘pee fa rigilty sn fnite material dompig, methods aca gives va Point YD (p77), de appro ating cacalations erg devsrbed ia” Point Ep. Lh, Table 1 a6 m. $9 conta the Spi te Soc ashes (pp. 8220), slse vet beaime ‘sand the date on Tablet far bonne ond bp. 79 fe-tan bo applied aio to the vibvatious of bldg “The aor chine foundations i continged in Ch iyomics, nherettor the calesation pocciples et eas boot aacane foundtilanaaredoa within datilin Chapter (op. i994), Captor (pp 25) i devoted muniy to the ibeacions af systous couilay af mates beng oe stiiwo depiees of fendows ad subjected to impast foros. With ines te impart free test asuly slong the vets ping Uscugs te cencil of the mass. Chapter 3 (Gp. 2650F decide several ped toseesactedupon sever) draco by pede ‘Gheratiag foes, Complee and famed structures se ansiead in deta i Chapters SE yas of wansvone rains ecuring i tari fae Si SG ‘he eoreiea! aspeit ofthe solani! tighods of yibration damping are 1 viewed in Chapter Aa, Seeions t05 Gp. SESE). Probleme ating to the Gyan onde Gn scoly vepported end continous beats ae tlered io in Secton 6 tn Chapter XX sre o tow appicntions of vibration theor iu te lds of hydroaic and navigate ‘Hasteeed's Chapter SHIT (pp 090). Sad VIL & comaprehens) ‘Enlons seven ia PetCHAPTER Ut CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS AND MACHINES Machine foundations oan he divided into the following main groups, according to their constructional features. 1. Simple or Block Foundations ‘These are either in a single macs or contain openings up to 50 per cent of their volume (s0e Fig. 25 or e.g. Fig. 169) 4 ty by ea Figs 25-28: Basic typos of machines with dynam ‘sone tn fone (a9 2 Spl en) ye ean Ep 0 2 east lat Pe it laa pe eed ah 2, Complex Faundations ‘These may be divided into the following three grou @) ‘Waltlike founations, which uewally consi of two wells parelel to each other, supporting the machine (see Fig. 26 or eg. Fig. 232)- 1) Framed Joundations, which bave a stxtere of vertical columns and hovigontal tame beams braced together by means of longitudinal beau gm ae a fuga bean const» boszotal at tee Fig, 27 or 2g. Figs 473-474). (0 EF Ghisan ountloions, with which the necessary rigidity can be attained bythe sppropriate arrangement’ of ‘materiakvaving elements (eee Hig. 2 ore Ee edi Je ahove types aze frequently combined in practice, Machines are tlassffed aeorcing to their opezating speed and may be divided into the following groups mae I GLASSMAN oF AcuINE FOUNDATIONS AND tacts a 1 Macaines generating sbooksike forces, as e.g: steam hammers Block foanditios with only « few openings ace isually provided. for xechines ofthis type. In order to protect the enivment,stallar machines Should be fomded' on eletie shock resp. vibration absorbers. Loweepeed Inachines opirate at 6) to 60 revolutions per minute, while Righ-tbeed ones attain 150 revolutions per minute er ure 2. Lowaped machine of thous pay, exch ex machine of the paper indastey, printing machines, steam male, produce no. dangerous Splitudes. They ar supported by raft foundations: without slastic layers, 3. Lowapted mastines of aout 10 cycles por second, Taere maniacs operating sts maxizum speed of 600 rpm aré supported either by block Foundations o7 foundations of @ complex type, and’ may or may not be provided with elastio pads, 4. Machines of ¢ moderate speed of 10 to 25 oysles per seeond, Kor supporting sich machines having operating speeds of 600 to 1.500 sspamy rmany kinds af foundations may be weed; they are usually provided with slastc pads. Adequate precautions must be taken to prevent the occurrence of excessive amplitudes, 5. Mackines with high opersting speeds of 25 espa. or more. The foundations constructed for this type of miachinsa — mong them eompres: sors and turbines ~ are awvally set directly on the grounds and are maorly ot the complex type, consisting of frames, Operating speeds are around 3,000'rp.m, but attain also 10,000 rpms ot mores In connection with the hove Cuification it should’bo noted that rachines with soll inertia forces i. «low intic energy. cam be placed ‘without eny speval foundation, on the ground or on a floor cither directly = wath the isertion of elastic layers since the amplitudes produced ae but hardly, or not at all observable, ‘When designing she foundations for these machines the small dynamic forces can be acgleted. Only the static loads need vo he-taken into account sn, as regard he supporting structure care must be taken thatthe smaller dynamic forow whieh may cesur thovld be transmitted strongly damped £6 the soil or tothe Floor. Sitchrmachines ane, for example, diving motors ‘of the smaller type, pimps, machine sools, spinning mechioes, looms, ete For desiga eaiculations the following’ clasafiestion ~ covresponding te both German and USSR speciicationse — ean be secepte 1, Foundations for “machines producing. chock forces. Kammer foundations brlong to this group (eee Chapters XLi—-XIII. 2, Founlations for machines producing periodical forces, Reciprocat- ing machines (diceassed in Chepters XIV XV) belowg to this groupe 3. Turbine foundations. Foundations for machines of high operating seeds are disassed in Chapters XVT-—XVI1 44. Other machinos, Foundation for machines with special drives — such ax solliog mils, forging prests, crashing mills, flour mils and mchine fools ~ are diseuecd in Chapter XVIII. * For codes and sposficatons see p 816CHAPTER TY FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS Dyssamie orcas sf machines shoul be transmitted tothe soll through the forgdation fn such away that, by the correct selceton ofthe foundation Bee'UR Gy he use of vibration damping, all kinds of hermfel effects are Telbakeed, The corcesponding specificetons of several countris have been daeanse cisenlally of the basis ofthe above principle. Some ideas common {Soa of them are given in the following Sections. ‘Foundations resting on the ground shold mot he applied ules the rouul-yater table Her deeper than shoot one-fourth the width of the EeUES TEE Gtabwe the base plane, since the vibrations are frequently tans ‘mitted undamped to considerable. distances by ground-water, Oa tke Sik and ia Sohesive soils such aa clay and loam, considerable damping Bing dale ace. Vet the soil may become plastic and this, ix fura, mey Rein Re teinemission of harmfal vibrations to the entvironsaeit, 1a [Gh cutes the prabloms presonsed cannot uraally be solved by means of ofr foundations, and. —~ depending on the soll characteristion — special TElsdions (yile foundation, open ceiesons, oF soll conslidatiou) must be saeney ee provided elastic pads are inraficont co redace the transmitted Syaamio forces. Ti she foundations of fine machine tol, erected close to each other, tuis of the geeatect importance that ne vibrations ~ not even the slightest — Baa Eassuted co the sectoundiages Por thie purpose special Gepeationsemping layers (cock pater, helioal springs, bard rubber ete) ire used. “The foundations of hammers, ocushers ote. — eepacally when the soil ie Jooes tnt uonecoheaive = anty Bring about a high degree of con wlasaloe fo the subsoil, Inasmuch az the transmittance of ‘~wibretions raltarign, Raucna'by tho proper design of the foundation to s tolerable Gdgree, vibration abvorbers will again be necessary Shu ueshvnicel engineer's ties is to belanee corcetly the alternating or rotating masses of the machine (see Chapter XX) F “The Sauost suitable: materil for machine foundations is reinforeed concrete, Foundations coustrugted of plain concrete or maronry are msed for machines transmitting mainly stati loeds. ‘Gane should be taken thatthe common contre of gravity of the founda- tion ail the suachfue fain the vertical of the ceutre of gravity of the foun- dation plane, or else tot cases ovarian. PRINGILES YON DESLEN °8 Te is advieable to separate, saually by means of expansion joints soscbine foundations from eajacent buildings and undorgrownd seractire With faundations of loweapecity machines oF where tho oecurronce. of Jpavuaful rections between méchine foundations and the adjacent structares Iehintikely, separation i» not necessary. The lagtn of the anchor bolts ca be shortened by means of epoca anchoring facllitiee, hooks, or bammeshead bolts, bet the continuity of forces, betveen machine and foundation, must not he affected. All this Should be tone, of cours, in consultation with the mechanical engineer. “Various conduits and pipes embedded ia the foundation (steam Supply pipes, pressure pipes, ete} must be arranged for the most economical Fetndation desig without juinging the mechanial requirements j_ptr supily lges and hota lines must be propery felted and “The “oundation must be protected aguinst machine oil by means of acid-proot paint, acid-esstant coating, siieate treatment or by a cover of acid-resistant tiles. ® ci ‘Building foundations in the vicinity of the machine foundetious can bbe onstructed at alevel higher then that ofthe latter; howover, the possible decrease of she angle of internal ition of the toil dve to dynamo forces ‘hould be osazined. 1 the distance between the two foundations is very Slight, these should preferably he constructed at the same elevation, in oni to eliminate berm ful vibrations of the foundation that iy sunexpestecy occur after the eompletion of construction works iis advisable to design the foundation in such a manner that it ean he modified ata later date, Such a subsequent modification ean be accomplished by additional imasver of sonerete contested to the original by controllable preste By evi sory amputing the nau other ways in addition We give below some rineiplet concerning the desi of uri, Toandations: ae a echnical design should leave adequate free space for the sup- oting sates Video praaves ounng ‘ius in the seructural osign of coltrane and ams should be avoided. Openings should always ibe suesvualed by seiufineeucut, ane i ‘The amework should be arranged perpendicular to the turhine axis, and be braved together by beams running parallel to the later. The hori zontal beams of the fraave should he arranged dizestly and concentrically on the sate of the columns co that the seen coincide. Large spans eal ecensrcitis should be avoided. The bave plate of the turbine should be fr stiff as possible in the horizontal direotion. ‘Small massos.chowd be voided for cantilever slabs, Instead of increasing thelr thickness, bed fabs, sometines stiffened with edge ribs, should be ased.CHAPTER Y BUILDING MATERIALS. FOR MACHINE FOUNDATIONS Building materials for machine foundations can be divided into two. 2) structural materiale, used chiefly to carry and transmit loads, 5} doterials damping vibration and sound. Th addition we shall doal with materials nod to protect foundations against weather, moisture and chemical ation 1, The Behaviour of Materials under Alternating Loads In practice all structucal analyses are based onthe validity of Hooke's tavy although iis Knosra that this amimption does not exactly. corre spond to. the actual changes taking place in the moteial. is thus weotmned, that structures unter ratte Toads ruff fm. genoral elastic. de- Exuution oniys Plastic deformetion, however, caused by dysamic fue. tueting loads, has far greater significance for'us than deformations due te static loads "The beheviour of atest specimen wader Rerasting foros, ie. under suconstive ysloe of loading and ualooding 3s repeesested graphically in Tig. 29 where deformasions and loads are plotted on the horizontal aud wefieal ance, seapectively, The OABD area eorreyponds to the work done By extemal forees during the loading eyeo while the OCBD area sepresenss te Work developed ont releases The diffrence hetweea these two foreas of work (the work performed by loading end tag salons by wnloading), Sauols the sucray absosbed by the test specinien dering the proces. When ttle stcees varies between equal velaes in. tensioo and compression the Sxcerctrain diagram of the beam called the hysteresis curve, The shaded trea in the fignee indicates the energy absorhed fy one eycle. Part of the nergy is converted into heat, ye changes im the internal structure of the fnaterial alse ovens. The gradual inersase of son-clatio deformation leads to sfatigue failure” of the materiel, Before facture rise can be observed in temperature of the specimen. No siructare eacrying dynamic loads can be designed economically unless the limit atetse i non which the materiale capable of withstanding tren under an infinite number of loading cycles, That stress characterizes fhe fatigue or endurance limit of the material eur DUUIDING sUTERIAts FOR MACHINE FOUNDATIONS 95 Beige 3st mag api orig hth nn acd eas lesan anteater ats ale as heel ascertain au teof tpl Tha ka, Se Tey tanner artengeire acne ite te a ai Fae he ted isa nega ruc Ont othr Bed he Sea eau of ung cyte ama: the dyn fe “ett epee a i ey steele eee pe spo a a Ta DE no ae agin hoe Deformation Fig, 29, Load-detcemation diagram Fig, 30, Relation between the autiber vaste ona (A) st as reieae of lon (0) ‘of loading cycles aad uhtenate sreagth Smt "ily decrease with increasing nusnber of losing eyes and eveitully the eurve approaches. saymptotically the enduranes Emit of the mater Ty ail belperceived thorazom theta relatively small number af repertionsreulte ind considerable reduction of theultimate strength ofthe meverial, 4 farther feroase of lod sopesiionn in, ws regards practice tse of less aigainenane “The fatigue limit of material ss practically idencieal with the highest pigs thi may be subjected an infinite namber of tines without ‘The fatigos lie ie expressed ia the Hloodman—Juhnson formala asa fnetion of sete etnatons he ean be regarded a afeae oppor flow ofgeacral value beoause thers are stil many mataas whoey dousene Properties have rot yet been investigated. If Re isthe uimate seongth fader static Toad and ony 8d. toue ate the loweit aad highest strewes which may occur respectively, thea the fatigue lait eeu betnxproncd ae 0sR : ares (aus)96 _HeoA AND BACHE OF MACINE FENDATIONS Pant one If the stress corzeéponding to statie Toad it and the stress caused by dynamic load is Shite FIG SI. According to the fatigue diagram, loads within the wrea ABOGA “ae Harmen ive. corresponds to the stress fluctuation, then the highest and lowest strestes developed in the material are respectively Saas Fu $84 (116) and nus =~ Oe any ‘The limit resistance of the matesial is identical vith the strees cor responding to the Zatigue limit gaa By substituting the above values in Eq, (113) ‘we obtain the following resul “ R-29, ae) ‘The ultimate strength of the material, isc, the maximum stress when under static load, is expressed fromBq. (118) by Raoy+3o ayy @ cue. y LpurotNo NATHRIAES FOR MACHINE FOUNDATIONS or Reprsseating graphically the above eqation (Fig 81), ve may establish a ang eereee ‘variation which remains within the ABOCA lines has no etrimental rests. Te fellows thet the magnifiation factor of the maximum unit stress sconesposding tothe enuraer limit equals 3. Ifthe same factor of safety Gis Fpated’to dynamic loads as to netic loads and denoting the permisy ie ath correspouling tose latter by ,.e obtain the following expre3- R Reo +80 420) pe owt (20) ‘of Materials 2, The Elastic Propertie In order to predict the hebaviour of meterials under dynamic load, besides the fatigae limit, thelr elastic and damping properties must bo Known, Since the slastio properties of a material under dynamic loads ithe from thoes ander static Toads, we cannot contont ourselves with establishing the modulus of elasticity (E) alone "The elasti¢ properties exhibited by the material under repested loads aust be determined oxacily, and it has to be proved whether or not those Bopentien can be oosiered equal ander oondone of both etary end ip maainic Wade Acccsding to the theory of vibrations, the dumping of free or harmonic jbrations ands in the case of resonance, the magnitude of the, amplitudes of system subjected to forced vibration, depend upon the internal fesistance of the material, This internal resistance, whidh isin fact, ener absorbtion or intemal frietion, is essentially characterized, under condi- ons of eases canted by dynsinie Toads By the nowelatic deformstion 3. Building Materials for Stmactures Used Mainly to Restst and ‘Transmit Loads A) BRICK Brickwork foundations have the disadvantage that bricks laid in mortar can be used offectively to zesist compressive stresses only, the fenile and shear strength of the bricks being very small. Dynamic loads nvalye inovitably altersating stresses and brickwork cannot be used 10 resist such forces effectively because tress variation may separate the ‘Clements af the structure, Machines of small dimensions, where the calcula- tion of static forces is sufficient, cam be supported on brickwork laid in Cement mortar, In some eases reinforcement may be used to enable brick- ‘works to risiat tension as well, Foundations must be built only of properly ls see E. & Shovokia’s paper in Kocenew (1953) + For de0 {itzoRY An PRACTICE OF MACKONE FOUNDASTONS Pana one! burnt bricks resistant to frost, ‘The modulus of vlasticity of brikework wares, according to experiment, tween vido-limits and. therpfore St Jeincocesery to covaidor tho possible davelopment of sonanee, The modules of slasticty of brickwork depends, to a great extent, upon the sompressive Stennes-eatsed hy sai oede and losers fagetbor with then, Phere feet divergence ta Values asi thowe by the fact that, aeeoeding to expert Sieueal yards; the modalas of lastiety varies from 10000 to 100,00 Egjomt (12,380 to 1,423,300 lysqin). Tho valu of the modalus i, accord ing to gencral expetione, influenced ony to's very small extent by the composition of the mortar weed. 1) SEONE Generally the samo obgervations apply to masoury as to brickwork Groat sttention must be paid to the complete filling of joints with mortar (this requirement is valid for brickwork too). The stones must be properly hhonded, In the absence of experimental results, requirements for concrete structures may he provisionally applied to stonework as well. ©) PLAIN CONCRETE, Plain conoroto is used for block foundations of machines. It may be used in combination with coinforoed concrste as « mubstaueture of the latter, the strscos here being appreciably salen “For the determiaation of endusance Limits it hat been shown by corresponding experiments that the expression o-— dy + Seq. previously Gajletbed; eet be accepted also for mant concrete etruseines, The modulus Grlataisity determined under dynamic loading i acoording to. expen stents ideaticel with the modulus corzerponding to. static low, with, However,» possible deviation of 80 per eet D) REINFORCED CONCRETE. ‘The best materisl for machine foundations is reinforced concrete. Ie can resiet both compressive and tensile stresses. Tts durability can be ensured for an infinitely long time under both wet and dry conditions. ‘With proper additives reinforced concrete can be protected against acids, oil, ete. ‘The behaviour of rsinforced-conorote structures under dynamic loads hhas been studied extensively. Fig. 82 indicates the ourve of Ry (altimate strength at static load) at a function of the oyle, values (the individual Points plotted in the Figures are computed on the basis of the equation, Ry, =e, 4-394). ‘The sesalts of scveral independent experiments — bite by ‘Rovokinski"= ave rpsonented here Seven of them are slightly Beer ihe cleve and two slightly below i Thve expestuental evidences many [ULLOIG HATRREALS FOR MACHINE FOUNDATIONS » fin good agreement with the curve and can be compared with Probst’s experiments on reinforced conercte beams. During these tests. however, the specimens were not loaded 19 failure. Nevertheless by observing the feracke and their inerease during the experiments, some conclusions could be drawn, With a dynamic load corresponding to one half of the allowable static loa, the increase of cracks formed at the beginning of the experiment completely eased after 630,000 eycles. Allowable.load was chgracterized fs the limit a which the spreading of cracks essed after a given number of loading eydles ‘Vibration experimonts performed on zsinforced beams proved that, with dynamic loading, vibratisn amplitudes may increase 10 neice the deflection ‘caused by static louds of the same magnitude. It was also observed that dynamic Fig $2 Limit values of stetio teougth plotted w= the ratio of the static ‘and ahaumie streses street somevibat reduced the natural frequeney ofthe heat, which means f reduction ir ts rgidity.* Later the natoral quency Became constant, fpdlcating het the test piece wos aot ovesctretel, otherwise © Gontinaots dlereuee i the slastlcity ofthe material would have taken place. According to the experimental evidence the tlationthip. 3p ~ oy + Bag, mentione tulle, avoid for reinforced concrete ae wel i Toteretiang expeciotents were made with dynamis loads epresenting dhe Uhevrctival foals 0.3 P and Ps ly these experiments aetural Hequoncies Calculated by the aid of etatiesgiity factors ers compared with expe Srentel daca‘onconcreses of diffrent age: Te was soncluded that there wa {vergence between the elatie dull Comeaponding to static and dynamic free Expetinenta have also justified the sumption that within a eros section of reinfored conorte, designed for dynamic loeds, the entire cro tection i strosed and the ratio of Ey and. By ean be adopted at prosorbed fer aatisloace, Here, too, a fluctuation of thevelue of Z hy £90 per cont Should be allwed for With fscreasing, ge decreqse aeaorcag to Cbs ng foros, respectively ms aural Lequencies 1, seeron’ 5, subi es ing etitet on nese v aeaseeceeee100 {TMEORY AND Racrie OF NACHEVE FOUNDATIONS ane one Different values sre quoted in the Mterature for Young’s modula of clntcty of Fenforced Cacrete, Thus D-D. Barkan sugges for Ea Salus of 3005000 kelom? (4,270,000 Ibjaq-n) while, ascrding to W. W, Makarchev, 280,000. pen? (8:27000"Injg.in)” ond 260,000. glen {300,000 liege) should be astomer for conezeve qlee 8140 (2000 Ibjeqein cube attength) and B 170 (2420 lhjg.in eube strength) reapectivey. ‘The German DIN 4024 pecies 300,000xglom® for B55 (8200 bfegea tube strengtt) concrete. Elesie. modu Increneed by 10 percent sbedld Bre'used for higher eonorete qualities. In subeequent aamesicl examples ait calculations were haved n'a modus. af slasteiy of = 300,000 glen (4210,000 Tijeqn). (See alto Tootote on p. 440), eat empath good agrnmont with Snore ene provided the calealavion is based on an caste modulus determined sat EXncouly by experiment Enperinente ahowed futher the rigidity of reinforced-concrte structure to decrenye with increasing fonda The extent of this reduction ‘trix socording to the increste of the load and is inversely proportionate to the age of the concrete and &» the mummber of losing cycle, After 4 fectsin snmher of loadioge the value of E becomes eoattany fr this oa: ion W obeys Hook's lw. The experiments have see showed thet vith Streses, exceeding the allowable value dynamic vigdity ie smaller than ‘hat onireponding tothe aati value. Ifloads do gov exceed the allowable ‘eli dyno ad ws ngldb can be Sakon peetaly 5) METALS The metal used most frequently for machine foundations {8 mild stecl This steel should bs protected against the eflect of emoke, gases, eid or alkaline atmosphere, oeleium sulphate and magnesium ehloride, swith a'rust-preventing layer, and on steel in contact with the soil a bitumen costing must be applied to prevent corrosion. “There is extensive literature on the fatigue of metals, sud on their alastic moduli, studies being necessary chiefly for mechanical engineering. ‘Stresses arising in metal structures are almost equal for static and dynamic loads, However, it thold be noted thet with welded structures, local: stress concentrations ‘may occur at the joints which zeduce the resistance of the material to dynamie loads. The’ permissible stress can, according to experiments, be calculated by the following expression: Op Oy + oy (21) smaayliguasions the, elastic modult Fy (corresponding to dynamie loads) and E,, (corresponding to static ones) may be.teken as oqual, since ‘iperimene faite te daviation betwace she fe values 40 nok more than 5 per cent. cur [DOMLDING MATERIALS FoR MACHINE SOENPATIONS 20 F) TOIBER or permaneit machin foundations tisber can bo wed ly iy sed hotid lvayh be seated estan ee ‘wood is equally resistant to alternating stresses. The strength of timber of sibel ander dpnamie leeds Rr Sees, sae Berton he pees and Sberiansesitenus tee The cn of tes xpeisns wes the lees ltuog fo tHE pemiasble sree Dave fedcnted thet the seotonay thlac i porns sets when ther eran heat steam aad whee Bese Arta ars be Speed reveal tat te ute ‘nods eat be taken as approxitiately constant Sig ect nny pore m 081 1 og most cap 4. Vibration and Sound-Absorbing Materials Machines producing vibrations should be separated from their st structure or foundation by a vibratioudatping layer, which provides at he same time ant elastic support fur the machine." Suck daraping ly alsoeb vibrations by vistas oftheir resilient properties, Vibration abeorbing ERIE ag ingrid Betetn che'maching and ks pporting snactre or aid the grind The Iattrstcrnelicis chet wine he in sree Mit list of vibrations on structures in the neighbourhood of the foundation, laterals capable of elastic deformation are suitable for this purpose. Steel, ings sheild be mentioned as the aost perfect daimpers together with ic properties of whieh ate well known. Commonly used abeorbers much at cork, rubler and felt, ab wel at special plastic Hill be considered subsequently naa In this respect whether the rte base fesae of th anc Be ee ei,so [TAEORY AnD PRACTICE OF MAEHENE FOUHDATIONS pan ove liguide at ceriain moisture contents (ossing to its completely closed inner te pats low thermal conductivity, and finally, fo high compressibility Sout to 25 per een, which snares springing itis maaly these qualities qhat give cork ite sutablity for absorbing vibration and also noice Finely growod cork, when mixed wth moistoreprosting. adicives, can be prose to shots. Owing to ite damping qualities, the presred-cork Sheet obeained in this way ‘i an excellent vibtaion-obsorbing mattial Seltable for the foundation of high-speed machine, up to loade of 15 gem? {138 lojag.in), Tee ultimate strength i 50 kgjem™ (7120 Taq, jo). Por Gigkcapeed ‘mathineo soverdl sheets sre-employed, placed on exch other toga total thicknese up t0 12 cm (4:7 in) The layore are eneloved in a Hae of that sel to avoid expension. If eork ero fees so expand, it would fuller permanent doformatioar within a very short period of time and would inne i aficency. The lateral expansion of cork shouldbe prevented in treet improve ic vertical elastic propertin, The elasticity of cork esomes Cchousted fu 10 to 20 years. The slate modelos js between @0 and 250 Fglon (1,140.0 and 2,960.0 Ibaqic). According to experimental data s pasedootk sect of 10 mn (0,394 i) oan bo loaded up to kgjem? (15.238 Ipjsqris) end its clastic modulus ix 40 kgfon® (368.0 Ijsqin). The sbsomp- tins factor varies between 0,10 sad 0.18. The elastic modules of natural ork at am allowable stress of 2 kyleus® (267 Ieqia) is 75 to 200 bglem# 2.068 to 2040 Ibloqn) ite absorption factor is 0.08. The above data are Ssturaly ef informotive character oly. In the presenco of off and water Ineny moteias used for the isolation of foundations, inclading cor, ste Ept do silfee from deterioration or sonsoldation under vibrating loads. Sex usadvantages have heen overcoue by. using Gorell” foundation plates which, sosording to Ry Hammond (1958) are permanently resllent Without any’ deterioration, Natural cork, specially selesied, is contained Inplaue forgjua etl dreme and bonded togetier vith adhesive. The pltes ard ap t0-7.6 cro (0 in) thick and. ace impregnated with « presesvative, by RUBBER YValoaniastion, under the action of heat aid additives, iaduoes ia natal tibber chemical changes and yields ¢ material with greatly iaproved nie properties: Soft rubber chtained in this way is an exellent resilient cee Tear fe tan be diveotly vuleenized to metals, Since the resistance SEatibesRo mineral ofl, bensene and petrol is limited, it must be protected Gialmnt theae, Buna rubber, produced synchetically, hes similae properties ieeevn in addition to the qualities of vuleanived natural subber, the Loviivulo material has some other properties of its own, engi offers a better elstange to ol shan naturel rabbi. i i ‘Whee using rubber for damping machine vibrations care must be taken to cosue thats fori eastio properties it shoud not rely on volume TIA 2 Ett on es ability for deformation (without any appreciable change Ieee) thas in contrast to cork, choractreized by conaderable changes 1b Volumes with rubber itis important that the vibcation-absorbing material ewe. momoevo wTERALd POR MaCHENE FOUNDATIONS 103 should not be confined on_all sides. Between bodies confining the in ber here pust be ro eomnéstog metal parte which mighe prevent the bec fou wbvorbing vations acd deforningsdeweye Po exarelaterel ‘xpansion the suber layer at cotaposed of snail pieces wth taterpaces {beureeus Acother posse wry ito mee the supporting rubber locks yo ea tH dae poe of be wetian t metal San be ex high” 10 gloat (995 Deon. ia), Utiaing thi property, so- Cadre page mi seade, where res vuletlaed to te metals ‘his may reall into iereae af te encrgy-ebsorbingeapectty by 30 per Sent, Rebber epringe have the advantage of being able to take éonmpcestion Svat sed ant tnstons at the seine time they are vey entail for Shalping vibatons Ifthe aber spsng i tow Tong maple outa sete Stoult be emp oye to ayeid the tanger of bushing: Vibraton-damping rubber springs wil o deat wath in detail in Chepeet XX ‘Unter aie active of the etmosphese rubber sues & edvetion in des eastis properties teecping™ takes place wich eoniderably Sepals its ality fo damp vibration, Im such cates the distance between machine teers ng: We he nnd een the pol Stes Sfsubbershontd beSiaatedto ese than 12 kyle (1108 flog. ubver saunas enduro prolonged exposure tp temperataies below 25" C Sr thove 60°C The clade modus (2) of aber io fo 0 bel (18233 to 12000 lata} The allowable stay for a 16 mm (063 In) tock ibe fyntuetorubber theet i secordag to. dats published by Rorckinki EE Kyfont (Tid loge ts elstis, modulus, 5 kglem? (025 TB/egsa), tnd is sboszpion costtient .€8: Published deta for vibration dampers compote of Rmthaterabber and covk layer give an allowable ste of "tun! (GBA tyes psn wate modules of 70 gles” 09S Thlegin) tl an abeorption cefisent of 020. cp PET [Animal yoo after having been washed and processed is compressed by fa flee ae preven ofsteuminaspesil way tyild a homogeneous Ble In prekungel uy enpesilly wader the aetion af repectod svoting End drying, the ater bosoms hardenod and loss its elastic properties, ‘Theveforo fle c more sitale for damping the propegation of round, end {ran be used or machine foundations afterspecal treatment only. ts oom presive etrongth se 80 Egle? (1133 Ib/eq-fjy while the elastic modelos £°G00 lem i11350 jeg in). There sre deseiptons of bitamen-imgree- teted jot, hemp and flax theets under the trade aie “Aacivibie™ having Ae aldweble cess of 10 kgjem! (142.3 Ibn), nn olagto modulus of 43 Kgfomt (G00 lifoq-in}, aud an absorption Soeliseat af 0.14 b) PVE (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) ‘The bes plastic substitute for subber it PVC; This, thermoplatie material is produced at a white powder from acetylene by appropriate treatment wits hydrogen chloride.” afer18 ‘irony AND PRACTICE OP MACHINE FOUNDSEIDNS ean ons Atclovated temperaturoe mechantes! pressure ean convert the material into a Momogensous alten mase.Te is sold at temperatures below 70 to WB (10 to 16° F) and above this point a slow and gradual sofsening fhe material takes place up to 200 #01220" G (392 to 428° H). At this tem- penture itis liquid on the sunfaos, Yet any higher temporatutos cause Escomporition, characterized by earbonieation and the formation of hydso- EEipsie ack Tn the teamperatine range from 70 to 220° 6 (58 to 428" F) PVC can be moulded by smaller or larger mechaniel force, ‘The material n'a good eloctsic insulator, reistent to the action of cheyicaley aside, slkalis end oll > TE PVC is compounded with hig sipon tho ratio of plasticizer, the mat Toot Gr oven belay freesing point the seme properties as rot rubber, This Shunge, brought about in the propertice af the toatrial by the plasticizer Pexslsined by the fat that at elevated temperatures PVG is dicolved by the plasticizer; a sola solution ds formed in which the moleculos of PVE fre Feporeted from each other by the other substance, Correspondingly, Emtornplecular attracting foress between PVC moleocles are cousersbly Feiuoed with the real that the material becomes laste. IF the sl Solution produced by tho aid of the plasticizers is frostresisting, the PY ‘niwtare Will ago retain ts plastie properties at low temperatures, od thie Fenllont material a.good subetitute for zubber. An additional advantage that some of the mésaanit properties of plasticized PVC are improved acaueh ov thelastcity is inoreaved, though the tensile strength is reduced. Plasticigers slightly inpais resistence to chemical action, and the reistanee afthe peti to sonocntratod acids i redyerd or entirely lost. Petrol causes fhe lode of the elastic properties, of PVC which becomes hardened. “Vibratiou-dampiog rebber springs cam elsg be made of plasticized PVG. Oil‘proot rubber which has Dees employed for this puspose is net ready svstobles avd cushion springs mae of eyatheicreblber have sbowa ety short ie. On the other hand, springs made ot PVC have proved sucees- Ta’ By virtue of tts excellent properties — after adequate expeciment — pitotczed PYC is expected to have-s wileapriad use in place of vinsation- Tnping rubber springs. hg plasticier, ned depending btaived har ot normal temperse £) TIMBER AS A VIBRATION.ABSORBING MATERIAL Tex inberont structure makes timber dastic to ¢ certsin degre wherefoe it used moialy for hammer foundations, being placed betteen {he env andthe foundation block, Por lrge hammer foundations multiple layers of hardwood bene (oak or bessh) are used: pine sorts are employed sly when no other tbo is avaiable, Sth smaller hammer foundation erivood blocks are confined by metal bands, te. provent their Inter] Expansion. Timber a¢ an elastic Support should, onthe basis of practic SRpedtence, be awed ouly for bear weights not exceeding 2 tons. Care shoald ecken to prevent the moisture content fro ning to above 15 to 20 per cuts 'Tne allowable compressive ond tease strength of wood parallel to cvan.¥ orene waneatays roR sixcuite FOUNTAMONS 1s she grin is shout 300 kgjemt (1,428.9 begin), depending upon the qualiey Be et le pus aly 20 to BD per con of here values shou be oer Tee elas modulus le for purposes af calculation 100,000 ESSE 9.300 logan) generally taken ce 100,000 ont (1,425,300 Hem Ciera wuelly vasie tween 99,000 and 120,000 kom? (1,280,000 adie bjs). F) METAL STRUCTURES "The most effective elastic supports are helical springs made of steel, which are bert euited to reduce amplitudes, and to absorb a smell part of the energy of vibratiou, The propagation of the latter can almost completely Fig, 98. Detping device with spiral coils in exsing be preventsd by thelr uc, A fuses avaitage is thatthe propertin af the rate employed azo kaown exactly, and ths springs tau! be designed Sch more heewrately than supports made of other materiale. The wze of eal spring will be considered in deta inthe following Chapters, let f foie hee uy ate hat ea suppor of acne fourdations ey be Stewo types: Springs supporting ® machine foundation directly are shown So ig Me vhale Tags Bt and 45" show designs where the foondation is Niapeblded On spriags. "The springs must be adequately protected, yet ell aeccoible. ‘paisge are employed as a role ie: g, the Jack of space prevents the applicator of fountasions of proper meas and aie “A, Scam be teen in Fig. 50, opeings ae seldom osed singhy im practice Dut aze usally installed in grouper Dats of hock abeorbers for various aDowable Toads are given in Tsble6, ‘The natatoas usd in tne Tale ze explained in Fig. 96.Tse higher th epeed fs maciioe the tmaler the springing is neededwor min sre ov [ooey| oe « few we ot we ss ceveva| eur bs | or we on wo st semen] oun | 9 [eee wee om om cate’ [rcenra] vow |» |e ee ar cer a fv) vst |e | wee cata |reoure| aor | Tian spar fe roe apanded os opin 34, Foundationtos ‘ritony AnD PRAcHCe OF MACYS FoUNDAstONS Paar Ox ‘5. Materials for Protecting Machine Foundations The consrete of foundations must he protected againet any potential hharmfal shomioal action (anid, alkali, ealte ete), aoodnding to the nature oF the plane “The methods employed for teling machine foundations are ettentielly the same the somminy taed fr ober sonora stricta, The met Imporeant sealing materials are natural asphalt oF pitch, well as the products which sve commonly described as bitumen ‘These materiale are satifaotolly seeitent both to temperatare vazistions and to moisare and, depending wpon thelr composition, can be applied hot as well ax cold. Cotcback bitumen mixed from sefinery by profits aad oatsal ssh Ie ano sable yauerprofiag materia ‘Timber shold he impreghaicd with preservatives agalnet deosy and the hacunfol influences of weather, Suitable xoaterial ae the solutions Of the saitsof alkaline substances, of wns, mersury, copper een and luni ivan, as well as materids conteiaing’ oll: Impreguation or preventive oatings can givo only moderate protection ifthe atanospbere is very moist. PART TWO DYNAMIC SOIL, INVESTIGATIONS. VIBRATORS. INSTRUMENTS OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SOL, DYNAMICS. PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE ANALYSIS OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONSCHAPTER VE DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON THE SOIL AND THEIR EXAMINATION Extensive research ia recent years into the dynamic proportios of soil has promoted the development of compotation methods for machine foundations which permit the behaviour of tol to be taken into aceout “eforedevtingwith dynamic vil investigations and vibration measure: seat, i shoule be mentioned that, in estalishing the fuedamentls in Sections 2 to 5, referonon has becr made asnong ethers to the mocks by Schultar-Afacke and Beno as wel ts to reports of te DBGEBO. (Hers, vwig—Frih~-Lorens) These were completed by results of experiments, and Incasurements sari out by the author oe buillings and foundations (ree also Section 8). Investigations into vibration pienomens on adel Vibrating tables are described after Horrmann in Section 7. Dynapaieal foil investigations together with tho resulte ere desorbed in Section 8 {Gre alo Aeknoviedgemente at the end of the book). 1. Dynamie Soil Investigations in General As indicated by practical experience, the dskatiour, resstance_and Searing enpacity of sel ae reap influcnoed by viet end teemors Sal wbretins ay be de to various oatural and artifical ecuse, such ac tarliquake, explosions, foereaed trite, consolidation tad’ pll-drving operations, and tae vibrations of machines, Wibvations can equally wel Be cuted by specs vbvating squipaent. By means of timer generator, Oe este UF pmialle forces rir thaa thove ef individual sock waves con be inventgated. Essentially, dinamic soil investigations eoasist in inducing controlled « sinusoidal vieaions inte the sol ‘rom the bebaviour of the sil subjected to vibrations conclusions can be draw concerning ts clase property, inanmuch sv thee govera fhe velocty of propagation of pests! vibrations. High propagation ‘elocnea were sacrved in henyy aisle lo ene in ight! les sod ‘When cating out “dynaiie soll investigations, mechanical leads af periodically aletnating intensity are applicd to the ground surface Thee fonda cause sonsidercio doformetions atthe place’ot appiation {of the vibrating equipment. On the other ba ition yids iniotntion concerning. the bebe S"stadce fiom the source: While the data oberved at distance fous «na “Son, DYNAM INSTALMENTS, PRENGIPLES OF ANALYSIS PART'TFO the vibrating equipment are of interest for sol exploration, the measure melts 4aken'at the souree are of great importance fom the point of view of machine foundations. Observed values at the point of generation should lilude the fre aquensy, the amplitude and eetcemons of the sal and thea should be related Je the fequency, to the magnitude of the disturbing foree and to the time of the operation of the vento. "The dynsmie soll test method can be avcceaflly omployed shove all in granular cll. In sohesive, clayey tolls the elleste of vibrations do Sot chow somsclves immetiovely, as ths process of consolidation is slow Initiom. During the txt the ellie vary within sooonde or even fractions ff eaocond and for this eaton the vibrations generlly do not eause aay fevtlement. Dynauae cal investigations yield characteriatie values which ensble tus to compare sols of diferent Kinds and complete the iaformation obtalued by more couveational methods of soll mechanics. 2. Equipment Used for Dynamic Soil Investigations Equipment sed for dynamic soil investigations oan be classified into two groups, namely '2) the vibrators, or generators mentioned and 8) instruments for measuring and zecording vibrations, A) EQUIPMENT GENERATING. DYNAMIC PORCES By theeo devices anifiilly produced periodesl and contin vibrations are ntrodnoad inte the sl “The vibrator intalled ou the ground aurace its foundation and the participating sol form 2 uniforn sibratingaystom. Ta order to uederstant Exc eouceptn ofthe soll mass vibrating together with the vibratiog equip- sense anoome tht» pit stag ta fe ground suraze oat tp by péiedieisapulsco of equal magnitude, The toll below the plate will be Couipresed, compacted, and compaction wl be highest at the centre of the beoringstrfase After a sertan autmbrr of ipso tho soll stain a dlegrce of ompactaess which, sannot be inoreased By Increasing. merely the number of impulses, Further sompsction cam Hereafter bo achieved by renter impulse ny “The oulics of te oll mase tobe Snverigated by dynam! methods sre shown in Pig. 8 Outside the assumed bui-shaped curve tho magaitade of the ampli tudes and the energies produced pragually dereateandat the edge they sre of equal Salues Ast cpusequenct ef compacting, the cistie modulus, the tipltades and the yelity of propagation of the waves increas, ville therte of damping diainsuen Af weleavetke point ae watch the pulse fore applick tke modulee of tartiey, the amplitude and the wave weloity detceane while the rato of daamping inereases. curv Deve RPFEGTE OH THE SL AKO HAIR EKUEVATION us ‘The size and other problems related to the: participating soil mass will be cisousced together with the results of resesreh work on dynamic soll investigations. Withie the participating soil mass intornel changes oceur in the soil material euch ee: rearrangement of particles, eseape of pore water, changes jn the modulus of elasticity, ete, The size of the participating soil mats may | jncrease as well, if the active force increases end the speed of the machine is ery near to the natural frequency of the oil i.e. whoa resonaner ovcurs, The ardeipating coil mass is larger in cohesive soils than in non-eohesive ones. Fig. 8, Dotertiation of the weight ‘of ike patsipating soil mass ination in practice of the sizo and outline of a participating tydiftivale: Many investigators have taolded thie problom, Dut, ‘differences between roils, they have not yet succeeded in Pind= "ng an unammbiguons solution. The co-vibrating soil mass has an indeterminate outline. ‘ts size can be determined by starting with the equation: cos ¢ = K— mut az cally within the vibrator mig = the mass mounted eccent f° = the cocentricity of the © = the circular frequency of the vibrator @ = the amplitude at the circular frequency @ °g = the phase delay of the vibrations of the total equipment x relative to the eeceattie mass at 4 circular frequency © = GF, the spring constant = rg. me the mass of the vibrator and of the participating BEA Nj re fr Mae a Testoas son, DYNus:ENRUMENTS: PRL If che amplitudes corresponding to different frequencies are observed, and the = mare cose is plotted against o* (see Fig. 38), then the distance at which the extension ofthe atenght Tine through the poiuts obtained intersects the ordinate ‘ais is proportionate to the eoustant K.'The value of m is the slope (tangent) Of ihe straight Tine, while the co-vibrating soil macs is: a3) the mess of the vibrating equipment. ‘The'natural frequency of the seil depends on the coefficient of uniform compressibility C, charsctoriaing the dynamic properties ofthe soil, Tait Coefficient is referred to also as the dynamic bedding coefficient. “As is well known, the natural frequency cam equally be expressed in Thus aay Some values obtained for the svefficient of aniform compressibility, jue. the dynaunic bedding coefficient, are to be found in Table 1. Dynamic being enfin for Siferant base orien - oss i applied to the sll, the pentzation coefficient “Jes of fe bearing sonface than when the stress Is even if only a very small When dynaiie is loss effeeted by tbe Ie Fae oe or thee thet drvomionds ~ ee needed fideo rather inege soil masses to corvibrate. 1 enefa be noted that the assumption of an elastic eubeotl fs not oeld he Meh uoteal conditions und, for this reason, mathematica rainy Tegomeet for flly esti materiale, oes only bz epplied Taal” "partially elastic material — with the goeatest care "The daftie displacement dve to horizontal dynamic sresea can be expres by the constant C, sharseteriting the sheas senistance of the soll in full ages treatment, 8) Geodyne Equipment Forinvenigating the dyamie peopestic of instroxent (Fig. 39) can be applied Two eoeat ‘mouated in such e way as 0 be adjustable inreaiton to oue another As a sonsequence, the magnitude ofthe vibrations produced eon become. ibinstrament prepares a graphie plot ofthe vibrations. ‘The force, prodtelag "ke ‘bation i tranomitted through plate of 200 em! (LD aq.a) arn to the sole The iotrchanesble pine tay ‘be ences an Heeler tangle. asectangle or «polygon in shape, the tettement ef the equipatent into the sabsoil depending, sinongethers,on the shape of the plate a well With thie equipment. 1,000 1,300 vibrations may be prodoced and recorded in'a minute Db) Horneig's Vibrating Machine DEGEBOMbndsvelope an instrament wibick i ery suitable Toe legesnal sol Investigatoon It bas n bearing roe of Un? (10.7645.9, with a mnsinumvelghe of 33 tons. The ight vem be alter by secre Shongesble plates mounted on the raaching ‘The equipateat. consis of two adjusts feeentte masses whichrotae in pporite dircotions, When corzeetiy adjusted the ma. ine (Fg. 40) transus oly wereoal foes vo cha sah ‘rhe vibrating mass which move fa epposte dzecions are mount fa sucht Shae fh eda componcte af the Testing contig forse tee af opposite direotion but equal magnitude and are taken up by the ‘asing of the machine ‘During tvolutin te vereal ceatr- fogs for reaches meso value aad ops again to 0 aecowding to ane faction (ig at = The equoneys the mas of the equip: tment and the magnitude of the contrifuge] Forces ‘can be adjusted to diftreet wale, By che aid of this mache, the following sta depending on epost cea be determined, us f soil, the so-called Geodyne ically arranged macses are Fe. 40, Hecewi's vibra machine ~ Fe te St Sene ove meses sms 8 eerie) -ing the vibration Re ee secs tie nae hee bgt a 4: tbs Rentosnent of the machine. a are plotyed ana snc anen He (Auf, SRA AS ie can be considered as vibrating camped aan Tecentrically mounted weight, , af “Ee PSS 4 hich isthe vibrating mans atsioe the "4 Tee ee sean heaped. 28 on Ries ith the mataral fequency of tbe yf ce oe yon remance ovo The vos tha io whe Fake volcan hus be 50 Saternined =" 7s snaps masse ae devn cicueri "peel ugine or om sleet SSovor Blecie motor dove by ae meter le very often uand 00 eanore alton we Upeeds which is required se rary of this meted. on spoil tacks, on whisk all “s 4h 2 ee cipment (ufting tele, et) aun ae ecad and transported Sa ce oe The tame gat Ampere hu wast Tit, Rede? centile Sele ieee Tenn spon ve ony URGE ch veveps deen EGEBO Kas developed a model i eee Quameter of thout 40 em GEGEN Gu'can be’ lowered in8 ove hole 1B) INSTREMENTS FOR MEASURING VIBRATIONS 1 onder to faterpretcorrealy the expesimentalreults, che designers of machine foundations mest be fuser withthe iutruments for measuring tad secordng vibrations and with the methods’ and technique sed to tretsuue the. Only thus will they be able to make the night choice of Instrumente boeauas ontdla for succetfal inresigations can De envied tut only o2 the besis of sm adequate knowledge of the prisciples and nits Of aonutacy of che metsuring methods to be ised : “The parameters necesery for descxbing vibrations ate determined hy using tie follovring insramente: the foren that produces the vibrating motion ls meatared by a dynamometer, the path, the velocity and wecelerse Fig. #8. Schomatio aangoweet of telative vicatlbu-sueaasing insrattent Mion of thy vibrations are determined by « virometer, and the steaine resulting in the elastic clement of the vibrating structure are observed with Strain eouges ‘The vibrometer is brought into direct contact with the vibrating body duning measurement. Instruments working without dinect contact ae very iekdom wand. Vebremetors working in'diset contact cam Eve tither geative or absolute value. "The operating principle of relative eilromalers is shown in Fig. 43. The instrument is attached to an immobile body which serves as a fied point. The contact feeler of the instrament, of mass mi presod by moans Of epring of constant ¢ xgainst the vibrating body. The amplitude of the ‘ination » recorded by a pen connected to the fol arm. A path vs tine plot is tits prepared by the instrument. Contact vibromters cannot he Used unde all cifeumstances, thas ein moving vehicles, where there fe no Fixed pois avaabes ae Abisute etbrometers donot requite s fixed point since the eatin of thé instrument iv attached directly to the vibrating body. The operating, Principle of these instruments is shown in Fige 44 and 48. The recording hrm is attached to ax elastically suspended body whish in damped. Wile the casing moves together with the vibrating ody, the mass inside remeing iamebile as voutequence of ite inertia and thus the recordingcf she vibration fs made possible. Let the movement of the casing be © ot ne eres tucoent af the meat he ys she meswoed deplace sient will thea be! j— With purely mechanical instrumint 0 tho dinpleeduents of shu mss relative to the ei ing on the above principle sing can be meanored by = aa Jide i— ‘te vbr Mincetonsmestacing, insteame is 46. Moscony vibration indicator, Vibrations canse coucensie rings Yo appear oa the surface » aia Fig. 47, Deterainaion of the amplitudes by misuns of « “weds fhe sl ei one opin mone ng te gee Se eal em a al yo eevee operation principles. Alrhongh the vibrations are again perceived. mechani- sharers nine atta pap we Laren eer ag ae confined tay Big) iss pole concen eur. DDYNAOIC-EFFEOTS, OW PAE SOIL 4D THEIR EXANENATION ng on the surface thereof and from them conclusions can be drawn as to the properties cf the vibrations. ‘An eva simpler means consists of a saaell cone built up of vory fine aud dry sand on a glass plete. Under the effect of the vibrations this cone collapses and the site of slump is ia proportion to the magnitude of the vibrations. Amplitudes cam be measured ja very simple visuel way with the help of the “ivedge'” or "key" illus. e trated in Fig. 3a. ‘The we Serritees teatro fe ys 476 fs formed. The human eye 3 Fi, ss tseement measuring nechaniat incapable of discerning the iarpress sifaten thetin past wether en ste sions ofthe piste the Trequeney machine excceds 20 cps. ‘The value to be the “vibrating ‘observed is inivated iu the Figures itis theeigt ofthe resulting waite triangle, which is proportional to ‘the amplitude, as a) Mechanical Vibrometers For the mechanical. measure. mont of vibrations the easing of the Instroment is atteched to. the Vibrating mess proforably consisting ax) of the soil, she foundation and the fig 49, The sx selative. motion ofa ase machine, ‘The ‘swinging mate” Coupled by ppterbiy soe sprigs to the “fixed” part of the instrament, owing to its inertia, doce not Follow the vibrations of the fixed part (Fig. 10). The ms, supported by springs on St Dedling, can aoncding to the sis degrees of freedom, be displaced io. thece mutually’ perpendicdler directions ard can be rotated around three mutually perpendicular axes Passing through its sentre of gravity (Fig, 19), ‘These component movements suffice to describe very possible displacement. Al motions, no matter how complicated, can be represented hiy the veetorial sum ofthe above projections, The same holds true bf veloc 4, acceleraton ete characterizing motion. Rotaticnal motions are, in practice, generally of secondary importance, aul Hinear displacements, Le. translational motions are mostly enesuntored. ‘These can be resolved into a horizontal and a vertical component.ins sou pemasts NETRUMENTE PINGIPLES OF ANALSIS PARE TRO Vibrometers’ designed’ agcrding"to the mechani) principle of opera ate he Blowing manner? Tae me, supported by ering Fae ee ee dati cttibe daplaced oly n't prodtermioated one rey eke ovement in deeton « charatee otly Stn ene hngaig mane relative to the foundation, The eS ee talted ent tranomted to 4 Sete lich aap of poper i vouad cs neldtams by eloskwodk ate known velocity. Hee Go iaton are recorded graphically By Fa a ares pcllngram it prepteed, Dies tae re iva Beaeced'T Sone with se aaa fe viyatods icing examized Tika fo tastanees when rwcording® verde etyan he asponded mast should be confined Se*venaldiplncmeste ony Ties howe eeleuave arrangement of tte metung much of She Coser ve edad Hig i and 82 are photogreh oh 0, Toe picts ot Eebhaaica ieteunent. Foe mae eee uencies, an additional mass must be attached as Soa Figs 82 ‘The suspended mans Supported on beacings and for demi i sents ies roedtion gan be neglected, sines ite centre of gravity It far enough aaa ear ar teen For genteel meaerement gravity is hulanesd see ee cree War elute dipacement of the mas ie tented by a area ee TAY Ay iccan ata sod yng in tho tame tieeton, and ae ree anda ogble arm into ashoton In ection cove: i eapnorens OYE Gaeta of the bearing, The rd i kept fn permanent ao a oie iachle arm by ¢ sh epg whieh snatanoouly frost ams gut ae Pod ug ab pn 1 a ofan Mifentable tesbwistion, can be regulated. according 0 Saran a alae tor rotaien aed the pit af the pon. he Meee es eye forrard bys clockwork mechanism of vasablo opel POPS phe pressure of the pen osm be very accurately regulated. Ieis advisable oe eee ae thatthe paper net actualy touched by power et ey ane Beef ly by dae eaheson of the Sn, To tb sere tihtr depres of annracy swoue, 4 time sel repre My he Raeecnenee are aot a poper sp iva necessary to climnate tefgrs serulting from che fact shat che stzip of paper is unwound at am Fe er toe ih that of the cickvond Wmaintalaed wlform. Nee ee a peeey slgal ibrometen are capable of ecording not Fe ae a tafe lt to component in three dictions at sean ete Instursents have ties rsoring pen, each of which tae Ce ate ae amoment of ene ofthe thee afferent diectios eee eee? arte dagenmns eoresponiag tothe diferent relative 2) snd Insert atte seme ep of pape blow each other, the motions 6 Cigrlocesonts ean be dscly obcrved and mewured. euwe.vt 11 ig. 82. ages virograph ith nition! mas st for veel meseremeat Feele) vibrographs have recently found widespread application Many them neigh istramet Dt they ‘allwark onthe same nd ‘Heeler Werke (formerly Atlanta), Fcow, Beela 9r the vibrg of the Metallwecke Mocrane, Sacha hetow in more detail ‘Arseation through this estrument is shown in Fig. 54 ‘The fecler rod (1) moving in tube (2) is pressed by the preloading springy (aan the tenyminfon arm (0). Prtuaion gan be ngjstel yy screw (@). Arm (6) is loaded by setting a spring by moans of sorew (14). ),Teltow, Beli, or the vibrograpbs Germaay (Fig. 58), to.be discusseda ote DenAsics. WTAUDIENTS, NIPLAS OF ANALESIS FART TWO i uae. santo BFFFCTS om THEE SoU AND THEI BRAMAN ns. err Fe ree eer eRe tote 6) or ( Conesenty the anor [Eaten A ean cs (6)' lace othe piv the ites sa he ee ee peer ee ee eeerenens Le area ies cing) Tiemnner of yee i Francie mairadl tothe sip of paper by the registering needle is meanured fea eparanen ee 1 eee eee gats i aclomitealy samen Re ener ne eee ean peg see Eos air eecreeare rie err an Se en oe ecy thee astnamens ore! rhe ee aly fo metarng batons of Fegutsie. Share oa aS b) Eleerro-Mechanieal. Pick-up Heads ssontilly ther are wo ways forthe eletro of vibrations "T'Motion can be transforine iato electric energy 2. The elecr> energy, ite outpit or any of ite olker characteristics, oan be controlled by the motion. 1. The fit. group comprises indnetion_piok-up heads in which the solative duplacemeats cause changes ia.» tagoctia Hild aeting on a col With the solution according to Tig. 3 the strength ofthe magaeti field eaflueaced by eporaianent magnetic som moving to tnd fo. Te arrange Ineat shown in Fig 36 featurce's moving coil tae mation to aad fro of hich modifies thetpaguetic ied. Big 3 boven &foreetevbration geophone Irhere a see! point i brought into contact with the mess tobe exarnined. This poict is cuesed n'a Ligne metal eslinder whore movement is delayed by ah intermediate spring. The Hines of foreg of om annular magnet are ue by the magnetc ceil around the eylin ders The earrent indveed in the Gall diecdy proportional to the velocity ofits motion and thus to that Si the rail. The Fustory for Geoplisical Instruments, Hungary (Geofiskat Sicromiaerek Gyara) bas recently developed aud manufactured practical Syme geophone (ig 38) he rdativ hewn cing of igh i vend tovfeatly with qunk-setting gypsum pastor to the body to be exemined AMijeraaent magect (11) is nguily bu into the easing of the geophone and in ite magueti field en inictfon coil (14) is permitted to move. The Solis embedded ina plastic disc which i fixed to ethia taut wire by means ofa small arm, Owing to its inertia the die doesnot follow the move tthe ening am lozetumed tots position of rest by the torsional elasticity Sr ihe supporting vires (11 aad (3). Electric curront i induced at each Similar movement. Larges geophoner which, owing to their greater weight, iechanioel moasucoment she regoting er (oul whe ove soem em by the se ne a Eta eteac i bo loreigncd Se Th sgetg tm Oh el Pe te ea) tases vote Bee ; es ee att ata cide os ram PRCT ay guy but Belosing te the end 0p Waves! by the clockwork mechanism (13). The transmission ratio of the ‘oan be discerned according to whether they control de, or a.c. amplifiers.tn pases tale sei a only we the form of eae eee ouge ialo called “tensoceter’ or Woxteasometer } Sa ie mgantring wire embedded in paper or ina synthetiy Fig. seduction receiver with eS Standing spook eect oe a Fig. 1, Geophone fo foeed tbratons nat aceon ae R must be regulated £0 iosintain % constant potential regardless of any change in the voltage of the battery. The change in potential corresponding to the externil resistance ic used for measuring, and the external resist: is ‘chosen so as to yield maximum voltage fluctuation on it, which {# transmitted to the amplifier of the measuring oscllogiaph. This requize- Fig. 58. A small geophoas of timple contraction (aanafctared af the Hear, Works for Ceopoysial aatouents) 7) k SS a Fig. 59. Stain gauge, embedded in paper or plate ‘and "provided with "Canosioor mansuting teat ‘ment will be net if the external resistance is equal to the sim of thezesist= ances of the strait gauge and the internal resistance of the battery. ‘Tho bridge civouit, shown in Fig. 61, is far more useful inasmuch as thozesistanvee of the strain gauges @ and d facing each other change in a sense opposite to those of the gmuges b and c. As tho percentage change126 on DRAM INSTRUMENTS! BRINCIOEES OF ANALYSIS BART TWO he same, gauges with resistances voltege pectice two types of plckeup heads with bridge circuits are xaployed : Prey eh presed manually egeast the vibrating body and by such 10 be placed on it. ‘The elongation due'to the Both systéms bending of a’ spring cen be measured by ale eye ig. 6, Bridge cnet of musi gaare ~ eS Tee erated pick-up heal are shown Jencly pressed against tho body ot vibrate, Vic of eel ator oan pe an Ee er as Pay to bevexamined (Fig. 63). The mass of the handle must nc e. Brain fe aie eee) 1 S00) fuego Sn he Ane 2 a ea Oe oto te Bae ier egy oe en etek ace cir tan Math eS al age deal be ante i in Sg 8 er mah ean cur oF othe mene et ena ee fore in oi he ervey, th ae ah li, see et aon by chucks or by e rattling noise. We most then use either a pick-up he ee eee eee arp eabie the mate ofthe meaturing point Taste reduced! + D) The schematic exrangement of a pick-up Lead thet can be placed om the reece bad ie thon in ig, 61. The opéretion of thie inetrpent aa arn g eed san Sune ofthe haadbopersed one Te hes, however, the great advantage that there is no upper limit. freq ts Long tthe natant crn be hee IF dows not strike te beds cantante Of pikeup horde webing on sean are especially euitable for highly devurate work, oi BEFEETS ON THE J ano THEIR EXAMINATION aa wy 80 worry about bly $0 that during wbreton those using bridge elzeit ince they have no frequency distortion and the amplitude is entirely linear with displecoment, A bevie, seest advantage of these pick-up helde ie that they can be red throughout. «baad frequency band sed their Output cea be amplified to an almost unlimived eaten, On'the other handy 4 limitation of these instruments is that they hove a very toe output and the stnin-geuger are sujet to rather considerable wear and have to be re- placed ‘almost every years 4. eer Feeney ike forthe second gronp of pion heads: governed ontrolled motion. Tae aeculing moselaeed iterating csnrent has to bo tected ead fieered. The great advantage of this systoat is that variations of resistance due to tem Perature variations eam ho rory easly dime inated. The transmissible frequency” band an be vegilated hy altering te meshanteal frequency ofthe piowap heat and in pracgle the outputvoltage canbe amplified stey, Ia general thehaniling and perationsfthecs instruments are vary Somplsteds Pick-up headewith varablesefinduet- ‘nce, of capacity eperate on a siiler pte ciple. A grest drawback of the frst thet the ron coro which responds to. the ‘ibe Hons Being” meanired is too uly Tac ott upstontatn methadichascdon Ecruenty todulation (FM), werethe modelated wave varies in such "vay that the frequency dergocsno variation. Anedvantagenus feature iokanp anit with ridge ect in se pf these instrumensis that the mass of the Fig. 64 Schematic arsuogement Se gars mae ke tached ate Quant ee eke et ae on eth Se," amie ie Speco mance i emer pick-up wait to be mounted 1 Mbratiag ody he pick-up head in propor- amplified, There are two fen nd slternating-ourrent Amplifiers. Lhe numerical sate of amplifiesson i the vate te voltage required by the recording fatfromente and the selvage pee andthe voltage given byce vnoncwnyog scunists PART WO 1 sons vesasaas nore she piskeup lead. Amplification (190), BOE, 6 in general not the the piskeug, equeneee (Fig. 68). Vibrations set raed Dpelowr the game fF fr feoquency f,-eanuot be amplified BY 1 sapien she requieed lows: te vilations of frequenci above $5) ST iiait J, pass through rate, whit Stance of the amplifier valves and $5 0 Toy or Sha by-passy he tare etpout any amplification, The Tins toe of amplifiers is STherally specified Jn. common ceetrens Sprectice at the, point where sen ficaton ia 0.107 tzace the aloe of Sit Treaight beancb of the curve Big gS However, the inaccuracy, of 30 Pes ee arroduoed thereby in #°6,smiasble in eleesronmeckenical ¥ibrater, measurement. permsssi le ares handling and saintenance of th Orr ‘nstraments “eth ges are rather complex, Factory sh pick, beads Bere wie more satafatory, snes they give ® Seiue higher output voltage ig 65. Frequency Kite of apie sand their oharactsiati are guaranteed DY the AMC Sach are Reads, which azo discussed ie panes the eo ‘of Philips pickup he Plilipe Eletredynamie Pick Up Mood seen 1 Tia per vibrometer by which relative "fplocranents can, be observed. “ine fee Feet ym tho metal ceningand conta BY ‘Hiephragm spines B rofens fom es erhee wth te fer rod 8 fhe mags fild De This 2B. Goll € ve eastical current in the cil ip BPS the velocity. oton induces ee ampere a pat Ee va oo ‘moving The eonnctin gram), Ths Se Le agency mast Ay EV emsee 1% 10 mV Tequency ca cea and 1,00 et, Owing 0 Mt Rt ee nd iiepe range bet tple for meaaaring wbrations of sin walle 5% nd such having ery high frequencies. high Frequent mechanical Pick Up Heed how, 8 0 Gi ie Fa ete ten The eringing ete coils a absolut eepended within ewe magnetic fskis DY CAN, of wo Philips Tecnlache Dibtithek iW, ven Santen: Mechonivhe Schwingors=m™ Eindhoven, 198 1 An TaEIR BXINNNETEON we diaphrages springs. The lower oul j SHE age peptone to vd af aarneeieat SeShte pet su on empty copper ede Ie hich «hres ame aa gnriy p oaog the rg. Th tl mete pag 90 g(r era) The saree aura she ser iy serena aera the instraseat and tho body tobe teste eee eval recaance eae be 2 high a8 2500 to 3,000 op ating : este Paget Beat mat os fig, 67, loeip wis by 2 iat Gan Mtibite® iaton man ‘cing items fe on seas “Prceach tats abt Sr Ses kal nn im eatin res Pim Saaee muceaimet techs oS vty yh tiga oy 8 Ga Rs nna abc oy Wie ne Emcee tcieeat tah cage 6 ate ae rs Cope agen (see B. Briiel ‘anc ee 9. Mojo Puan Hai ae189 sore oyna RN w lore than 20-30 mm (0.81.2 in) — in) ecross the flats (Fig. 68) mensuring y oter for the mieasurement ayn ae sella ee sagen, Arete opt enya ero aa a eget ote inen cng a, Nae eee i llc hy damn ion for intogration. verre seeeorsteg of gall dimensions ee ‘(Britel ond Kjaer. Copeakngen) ©), Moving.Ceil and CothoderRay Oscilloscopes n be transmitted to an oseilloscope. In these rays is deflected in proportion to the fe Two kinds of oscilloscope are in ified voltage cn saserumotts « beam light or of oteage or any other electlal var eueral use cen ry Moving-coil. otcilloscope. 2: Gathode-ray osellosope. 1th sfovingrenl sell Suen epee fel ip roated eee eng trey. propstonl to she earent ia the cll Te aeesit a small micror fs fixed which refleets:a beam of lightom a soreen. See Insnttion of Say, }960- | The voltage which is proportional to the vibrations to be examined inducet 4 current in the coil the intensity of which depends om the recistance of ths eal and proportional to waltage. The ight spot that appears on the Screen represents. dispincemente in. proportion to the amplitudes of the Sibvetions ender examination, Owing to ite instin the human eye iit epable of folowing the displaccments and only a straight line ip visible For this reaion the vibrations nre recorded on a photogesphi film moving at constaat speed in a plane perpendicular vertically to the plaue of the reys, A dravbeck of the moving-coil oaclloscape i ite high eell-inductance owing to whick the deflections depend, besides. current inteusity, on frequency as well Conéitions can be improved by-using « loop orcillosrope (Fig. 69) ‘he'coi bre edu nts Oo flee on, gon of a single Fig 69, Leop enciloneope Raed So gy af — tn pet hag 2 kr torn Joop) only The toritonal cement is thus sliminated and sel'inductaneo is enka. Between two poles of a magnetic cole looped wire is, mounted, wgund sd la wih all ton bing na oh op The en ibratingepitom is submerged ia traaapatent damping of, Trough a lot ithe plats shown inthe Figure a been of light in dived en the mireor 11 adie thon seflsted = collected by lone to syoint nate’ e dem G rotating at conseaor speed: end vvrapped with lightenitive. papers It current flows theomgh se-loped conductor in the dsestion ndicnced hy nerows it easses the [ete wite of the loop t0 move forward. aad the other backyard, the mitfor beng rotated by this movement, Cmeequently the ple lige othe rvording Sra doled peportinately vo cur tent intensity in the dineesionindiested by the arrow It every fnportants Kowever, that the natural frequency of the loop should be much Maker than ths fequoney of the altereting excont, Yet this methnd haa also teriouslinitations, na ie requires slow voltage anda relatively hgh oucrent intensity ving to its smillxesirtance, For this acon i an be Connected tothe amplifiee only with difiestey. Tes natorl frequency depeads on the ‘echanled rigidity of the loop. 2 "The Cathodecray Osillowope. By the sid of this uptodate instrux ment, which has proved. very tatifactory in practite, ently dstortion-in cows ovis. TRUSTS, PALES OF ANAL fide vibration diagrams ean be obtained since exthode rays do nos pores ae of the cathode-ray oscilloscope is Mie diagrammatical errangement, of the eatbodeey cee ot atar beam. of aathode 7076 is shown. in Fig, 70. A foouss’ seine wider end of the Paring tube the Peateee in asa emg teen or unos at ale of the sot ved by. any of che described ied ate Thods into alternating, voltage which methods peed oto pevalel pales, of i f ting plates fy andl, mounted below WD) Saas ie thas aoa et anlyode-ray tube, When eg. the upper an be #een in the mide ‘The vibrations to be studi se charges He PAF ate tees 2 ne 1] Beate Mee Nesom rays heving 8 neg i 17 Tce Np ae fsa hal-priod fu the next GEE IE tke pure chang ofthe nae cade ewe’ Ednaurmed ino, oreaize one, M2 oe ice eM jy ng reversed wad the Pon age: Hieflected im the opposite direction, EB “Getebng versely, CF Hownwards, Consequently the luminous rant gly plant upwanie and ownwards, In the case of ingeegeney ss = ee iy isle, TE noe noth sogler tothe formic, thay wil deflect he cathe rey PS aint cnn, A pea of thy REM not be obtained Dy corse to the plate wish defect the beam she wortzonsal diretion, este lgi ‘ho voltage diggars of regu caren from et oo sighs and Wy TES = 1 Fig. 70, Cathodezay ,oxilloneoye ig. 71, Sevtgoth wares va to be measored and onuting vertical deflection the peiogenl vibration ete, the ease of the vibration SOPs certs inflacngy 8° fg breach of the eotoorh dinero roles raider hae Pea and the trace of the vibrations Se oF a ee vor This can be photographed and Sppeare thus eur. vga uPpters ON THE SON, ARD THEIR EXADNKATION ss recorded. The instrument described above is shown in Fig. 72. Period “ T of the sewtooth vibration, produced by a special generator, must be qual or be + multiple of the period of the vibrations to he studied, other- the no stationary wave suitable for photography cau be obtained. U tovdato oeiLossopes are thoretore equipped with a “eynchronieer". Aa the trace of the vibrations is hidden by the eamera mousited on the oscilloscope, fe appears ia the viewing mirror fitted at the side as shown in Fig. 12. "The two-channel otellossope hes been developed for tho simul. taneous recoding af two vibrations (Fig. 73). By means ofthis instrument the direct determination and recording of phase differences of diffreat vibrations ie achieved. ‘For the simultancous determination af several vibrations osollloscopes with more than two channels have been developed and manufactured. Jin order to obtain reliable results when meacusiag vibration with ont discussed under ) and ec) the following requirements fice must be observed 2) For selecting the proper pick-up head the charseterttis of frequency aad amplitude milst be Enown, or at leas. cstimated. Tf they are estimated, at adequate allowance tust be mads'for possible errors. 3) The order of smaguitade of the ampliudes aad of the necessary ampliffeasion must be knowa. Jf for example, when examining disturbing Teadonn, Eaowa to have no’ dlaturbuag eilvets, below Beausocies oF Ad © p.eand amplitudes of | {40-10 ta) we mast employ pick-up heads tae transforma vibrations linetly, above & frequency of perhaps 2.9 ops, fd yield tan anplcute of 1 (40-20-"aha olage igh enough co enter the’ anplifer tang dar tiae scenic mist hao the phase diplaceent of the pickeep head. This can bo determined by comparison with pick heads of otter apateme pene bamie 2. For the amplifier: 44) The band width should cover the frequencies im question (for instance fron Oc np to 2,000 spas) aad should be linear wishin 2.5 per tent. Knowing the sharactorstcs wwe may telculate with adequate satsry even if this requirement ix not fulfilled. # 4) The amplification of the amplifier should aot only be adequate but also verabie in scrondance with the tigaal obteined. Te ehould further hej onaltiel by weiatons the Line volgen hy the aug he 8, Bor recording = 4a) The sensitivity of the system must he checked by controlling its amplifying «md recording devices at the same time. A complete check of the entire instrament is called calibration, Tho result of the calibration is ratio, giving results sith a minimum ecouraey of + 5 per cent betwoon the lovrer and upper limit frequencies and showing how many times theue ork Dees. NETAUMENTS, PRINEELES OF AKALYSES vas rw amplitude, as recorded, ie greater than thet of the mechanical vibration to be investigated. ‘This ratio is called the magnification of the system: 5b) Ie the recording ie not earsied out with osthode tubes, it should be remembered that also the recording device itself bas its own frequency characteristies and, fom the point of view of the system, the lower limit ig. 72. Osiloscap, The “sawrooth” frequency uals, hal The ihastracedteequsney {in the side mire the cotest funston eta be observed during recording ss determined by the maximum lover limit. of the trsamission fcqueaoy Senet Pnioged ant the upyer lint Geterined by the minum Cine Hint ot the-taneminion Requency of she cements. Tats means Sper ins of pei etents of the syetens Rivet, ax far as ~pousible, be batched ; ETFECTS 9 ESOL AND TH TON 138 3, Methods. for Measuring Vibrations For testing vibi rr fimipment In order to obtain reliable results the measurements shoul Tuo-beam oselosapr. The comman tre vertical de-itioas of both sibrstinns enable the shor slit fais sift to be iesusea ef 200 meson (680 fi). The individual’ messing ps SLR te rd rn it ot be #5 tho vibrasing equipment reaches a predetermined frequ eetake vibrations should bo recorded by the aid of vibrographe pretoch exes Tn practice fuencien ranging fom 1S to 1s eh Pewee sxeted. satisfactory for investigation purposes. The wanmocrae et ee Oat estigaton is shown in Fig. 1 with measurement es136 som Desates eTHUMENTS. PRINCES OF ANALIE SE ae ‘The different sine wave vibrations show & phase displacement Sa relation “ati este, 7 a cra i scan irs ih is Smet vertical ee, 07 Pipi mae oF ce vreina aud be overt ‘eines ors’ net be more thea all « f{l\r, —Theespond to's fll revolution of the ig 1h phase sl for gen sun of yarvoy with vite ay 9 apiiade Sm ey expressed an eycles two time ma wl be fp ao if mi the fraguenoy expressed an ere to Sar Th nants of mon dipisomense ae for ey vat macaucing poms : Eibwidoa! A a stances = (Fig. 76) fotting time agpinst the corresponding di fs 79 wre oth ating ont (gf the phate asplacement corresponding € ‘certain vibration. sans obser wegen aie ees 2s dae a a Investigation Practice Tn carrying out dynamic sol investigatious the vibration-generating inachine is epertved first at « low apeed, then accelerated gradually. The bverved values include, in addition to soil vibrations, the amplitudes, the pine: displacements hetween the vibrating equipnicnt and the machine Sbsoting with the soil mass, the output and tho settlement ofthe mackine I = : one wy ‘Fig. TH, Amplitede plotted ve distance ig. 18. Ressuance curve a ght ny 7 peta me fay pa = ame Aa Etc Leay S25) doe trations The velesiy of the propagation of the waves oan ho "Wen the méchine fovadation vibrates, the patites of soil ars act into yprical vibration and when the amplitude reaches its mekionum at tcertalyfequeney, the condition know ax reoosnoe takes place (Fig. 78) es well knows faot that the output, the amplitude and the phase Aisplagement depend on the frequency, wherece the natorel frequency oF Sheol the eouimon frequency dr the machine wd th out te Gasp ing cocticiont ean be determined independently of ons anther. According to sheontical investigetions the aatural frequency ean be computed by ies 1 As can be seen from this formula, the naturel Gequeaey depends on the mits of the vibrating equipment, on the sll mats vibrating with he she (ng nd oan ney conan magnitude of the participating soil mass the determination of which is very dificult ia practice, an be clisinited by intredusing Value for sol stress If we Bnow the dynamic bedding caticlent Cy, the atural equency n, om be determined Bot it ‘Dee natural Bequeney varies for diferoat sols, Denso coils have higher natural frequeies wherear loose sole bave lover onesse Sor Braces INSTROORES Sobtson Between the ool paris the shearing resistance of the sil selany of ity of poregaton of niet al ag © Relations botwoer mpprovimat | 8 Byes = P48) pon td Tw +8 ie a & By sea SS 2 iain jE BL B Spee ae )2e) 8 Benue coors gravel cpl Ses ORGY ot tae ear oy ascent he ee te eee eae) ta ghee A ace okey Wo We emda crea ee ee eee ee eee ae aa ae For the velocity of propagation of waves we have the following fe {ile aan «|/$ {infsee} and Since 29) the coefficient of choar resistance, of the soil cue rt Desc HEFEGTS Ox THR SOL, AND HHBIR EXAOIRATION ae ‘and the flatter the slope. Fig. 29 chows the'same diagram but for a stratified subsoil, The change in the quality. of the soil produces a break in the velocity. line, From this observation conclasions-can’be drawn couceraing the effects of soil stratification whieh, in tera, supply deta for further soil investigations. For the relation between the amplitudes nating fom tho same. source Barkan's investigations have yielded the fol lowing expression 4 [ews a7]? (229) where 4, = the amplituded at distance 7, from the souree A = iame for r ‘The cooffciont he the absorption voet ficient whichis characteristic for theabsomption capacity of tae eal In prfecty thetic tol this ecqlficient would be zero. Thus the deparsine of he phys proper ofthe ll oth thane of & perfectly caste body je churactored by this doefficen 7 : af | ere locity of the wove Sn home: stvetus toll canbe tepree soted by stright fie Experimentally the Goefficlnt k can be deterenined in the followin ‘ways Of three hore-holes the surface and is loaded alrilled into the ground one is sunk to little belor explosives, while the others are drilled to depths corresponding to the points about which information is deseoe Very, sensitive geophones are liwered to the bottom of the latter The amplicndes ofthe waves cauéed by the explosion are recorded by the geos Phones and, sisce the distances between the firing poi and the geophones ate Kuown, the absorption enefficiens k cen be eomputed by fq," (120), For iaaehine foundetions ‘we must determine whether the natural fecquency of the system consisting of the soll, the founaction watt at suahine eoindee wi the Regursey of the machine waa eee of it, because then resonance ‘woul cally from a amplitudes. If the natural freq Frequenc; detuned. ‘This can he done speed or by wing » deeper foundetion. i Gecur and measures must be adopted for detuning The natural froquouey ofthe tl en be deterainad ee escioment oft nsting equipment sei ee mi ieney thus, determined lies close to the respectively the epeod of the machine, the two valuos must be y ealarging the foundation, by altering the 5. The Examibation of Existing Foundations For invtstigating completed foundations the instruments should possibly be mounted at the coraect of the foundation to be studied, Tt se ‘ually necessary to investigate not only the Perpendicular horizontal vibrations ‘vertical, but also two mutuallyting eight a Ren ea overs ne dy the investigation sho pes ads ASPs a ere ee ate pati Sages sal es astm ae rl see lf oe aa vibrations, the vibration genezating equipment. real Fesprostng cease in ee ont of car brat Mls fixed in the ground, te ensuring the vibration of piles or wal eee we Phg a ern f Se oe Se ‘Res pte pias of 2 phoned or se by men Honey cee cE ign tele sctges iter reliance Sie en alge ieee 5 seiner the generated ie ti, cnn nl ener she Irequency 1s indicative fake ies tik ea tu ia en tg ae Sm di a rar ae teil ge epee any he eae meth part of the structure subject to vibrations. From ae ar ad set deiner eh uate ae aeibrations Jus tT equeney ean be determined. The ebumparison of See mene cnn fom eR ge ee os preret din this way (for the results, Che pee es re'gencel, aural equens : See ee eeyuences excel opi 0 sal copes reese Een mean that oy re deeply tuned igh bdige ple Fetstared llling Comprornr foundation - Briar work 00 om G= V3) hie ° oft of mata feencies | shape bees In Table 9 informative values are given for the natural frequencies of machine foundations and other structures. Vibritiin measurements on existing structures are’ made only if called for by the: alarming condition of the structure, with the purpose to detect the causes of the harmful vibrations snd to suggest structural modifications to eliminate them. Recently, measurements have been made in some instances while foundations ‘were vibrating within the limita of fg ty Torndl epee foed te, ; fe aide sot onempien of vi. off A Seca ‘Eampie fs MsckigeGoanie- | tion of relatively sinall dimensions, ede ww ‘The machine and it foundation tauy a he considered single concentcated Fis. #2, Occureunee of the seed roe ‘aass vibrating on the soil, The am- etee, The yratine waves a i plitude (4) corresponding to the “bematially in che maximum displacement oceurs when Nye Ne thet is, when the generating speed (N,) and the natural fequecicy of the mass are equal and thus ro00- nance ia'lteely to, ocour. The corresponding results are shown afver Herts ‘ig in Fig 42. Example 2. Machine with large foundation. Let the natural frequoney of the foundation, 6 an elastically supported iaass, be In suzk instances ive imust determine whether the natural frequency of the foundation (N, isin correspondence with that of the soil (1). Heaulle of & practical exemple are shown after Bendel in Fig. 80. The amplicudes are plotted here against frequency, For Ny > Nuvthe speed of the machine ig bigher tian, the siotural frequoney of’ the foundation, while N. > N, denotes thet the natural frequency of the foundation is higher thea that of the soil ‘When starting the machine resonance may ooeur at. Ny rpam. “if ations cosresponding to the naturel Sequency uf the auil ure tcedsmnieced to the foundation by the machine. On aczsloraiion a Secondary resonance may ovdur when Nay = Ne, ive, the rpm. of the machine veach the natural frequency of the foundation. Tt follows that a natural frequency higher than the rpm. of the machine should be sslected for the foundation. To avoid resonance hetwers foundation and soil, it is adviseblo in the ese Nyy = N,, that is when the rpm. of the machine atiains the natural fequency’ of the soll, to Increase the sposd of the machine as quickly ax possible, to as to remain, for as little time a possible, within the Limits of the resonance of the soil Example 3. Compressor foundation. ‘The feundation in question performed movements hich prevented further opeation, In order to carty out the, newiry. invepepoton mechanical vibration-measuring instruments were’ mounted. at the four upper corners of the upper slab of tbe foundation, The instruments. used enabled the vibration to bo emplified 14-27 times. The upper and thecegne eons sess itr consis bert Gan ee) a r [ A dt tlk ZA ston, sine TELIA pong Gate ‘apgaai) (ace sey (aaety (4 a Ro a ls Lartban (O87 7. ates : oe ressor foundation for Unig tee menened ampere ig, 81, Points dno somal mun ns eaeae ‘aken whea the machine wes eee on ns yerational speed and finally wher ss ae a reared, ed, Ono ver and ‘two horizontal components m ally pe ere yendicular {namely in the direction of the Toe RC acta Tgedter an ace dnetions, A court Svos created on the hate of the machine see This iz illustrated in ig, where mr tn ENCE learn tan, rropeet formal operating speed of the Secciee”™ Sonu Arg He ovine Fe ive veneer a sings the miming found F316 FB isecatdale prs. ebown ia Big, B2 by 0). Aftertarde ‘oo natinin waluey denoted by p; later it increased again. lower slabs of the fo of mesroremes & uabe, (1980 + akter Wértech-Mochs (2049) and Sebulteesues (1950) Beomeation on 4) At 990 rpm (indiétiod in the Figure hy b) it reached what Could bw zegated te coustan valu covceappuing eo 5 ae “fates forming sks macine the enpade suche xiao alue (Genoted by 9) coreaponding to 210 span (acta eam and fvaly a the point denoted by the sean eee OP Frequency ofthe foundation was ty high at 380 ep iat seagate F-pem. was in correspondence with ity and. tha Ponmleane operational Jn ord to determine the nature of tho vibrations ofthe foundation, ihe pessured values ofthe mapitade — ax dplcements eee (us shown in ig, 61) in sum, The borizootal dieplacemente in Werden Of tle shaft could be considered megliginte, Te was Bread aes yee and upper alas rotated shout an axis parallel ey that af he ace one the Hn of Intersection fered’ ya verte plone passage ee son the orsional, beottse simultaneously wth 22 of the four comers of the Hutton : at ad differing from one enothes wore the corresponding four points of the upper sab; Oe ane eae fowazds the deving engioe at oruial operatiaal spec then fig ass amounted to about Lamm (0.04 in), while at the cor precers e et te shout 9.5 num (014 i At starting and stopping thee eee oe "alas high as 7 and 98 cam (0273 and 06 ih feasts Simultanously with the. meatisement of the cite in the foundation, the velooty of wave propagation end the dare gee, foil were alto dstermined. Azsordlng to the results cheaiea ee a sees but litle abeerption capacity, which meant tae the tivated The setteent-of the Foundation took plaoo after fe hours of operation, and cracks Cente of the forndation. Costequeitly the foundation bad ¢9 be conshlen y ‘Sok body supported only at its centre, and it could therelore bo eee Toes sh by ztheively smal orcs, This resulted in an arched boneog en tilting of the entice structure. “The investigation has. revealed’ the following shortcomings:forces were tanamitted by the machine itll Bee eeeee ie foundation was equa to the sp a ma to torsion woeasuresnents, the, bottom slab wat ver * ¢ foundation wou, This str could not resist the stresses ayes ye Susvutloas to increase continuously eee radon and permiteed tilting vibra ents made on 8 np pats ad the ess of enuesenty ma Pi Neen a to Ea cant thee of the machine - deeton of the Sale made te sentation of the ma cane the rpae works were extended aot nly th ear iee Pcof the mechanical equipment, lt Hee It be od here that_ sondy rile which dae ao obanon oom a tsar Hits tose stsued by vibration — and aceelecated by flowing growed, 3» erode ate Tall tek Se, Settlements mids howeves, oe Secceey cna heen rent atta i eePdienents observed at the Klingenberg power sation Fecrerd mG 1 ah tetrad oc and by ding weber so on a ia ange 2 or hearings vested ime se ion (Klingenberger Reet yes power ston i i aa ples combined with, on em of pile foundation combined. with opee SBduhide power station. Th sample 4. Examination asset Hiangney. Vibration oft, w i Bon und Eien face by W; Gehl tothe muthor's paper published in Be 18. Belay WSL. exe DYNAME EFFECTS ow THE Yott sxD mE RXNAANATION us own of te machine. The'arrangement of the'equipaueit is shown diagran dwatlcaly in Fig. 89 and the potats where phace tneasuremnente wena, are indicated, : 4, Naviations of magnitude occurred in the following order: 82, Ledeen Faia sesso be-expected, as the rotor set the bessing into vibration soa, i turn, by weans of the supports, also the foundation, Av accede aks stator, tog, was sot into vibretion. 2) The maximum values of the amplitudes wore measured at the Points indicated in the Figure. The results obtained were ae fellowes Tag implitude a€ the foundation «+... 8 p (0.000828 tn) ‘The auuplitude at the footing... 16 2 (0.000650 in) ‘The smolitude at the bottom of thé bew ing bracket ceceseeere 25 p (0.000984 in) ‘The smplitule of the iniddie of the bearing Dracket sess cevesecees 130 (0.00512 in) ‘mplitude at the bearing 12.0.2". 209 | (0.00706. in) ‘The cwplitude at the highest point of the SOUT eee sess 9 4 (0.000354 in) ‘The applitudes plotted slong the diagrammuti outline ofthe aque BER and thon constied shoved thatthe ounon bat hog oeaky designed aud ‘talled since the momentary. orate of epee eee Bachine wis atthe upper edge of ie eae, ee Hon, io the machine moved more on Len ependenty of th foundation ‘The ction of the ator, which is con: sete mig ete oandang ands egypt st Faugnetcally to thy ror, wes enn ‘small, like chat of the foundation’ 6) The amplitndes were mefoured. at differen freqeences of the tnchines Tewar- Fr 86, Viton a vse found that at s nermal operational speed of ron oat Sy 1500 pra (xBieh corcesponts to Seredct ihere wer a3 danger of toate : ounglt,com thes be stabved that she foundation was adequately designed het the machine was not prope Balanced. Ave balancing no father troubts oat dot repely Bsange 5% 9 Hoagarion fountey. the mocliing eeshiues but in the workshop produced, during operation, sll vibrotions eh mace et ontent shat cniplited mul stored inthe Ficaiey ae se Ae aeration ie plotted spninat stante {00 ¢ ota the vale 4 stsight sei obtained as shown tn Fig. 64, The aoe eee ‘died at ifeent accelerations, IF was fount chee sata ds were Bouldsresined an apeieration of shout 100 emsee (064 Pisces 104 str Fmt tr Mans al146 Som DYNA ANSTAUMESTS PRINGLE OF ANALYSIS pase 189 course of. au cighthour operation. This acceleration was observed within suet Gee (69 8) xadlue, Sinor four muchines were opersted siemd> Eenoouay,ithad to be determined, on ths basis of caloulatious of probebity, Tow muy tae the aceelerstions eased by mackines 2 9 ani 4 weze able to coincide during an eightchowr operation. Twas found that three of the machines were rly to cause hartful vibration every day, whit the fourth mackine wonld not ance aay. “Thee invectigntions showed the desreility of increasing the distance in question to 24 mere (943 fi). This, howeven was found impossible a8 y 0 0 shammcnurhe mation wate ue ata! on ln hie Cl be lel sag the wala eS Fae ene ae i (2) of Britel and Kjacr (see Fig. 85). At 60 and 150°c. p.s. powerful vibra- as by tm Rect, he space al ieee a Se ee a ee aati 6. A New Methoil for’ the Siomultancons and Synchron Measurement of Vibrations ne mad the Foundations of Machines a Buildings Cceeeeae A nev method devised hy the author and o was sed to examine the vibrations of the fogtlecon at turbo-generasor and the building exelos the faindation ef a angesion ing it Measuresents were Salen Fig. 86. Group of intromonts inouned uments inoueted on loey
natural froqueacy Tn the dimensions afithe base surface the foundation Sto a logarthe mnie seale ~for both nbesive and gram tins (send, gravel) soils, as chown in Fig, 103. The results of the Hngntian experiments are soil thoviaent with the above relation’ aid ae indicated separately, A aereeriguteal approach was made by Prof. D, Cheistophersos™ wvho cesnos that Young's tpodulua inoveeses linearly with, depeh (ser Big, YO5 TE nodal fey at ground surfaer, i yall be 2B, at a depth af Yoo). TE hls motes ar Be oR. Furie, he anumos a alomeeaped ISGLBCADSG Sos rouse: Natural Sihestions which depend om the dimensions ENtie Toukdieion, are again considered in thie theory, The sssamption cee so tegnnde the vartarion uf Young's medals helds troe for thiek, Teas $2 Ang strate only. In euch instanced — although she sol particles eeheeity Go The colusam sso vibrate — the effect on th» natural frequency apiece Meatlon of theve sol particles say actually become negligible te RRS PERG igurcnae of the niece cooBszent The outline ofthe partici a tana may tie somewhere hetceon that of the colma-ahaped ao PRE tet hae fhe bulbshaped stows distention diagram (Fig, 105), ‘Biathes tik at dynaiaie sll investigations le to clear up the relation between settlements ane londe in the ease of & given cenongnce. Attempts Es delve this problem wore made hess Barkan, also by Techebotacot MeAlpin and W, Bestwood. The interesting imvesvigetion methods applied by We Eostwood may be regarded ar soale model tests only. For this eason + Ser his dineutio of Ceorkert—Hawmoni' paper (946). Sends t eehebtonitty ‘i leone Fig. 102, Reduced natucal fequeney vs londed surface his resulte cen be secepted oily with «ser of gencral yaliity ean be drawh therefrom. Relying on the vertical matral vibes te Hons W. Bartwood haa “fey sseablshed that with ly losded founda. ono the natural fies ney agen Fu i often unaltered by the dimensions of the 120 Bearing plate. On the 0 other hand, for largor loeds the setural Bee “es aqueney isin most in > ae ‘anoes, faveeely prod portional to the width SF the foundation, The pattieipating sol mass Eso he. determined tmembiguowy because ¢ oF the warble ult a ness sharacterston of the doi For a given Toad and equal witha: fourdationt of greater Iength have the same frequencies ss shorter ones, Foandatione square in plan have se wee = pumas Rd pase Vie FECTS oN TH Som an zEEIR ReAMLNATION 163 reserve, and no conclusions Fig. 108, Redoced natural freqoeney ve base eros fa” “rious typeof elt ees in 1006 higher naturel frequencies than fet 8 frogs than #eétengular ones of equalvidth, Foundations of square b uae bss surface he tlighy lower natural requ Tewrver, a enon siete newarel Bogue a dove, Fig. 104, sccorting to the exmumptioa "by Chrstopheand, tha modal af clair ich Haury dee Boy sai yee ese eirealar ce ncaily eu Fit 105. Assumed Doundary of partic: ‘pating so maa vale Stars oes i1a Son. DYNAMICS. GSTRUMENTS PRELES OF ANALYSIS FANT THO Summeriting tha prosentstato of rerearch into the dyuamnic properties ef coib ican bo eGtablitned that much work rediaine to be done, fn aolving {he problem severel asic approaches have been followed: Tn tue of them the soil rasoured to bea sembinfintetsotropte las sedivas to she surface of which periodic or impact forces are applied. I this ‘ape seers fy al, emong others, t the works of E, Renee (936) TEP‘O: Shelter (1948). Receatly . ¥. Sung (1953), K. ‘Pale (1956) and ry Richart (1960) dovored attention to the problem (see p. 200) prosch ‘te the problem is through the pastiipating soil masa, The iedue was raiced ‘hy Lovens (1984), by Crockett and Hammond (1989) and by Eastwood (1958). J. J. Slade and A. Pauw (1553) este with the same problem, while Iaicly an analysis of the rection wat undertaken by M- Novak (1957 sad 1960). His tests have Kowa thae the inertia lafluence and the demping coefficient of the soi floveare chiefly with the growing size of the foundation hes» F, bus the Uisstielty of the soll, referred te amit aren, depends only tightly upon {the iat’ of this bone’ The existence of the partilpating soil masse beyond doubt but no reliable method ie yet available for its’ dstermination. \Xuother method for analysing the problem isto disregard the inass of the participating nol assuming that the isotropy “and homogeneity of the Belin ts of leas sigaiticaneey tainly experimental data are requised from the vibraclonal tects eareied out om the alte, The investigations of Neweonsb (1951), the teste of Techebotaciof (1948, 1951 nnd 1958) and the felovant Hungavian teste by A. Kézdi (1995) have treated this problem. Recently publications ofS, €, Goyal and A. Singh (1960) and, taking into Considecation the susface waves {Raleigh-waves), Le. the velocity of the Stuces; the works of R Jones (1098) and W. Heukclom and C.K. Foster {1860y are to be mentioned, Effects of sil resonance oo machine founda- Gone were studied in the light of the above papers cf J. Alpan (1961) ol- lowed by discussion of FJ. Richart, Je Alpan has emphasized the Inuportador of experiments relating to dynenvic aol strongth due to fatigue ani overstress involving problome Ta his book (1960 pp. 201-209) HL. Lorene compared recently the results of Ehlers, Tschebotatioff, Sechter Novak and Heukelom (1957) nd. stated. thet the. controlled variables in the exporiments were Poise fon's ratio, the modulus of elasticity in shear and density (eee Chap- ter Vil}-ns geophysical properties from which the spziag constants OF the ayateen further the mass and damping ean be determined. by Snuoduciag: the constant base area F which is characteristic. of the system, Results of the telovant researches made in the USSR by A. D. Rondis and 0. A. Savinoy stress in accordance with those made in Hun gary, the great importance of the bast surface F. ‘The Sate of Sovietion ffoim Hooke's law was eatablished By D. D. Barkan in Inego-scole experiments. as early as ia 1938 and later, and it at stated ‘her this deviation is due to the eifect exected by eb initial Seria of the soil in comequence of internal fefction, capillsty, ete. or deformations due to external toad. “Hore detals about these questions willbe given in'Ghapters VII—XI. ‘CHAPTER va THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTI N CAL DETERMINATION OF THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL Tn the procoding chapter th i al, «the instruments for ho investigation she dytam properties of sol were deat wih and Symes sal eee ‘using vibration technigue were discussed in the light of rose é reseurch, Ithas been stated that theovetical sonsidordions eae he ees aly ven supported by lergescle practic) investigations, Aes oe these eaperimeats some’ theoretical probes uf will be dicenased, and the theoretical remus ll Be eo panes sie dees results il be compmred wich thoes 1. Constants Characterizing the Elsstic Deformation of the Soil By Yan Ze YZ, Fs My % | a Here Xo Yoo Zp are the ste % nents” whfeh fet Oa a mndicula to _ nents hh Got Oa plane perpendicnls'to . Wy Fig. 105, Forces sting onthe surface of an clamentoty bad 4) HOOKE's Law If the dstanoos between the clean q ‘the result of siréss, the body suffers ‘deformation Ermpomente ores sre denoted vith reference to the anes uy my Pent deformation Straon 0f the individual dementary pot ‘xpressed for small movements by the folling Eecatiasg 2 8&7 = a3165 Som Prana ErRUMENTE, PRINCIPLES OF ANALASS Pane ro Angular changes also bring about displacements, the velues of which (235) analytically by the following equation: X= Foal fn St ta . n a (136) Y= Byles yp bas bap tn Functions F must satisfy the following’ conditions: # thea on R= Fy= sin, provided eveloping the Functions Fs Fy fn Taglar‘ exes, we obtain, p ae dlorhations ave mal 122 fully squat Xp Caste + Cun tyy + Can tee + Cantar ntact Case (138) Y= Cnt + Gen byy + Cee + Cantey + Content Conf ove equasions ao4 the analyteal expresica-o Hook's law hick waten tbat tach of tho rene cto eas om ee a fe Iinearfaneton of ex defermation componcts relate te the nase foe, 8) YOUNG'S MODULUS J ratio ofthe tet dn to sompretton ot tation in one destion aad ofthe etn ented tbeeby fo sed tage mole of es ‘or Young's modulus, | { | ‘The value of this’ modulus is: a Gt 20) the where 4nd jx aré the elasticity constants, the so 6) POISSON'S RATIO — ELASTIC MODULUS OF SOILS usr (139) led Lame's constants, ‘The ratio of strains in directions perpendicular to each other is soRonal eel dor ut dpana tn ha cata ony tr Ronee Aces the Here ies a res, ' Hooke’s ew, According to experimental a | Serle een safe ‘is linear, Deformations, hawever, occur “| + ue (Fig. 107 for sand, 107b for day). zo 41 | [1 Recendeargaity cay xpos gighasceet hem ete seen ee Emaky’ aa0) y 4 Shere Ey = Young's modulus of elastieity, Expesiments carried, gut’ with clasticity constants, constants expressing the wsitintion Recs mnt CUBITT OF eat for a given Jew is Valid 4 ay % te 20 “ sof 2 e fy 4 Sate cg 2 pers ins be ack tate aettlement. The clastio sottlement ss hall sods eats Raketed. Therefore, when calculating deformetion, metres oe on the generala 1a soa brioanee neTHUMENT. aMLES oF ASazYAs amend Aeformations ofthe sil and the acting streses are uted, Instead of Young's ‘modlas the general elasticity modulus ie wsod, derived from Young’ modulus by multiplying it by coefficient c. The velue of Poisson's ratio is, according to Teszaghi, 0.3 for cand and Och 0 0.43 for clay. Berkam found Polson’s ratio to bo indepentient ‘of moisture content. He sbtained for pure clay 0.50, for 30 per cent suady ‘lay 0:42 Tn general Poisson’ ratio can be taken a8 0.5 for'clays and 0.20 to D.35 for sand. For pare saad Young's modulus ean be shown expetimentally to be constant and to he affected but slightly by changer in the relative melsture content, in the void ratfo and in the perio sae. ‘With cohesive soils the siuation ie diferent, inaemoch as E depends to-a high degree ou the eeative moisture convent B=, f - | aa a whore Ey = Young's modulus for the dry material the relative moisture content Se ae aE ‘The limiting value of the telative moisture gy depends on the sand content of clay. The velies are: for pure clay wseeseceveuseeas 29 per cent for olay with 20 per cent sand 24 per cont for olay with 30 to 40 per cent sand 20 per cent for clay with 50 to 60 per cent cand 111, 14 to 15 per cent a P With day tho value of F is dependent also on the void ratio. For exemple, as the void ratio changes fom 0.32 to 0.98, the value of the clastic modulus decreases from 1,700 to 120 kgjem*(24,200 to 1,110 Ihfaq. in). Elactio moduli for vavioue coil typee are given in Table 10. Youngs modular 5 eerious sol pee suv Eisen la 2 Hoy de 2 wa hae ea se hier eres a fing ond, arti ene so EY Median ze sand 7 4,00 01800 | 14,230 49 15,500 1200 m100 Eoewiite wandy diy Sn i cman va “Biéisiivanon oF mux stasiie Pnorennes oF sx Som, a0) 2. Blastic Deformations of Soils Within the elastio limit four types of deforanat : uN four types of deformation of the soil oan be @) wiform compression, 8) nom-nitora Sempresion, fins dle nonvsifornt displacement. exam lilte OF the costemoating. proportion ity numbers should be 4) UNIFOB COMPRESSION OF sort ater each cl ah Hele a th ful ema, ered Jond, it assumes 2 curved shape (Fig. 108). The - strsight section follows the linear selationship 4 77 where p= specific pressure on the sol x proportionality number ances Foal ‘otal settlement of the bearing ee surface. Fi 108, Ret The proportionality limit anay serve as a basis fordetermining Movable nese The Hate may be Sen Seber coal ono smaller than, the proportionality limit. Experi, sweats have shown the proportionality limit tole iudepenent of the heat surface. If the Toad is applied in iaoremonts, and ie select eer ee step the logy diagrane of Fig, 100s ahroines i sana 2 Biaing HR sine cles cnrsponding tothe individual hetwocn presite and lasts settlement fy liteer relationship (usa) OBE ARSE AS SOTERA Te He aaTE tO a Fig, 109. The raph of eabsidenes due to repeated lodiag cytes ie loaped curvexm Som DY¥ANICE. INGTROMENTS, PRINCRLES OF ANALYSIS rant rH ae eee ee anime eeeremioe it tsation 2 a ane ee git ee eae ot propre nro haan er si [ig ag ae ea sera rear eR rare foeers ine of foundation if the sexes Gintlnion alee We foandatod Pore unfs as however equation py Cr is z 2 i-ayF * "The value of the coefficient for a rectangular foundation is, according to Scbleichor (1926), C= 113 (as) 8 E ima and hy is « coofficient depending on the zatis between 1 dation by Hiete, yl a sombeert fitece ji-@—1 here a — 20/2, the ratio betoreom the wide ofthe foundativa. “Values of &, calculated from the above equation, are shown in Table 11, supplemented py values of E (he later Being related to absolotely gular foundation). rigid, Wt 08 fanutions of Veles af he : vos fio te |e fo 2 1 ioe | te 2 tp f- 1s 5 te | ime 0 mat | Ya lige vit perenansariow 02 Tae Etaszie PROPERTIES OF sou ams As willbe perceived the values of hy and hexdly deviate from each other, ndiesting that for roachine foundations the souifieat ct enifes Compression is practically anchanged for foundation ofdlferont aide nets 35 Toug a8 the elastic lint is mot exeeeled Experiments haye mvealed that the eoefiient C, decteates as the base area ncreases, The confiscate of compression for tee focadenens of diferent base arcu ave related, according to Barkan, by the conreetes [Fy ca} # (148) ©, ‘The correctness of this relationship is proved within certain mits by experiaente (in full agreement with those of Tschebotariolf}; with larger base areas, however, the calculated values decrease more Fapidly than the experiments ones. Therefore the Ingger the bese area of the fou. dation, the greater is the mass acting with the foundation, and the more the stress af deeper soil strata affects the settloment of the found ‘The theoretical derermination of the actual covlficient Of uniform compression is rather difficult, since both Young's modulus end Poisson's ratio depend on soveral factors which do not yield readily to theoretiee] ‘Heatment. Jn special cates field experiments are warranted ‘or determining the actual value of C,. Thus the equation for C, gives only. approsimate Yalues relying on results of experiments carried out with siilar coe, Values of the coefficient of compression are grouped according to fous seal ‘types in the USSR specifications (Table 12). Vetue of the soufiiont af sform compression for various sol ypes som | sag | oss .u00 wet | 2108 10,000 mat Sal ver 103900 | over 3187 | owe Seta relteuon factor efficient of vitor Sompression. for eniformly detsibated vertical load a mpnifyag factor of Gy for bate areas smaller than 10 m? [10284 aa, GFuttng F in sg, his “magnifying factr will be 104 P) Dependiag upon the perimissible stress, soils are classified after the specification TU-121-55 as shown in Table 13. The clestifeation includes lo the ¢ values cheractetisti of the soil (see Chapter VIII, Sootion 3),a oth DHSUSMCS, HETAUMENTS PRINCILES OF ANALEESS FART THO Compression moduli to be adopted aovording to stress are given jn Table 12 arth specification TU-60-19, For soils in class A of Teble 13, deep Fradations (eg. piles) should be’ employed. In extreme cases a value Co '2000 t}mé (72.5 Ibfcu.in) corresponds to olass B of the Table. The aige 3,000 tat (2085 foun) given for category Tia Table 12 can be eed for toils of class C in Table 19. For class D in Table 19 a value C, = used 400 tim? (162.0 Ibjon.in, lying between categories I and II in Table 12 ‘can be assused. a aia ie 7 Pegi pinta oe [et et el ot, ge sk ei ue tl ee arses ea saa tao ig Maa Sy © [ene gan pongo gay in eed de ul ew Wane w demsay a low ner ‘oP damar and of low. water content, fartber af very Sus eet stout: Posie and hard clayey suas, of wedi | 15—2.5 BBE on Tenor (04 > Oh Sandy elaye ar dense, ple SEP LAE S lS) Loves (meraporone) sls of low water D_ | Coarsegeataed und gravelly of water content Modu LUTE peel montane Bnueealned, dease sands of lov TWance cowtdey Pusey mak dese, rd clayey sandy sendy Dye and elas (= 58) 1B) NON-UNIFORM COMPRESSION OF THE SOiL In this cose the foundation is uot loaded uniformly but by @ mossent (Big, 10).-The value obtained difors from C, and can be celouated, accord- {igo Barken, for a rectangular bearing surface by the folowing equation: ke cate as tg 49) where aso) porn BEE yaezT—1 "Vea 1—1 - FHRABNATNONOF THE KLASTIC PROPERTIES OF PE SON 13 The cor-lationship of C, and C, is expressed as: : Go by az sy x 7 * Zi y z Fig. HO, Moment soting on’ sndstion ‘The valuss of the rati 5 Mhe valuss of the ratio C,(C, are compiled after Barkan in Table Ld. On the basis of experiments the following value can be used 2C, metric tonja® (tonjeu. ft, or Ibfeu. in) (152) ) UNINORAE DISPLACEMENT OF som 1 the lover plate of the f foree, it. suffers a ais omvonersna tests t] ieee acted upon by faint mit Raplrment cone ee men Y slap ote eh ee ng ea ce Acsrding to ae ; i My (53) stimu eee uc fhe els par ofthe Bottom daplasomen de fer where p, ‘to horizontal force at the bottom G, = the eotticlent of unitoren di the eoetcene of uniform displaces the average vale 6, = BS ie as)ma sore brian mormon, PRNGreLES OF where the covificiont hy is given as ase) ean ind out for foundations with diferent ocording to onpesinants sand out for fonds ase ee" liowigg equation i appronimately valde i : 6, =05C, ast) _p) NON-UNIFORDC DISPLACEMENT OF SOUL lent sets on the foundation about a vertical axis the f son Lia eetetenet dogacements the angle of rotation being propor iotal'te the external moment. eae = eet el ate Stn etl we H foundation Beperimental values af eonfelas Cy end Cy F | & ae fe eee | Bjenin se, la Spey day oximate value of ccording to" Baskaa’s experintents the app fas on the avenge, L5G, (Table 15) (aR vir Eremiauarow oF Tue exasHE pRorsaries OF HH SORE ns Values of Cy, Cy Cyy Cy should always be determined, if possible, by one of the familiar experimental methods. The valuee of Table 12 should bbe used on.y in the absence. of experiments and should be treatéd only: a8 approximate ones, especially for foundations of base areas greater shoe 10 mt (107.64 sgt), whero values are given secording to permissible sot stresses and not according to the soil type 3, Elasticity Analysis of Pile Foundations Pile foundations re used in apessl eases, win the loed on the sol is greater than the allowable etre or when the neraral fgueney of the foundation must be raised, bat ie lmporsble ta alters dhnesgons or yrhon vibrational amplitudes or, in general eettlements de te denen Torooe out be reduced ae A) INVESTICATION OF PILE FOUNDATIONS For pile foundations, elastic settlement (as for normal foundations) \ireetly proportional to Toad P=Co (159) here Cin the elnity cote of th pl jem rth) the wats of Which depente on the charscterictice andthe Mitig Nae oP pee petiod of the vibration ist fm roa) 08) Invesiging tow ation of i heaton of AE rl fe fla a eh ety eae ears SEor a en of tn tse eet ak tl ae tee ae ane nh Cte serene oft ple oie te doit 3 +9, asi) where 4, = the elastic shortening of pile 5, | = the settlement of the pile regarded as « rigid body. Substituting this ia equation P—' Cd, we have (182) as etbiaasoneeuactsteeom the other hand Se otier an2 (368) Mme am P i) “a wiere Cj un the coeffisient of elastic resistence, depending on the tmaterl of the pil = : = Behan Of laniity of the so, acting againet G = SHS pile, assumed to be absolutely rigid. tT Ger 4) santo a0] e Pas oe =T o ae 40 { follows that Ce (165) or aG gaa (186 the tagth of the ply herent scoring, 6, poptialt he uh of hee eh ‘ficient Coy depending on the material of the pil a. vit ErErUEAsION OF SHE ELASTIC Peo¥saTIBE OF tite so ur ortional to the erossseetion of the pile, and inversely proportional to.the Teageh of pil Gund (s7) wheie E, = the clasticity modulus of the pile material Jf values (166), (267) aro substituted in the right-hand sido of Eq, (265) the value of the coefficient of lastie resistance forthe pile is obtimed oo 1 oe (168) Differentiating the above expression with reepect to 1, the maximum value of C is obtained for a pile of the length [* * / TE. 69) Length # may elso be described as the critical length of piles, With es Jonger then this value, C decreases with the increase of length; and with shorter piles it increases with the rammiug depth. Since, however, the data availsble for both E, and ¢ are insufficient, the exitical lengah of ples cannot be calouleted relishly. The approsimate value of the coctft cient of elastic resistance ist G est 70) wheres = she perimeter 1 the length of the pie, YW. Bastvand in i Investigations Conese ith Driving Pies by’ Vibvation® published the reales of his invenigatons oe peace His aim was to determine the technical factors influcnting pieciseony hy vibration. Is the experiments he ted wooden piles of dibeaaa Ienote Bp to 1.83 m1 (6), and different croseoections, 25,81 102 ome (Ose 08 1.58 aq3n). ‘The diving into tho sondy soil was accomptised hy single strong hotamer blow. the vibratioa produced is this'way wee damed out after about 10 eycles below micasurable value. The expertuents vere ovisinally made in hydraalic-fill snd, but weve repeated one contaioiog capillary eater ony, These experiments have dova the ples of seclee grousseotion to have higher natural fequeusies. So for instance when a lead of 7.08 bent (100 lags) ws apphed to ape af2 one (agin Grosstetional crea, its natural Tequency wae Gl cpa, wills shat of piles of 5-1 and 20.3 em* (0.8 reap. 1.38 sain) was found to be ST ead 47 pat texpectivaly. Te was observed that tach pile had a Goren sonant autural foguensy indeyondent of the depth to/vbish ie-wis Iniven: The aatural frequency decreases vith incensed mae ofthe ple but aol atthe * Enstwsi (1955) Cie! Engineer, pp. 189181, 126 soo Bua chee Peetve Sony owes. ESSTRIMENTS. PRIGEPLES OF AEALYES FART TRO rate expected on the basis of the celeulated value of N. The natural fr quency of piles driven into hydraulicit sand was found to be slightly Tower than that of the pile dziven into a soil containing capillary water only. 1B) INVESTIGATION OF GROUPS OF PILES ‘When sing ievera piles the base are increases and thus, Sn contrast to normal foundations, also the value of coefficient K, (Fig. 132), which Becomes for a group of piles ee (ay raf | sean I i L_ ea oti wl ~ 7. ‘| | eee ee cre eew aha “Fig. 12, Vaciation of softcins of wnlform compression of met foundation {Gi and of aroup of piles (Kae fonction of the base aces ‘As revealed by Table 16 based on Baskan's experiments, the elas eeistance coufisien’ of pile gromps depends on the spacing of the piles. The Feslstance of the individual piles noreases together wich the distance be. este of inctgntons far derminng enfin Gand «for pies eee Tepscea=| ei @ ; r 4200 low) eousa | 9-10! 355.001 aera nearer ae eect 203 OBE hous anasto 9 alee Gaia | 0 are 8 bales | 0.18 Seon sad atime ne 36 tween the pik and ipproushis that of tofated pi clarcersng te ef of the dane Sea provided the cosficioat C for the latter kaso? ©? sortection fsctor s has baen intron at of a single pile, Cue pes, mee an) ‘Table 17 gives experimental values of onthe en ae ete alae off or colicient tthe ditanee Correction factor w ot Function oft ° 10 — | a a 58 5 j 03s ©) VERTICAL ECCENTRIC LOAD ON PILE FOUNDATIONS Letusextmine th je he magnitude ofthe ange through which sted hy mt external moment. The saseepen a ceed fosndation ars) where = 5 the fae deh , fi. the distance of the ith pile feom the axis of rotation The prowsze of oe ple on thew CN See ae hein M=K,p ana) the coefficient of én: js pe coat # Roacuniform resistance within the ela where K, 2) HORIZONTAL LOADING ON PILE FOUNDATION viontal onde Relying oc pear ee a Sm (G.3 90) The aie eis ibe he Be weene om the diameter of the lio. Experimeneal ae : . ural frequency of a foundation cantet be © any considerable degree by the use af pie neces a‘CHAPTER VIII THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOILS UNDER DYNAMIC LOADS by sevoel nes the etlowent due to saticloede, Baer Toon Seid BL epectatlynlter coniderble sotdemente: Expesinents awe ie le ils to be much more liable to settlement than cohesive ones. 1. Soil Friction and Adhesion under Dynamic Loads or that the setlomeat cn be understood if we rmembor that raion end checks Foluco Retin unl sdhesion coecaly. Owing a as| a Veuua ey 4, Device for mesearing tbe arty wth’ Sbsuotal sete poneiation of oael tal Bal to fnventiy with ibeuonal acclration onload SCY optus the sil crore sympa Sapiens ae ee tion of the vibrations, Fuietion decreases av the aces eaves and approaches aeymptotically « value (Fig. 113) whieh is char stevietic of the sil ‘ThE emamoUR oF sous ewe orMAG LOADS mL 2. Cooiliient of Viscosity ing ee oben” 4p thoaka tend to make si behave like fd, increas, ot acorn geatkae priormed experiments to determine the occas inFig TH? veg cinpemmuntiealasmngement ol the neieen coe (into sang carded We pentraton of «metal bal Gh legge ight tereage anda (0) vibrated by the vibrator (2) Th ranecr se et Derconteat (resting depth Gud alter wile ona he penetration Be sonstant. With constant acceleration of vibuattonschewelee of sinking and the load of the ball are shown by the Hi experiment tobe in linens vclaionshiy he ate of penetrition ie plotted on the eertied Sfauef a. ‘rE wateonpil a TT ae} 00 nee ww we o + 2 2 6 wy CE UF Relaag Between load ond king of Fig 116. The exatfient vie ‘he Dall I sage Ae lope of wich Ge cig ng Tome of ie the eoaicant of visonty fate. Mesias viscosity ens Soy ~ a yop min tak Shred ae ane SY, as Saif fhe diagram ip Fig. 15, and thelond aeting pon the bul i plotced Gite Rorrontal ‘xs, coeficat of vice or oh fe Potted Slope (tangent) f this ateaebt line cri ctliient of viseosty Se sccordngly »sotfcicat of proportion per ighgthe Jot ating on the hall and its determine tse of peer Br depends toe great extant an the sceseralion of shee ee Denoting the rato ofthe aseslorasin ef heey iy by n, ths Product ofthe coefficint of wscosity and the squsrone Spey abcestant abt, ity 11 Blfect of Relative Moisture Content oa Compaction by Vibration sotion ofthe curv of somprsson depends on te thee factors ion of he 0 aonced by che eltive moore content Tagvalne ot? the relative moisture content are shown in tn Taive manure content with aun i The toec and {fedtonlot 9 in ration 20 Fig iiss the optic vale Tovie 13 per can wn on Compaction of the Soil 8. The Effeet of Duration of Vibra > experience, vibration. listing over thrce minutes has According teeny send or cement: With wet sand the corcespond- no ot att Se Longes, 7 #0 8 rinates. The vod zatio and the time 4S Spration wre found in practice to be related as byt to = eer “where ¢, is the void ratio gorzerponding to given acceleration, and fy ihe ep Eee wd a er peal roperses of the voll fr coment aoa ne eee dintone particular send it-was 0.24 see!) The de 1 oN iaicatos duat the Soorease of perils sles inezeazes the time SP Compaction, for # given acceleration. (290) 9, Miainum Compaction by Vibration tas sressesenuerding th asic imic enue perunent deformation aod tng eet tuag competion by vein weceds the en Feet acre eff permanent hauge Father coopactin wat ibe ifthe soll ie vibrated with higher acceleration. ‘This lime only poses He especton linie of obra eo acted ether by stato lad oe by aon 408 Seen as eetefaiom 9 eater haa that belonging foi iste with a atone petion in denated by ns obtained: Ba ree rear of logseness was, according to Eq, (18%), Ke where sro nea ey, | ou. van ‘Tee BEKANOUR OF so1Ls UNDER DYNAM LOADS ner On the ether band, 1 q=—ink a ‘The condition of pressed bys compaction being > 1, compactibil KcK, ‘The amplitudes and the ecceleratio ‘the distanve from the fvibratie source of vibration, C or covlficiont of loosencee changes to et shanges too, on of vibrations decrease with ‘onsequently, the relative density n= aln y. that is, the value of acceleration is at the vale of acc ‘ function of the co-ordinates, the evelff= ae a1) According to the definition of the Limit of com compaction ensues only if K is smaller than Kg fot en PY Tibeation, orbits) and <¥ (292) he 90) L ~ ek ss) Accebration at an amplitude and frequency @ is I — do whenve ae Als, = a9) Substituting this value for 7 into Fg. (193) we obtain Ale ya) = —-& mK, (295) Je wb persed sha, wth tion takes place in an area within whieh ompltudesne ofa nee oc ‘ihn wise ompliedeeare at rah eae Tis podary of compaction hy vibraticn en thon be hee calculating the range of vibrational acceleration of the git he compaction enrve of the soll aud the ip ondometern are stain, This device makes soil sample of standard sine at any feoqucnay wed motor. The change of amplitude ie eHectedl By fo 8 rotating shat. For the determination af compaction Eanit vil it possible vw vibrate means of a variable Pushing «'v2dge to the required punting0. Settlement Diie to Static Pressure and Simuliancons Vibration For a toil; considered as a viscous medium, the viscosity coeffisiont of which changes from point to point and depends on vibrational aceclera: tion, the following equation applies: yaa ftats na] 96) sflemont due to static pressure and the velocity of the body and the depth. dered frst jp function describes: the se simnultaneous vibration, To ealoulate # Of sinking, two fundamental cases must be co Joby, IF THE RESISTANCE TO VIBRATIONAL A) SETTLEMENT OF THE BK ON THE LATERAL SURFACES ONLY VISCOSITY OF THE SOLL ACTS ‘This is the case of piles and sheet walls since the point resi the body to be driven it small compared t9 the resistance acting om the fhe Body laces. Tt fs astuincd in tho calculations that the coefficient of ateiaity at the lateral surfaces is independent of the shape of the body: Teste body fs compressible from the aspect of viscous effeets. In euch and Nlanco, if the body ponotrates to depth A, the soil resistence sgsinst penetration will be’ ance of r evimetey of the dsiven body epeh of penetration gm density of sal 8, X Coctfiient of vibrational viscosity ofthe sll corresponding $cthe vibrational acceleration of the sunken body Nauclty of ponwtration af the body i tuctor verying with the type of sol. ble only i Qe greater than 7’ Penetration into the vibrated soil is por LEQ — 7, the velocity of penctration Bp kt tle pm =O (198) where iu el senna co rsaate tasns 19, 4s to be seen ftom the above oquation for T the viscous resitanes SOE A ee ee Ia tent egy a ei Ae moe Here cae ing ae aa anon he wcrc ou, the fowsdation depends on the vibrational vis iy of the soil the ae me Roving a (199) ag oa the velocity Scat The Stace Peneteation (setilig) of the foundation seco ean pie aca of 48 ener te seca smd Ha Ge otha ok ct ot the i cma nrg ca arg gh Barkas derived for the settli ie tions with + base aren F the lowing cone of circular foundae ham £fr— Lg pm é pan "] (200) where 8 y/F and nee z oa S (tom (eon) After « given time 8 the settlement of foundation becomes uniform: aad - (202 Substituting the corresponding values, on ol onl, eer eas) From th the settling vel it can be sen thet under te ft ofthe fouadaton i proponent viraeoeal199 for, pexAsUs. NSH the both area The depends also on the Ss of the base area, The velocity depe Ae il ee regent ed or tanta NES ciate aie cv gig trees fete ane earnatealiy, ued that Eg, (203) for the detent Uo thrational act. Settem on of soseane alld tion of vs, rem LL, Methods for Controlling Vibrational Settlements nat a ds would require an 2 Satta aaa vibration and statical loa: rae scot fle Pael a e Sae Res oe te oe a wo Fahd thn Sun pred at i cae 3 0 eg ou ie na ig Ss dee fat tho ground et on edo onder hs ee eben goon cate CHAPTER 1x CONSIDERATIONS GOVERNING THE DETERMINATION OF THE ALLOWABLE SOL STRESS FOR DYNAMICALLY LOADED MACHINE FOUNDATIONS in), reduction factor of 4 Savior equalling unity can be apelin Toeapead ot tbtstion slower than Ob Suck joe eee caused by lowepeed machines ‘The ote ofa reiluction factor i indicated ayo fhe mack ne foundations subject toviseeiang ieee Dy the foundation fect ‘Tho extent of reduction shoul then the soll apport than those trunaimtiod doen aeM Math ‘cobrdbrable acceler Taser” ban 9 , ee nena I The iia te pra ah where inden rttbe Fatioafthe aclh ee OST g where ier sonidertion ioe ‘The perminble tens et for the soil is, accordingly, ni (204) where the allowable te ad: In actordance with the above emus the ompal vases complied in Rae 8 oe enh the USSR. a a a fname [othe Geman peentioas of DIN 4025, paragraph 2, yates Beamer Foundations sagt gmuentons of DI Dermeseat fond ead hati oer seting in sonjongtion met soe permissible EDS, mantone inthe Coae oe Been aE Ra (ermine loads om ‘Ke subsoil and ple foundation). On the oliee hee em ‘explorationsase sort mrwaes RETRO ave sandy sls) — which nono hay cess roe he danger of aire ‘hecau coset ‘tion or deep foundation methods open caistons) may De ove aly echinery actual dynamic hee oe f supports for revolving ms See Scomatht ia ry ten as Re Soman wo Berea rai cuaPrer x PRINCIPLES OF COMPUTATION FOR MACHINE FOUNDATIONS In ‘this Chapter we deal with data to complete the basic theory of vibration technique for practial use in mechiae foundation computation ‘We ssall deal with vertical vibrations of foundations both with and without the damping effect of the soil. Resonance curves will be treated fn detail. Rotating vibration and such gecureing in instances of hoxisestal displacements are also discussed, a well as those resulting from the seach taneous occurrence of vertical aud horizontal displavementa, 4. The Vertical Vibration of Foundations bra:ions of foundations can in genetal be reduced to those of an slastically supported solid body, Subsnquent vonsideruticas will be be on the ateuiaption of a linear rlationstip between the recction or aoe qrhich naturally affects vibrations and the dsplaosment of the toon ‘The determination of this relationship, in the form of coofvione fr nethons and non-utiform elastic compression a4 yrell as for uniform ne oe ‘oiform displacement, has alveady been desit with Ie is assumed further that vile the foundation has exclusively inertia Properties, the soil is elatio without incrtia, Thu the mrostion deed ELM bien ot sai body retin a a waa sping Fovnaons cing to a eetaln depth supported lnteraly by the sil The laste seeoon ‘hereof ate long the side on The cy tbo eee ne ee a and the forced vibration of the foundation Elastic resotions along the sides can be taken into aceount in practice by imorensing the modulus of elasticity to. eestain dagcen ‘This aypleschielly tothe foundations of machiaeteeustattng impact forces, If the foundation is subject ouly to the effeet of foreed sigeeroea, 2 Teeiprociting engines, and if the natural equency wf the locedletnn ishigher thas the peed of the machine the action ca seualy be neolocted for increased safety. 4) VERTICA: VIBRATIONS OF THE FOUNDATION WITHOUT CONSIDERING DAMPING BY THE SOIL Let us first examine the vibrations of « fouudation which are caused hy a vertical force P() alternating ata given time interval. Assuming thet 13 a. tr Fetish at Tihwa som DUNICS USTHONENTE, PRPLES OF ANALYSIS TART THO the centre of gravity of the foundation, the machine and of the ground ‘lime coincides with the Kine of action of force Pi), only vertical vibrations ‘rll ocour (Fig. 120), ' Tet # be the vertical displacement of the foundation, and its sizn positive in the downward éizetion, then the reaction ofthe soil, considered fa 8 springy yee. R-Qte (205) 7 here Q'= the total weight of foundation and machine eit ¢ = the coefficient of stiffness of the soi - c=GF tfea(conjtd) (206) Fig. 120. System paerming *yFical whese CG, = the cocffivient of uniform compression, Toes efsass meats Par Gowleen) tied by oad Fs theaten ofthe lower plane of the foun- telly oh dation, a .)- Pel ‘Vo establish the differential equation for vertical vibrations the following equation of motion is ute as hasie, in which the inertia foroe has also been added with a negative sign to the external foree acting on,the body: =i QtPy-R=0 (20 Shere mae 8 Substituting Q + ex from Bq. (205) for R, we get ni tpa= PY) (208) lie. inertia foroe + epring force a= external foree, and dividing by m we feu 34a — Do 209) wheee ok ew and 2) u} {s the acceleration acting on the mace. For pli) = 0 ae Bhi ‘Tain equotion corresponds to the case when motion occurs only as sult at the mcrtn of the foundation ad te sane reaction of the sol i PATON #0 ALINE FOUNDATIONS 1s Foundaton vibrations of this type are called free or-m: ‘The solution of the iifferential equation iy cece Asindt + BoosAt ‘e13) Vertical natural rations of “the fu the condtions of generation of the vibrations” thoy areeeae Eemdent of seas of the foundation and the elastic stiftese of taboo the The period of vibrations is T, = 2 2/3 raya and] cycles per second are, respectively aad the eyoles per minute aad 14) For nacoral vibrations generated by « single impact $= 0: r= 0; vay Different tained ass 'ng Pq. 213) with respect to time, the velocity is ob- Fort = 0 the initial velogity ¢ on Yy and ‘The displacement is ee fang 16) Tnasmach ns the genorating furce sliernates according to sin wf 2 08 tj she equation of the vertical Poh es che equation of the vertical forsed- vibrations of the franca. a ss psinwt ern = the frequency’ of the generating force Here, aatural vibrations will be amped by the coil 98 soom as forced wibrations of the foundation begin a1 Th eee te foundation bepin and only forced vibrations wil roms Ajsinot ay Subs this in the ai becomaantitting this in the differential equation (217) the amplitude (219) aaad soit ys ‘The frequency of forced vibrations dors not depend on the mass of he foundation, aul ity es Beaton the above equation at ootae i = ae Senet fattin pete co mare See Sein a te fo a ae Eg Ba eu (221) ' ite where Ay = Pjm 2 is where f= afte, ‘the dyson i or Nq[Ny eoneequently Fete TRe cirular frequency sachin Noy a wal te “Stal neice nt elt tor depends only on & .t. on the ratio «le Hacer ato of the speed of the machine to natural 6 generating force andthe speed of the Cequonsy Jy af the natural vibration and the te df the foundation are ted a, vy wat ge EN, i 0 a 7 60 zed to No the dypamie fator 7 approaches 1 Nog te small coe uo diet ut slightly fromthe nate sud thus the denominator bar ff increases together with Noy ‘The vatue of $i sreaced. cand the dynam faete i inroads of Ba 221) igen Ir seananee occurs the devominator becomes zero, Bor NolNem ¥. “Soretically inflaitely large. If Ny aan ani the valle Er ert oP erests each peaches unity egain. ee fd for 6 = We Tei jemamie foetor ecreates, appro hing soto, The ef edaceion satura resensy canbe wont oat Be ae ether than eke fegency othe generating force cpl on nied ie Pe a cen, then i 1s the fevenes Shots ageart vibrations, © contraction zee be wid puvural Hequeney lower than the frequency of vibrations shosen with @ natural caused by road trait « machines the natural foquoncy of the foundation If for reciprocating Si, ie. the natural frequency is higher than spas, ea iy with the mat of she funtion, “povied BS SRST Surface of the latter remalne unchanged. Oving tothe relation seri re Bi eal the ule of 7 wil e terete ton, whch ship expressed by Pa Jeat vibrations and larger amplitudes. Cra i would involve wor fone bedesigned with shallow foundations of large are dmachines must, therefor" a senetaie 8) VERTICAL VIBRATIONS OF FOUNDATIONS WITH REGARD 10 THE DAMPING REACTION OF THE Som. An infltely large value of the dynamo factor » would oocur only if the sail were an elastic body, Les co reaction ofthe stl depends wot only on the daploccivens a but ako on the velocity of motion, Let us mance that the damping reaction i a reotly proportvaal to the velon: sy eben a tho presence of damping, the diferedal equation fos he asturel vibration of w foundes during resonance sssume that the f the foundation a8 a firet approximation, a ; 1 Fe ti—aemo aia) | ‘This differs from Eq, (217) only by the cooficient 2ui. ‘This coefficient characterizes damping and is here ideutical with the faotor te, familiar as the coefficient of 4 in differential equations derived in the treatment of the basic pimiples of vibration technsyue. Damping vill hereafter be eharaoteriaed hy the faevie n which is inversely proportional to mass ym FR General w< dy and the solution of the differential equation (22) ie Fig, 121. Gare of wibrstional siotion vith ‘tifere ‘valuie of dase afm, (A sin yt + Beos iy) ‘The magnitnde of damping is shown in Fig, Linc iy Vibrations deotase the vesult of damping by the si Bin = i. This is shown by curve 2. 3.m > ls Hore thore is no damping pocffcieat, no natural vibrations appear and the foundation is set nto aperiodic motion iiatrened Boece 46 the sosult of an impact or initial daplesenee ‘The equator forthe forced vibration ofthe inundation ean he derived by etuating che left-hand side of Eq. 222) to psincs t of the forces anien cause forced vibretions: (223) LBL for three cas ‘exponentially according to cures 1, P+2ne The solution of the differential equation Psinot (em) = Adsin(ot — 9) where 4f is the amplitude of the forced vibration:we Sou DYSAMaeS NSTAUNENTS: PRISCIFLES OF ANALYSES Pane reo ‘This phase shift between the disturbing forse and the displacement caused thereby is emg ite (ox) ‘The introduction of the dynamic factor into Bq. (226) yields Ahm rt dy (228) where ‘| 1 a aealyy By plotting the dynamic. factor a9 oriinate agsinet §— fig and sa Nein the Sesonance curves axe obtained, Fig: 122 shows a group SF nste cottcapending to various values of nfdge which, ts taray ae Sroporioal vo the domping factor me Ttacting fg Or eect tae deping factor is noplsted the amy tude ut rome (Go I) renchee Ste manitoumy namely Satine vata Baas ther hand for ny2e-4 0, the amplitude wil be inte, aad the smaller it is, the higher i8 W/de. ‘Allowing for the damping reaction at maximum amplitude, the following equavion holds true: eaf/a 2} (29) port " showing that £ = Ny/Ne deoreases as nf? is invreased. ‘The value ef the dynamic factor is: Te follows thet under conditions of resonsnee, the higher the damping coefficients the smaller will he the dynamic factor. The damping effect bf the soil alfects mattors seriously only when resonance ie near. If the Value of £ scechet « certain magnitude, the damping éffeet of the soil oan be neglected, : ‘When investigating the ourves, three cases aro distinguished according to the ratio of Ny to N, (Fig. 122) LW,iN, 1 © # Becomes eniformly 0, for200 son, DYNANLCR-ISRUMENTS, PRINOLES OF AUALYSIS C) THE DAMPING EFFECT OF THE SOIL ON VERTICAL FORCED VIBRATION OF THE FOUNDATION In the above investigations, the soil was regarded a woightlese spring, the stiffacss of owhich was expressed by the coctficiont C,. Reeults dexived in this way should, however, be treated as first approximations oaly. ‘Accurate solutions cannot be’ achieved unless vibrations of a solid body testing on an slate foundation are investigated. “fue: diverential equation of vertical forced: vibration eaused by a force P sin est is r+ Rot = Peloi9 (21) whore R= tho amplitude of ‘he soil reaction on the foundation fm the phaso sift betwaen the disturbing forse and the soll reaction. ‘The problea was deale with hy E. Reisner (1558) and O. I. Shekbter (0950). Staying the effects of soil characterstion and the natare end Aisplacemente of the foundation, hey stsumed that the settlement take fou bassin the ealeulation of Ry fora clartie stele loaded near the centre, the meen of the settlements coursing st the centae and st the peri ineter.* The values of the amplitude and of the phase shift ace, omit ‘the derivation, Serco seePE Sr Teecestevere (232) and — (233) GED Hey where 1 = the modulus of siding of the soil 2p = the redine of the oirole for which ry — /TFJ=" (F being the hearing area of the fonndation). With L, denoting the wave longth of sliding propagated in the soil 2a Ban (234) qs + Te sume problem ix discamed for g = 0 (Polison’s number. see Fig. 124 top) by Arnold, Byerott and. Wasbarfon (1936). Sex alo the paper by Ak, Vs Zareya (2950) land the thoortial saggestion by H- Yoxt and W. Heide (1099 ond 1963) for deter ing the aacaral eequtscy and amplitudes af tho sil from the neste of meavareaeatz sul it eaplorstions er revealed by messoted data. The method silde am accurecy of ‘SPio%s. ln berated sale heving « Polaron’ number sf shod i the amplitadss ate iedocay butte ending nein sve ele» part oto batons a propegsteg SSSTE, Richart, Jr. (0960) as compar ‘th conventional: theory of vibration, which soasiders the spring to be weipteas with the thoory for an owls om semi {nlinite lose body wing Sung's (0922) theory of veri! bn fed bue fund thas the ordinary thoory ste unvallyeeiafactary Worst or the otatoaal and tas Tatval vibeatioas af tho foundation. "RUNGIPEES OF COMPUTATION FoR MACHINE POLSDAYION? 201 and the functions f, and fy assume the' tread aviut Indicated ia Figs 125, 2 is plated om the abwcaca and the fonction Secs tiv caleuinued forthe Poidon sofia Tint AM te fr If a ccclfivient b is introduced, depending o adenalt ‘ten & duced, depending on mass, dimensions and nF (235) wore @ ie the density of the sil, then the expressions aumplivadet and phase will be altered a8 folews, abstae ents (282) and (253) the following values: " eee MOF aes oe 7 om -/ a aa lor e Of ae a frie Ow a 1 the amplitude er ts plated oP is pled fl again a gven by by, Gath a eee! Ee the dlorems abeaingd il be sit tothe retance gurves Big a 0 ad ah as ue 18 U8 ta te plotted graphically for ee est of Th a « ont ee wee mn bs PET WEEE Fig. 128. Curve of fonctions f, an Mic agent's for # we L yeh i ‘e ORM OT ne is Fig 124 Value pr 94 a funstion of Ue dabig teensy wth aleash oh nl ge ang a is i not taken into wsideration, the vibration amplitude is not Bitola ae ou Jhas a damping offee. or ithe vibrating foondation vill be edlspersed inthe te lee Ltd ft eee, ro acta ree asp se Magram obtained Is almost linear aap aguinat br the iageam obtained oat “coo roo SK cnveysear Si oneegee: 126; The foundation experiences Sere kona osslon owing toss eres Fa 1s vate ea Eomecr Af sn ay aeing penediely uefa b +n, depo by he ul a ot «ral cfg fee a ly popes ies ee Sta NN hot yr foe ed comin ee 2: Since the error involved in amplitude cal eu isons aay ay meg 8 ne ee ae Mt oa ae BC fly yon wih op He eal Seta na arfaces (Fig. 137) 2, Rotational Vibration of the’ Foundation 2 sino face MBs mass of the foundation-and the oentre o fea lie in thio princ e. The fe ‘onsiderations apply only Fig principal plane. The following eousiderations apply only wea Ke in this prinep | | So nee ey: TATION FOR MACIENE FOUNDATIONS 208, Banttfon act fhe stance of the soil eo lateral daplacement of the enispin i lfinialy aie compared to the revtance ageing none i. e where only rotational vibrations can. cour, The dffezential equation of motion for © feendatio M0 rotating thron, angle p urder the effet St of the extemal moment AT sin at (Vig. 136) e — OHS Mimo (239) where O.7=" the moment of inertia of the mass of the foundation een {hs aachine relsted to the axis of rotation (for foumtene pasting on the ground surface to the axis of faestig af she base) 2M,= the sum of all extemal moments reduoed to. the axis of rotation, ‘The valuct JM, ban be obtained 4) from the weight of the foundation M=Qep whee s = the distance of the egatre of ins © = gharGom the asi ufone nee 5) from the Feaction of the soil M, the cocificient of no the moment of iner rotation. Accordingly Ey. (289) may be rewritten as follows: ‘ (240 f a mass of weight -G1¢ (any n-uniform compression of the soil "ia of the base aree ebout the axis of ~ 9.8 + OF=~ 619+ Moinormo (242) oe @ Sythe eteation of aetural rotational vibration i obtained, ‘the solution of whieh is PA Coin (thy) (213) ‘he esrace ul dy the frequesey ofthe natural rotational vibration, ie 10s Haale a ae (249) The solution of Eq. (242) ed vibration, bus tha values oF My O-and 24 most be substituted instead of Pe, yen ae The amplitude of vibration is ) the same as with vertical fore u eos (245) 1 05 4, Prognot Qs in Eq, (244) & small compared with C, 1, Nogleei this product, Eq. (244) becomes fe Gr RaG! (246)200 som pywades: NeMMOMENTS. RENEPLES OF ANAL YE pureT89 Ie the area is a parallelogram with sides o and 6, and side-o is por pendicular to the axie of zotation, then bat @ and C, bat (247) ew From the above expressions of natural vibration it follows that the dimensions of the area have a considerable effect on natural frequency, “The hase dimensions of the foundation, perpendicular ' fl | to the axis of rotation, have an expectally great ef: af eof i + feet on values 2, and ‘Ay ; ‘The amplitude of The verieal component of se LIA | aye vibration of the foundation ie “yr an“4 248) 2 £248) se a Rotational vibrations ocour in high machine = foundations which are subject to distuching mo- tious, of where an unbelanoed foro acts in & hors int T 7] jzontal direotion as in ease of saw frames (Fig. 127) |_| for which Eq. (245) is valid. Twa00 0 ae i : 8, Vibrations of the Foundation at Horizontal Fig. 127. Amplieade of hea Seine foundation Displacer «func rtatinal of ite bight Under the setion of horizontal forees, found tions suifer horizontal displacements renting, in holsontl vibration, provided. the oil as) en appreciably ‘higher resistance to compression than te tliding, The equations for naturel and forced vie bration of a foustlation exposed to a horizontal diz tushingforee Ps snot willbe Hho sume 8 the coreeponding equations Aescribing westical vibration, only C, must be substituted for C, The dif ferential equation of horizontal vibratory motion is By Bemppsinwt me where + is the horizontal displacement of the inortia centre of the fous- dation, and Gr (250) sti 08 Fouxearions 2s ; ‘ie the square of its horizont 1 Rorizontel natural frequency, C, denoting the coefFeient of uniform displacement, ‘The atiplitude of the forced vibration is __», moa (25) Beside the horizontal vibration, tancoue i duced bye a axis, prov Aitferential squation of the vibrator fae 8546 Ly = Minot 5 whern p= the rotational angle of the foundation ” the non-uniform socticient 1H satin ofthe equation igo SePsEmEnt (253 where a= 8, (254) “epresonte the xquare of the horizontal natural vibration of the foundath 4. Vibrations Aecompas tying Simaltancous Yerti tae Accompeaying Simale Vertical and Horizontal, ational Displacements of the Foundation 4 ) PIFPERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE VLeRATORY yoriON Let us nove dation under the cetion of a ‘nd tational apace °° ‘The motia of the en in he syram of corners founda and Faxes ofthe inear pisos, around axis y, The differential equations 3X0 0 = 99+ UM=0 {he mans of the foundation mt 5%, where m206 ections in the direction 2 and 2 of the external forces Heron Zo wetlng on the foundation. fon the # and = axes X= ia cs Soil xenction due to the weight of the foundation and the machin. 2, Soil reaction with tie projections a, % = 0, Fry (288) am thet jachine. sry gt th adn ee a 4.The horizontal soil reaction due to sa horizontal force is ‘ X,=—)Fx (260) where C, ment coeficeat of the soll {hs Migaoneal Usplosnent of she-conee of gery of the where Cy = Ernontal displacement of ymmon centre of inertia the Mburontal diplacontnt of the co the foundation and the machine due to the horizontal force. Substiniving this iaty Ey (260) we obeaine X,=-6,Fls—s9) ‘eet jon the foundation ar oe rie The moment neat about the exo y produced by the wil resetion Z, 1. The moment abo (262) Mop fhe moment about the axis y du to free Xt i - My =C, Fs(x —~ #9) by angle @ gives Biplecement of the base plane by ang @ giver the following = fuse Prosaits oF biecsmos ron nacht rooNparions 2or/ tone in Mion AR eoting upon an elementary seca dF of the base plane ie dR=O,spar (264) “hor G, = te nonunion ompressbity cotcest ofthe sa a of Genes af he demonery dam the ogee amd the base plane ‘The moment sbout the axis x due to the clementary reaction AR ist @My~ C2 9a (265) Integrsting the above expression, we obtain for torque M, My — 0,19 (266) where 7. = ihe mowont of asia ofthe ba plane slated the vont S5p BORE Bro the contre of gravity of the tage etal fd porpendicle to tae Rt SA of " dona rt hemes sould be completed hy the pajestions oF Se ttgmbig forear (Py ad Ea) and by she cee eect ta ll ete int onedoction she aseera ememe (255), (256) and (857) aerame the ferns mi}, Fs= Py 267) MET OTS C.F sp = Py) (268) ~ OF ~ CFs + (C1 — Qe-4 6, Fey = Mey (269) sunbeaghtnitaton of these diferntial equations lead to the following _ 2 rel cet 04 (269) are interzelated sinee both contain and g. Ge the other band, Eq. (267)-boams no sales’ hip to either, Thus unde the action of s disturbing fosee i ical component, the foun. dation will pesform no vertical va will rotate about the axis Yaad Move herkzontslly in the direction of ct 7° Conversely, if the Sontes oF grant, Gimaation fs upuee by a verted! gigavemely, H he perl ay a bya vertical distaching fone a foundation will perform vertical vibrations only: Jee talations of Eqs (268) and (269) reveal vertical vibrations to te independent of those. produced a § sendt oh gees movement and Boon deal eepremest. Vertical vibrations deserbed tn Eq. (267) have TESE Aaglt ith previously, and ihe contactors eeagey ES there retain ‘their full valditys 4) NATURAL VIPRATION OF FOUNDATIONS agttel vibrations of foundations are thoes performed under the Eaaenae of slate sol reitanoe and incre free ce after having heen subjected to the single (con-pesiodig cater yf force changing208 soni pesotcs RRUMENTH PRINCRLES OF AEALNSIS PART TWO their portion or velocity. The equations describing naturel ibratidis are mitt O,Fa~C, Fey 0 05 — 6 Fin (CI OCF EHO (270) ‘After the partial solution of the equations, and having determined the assumed constant amplitudes A and B, the following equation can be derived: ' Rtg y the lisit frequencies when either only rotational or .d vibrations occur. The squared values are given as HB yep en) where J, and 2, ar only hofizontal fo : ek ae oO, & in ‘The value of y. appearing in the equation fs e & : Here @ denotes the moment of inertia for the common centre of gravity. of the foundation and the machine, and 6, is the moment of inertia of foundation and machine related to axis porpeadicular to the plane of Uibrations, and parsing through the ceutze gravity of the base planc. The evo dre rates: Roots 2, and Zy of Eq, (271) yield the principal natural frequencies Of the foundation, The smaller of the two is always lower than 2, and 4, Ghhereas the larger one is always higher than 4, and J,, a¢-folloWs from The solution of the aguation af ceeond order. é “Phe determination of the ratio between amplitudes 4 and B resul in the equation O4 mst (272) 4_ is eae 273) BHP > Ff the foundation vibrates at the Jower principal frequeney Za, then 2g — 450, consequent p > 0, aod amplads J and B wil bof he Zope Gea. To this stance che contre of gravity of the foundation will hot be ina state of equilibrium. The motion takes place on a ciroular path With radius pr about an imoginary centre which is thy contre of gravity Gin. 129). The value of p, can be Computed from Eq, (273), ifthe navtral- Frequency’ 2, is substituted for 2. TH dhe Foundation vibrates at the higher natural frequency 2, them jf — Hf <0, and the foundation wil vibrate about centre lying at the distance p, above the ceatee of gravity. The value of p, ean be obtained from Eq. (273) im 8 manner similar to thet of py fou Coetliats Cy tad Co The relationship between py and py ise PrP it i the radius where ®= Om, i bein sand the maching TY SYEtIon ofthe mass of the found es with Datura ‘ont oF weal Seaunacios dy'and 2 ane eapecapn’ Arona of lent fs et) and alt, howd be remembered, ation, thet he cee 1 a wncies fy and 3. § the dimensio * koverned solely by the (igh) wie ayy nus for the 4 is expedient to 75) 209 em)nw soo newocerernne rxmertoranasns THAT TTS foundation, fing depends exclusively mensions jou and dsplacoment of he 20 seh on the cap easton the Kt valet 0 0085 Mi cfficionts ar give i ar aluen ean be ceentted, Chang or waths x are she a3 ove vac Fige 190 and 132, Te ar Hor the vazious in she dinero tp 09) 7 = 02 save to Se foundations. +7 0 ing tn tho iis values of Gx an8 Gy 7? a= Bhs « voncep VIBRATIONS OF FOUNDATIONS aaa ns a ve sme eustly kg ea RSLS spaowe Sot gg he foundation at Ge ngeee n an hr epee A CS ea nae a a Th he Soatenal Seg te ager end ane bom SF vith given dimensions of the ‘on the soefficiente 16) ff the motion arct “Hie oifferential equations ink 4 Clg GeFsp = Ppsin ot : + p= Psi \ a G5 —C.Fax #(CeI— 06+ GH P=? anions yields for the amplitudes Ay and Ay ‘The solution of these & of thd foveed vibration the following values: 6,1 — G2 $F 88 Ae s Pe a) ‘ : Ala") d Fs + Aa Sskee, a9 ner (279) where : tor) = mo — A 2 ore the auslacy value, (9?) must ot Be MSTA for the logaithisie Hoe the suey ee ja Chapter I, #00 a Thoment varying 1 A a aierorbin ‘ je or from a force pp Wr the foondation is woke according to. Maint whieh oneingt ‘om a coup aeeeny direction acting outside the e=5y7e of gravity, the ory motion will be: feo the differential equations of the vibra mt +0,F2—C.Fee= 0 \ a _ 0 —CFe + Cyl O54 C.F) p= Maint ‘vhe «mpl (an (282) = cee rovkomem the vibra 2 cies, there a1 posible a ; he vibrating spxtom tn quiston possibilities of x The, characrense resonance. The chars ristio form ii. shaactersto form of the resonance eurye is sh is shown in by Bey Te care M a 7 eto M ro ee ian in an experiment on a as| ofS mt (8 aq ne hae era a i Tare e Fig. 132. 53 ten feo: two "point at eens rend nel eet ane Spey Be se frequoncics aed en Fig. 10 Motion of vertical ass of experi Lok of experinana omdaon at aint crash tone of hh Bon Sense on p = Addy Its value if thet nee fase lee peat oes tara te clusions concerning is express the velative agen oF Foe magaitades of toned gt? ‘Howing conay ott DYNAMics STRUSENTS PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS puar Two 1. Por o 4A, (a is appresiahly smaller than 2), p aifers only tightly fom, bethe cents of vibration is close to the lower plane of Mreaiation: The value of p inorestes as Ayo decrease, : 2 for o = hp be ipely Tare, and the foundation wil peor horitoatal vibrations only 7 em foricontss Nig is apprecishly higher then 2,), p approaches zero asyenpioteal uot ie foafdation wil perfor only rotational vbvations Sout tho centre of inertia. “rns shave velationshipe ase represented in Fig. 183, Tee. 9s ahowe the positions of the vertical principal axis of an experiafatal foundation tubjest to various csturbing frequencies, The peritoneal cles evo the arapitades of the foundation abisined Point ae lly whieh cosrepond almost exactly to the caloulated values. _p) INFLURNCE OF THE RCCENTRIG POSITION OF THE MASSES OF TIE FOUNDATION AND THT MACHINE ON THE NATURAL FREQUENCY ‘he simon ese wil be considered, who the ineta cate of the sae ny teed the cen of gavity OF the base pla in ono eae ne ee of the foundation but not on the some vere restate {actos govn the stot of he funiston, ae ae en eae sate conte of gravity of he foundation naraly Be ape r rlinato ext, and the rotational displastment gro the foundatioa. : iat wag on the foundation eset ; ag force al Mrojction of the cosibined weights of machine and foundation Z=-e 2, The horizontal soil reaction X,=— Fx —s9) (81) svhere (#-~ 97) = is the horizontal dleplacement of the contre of grevity St the base plane 4. The vertical reaction of the soil fs %=-C.Fe—#) (285) 1 the displacement of the centre gravity ofthe base flan projected om the verse ‘The moments due to extornal forces are: 1a) the moment of soil reaction duc to the vertical load where (¢ — «9) Mn Oe (286) 4) the moment of the horizontal soil reection about the axis y M,=6,Fle—s4)s (207) NCEE Gr coMPCTATION TON acme rousnsons ns | ¢) the menieat resulting from the vertiad soll reaction Mw C, Flee stg) a, (288 4) the moment censed by the soil x Atelacment ofthe Foundation by eghe gestion #10 she rotational i My=~C,19 (288) ‘The differential equations desesibin, foundatan ie emo 1g the natural vibrations of the mi 40, Fa—C, Fg = (290) mE +O, Fe ~C,Feg = . ‘ (201) OF CB LCT QC FOLGE NG ~C,Fee=0 (292) Fig. 145,16 the aching mass dsp ole of salve © wth eurvoe aad Bae ay the osertetion e-Malacal frequencies f the sytem iifter invodvcing the assumed coefficients A and B the solution of the differential equation yicids a fregaenegenttt equation yields the following expression for the severe, Fen — 4) 0 a (293) where i Gm Fis Ty = the natural frequencies for # = 0, ae FAURE er a oe Ain hn Bonet eure eam taba 2 se pn fe ct ces es gt el from the values of 7, 78 and 2 derived for tb gig tt HE Thus fr such foundations the expreiosCHAPTER XI THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FOUNDATION VIBRATIONS ‘Tho theoretical results dorived in the foregoing Chapter were cbesked and proved by exteusive experiuzonts, These included the control of vertical Vinations, cetermination of the damping coefficient, investigation of TREE vibrations of foundations built on piles, and the study of horizontal vibrations 1, Examination of Vertical Vibration ‘The first experiments to determine the vertical natural and forced -vibravions of foundations wore made by D. D. Barkan and A, Mikbaichul Thad to-d.5 m (13:1 t0 14.8 ft) deep loyer of sandy clay soil flooded by Groundwater. The water cover on the foundation was 20 to 30 em (7.9 to FG) The experiments were made with large foundations, the base areas having been 2.0, 4,0, and 8.0 m? (21.5, 43.0 and 06.0 gt). Camparien of eee and oberon via ms jal froponciee of am experimental Results of the experiments are compiled in Table 18, Natural vibra~ tions wore calculated by the aid of the cuelficient Cyobtained by experi- ments mado with static loads, : ‘Fig. 130 shows the resonance curves of, foundation having bare area of fm! (96.0 sqft), The data were taken at various eccontricitios ¢ fof the vibrating machine. Expeiments ike the pre gain. Suolow one great a tesults are summarized in Tablo 19. Compariton of ealedeted and observed seticl ne periontl Table 2 indicates i In there thevedioates the results obtained by experiments oa loess eo tural vibration: prtural vibrations generated by a single forced vibr | atone caused by a vibrating machine my clay wo tural fraqences of emalt 68 0a a5) out by D, D. Barkan saturated With water is were Verified against the actual Dlow and, pe el ee ee Fig. 137. tect of saping on the Tike ro jsuance enrve af a fousdation teting (the sa 1 aces carve 2 te one of "foundation embeded Sm the soll etree rata fies chest were determined. a215 son preaaes names tobe SEERISTMT ica Sheer shed by Seeeptable her mee guste Obtained ape of neg a Serie esple sie the detpng etn ohn a sae ake Fae ee rotten onthe soll thus the damping ffst of the ell ould act only on the base arcu A comparison a fair agreement between Compariny af wcimntt ol bainelby tr ets with iret dee nee ior [aioe] ean jo ao Vise] ue | se | ae xo | amy | 4a | tee] giao a | $45) 88 | ms | nat | ae BIS | ae | us | ast IB) ES Re RS | | 0 | 43.00 | rein | 685 | 2: Eprom te Deon ier 2 wearing in the range_of hte 24 show the deaping costiient appearing ithe ra teeouanse, for osu Touation Revets of experiment relating to the damping cfFcint Sendy cay, satarated wih ae iy, water setrated Stan Whittlesey Fieeriaed deme, Tigilted sand coun. xt ‘HG exerameNTiL STUDY oF BoeKDARON viRRATIONS 1 ‘The value of the damping coclsiet depends, pos whither the foundation wt complatey cbedge deans squad on i Resonan:cuverctaeed hy npeiaont nega ing the ference are shown in Tig. 187. Cave Loree ett of s foundation lad on the vay while curve Bcosespos feng gmbndded 3 mates (6.568) into the sa On eons ae aneate® 4 sppeens that for embedded foundations, daspieg by the ee esa, OM 25 Himes — gretor than with a foundation siaily eo Damping is ala increase by ground-water instead of soil. The em surface which tranefors energy is ji iPeecaperimental evidence at our dispoeal leads t0 the conclusion Tee eas etllty coeticeats of the sil were comeatiy steer oe gee ag is of theoretioalaseussptins, then the dlforance Between soe ea, Yibeatlonal suphtudes, even in the aune af serene not be grester than 10 to 20 per eent, woud to a large extent, into the soil or is 3 Examination of Vibrations of Foundations Built on Piles vertetuts of investigations are compiled in Table 22 driven into groy, fine-grained, eaturated seed sea bet computing iereatl Retaral feequencies of foundations the The calesisced aris considered to include only the mass of the farctatiee ny Galulaed natural Sequenciss were found ta'be soc ees ume an the values sbtained from experiests, a fee The piles were Bsperimertat resis sn cerca natural freuen of fosndatins but on pies “Faiee | mene Le et img | rome [e Tan) Rte ta pe el ee lage | | | "Ex fe] eat Heo 2G 238 ss | 98h | dee Tae + Experimental Stady of Hosizoutal Vibrations Forced vibrations cau experimental ‘oundation har on brown elay, The res force were ctudied on an wing # base area of 4m! (43.0 sq.ft) and built ance curve is shown in Fig, 132,ae ote pywasacs NSEREMENES, FUNGIPLES OF ANS pam T80 ‘the experiment has proved that at points coresponding to principal fa RE saptode ektdenly tocenn ond vesonsnee freguamcles hes necessary for the Geterminstion of Cy were omitted Bore Sate eeate and therefore the exteut of agscemeht betwnen exe his emp eained and calevlated 2 and 2p fqueneiee could not be Rtablished. direct Hahed drwety nts were, made with foundations built on loess soil foes PPE and G, were also determined and thus the,cslew: in shih the vee pifucies fy and Zq was rade possible, The principal lnion of he alned by calvlation and Sxpesimest are shown i Table 23. sear con thet they are i satisfactory agreement, acd by pinipl freon of funny snd by eel a eee Pron foie? aie nt oe ASE poe | PES MS oa | ase | amo | ste Mio | ase | THD | 13g Eo | duo | lino | oa ian | Bon | ero | a Experiments in goveral prove that theoretical concepts agree with, dhe repo Ur taloulation for dree-standing foundations, setording to the ‘possihilites of shaping. PART THREE STRUCTURAL DESI SIGN AND ANALYS! MACHINE FOUNDATIONS a& cians onapreR sar YOUNDATIONS FOR MECHANICAL HAMMERS L. Types of Constructions Mechanical hammers are of two types: 4) tuners Given by s/moter oer a transmaion, 3) seem and ar hese A slasifention into dcop, stasa and pneventic hammers ts ao Below we all deal with vavious designs of haute belonging to these tro pes, 4) HAMOIERS DRIVEN AY A MOTOR OVER A TRANSMISSION aig dive mechanism of these hammers is eoustructod so thet the issgn of motor will not suffer fiom shock, ‘To achieve thet the Sonblng of the Ronny and the transmission must be daconeectette oe some device ensuring elasticity must be inserton, 4) Helve Hammer The heamcr Black i aed by a i? wich i GSS wo the base by spin Th movement of the holve eager s gee 2 the base BRS pe cel Rats (ey Tate Pan hanes aan frome hasty Pg 38). ve hams yee sonia eed water whe bot tow more pode snes opera ') Friétion Hammer sith this hammer (Fig. 19) the head ie mounted on a vertical flat diy Between wo rotating cylinders the distance of which con’ he ace n be engaged betweea the cylinders hy 'a manuslly oy fet sheeatea loves 99 saising it vo the required height. At thi o ar ibe neo speach of the hammer head a device sttoiatically sapartnee ae Gzetors, andthe head fale trely. Foundations for this ype ane anh large conorete blocks, €) Belt Hammers veh pautcs head i a vertieal guides is raised to the required height by a belt passhg over arotating puley. Ifthe banile at tae aoe ae eetIbaiamer hes is pulled, the the belt and rotating pul used for this type. ‘This type is petween the driv ing ac ig, 198, Sketch of 3) Scent bane 3 & Foundation: ayer must be pow ieperaments te. which ean be ache fork layer in a rein eo" ave visually additional damping of vibrato ad will be raised by. 4) Spring Hommer cbaracterined by a damping device (steel spring) ins ‘chaniem and the haromer. Fig. 199, Batten sk ames, font hamme raade of raft mei Seer see hy fonmtaton in ted ange akon to poten ey hy scones cord terete ough ley, Foundations of plain consrete are ty ibe se of the friction between, ‘omnonly stalled yy huft. etion hammer merete blocks, If the ibration-absorbing cork be vieloity of seasitive e cork against moisture, both the foundation and the | ®) Ajax Hammer With this bomaier (Fig, 140) the lenis ‘pi in the mide. One end af she penny gee Pring is sup sta of te ammer andthe othes chateau ‘The force of the blows ited b Jerted by i goided Dish rod operated by ss eens acd bh foi ee ca sah feumdaton ot reinfreet or gin Sone, heepREg Homies, Ly yyyy Yigg iy Fig, 0. Ajax bammee J) Air Cushion or Pneumatic Hammers are described below, Foundations of prostatic hammers ar i concrete block type. Gbjotonabe bration tnd enforcedss Me kK SG, CQ KK cy 1g cork layer. Sometimes, abo by inserting on ; ing ecu othe hamunce bend sage xo nealy dame See ant ung daring de porte tooo imdl ape Ii iy ances oe os a Late nent oun the plato a be went arp have on spon son ee vented to the ie 20 I oeween the two pistons Is Xeoktey’s tammer-is « modification ‘of Arms’ baimee, Here the aie chamber hetwesa the tira pistons is divided inte two pen warceec et ane gnother by 4 val. The longitulinal axay of the tee ein ee oe pts te ue anothes at shout 30% The strength of he low toute ghee by dnecting the aie through the valve into dash ty Biché's pneumatic hanmer, The bamasr ee aie acting fiom below and by vacuum hom a Sines ellod edociosctng hansaer Tee ty in oylinder which is compressed nected to the evcent “a Bestia ender. The space Det in 0 SS tmonphere cbrough a valve26 DESIeN AND ANALYSIS OF MACHNE FOUNDATIONS anes 1B) STEAM AND AIR KAMDIERS ‘With hammers of this kind the head and eho piston ero on commen ng rods Theve homers are of co general lies forging hammers, 8) counterine hemaers a) Porging Hammers Porging stoam hammers are, as a rule, more powerful. Their foun- ations must be designed accordingly, and are mostly of the block type, of Feinforoed conctete, According £0 the damping required, the foundation 143, Foondation ofa elebt-ton steam hamreee, Betwoon lover and upper tos 2 Hrapcacion G8 Sopovts again Intra motion sea wth caning device ‘can sither be placed directly on the soil or shock absorbers can be inserted. Vibrations can be damped hy a layer of cork or rubber, yet properly di- mensioned steel springs are the most effective solution. 'Nasmyth's steam hammer. In this device the steam is used only to raise the hammer head by admitting it below the piston, the space above Communicating with the atmosphere. Since the hammer falls by gravity, ‘the design is intended for a heavy hammer head falling a considerable ‘stances In general, this type is used for heavy foreing "Delen's steam hammer is double-acting. Here steam can be intso- duced ahove the piston to0, to increase the effect of the blow, This Rammer hhas a single stand, so that the anvil is accessible from three sides. Double-ecting trein-stand hammer (Big. 142), This hummer, too, uses steam below and abéve the piston; its stand is similar to that of Nasmyth's hammer, 5 | | FOR eraca, aMens a ake east moulds For nickel and its alloys Ib operated by ee Fig 164, Dich hammer with to heads ‘The reinforeed-concs sensors ein rete trough of the ° foundation was ‘cess and inspection for the foi eee 4 nection for the faundation an th vibration rests ‘om robber spe “ apes a spring supports The utger td ows easy Se displacement by one by steel springs, sess to the rubber springs below * ound of the Americon Concrete Tistiue, pp. $21 ty May, 198 of rai, + Mays I se a228 Deaton AND ARALISIE OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS Paervune the anvil, as well as to the sies! springs contzolling lateral motion. Below the lower block there is another set of stecl springs co arranged that they ‘can be removed in groups of nine for replacement. At the bottom of the concrete trough there is « water-oollecting sump for removing condense ‘ond other water. ,, For this foundation, blocks were made of prestressed concrete. Details will be given in Chapter XIX. Before putting the hammer into operation Fig. 145, Electio-pueunatic mechaneal bummer, by R. G. Ross ‘control measurements were made which. gave results in good agreement with the calculated valves 4) Countersink Hammers Coontersink haminee are characterized hy precise operation achieved by an anvil ntegrel with the hammer sand tod by the adjustability of te hemner id dhadvantage is that the anvil suffers very goat stresses which often lead to fractures This dlsadvantagets eliminate by the wae of hammers Eaving two etking parts: With this typo of hammer the svi, foo, ate ome x PouNDATIONS YOR SeeANIOAL Bswuzas 29 ae «hamster hea and the two stsiking ports collide withequl velocities. The syncronization of the hammer hetd is ensured by a thin staat steep, ‘The foundation of a haramor with tvo stsiking parts vas be tales, hoconse the foundation raceives none of the snargy vf the blow. The mst uauel ‘ype of hammer with two hesds is that of Beehé (Big, Iii), Fig. Hé. Fumoeo automatic dcop hesmer A riaforced-concrete foundation must be used for this type too. ing of the vibrations fs likoly to be tveessary only in special caves de... iualisillustrations of two motor-driven hamaers ave shown, Fig, 148 is an electrmpaeumatic ‘mechenioal haniery manufactured by K€, Rose while Fig: 16 shows s selfcoutroling dzop hauser, manufactared2 DESIGN AND AYVALYSIS OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS Parerance 2. Principles of Design The design prinsiples are compiled below on the basis of the Gor. sman standards DIN S15, DIN 4023 Sad the COSI ear! ‘he ental srengement of a steam hammes is shows te Fig. 17. The guiding prinpte for shooting the welgh of forms ad aE of a steam bamnee ip of lata pads wil be given fm the seston dealing with methods of Sslealation, Afr having atvareined the tne of fauadatinny areas fated: Fora stnia hammer the foundation ust bee oeicere chee he centre li of the anvil ie an the vertnl ino pacsge teach ee centro of the foundation, Eecoatric mounting my ceaee the hese ‘orotate and the homer base ts tle Cig di : Because ofthe high etessen the foundation must be of rinforeed oun {OUNOATIONS YOR MECKASTAL HastENs 2a Where the enviroment is uot susceptible to the tranemission of vibration, foundations may bo placed deed oa the With this arrangement tle specifications of DIN 4028 call for a physiological strocs-stely below Kom ove Table 54 on p. obo). Seek Frequnces higher te § op eceur in i Gabi S4 on PG. Sine be competed secording to instructions of the specification fom the eng ubrating velocity », expreseed in tmeee (infos) unite For ternen ee tions K'= 0804, while for horizontal onee K~- Ole Thee she pk wohrating velocities corresponding to k= 9 aze 3. mauace tole mine) and 4.7 ninjser (0.185 infos) for vertial aad Morisoued cikestonn oo spectively. Complinace withthe requirement K 23 i (oad arses gen QO» are observed: beat 85 m (115 ft) with hammers up to 2 tm (14,400 Ib ft) energy pér blow 50m (164 ) with Ratamers up to 12 tm (87,000 ia Ih ft) energy por blow i th forging hammers of 12 to 22-tm (87,000-22,000 Ib f) enezgy per blow t Showd exceptionally smaller distances be Fis. 18, Becenticty scdopted; iis Imperetive to ensure thet Re ef heed ‘The spplication of a vibration-damping layer : Sejow the anvil or under the foundation is edvieable, When applying a Yibration-damping layer’ below the snvil, care should be taken nese Uniform distribution of the loading: furthermore, the layer should. he Sdequetely protected ogainst water, oil and the like, and, by approptiacs measures lateral swelling should be prevented, Hf corsis used for damping vibration, the foundation should be placed in a reinforzed-concrete trough. The space between the foundation acd the fide walls othe trough must either be filled with some colt elastic material a gn sh sep must be left. When deciding on the dimensions of the cals Ralls, both the impact of rhe foundation and the tensile stress due to soil ‘ietion aloxg the side walls should be taken into considerstion jibe material used for pads beneath the envil is uoually oak or hard fait The peds made of wood are beams of crosesection from 10s 10° ta 20X20 em (44 to 8X8 in) Inid horizontally a ono or two rows. Trey: ace then assembled to form platforsas and are fixed together transveredly by serews at 04 to 1.0 m (20 to 40 in) centres, The beams are impregnated with preservatives to protect them ageinst the effeets of moisture: The thicknees of the pad siust be chosen s0 that its stresses are within permissible limite as given or next page 80 m (258 fe) * Se sho pp. 605—506 for the radil of the vibration sanes for bammes,20 Sati mito wt fr madam set ng secorting te DIN 1052 a font ge, cena at ag [2B | Moduli of elasticity are: Sas [Bena ‘Asrors the grata 75800 10109 orale to fhe grain | v= sno jg tone Jutta Flt may be recommended for its higher clasicity, £ = 600 up the coer (21500-85500 Iya BE stress — depending ups, fhe characteristics of the mares” employed — may be doubled af sree Pared with oals Mle and! dynomite wil stresses mivet ack Where adjaccut straight line connectin form 5 Wimeasions of the base area of the anvil, 5: Weight of the Rammer without. macy topelier sith the sel eas be asewad tebe Sanh vee O° Nason stoke oF Elo bo nner 9: Anangement and sw of anchor bolt ae workshop.HAPTER Xa ‘THE COMPUTATION OF HAMMER FOUNDATIONS 1, Introduction Hammer foundations abould be des effzcte on nearby machines and buildings 0 siushd blows transmitted to the aavil and in turn to the foundation, Bo Sales co seduce vibrations; elastic neterils ean be placed hetween the cisiscd the foundation, as wel au elow the foundation block, to obtain {hv ucostany damping: The reduction in the blow muse be sifisiet to Ap Iie atcesos af fouadation and sol within permisible limits, The wse Se Rat pinging is; Roweven timited by the requirement thet vibration Ghamtaglaust mot feduce the officoncy of the henumor to any eppreeible “We sball deal, iret of al, with the thooretcelpeincples of analysis, fetlowed by 2 consideration of the problema concerning ths determination Sr intnaegeat Hequencioe. After determining ths amplitudes — the maxi- ‘Shum valuce of whieh will by established from 2 practicsl poi of view on {he bats of large-scale expetinents (the xenalt of which Have ees tabo. Thad by Barkan) the principles governing the assuaption of the wtelght and the baso area of the fonndation wil be dealt vith ic tomnection ith the lancer, revults of the relevant investigations by Zaller wil bo teseribed and a formula of DIN 4925 will be given ‘Hothods yall hovrafter be given for determining the dynarnie forces together with formulae for proportioning the foundation. Chars eunapasison of Geeevarious sothode of tnalyra, the xeahitity of the seommonted gomputation method will be veried, folewed by Sfotar on the structural devige of hammer foundations gned to eliminate objeeonabe the vibrations uxising from the 2. The Theory of Analysis 44) BASIC COMPUTATION DATA a) Velocity of the Hammer Head on, Impact Forging hamuers ean be classified according to their ection in two groupe: 1. gravity hammers, 21 power hammers. ‘THE couPUTATION OF RaooHER ouNDATIONS 25 The first group inchides drop and frictional. st i singe ae iN Srp incites drop and fotonal steam hammers and ‘The velovity of the hammer head falling freely is: aay (294) the deop height, 1 he gravitational acceleration, m/sec? correction factor characterizing the resistance of the exhaust Steam, which for « well adjusted hems i Ene iW adjusted hamuser dfs but slightly snap las forge hammers are all doxbleacing. io. the stam orth eomprossed air acts on the hammer head not only daring the lift, but ales Ssng al Wh suck bam the slosh of ae beets ed a? yg | COIR un | PEGE DTN ¢ where 5 a whee = the sirokeym (in) f= fhe sen ofthe pistons (gin {he mean pressure on the pity toto ton? (Us eq 6, = the Week of she emu head metic oe (ge AD 1 & corretion factor forthe resistence af the tee Valuss of the correction factor found by exportmont wary & t0 00, In oaoalatone an average of 8 can be takeas yn OS or pheumatic and eaes homoaere the drop height is ealeules from the ebergy of impact (E4) a4 followes | SSP Bete eee! (296) ‘The energy of impact, expressed either in metre frum is lensed by she mechenical engineer or macufattarer: Ie seer teeter the muy of imps ye compat toe veel of the seepage ye 05). Wah be ely ny ecrag to + i, (291) and hence, with 2 «hj = Ba. we have ¢ Ey = Gy hy = MG; + Pf) (298) Consoquently Hy can be'compnt. oth, Pammeaugnty Ho am be compote es «funtion of Gy ftom the values * For compating the energy of impact ace also W, esrmsan (1954).236 Dow AND ANALYSES OF NACE FOUNDATIONS pana mente, 8) The Initial Velocity of the Movement of the Foundation Let us now'éxamine the case of a vertical eotentrie blow, esvamin fist there is a0 elastic pad under the envi. The foundation eed ae form one body and the blow fs ecsontsie for ene seiniont plaae of the foundation. Tot us assume that the momentaae rorae ts My vg + mo which tho hammer head rebounds from where jy = the velocity the foundation m =the mass of the foundation and the anvil 2 athe initial velocity of the movement of the foundation. Since the momentum of the system is equal before and after the blow img yg = My oy 4 mo (299) ‘Together with the downward motion, the foundation suffers, owing to the ferentric low, a rotational movement as well the saomeat of wich cee he expressed a mata: = my Yee + Op (00) he momen of incttia about the rotetional axis of the 288 of foundation and anvil the eocontricity of the blow, and F & the initial angular velocity of rotation of the fvindetion. To determine the theee unkzowns in the above two squations, an additionsl equation must be established This equation te derived from Newton's law, according to which at {Bs collision of two bodies moving in opposite direcons the fleain nig ity of motion is greater before thon aber the ingecss The meee eee, ‘elative velocities depends only on the inateril of the bodies Le tee eiare vafier the Blow fe BC egg tas thew velocity Ceaen va (301) hore J = officio of clson, From the above three equations the following expressions ne ob ‘aim fr te inal veloides Ute moto ee va tth (20) Tea et atid +h) (202) Hat med a0 and. é (20s For & central blow (306, and 1, depending upon whether ihe colliding bodies ave of aces temperature of the Sis ued for stan ping. With forging Seen tales (k= 0.35). When Pring ace Seine fay Tg TR Sti tr han teh as wee 3) THE DETERMINATION OF XATURAL PREQUENGRES sega ie fod Se ae dda th aE is permisted only if ieee open the foundation, gil we will consider an example ies springing beneath % tansidered as a single con le mess. In this instance, a singles erate ved on the anvil it 7 aoa), eI A ey a equation cf the vertical ri will then be a Ha .20 Desa AND ANALY OF MACHINE PouNDsTIOSS ——_yaRE-MMREE where + = the, vertical displacement of centre of inertia of foundation and anvil 2 = the square of the vertical naturel frequency of the foundation: (308) Here the factor of uniform compression of the soil, metric ton/m* (joxsin) = the base area of the foundation, m (sypi = mass of foundation and stand, metric ton seo!/m (Ib seein). “Sh e Fig. 169, Schemacie seragement of Fig. 150, Schematic arrangement of ‘Sondetion with vipdly fsa enol! Seine, sacs se ayee Bete P Solving the equation the maximum amplitade is obtsined as (309) In order to protect the eonorets foundatioi, an slate layer of hard ood or hard {elie uewally placed under the anvil. A. twomese vibrating tom is thus obtained (Fig: 190), Below the foundation either she sol is ‘gs an esing o seve tndelayn, each a cnk o esl springy ‘With a vibrotion-absorbing lnyor under the aavil, i in permissible to consider, under conditions commonly encountered i practice, angle tate baing apnea whet the eight of she founda considerably areater then that of the anvil (the latter being mich heavier than the bead) Sind furcher where the springing due tothe cil or the ati layer if anyr is'much softer than that of tae anvil. Strictly speaking, however, we obtain 8 bwoumass vibeating system ee shown in Figr 190. cue tt ‘nvr cows Tamtont oF mmnunn eoespanione me ‘The ccrreepouding differential equations of vibration are: +45 —ely—a)=0 @10) ingly bale ~ = 0 ew where 2; and y= the displacement of foundation and anvil, m (in). "The mes of the foundation, in metric ton sectjm (lb sec4in), & ™ 312) and that of the anvil ® & (313) é where Gy the weight of the foundation with stand, metzic ton (1b) the weight of the anvil, metric ton (Ib. ‘The’ enefficiont of rigidity of the pad under the foundation, in metric tonjm (Ubfin}, aC, dy where Fy = the base arca of the foundation, m* (sqft. or squiu) and that of the pad under the anvil ;, : % + G5) oF 1s) where Fy = the base area of tlie pad, m* feq.ft or sin) b* = the thickness of the pad, m (ia) Ez, m= he mols of entity ofthe pads metre tom oq). ‘The frequency of the anvil, for an immobile Toundation, is he (316) whore Ay md" iy = the principal frequencies 2S Sue Of the so-called limit frequencies of an aavil on ‘rigid foundation and with'a rigidity of cy. Aocrtagy we enutione of Ege (B10) aad (i) ace im) (318) (319) and 2 320) tn . (820)20 DESHON AND ANAL of aiken ‘The above principal nataral fequenct ‘ ly ueving the tllowilg equations nn 2 1 Ta ous Be obiiand Baa DAMIR + + mB =0 my jegpe__ Ane Fig 151. Nibrationdlgnam of varios foundations and aie lt of nm ne 04). Anpte emm ) Here J, is the othor limit frequs conncti 2 tthe oer limit frequency, axsuming the anvil is vgidiy squat whe foondation, anv drag having’ Constante acts under a (622) m ae (323) coxa ah rt cosoram0N OF HAVOEER FOUNDATIONS an or appraing the main natural Frequencies abtained, valuable, For ee se ig. TS] constructed vith dats published by Barkan formation PPS foundations resting om the sil. The vibration ampli> for io ae owe bad, afer 02 seep — owing to damping —~ ai tudes due 0 9 implies thet the dampiag ovt of the vibrate could pnighed to 10F- Thawonuy of 200 per sine Coveequently it can safely be one a eeurad frequency is ise than 190 per minute, tbe assomed hat vier val equency cao be omitted, So, for example, for determinate ao (were she murber of blows amounts to 60 of 80 per 2 De ae can be designed with sufficient safety without {etermaing the natural frequency. mining (he tment delivering 250 or re Blows per minute are ene es aeeP' dh aprings between the foundation block and the tel Teulon BA? Chapter KI om p. 252), According tthe Corman Standard ea DEN A035) the naturel fgueney of theee shosld not Be Speciicatons Coeuplo of the mumber of blows pet mslowte; one-and-a-balf 4 whale nae ee blow. wil be satisfactory. The atu frequency aa ee ithe ye at fonrt 30 per cont les shes, she suber of Mow. a prcferaly be Sirng foundations the natural requency js usually eee Ses REED wdtoe ofthe highest nutaber of Blowe per minute, ¢) THE DETERWUNATION OF AMPLMUDES ‘The amplitudes of the vibration of the eavil and of the foundation are! given ae solutions of the iffeential Eqs (620) ane (811) by Eas GinPand (31), In order to mect practical requirements, these formule Can be exprened in the following ways “hisplitude of vibration of the foundation: aa EFA rystaae ey Amplitule of vibration of the anvil (325) it is assumed that the pad under the anyil does not influence the vibrational sapitudes of the Foundation and that the vibrations of the TRG Hepend neither on the clastio properties of che mass of the foundation sayipa die sol under it, vibrational amplitudes of foundation and anvil ‘an be determined from the following equations: “mplitade of the foundation is CF RIG yr GG 26) 16 A, sje Pia hr Meh aon oy any ANKLES OF ACRES POUTTDATIONS PAN THREE the weight of he hammer bead the woight of the anvil Go TBS Wein ofthe foundation including the stom where Gp = the coelfctens of impact vi; = the velooity of hammer head. ‘Phelamplitude of tht anvil ss wn EK) Gotae en “4 Gi, nd (32), show only avery small divergence “hecordingly, both equations he used. comparison of vibrational amplitudes eoenaved by menns af difirent emutions ' oss | ons a! out | os 6am | 950 864 104 oy oan | 038 bp) THE DETERMINATION OF PERMISSIBLE, VALUES OF AMPLITUDES tne amplitudes of vertical natural vibresions of hammer foundations se ee cae dercly danped bythe wl Tee however ene Sdoarines athematenly Decene tet values dapenon several factors Bega the properties ofthe soi tho steetur of he Fondation. its postion PeSAO bie Re Eupes ete, Phe iathuense of the above factors on the wert vent ou of the Rgundation hes thas been determined by Investigating For ate tite revealed that the yibation curves difer fom the damped tine surve (Fig. 1S1)- This a turd, shove thatthe foundation and Seem sogether form a scl ose involved system shan was assume he deduction of the equations of vibration eae, ‘Te, coueusarioN oP aasiven FoENDATIONS 23 On the basis of the vertical vibrations of the foundations investigated, the perminble upp lini st bvatond acta eames 12 inn (0.06 to O05 ia), eee eee cere Wh forndtins Yotng om sand bel pomistbe ampaten e . a reg thes iverigatons ters and further thatthe vibrational amplitules of anvils wero much higher than those of the fotundations, The fectvoe ‘usin amplader oF a a a enaasons. The Friel tn mm (2068) ke of 2 et Hoa ott) ls buer oot than essen 30 1a GANS ‘Tage vibrational amples of the anv cose 4 «consequence of overdimensionedundeslaye, The thieknens af the adie conus of the wbytonal ampli ofthe ede at eneed i eon Pea wa Teles comple onthe bust of te sone Sach cies He mation for the thickness of pads, ihe ff low the ground-water table the 4) THE DETERMINATION OF TR ACTORS OF ELASTICITY ‘he characteris curves of vibrations of foundations belong: a8 xe: gards their shape, to the group of aperiodic curves: From these the tro inn fomencee 3, and Ze of tas colon vidos ete ea ode foundacve cond aot be determined In my cate They gested mea the obsecvation of vibrations at the lower principal fequeney 2, only Thickness of pads for hammer anvite S| ro |r fae nan ES] ce | cin fn aelan anlar an Bamiion ...». | azo] 9055 |20-0.60|0.65~1.95|960~1.001 1953.30 As mentioned above, Bigs (317) and (316) can be expressed slso in the form of Bey (24) and (328). Te ratio beeen the avo Sopades ge 8 ® where roats of By end Gyr toe mn [tats] [uae [| tees aa e+ | | a] ou ax] aeeae | 164-40 rE] # SB) gad | BENE g] is aa] ie Bb 2] ta ia * eacite tel ia ie s | ae ue wi sa) Ba ra | ths wa) 78 ue B | Lue oh) is | tie ba) a ie | Las ta | Be Me ra tae) 8 ie ta $i) fe ie Bm] is bee) RAN | SEI Ho] oi 08) Hae | DUE If B and the principal lower vibrational frequency 2, are known, the aquare of the limit frequency of the anvil, 2f enn be caloulated from the characteristio curves reecrded for the anvil and the elastic modulus of the pad under the anvil can he obtained from EP, eee bm, By further investigation both the second (highos) naturel freguoncy and the limit frequency of vertical natural vibration for the entire systea (A) can he determined. 28) (32) Py getter 4 (830) Atayl—y If 2 is known, the expression e- OFL ey mm tm allows the factor of uniform compression to be determined. “Table 26 givos the characteristic data for hammer, obtained by the ahove method Covent Gy contained in the tables are onsiderably higher then the average values, indicating that there are factors affecting the vibrational amplitudes of foundations, which are not taken into account by the theory, Such a factor is eng. the effect of the inertia properties of the soil, which Gan be, expecially te regards the natural vibrations of foundations, con siderable. cious Lanter foundations zea Has te i | puee Hei | Mae bee | ches SHS | fae REI | ieee ak | ume hos | Sata) Ei | st SENG | eeu facie | pee) ESS | be HES | ERs Te was found experimentally that the factor of uniform compression should be assumed higher for calculating uatural vibrations of hamamer foundations than for calculating those of other machines, ie, Cane, (332) where k, the coofficient of correction, shoul be 3:0 to 3.5. F) PRELIMINARY DETERMINATION OF WEIGHT AND BASE AREA FOR HAIER FOUNDATIONS The most important requirement when designing hammer foun: dations ie thet the vibrational amplitades ofthe aundatoe should he waka See Foveiole at Thc Shocks of he Bie Wada ih eee In ntighbourng struciatee. Its important further tha’ the lnad eeseases to the soil should be less than the allowable soil stress, ie. oa 4e4, (333) fuceey (394) TE the value of the allowable snap ie taken as 1 mm (10-8 (0.04 in) thea the imequality (333) can be written, wit Sa (326), into the form: cperiuee) 2 ae KG aged Weer (333) where 6=6,2%, oud the dimensions are metric tons, metres and seconde245 Desion AND ANALESS OF NACHINE FOUNDADIONS PART THAR ‘The base area and the weight of the foundation can be determined by Eq. (335). (36) Crese) (337) For the weight of foundation corresponding to unit yeoight of the hammor bead Eq. (337), divided by yields n (338) where G39) and 7 (340) In the above equations correction factor k and the reduction factor a should be 8.0 and 0.4, respectively. Tavroducing: Jeeon we have O(1 +) Pe ~ (341) Patting wy in fefeec into'equation (341) we gots ym BSL Bh 844 — ty Fgstend of thn oficins 0 (25) apie in TY-50-49, the valve 7.0 (2.2) is suggested by N. V. Pavlyua 2 adaee En er vaso tease eindatons ae somped. aur Barkan in Table 27. As to he seen, average valve af mes ee, 80 ta ae In foundations whose height is small, compared’ to the horisentel dimensions, and which use litdo moteriah as e.g: large. block fomdatons, the velue of n, is-between 10 and 120, Tt should bo mentioned here that for extended foundations of shallow depth the went et aes eat ebove the foundation must also be taken into: consideration, fey oon i ae : | Stamping boners |. Double-afng for stamping sect 2-Deop hanes, a) foe nel 5) fr ote ele Porgig hamwoses Be Diving ol des of enation 26) hy Gy and it vo.ttee, taba aret echo kadaon weapon eg a ied 1 oe ad bined na "a eOth) With k= 3.0 onda ot foe MEK Patting vy; in fijseo, and.c, in Ih/sqett into Eg, (343), we have paid hing ee * Table 28 contains valuce off eloulated for variovs soil types, These [eR te fous othe ca fn a Ser tye Pee eae mata, oie and with @'= 25 glom® (96 Lfogin) the eases [alee of Fpl be approximately 9° m= (A000 opin) Lae gen eae Numero: Fr lege Bleck foundations stlg slay — heen 4 mt (10,800—12,500 agin) should ue The accesenry * foundation SOBRE and bate ares computed gy described abeve define at the cone Tasocts [saat aia time also the beight of the fousan Soe | SESS tion, “The Teight thus obtaieal : sbeald nie be less then he ante ‘mum values Zivon bel Whore, ‘in order “to protect buildings” or delicate equlpmest from vibration, the dynariic ovenatues of couffiiont Fe er) ‘yao ace ‘plog Sammars ionble-sting (ot ‘sine te) So | sor [9 4 | ora |sects | at sun jie 8s} Mobo | 55-32 ‘ies J 6 2s] oat) 2s-1s| s-36 Deteeccre > E | PS ssog banners se pedog evvveee | tn. | pane Pog PERE) RSS | Se oc] Sis | SH | as=3 | armae| Soko | see Seep harness di must not exceed half the static load, the following fermole, ier (Bauing. 1984. p. 402) can be applied, provided the anv undation are rigidly conuected: Coin _ fE nate ]RE ove see 6, a whe af he bes 6 pa tee Pah eS ee 5h Sate oo cat 0 Ny a see the dn nel oe shore, if the damping Soefficent « ix lower than.0.6, smaller yeight ooo peers Md fae 003 to Od, the optimum reduction will be 22 per fon3, “Shother formula Se given by sho German Specification, (0% 4025) soe ae ation of the iainimum weight of the foundation Hook fog the, deter ig aeparated from the latter by a vibration-damping Iayer- This formala is: eo ‘He GinoeemoN oF mascueR Po 2» eee Seca ley of he lead le proind heey oy ik GE ro dam ‘action hammere damp out vibration more quickies Seemed oy THE Dy PPTERMINATION OF THE DYNAMIC FORE és Dynamie force steossee depend on agers Proportional to the ampli tigidity coefficient oe i — continent aes ‘The internal ained by ultipiviog these sot, tmdetlay. The ds characterized by the ‘dae by ulin hve to vee Tee Sota reco be oe yet FF Siete Stes ae WP hela ERY be kee BF any (ent per a gee HCTSSGE DER gens ates cticly clei We dynamio farce act 'ynamio foree acting under the anvil will be P= u (Ay Ale oan, U8 a0 Raab BP aaa Ha Fig. 168, Force Py plot paler nn PE om 1 ploted agains the soba cteegy of tnpeny 1 rat of 205 1 ae bees ang gsht OF thewhile that under the foundation wil be Prana clastic damping dey amplated damping layer cannot be deter ropertior of the contemplated dene om ihe diagram Jn Reis, Dae eben Les ecu pine eae head. 0) te ae a ee “re beinan pie syn agen Se Sel de 2 cthaet system tobe fainly insignificant. piareerers vam, of reinforcement gam i Semen th ecm ‘Fg, 154 Boude on foundation a ody in Sections T—T, respectively I, sre at, = Fe oh ene Pe ON" FaB\ 2 snd By (Bat aa en (350) Mum saat e } il must be provided ‘The shear forces acting on the perighery ofthe anvil must be provided forvement or binders, for by means of inclined steel is AB—ab G3 Tah Aynamie force P,- ‘The coil stress will be computed on the basis of the ay ous xa {TW cosipurattoN OF HasaBK fousoAoNs ai 4) DUCEXSIONING ILAMMER FOUNDATION WHtH SPRINGS BETWEEN FOUNEATION AND THE SUBSDIL Sei onditons or ather local cccumstances may lini the permiesible vibrational amplitudes, In sila cases damping avers ode cer ee Provided Eelow the foundation, Those const of sal cpeiney sete fates ov snbellded in the elastic layer Jn practice the reduction ofthe vibrational amplitude of foendations {rn achove by iconany the pda ay of oendations rede an amplitude to one thid, the foundation waht wood hong Re devices form, however, a aystem having twe de, Je of which consat of the resent coil and the steel peiags, Poe pees By Guendues wibsational amplieudes of tho fousdarion unter thotseiee BY the correct choice of the fouridation mate, above them and sf Ihe soft 2ness of the eprin Ay fttt approximation s system having one degree of freedom ‘howl be sssumed: The amplitide of the anvil and the fonedation i thon according te Eq. (327), grees of freedom, the springs Aya Veg, =G where a = a coefficient depending on the c Cbd Gry Ye of the part of the foundation above the (352) cteristios of hammer: (352) Denoting the elastic travel damping device by f., we obtain: (354) Aceording to opositcativus uf DIN 4025 the permisible dustc travel heuld be linited ahd depends upon the metho of soeecion nae ee fderation being given to accident haearde. The damming Kevee ey dimiting vibrsional amplitades and actasional secondary ohbreteee yo a, A higher degree of datnping shoull be poovilct ine nsec or lon Esters having’ natural frequency fone thas ie ectiee of blows pet inate, so that vibrations shoul be checked mie nasake With fe specified, the approximate weights of the act chee ee ‘SPrings and the total stiffness of the damping device can be salenlovea ee Eqs (352) and (354). ie neast DESIGN AND ANALYSI OF MACKINE FOUNDATIONS PART THREE fon below the springs can be determined by structural requisements, (See the values of ny, Seotion 2F.) ‘Titer the weights of the foundations the amplitudes for « two-mass system with to degrees of Freedom should be computed. Thir computation EME be carcied out on the basis of Eqs (317) and (816). Re Uificioncy of the haminer must not be reduced by the damping devices, ‘Thus for the coefficient of stiffness of the part above the springs «the following inequality can ‘be waitten: ace The mase of the foundati 2s) ing device. cf applying to a structure without dempi 3. A Comparison of Computation Methods for Hammer Foundations and the Recommended Course of their Caleulation ‘The ast papers of hammer foundations were writen by Reusch (1928) od nie Pe sme by: Lindenan (1920) wee suggested the provision 0 and Be {2G nday beneuta hamanor foundations. A Slscusion with Paviyuk aoe Oud ppe2s) and 251). He attempted to Hint the weight of the Fe rea aPe auanner to present the latter from being Blted from ite Foundat he vibration, flowing a bow. Although hammer foudstione support BY te Srawa meses; nanely the savil ond the foundation, and censin wee em one of which is ender the avi, and the other under Teer estan these investigations will be cactied owe for & sngleemast a raaecserel to the base susinoe ofthe foundation and fey second single: Se eee Gated to the Bearing rurface of the ancl. ‘These simplified mass yee Earn justiied wales the following requirements are met: Pee ae Prof he hommer head must he consigerably seller than, shat of the anviland the weight of the anvil must, in turn, be consdecsbly FSS ian ia of the foundation. oF TE aithut vibration-absorbing layer undor the foundation must be esasidershly softer then that installed Below the, anvil ery setunption made in tie rather ciple compstation method 12° FAIR blow il have been damped ovt ie ae ben the next blow tales place. This requirement wil he met by the ie Tncuvural frequency of the foundation it at lent three times sr figh as the speed of the blows. ti speed Pinions experiments and lergescale research works he consis of uhich wore published in Berkan's papers and books between Boe etl Suin ilaid down thatthe amphitades of the natural vibrations 108s a foundations must not exceed a cortain determined value, The ce aiejce see computed on tho basis of 8 Swowmass system, ee ieulie cansot be computed accurately since the damping ee eee aglected. Investigations of various existing hammer rect ol eee Seluted the naturel vibrational amplitudes of the foundation founder neaced by verous factors, such as the pad ander the anvil, the Lowen socioArONS ay Heoge of the tlh ote. nd that ies mathematically fmpanibie to eos glut ofthe ale yet thc ode of huge see es F oenrate values, In general it ean bo aeuined thet there tay be tudes is eulllsient for coneeterteoment, te ack of ecurate ronal ee syiausiderd a shortcoming of this computation mathads faa Pt ting the amplitudes, the determination of th Semeing fhe of sgalficance, Alon fr tamer vetng diet on Bes ini the cto oy ee athe op fo 150 ows Sua te eral mule of fe seal quency tho be ssa Getuiled static method for the dimensioning ofthe foundation. Phe fount ofthe Serminato a thy ed see A AREAS eee af bets undenays, namay ofthat under the hl nth ous Rede he tinder ed omic se op ete sal Sa i Soy Speman pete yale be taken Info teluae in omg ged the weher of the twe-nate apts ne ieee mee one In order to facilitate formule ae? fe eilitate thin we give in tabulated charts where general : isis completed by formulae of ality for the windzose Sioa ani at Coo feces et eae« DESIGN ANo ANALISER MACHINE EOUNDSTIONS PART THREE 4. Compntation of Hammer Foundations 4) COMPUTAMION OF HANMER FOUNDATIONS SET DIRECTLY ON THE En0Us ‘he baie data necearary for the analysis ar the weight ofthe hummer head motre tom (8) thekeia tia e* Re metre) the ted prereure on the piston Bett daft Qbleginy the surface avon ofthe piston Bat tegin) the wee ofthe anvil & mes ton (2) {wig ofthe ato f mote tn (by TES NESE ofthe foundation @ metic ton the bee even oft an fm el) Computation procaine. - 1, The termine! velocity of the hammer head shovld be ealeulsted ” a) for feos fall, Bg. (294) yc VTE eee (Fess) whore = 1.0. 'b} for powered motion (steam, compreseed air hammer), Bq. (295) of 15,8 umn] tea smjoce (fee whore n= 0.65 (assumed average value). 2" Approximate determination of the veight of the foundation: 46 Cee = Gf 810 + bd vm — LES] ton 358) : (1+) = (358) uating ey in fyse0 and 6 fn. Ths Gonos Go| 2501 + hd) Oo 3. Caleuilation of the base area of the foundation: 0+), 6G, Fame at (359) Patting sy in ffsee, Gy in band ix jeg: SAN+ hd yy att) 4, From the above data the actual weight of foundation and the base area (G, and F,) are determined, Fy nee = nae, pe connerixiow be" orn rouNosmoNs 288 15, Whos ealenlating'the vertical vibrations of the foundation, the fizat step i to seloulate the eaefficient of stiffzess of the pad under the anvil, Eq. (15): g, where E, = the modulus of elasticity b° = the thiekness of the pad. 6. ‘The mass of the anvil, Eq. (313): rastrie ton seetjm (Ib sect) 7. The square of the limit Gequeney of natural vibration of an envit resting upon an elastic pad, Bq. (316): Ba 2 weet 8. The coefficient of stifiness of the bedding q@=ClF, — inetric ton/m (Ibjin} (360) Fi =the bate area of the foundation. 9, The square of the limit Trequeney of netural vibration of the entire installation is expressed by By, (22) as Bet eet mm + ty es where my = the mass of the foxindation, ™— G1 motrie ton sartfm (lh seein) ‘ Here 6; insndes the weight ofthe stand ond that of the backfil above the Khndetion A= 646, 10 The tio af she mats ofthe anvil to she mass of te fonndation iy according 1 Ea (3) mm 1, The principal roquendon of mata ihr system consisting of the foundation and the am Eq. (321): z (BEAL +m) + BAL +H) =O286 DESIGN 4D ANALYSS OF SCICHIEESDENDATTONS PART THEE 12, The initial velosity of the mat of tho'anvil aye tho Gorm (361) G+ 6, 18. The vibrational amplitude of foundation BaDEAD singe (362) Bay 14 The vibrational amplitude of the anvil (363) 15. The dynamic force acting below the anvil (Eq. 347): Pa= plds— Ar)ep 16, The dynamic force acting below the foundation (Eq. 348) Prepay BY COMPUTATION OF HAMMIBR FOUNDATIONS USING AN ELASTIC SUPPORT BETWEEN FOUNDATION AND THE SOT 1. Coefficient c, must be calculated with Eq. (853) for the approxi- mate determination of the foundation eight: (LE bl Going a, = EEK) Cots Ve 2, The approximate weight of the sprung part G1 | Cem EVR motto tom (tb) (364) ‘Tho chosen value of amplitude 4g must be smaller than the permissible amplitude, The value of f; hould he aseuaned as 0.01 to 0.02 at (0.0828— 0.0886 #8), 3. The coefficient of stiffuess of the elastic layer G46, Gate metric tonjm (Ibfin) (365) ry 4A. The dimensions of the reinforced-conorete hase slab under the elastic layer should he determined by structural considerations. The charae- teristic data of the base plate are: the weight of the foundation, metric ion (Ih) the base area of the base slab of the foundation, m? (sqft, aqin) 5. The mants of the part above (6, + G4) and Below (6) the springs, hth (36) : 7 sea Gy et my St mes on ti een (361 6. The coefficient of stiffness of the bedding is: y= CLF, metric tonjm (lhjin) ti he codtictent of uniform compression correction coefficient, " (368) 1. The square of the limit feequency of vertical natural vibrations af the fraadation above the sprags willbe, Yor snfately sft springs Be 2 3 (869) Ja, The square of the limit frequency of vertioal nataral vibrations ‘f the foundation and of the base slab is, for infinitely stiff springing c a 070 mye my ie Tao rtio of masse matt ony 9. The principal roquncies2y addy ae given by ahs MO La) RE Hg) 1) 10, The iil veloeey of the foundation 5) Oa - Gro, nai 11. The vibrational ampli of tho foundation above she spring i at sp (AE ain aye arab” iaalea, — aro hve yy = 8405 m (022i AT 4. sao eae Yo Mehndi38 DESC AND'ANALYES OF MACs: FOUNDATIONS PART THRE 12. The vibrational amplitude of the foundation wnder the springs i (8 — 2) (B= 2, AUR BD hers dig = 0.0002 (2.008 Sn), acordng. to Tosal sondions, 13, Calculation of the damping devices. Symbols for the dimpgsions of the Gammoter of the spring coil n inmeter of the spring ste, (8) niber of tare im te vol . Lf the number of spring casings és n; and the number of springs fn ‘each Is ny them the moceeeay stfizess of @slugle sping i: A (75) Ciyp = mettle ton/m (lbfin) (ar6) mM On the other hand, the actual stiffness of the spring is: 1 # Ge metric tonfem (jin) (77) 55 Di seher Gta the modulus of elasticity in hens, th wae of whieh a 7.5 to 8.5-10° metric ton/m? (10,700,000 to 12,100,000 tbjsq.in). ‘he value of my ng fom Bag (816) and (97) i Biey De = 378) aH (G78) the shove equation, the number of springs (1) to be used in an be obtained. i ve ‘The pormicetite Load on single spring fe: pun mee G79) 8D ‘Pho permissible shearing stress (2) varies hetween 40-10" and. (69-10 metric ton/m? {57,000 and 85,000 lb/éq.in). "The permissible compression of a epring is: Puy faz (380) ‘The setual compression should be smaller than che permissible Saft Af (et) couse. x ‘TE conmyridaass or nasmten rousxrioss 2350 14, Dynamic force aéting above = spring foundation: Pre ald Agbey (382) 15, Dynamic force acting below the eprings: Prsmdery (383) 5. The Structural Design of Hammer Foundations For the elastic layer of hammer foundations, either « lower or an ‘upper arrangement may be selected, The former is shown in Fig. 155 where the spris ccor Fig. 166 rune With the later atengoment the fossdntin or ceadet igement the foundation is suspended a9 9. (wie ae TT SS Arrangement of lower spe260 DEEN AS ANALYSIS OF uCWUNE roUNDATIONS ane na ‘on rods the load of which is transmitted to the upper bearing plates of the spring casings. Details of a hammer installation with a epring support of this type re shown in Figs 34, 187 and 188, ‘With either arrangement « vibration-free service platform, independ gat of the vibrating foundation, should be provided. The foundation should be designed so that there is easy access to the springs for inspestion and replacement. 4) THE CONSTRUCTION OF HAMMER FOUNDATIONS WITHA THE SPRINGS BELOW . ‘The sequence of building operations for the foundation is as follows: 1. Conoreting the foundation block under the damping and the side walls of the paséage around the foundation, Fig. 156, Section theoogh a spring essing for we in lower posiion A vie Sena pg B= sly bin 8 aphasia cg 2. To facitate the installation of the spsing eatings, « send layer, gottceponding to the height ofthe spring casings aad forminy the shutecng for tho apper block, is spread on the lower blovk. To avotd eeisLing deck of the cement slury, the nd bedding Ts covered with buling pope oy 2 thin gypmum layer, vy dates of the mand ed, concrete blsks fated othe bate db « layer of paper can be placed between the spring caninge 7S Gonectuag the upper block, 4: After the hardening of the concrete the upper foundation block amost be supported at some points by wedges, end the aged bed veaeed tlther pusumaatally or by seapiog. - ° 8 In thelspaces between the wedges the spring casings compressed by bolts are installed. After loosening the bolts the total easgat ofthe fouudation block is earied by the springs, ; ubeRemoving the wedger one by one, tho remaining spring csings ppb wea si es (ihe ee cose) i dete eo lea Fig 197, Arrangement with eppee springs 3) THE CONSTRUCTION OF HAMMER FOUNDATIONS WITH THE SPRINGS ABOVE ‘The sequence of building operations is as follows: #6 the foundation block under the damping dovice and 2. Placing two isolating layers o 8. A stecl frame with eantilews suspended o2 the suspension bolt ma the surfaco of the foundation block. ‘er ends to support the foundation, when, 6, is set in place,262 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NACKENE FOUNDAHIONS PART THRE 4. Concreting the foundation block. 5. After setting the hammer head suepension bolts and the pring casings, the foundation block can be lifted to the desired degree by Tightening the bolts. 6. Recommended Practice for Reinforced-Conerote ‘Structures of Hammer Foundations ‘The arrangement of the reinforcement is gowoened partly hy results of the structural analysis and partly by empirical rules. ‘vesk coinforeeruent with a total crose-section am any direction cor: responding to.a horizontal force amounting to one per cent of the vertical a ZAR | EEA a4 | C4 | ey | Ware LE Le | ie) | i Fig. 158. Spring caving for use (a upper position iynatte fore shold, according to DIN 4025, be med wndes the envi. Te Relconeal seinforcement ebonld preferably be serenged in wo or The Lapase withthe upper layer from £0 Som (Lin) briow the eurface, Supe inyecs shot be spaced fom 10 to 12 om (8 to 5 in) apast See etaonhy Tn genta a mesh reinforrment of 10 mm diaI0 Go Glen att" 2) should br ured. ‘Bovtittions Shot be renforeed. for the dynamic force actording to the solevane epecfieaions for reinforced eonerete poe ee cling the omoune of esl ia the drctiomt x and y.~ Ue. horizontally of che thive-dignengonal yeinforemeat, the following Formulae ae tugpested by W. Hemmnn: te FOUNDATIONS sal Compressed steel jithe. divectios ayinthecasieranges | nO Fy —t wriaa, FEM) (384) ona Py 4 (Ps — zyme, amy, PH #2 oy) (385) 2) in the plasto range (336) (387) In the above formulae dee Kent Set et en + cube strength of the concrete, and se i = the factor of safety, : (31,300 lb/sq.in), Steel I, id ” bs sg tiene 85 9, a = 22,000 tex? 50 sine (880 ~ Song Ps ~ $100) (988) oa or its English equivalent Post ee Bagong Ps 12604) and Soaps P3091 (309) or its English equivalent F, ~ 126029) Taos"24 [DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MAcHOVE fOUMATIONS PART Ta 1) for the plastic range wi P5009) (390) = Boao ee or ita English equivalent 2 (P,— 1,260.9) 600% and el <2 (P, ~ 5,100.89) (391) * = Gan" ce or iy English equivalent | Fa af, 1280%) ee00 3 term in bracts yields nagative abv, tis ndeatos that, wo compreion soonest bs iecsagt aad he oe Bate hold Seared bythe rlaforcemont ' ere dade raareenent inthe dectione andy es = Pett (392) and = Pas (893) mye, With the values s = 3, m= 6, 0, = 22,000 t/mat (31,300 Ib/sqin), Seid we oben Ps (394) hm 44,000 x or its English equivalent Pee 52,600 = and (395) or its English equivalent aus, xu ‘THE Coueutatiow oF maxoxER rowrDariens 265 The bending reinforcement used in the foundation should be sub- acted fom the amount of steel thus obtained. With the discasteng oy dicated, the formulae yield the steel area Fin m# and these shoul be sea, plied by 10 to ebtain it in em! unite, as a8 Fig 180. Reingorcemeat of fou om for w 1.2 © (2,650 1b) forging haramaee Tit 7iBfereement determined above should be provided under the Fela Sy, E the bending stresses do nat exceed the peemieele mat ee Plain coneres Denide that provided as a result of caleulations, other suitable three: directional reinforcement must be provided, Generally for the greater kammer weights, ¢ 16—20 mm mesh reine Became tmeed at 16-20 om (G/B 8" dn at Arde ct hea 2g tec, For larger foundations a zeinforcement fa theve sired. oe SEALE 25 ke stee/in# (1.56 Ibfou.ft) must be used regardless ofeach of seek even # such a quantity doesnot seem te be janie by conden285 ‘enon ap ANALYSS OF MACHINE HOUNDATIONS PARE When concrete stresses aro high, the use of prestressed concrete is recom: wrested. wn exemple for the practical arrangement of shear reinforement SUMMARY af Calculation Methods for Hammer Foundations plowing formulae should be wed Is dvvgning.hmaer fovadatigns the following Tr go deterhine approsinate dimensions at for the necessary aren of founds at ie tion Fie Tic aape 4 Gong Vy 7 or the. aecenety weight of Foun, Eee et oo SF oa! fos alter sabaieting Ges (60 +1) me So (+ koe for ase acen seated to the uni Ie Ride i she hammer hese Potsng tn fe and oy fe Bent: 620-4 haew Jon BE es i, for weight of foundation relee nF INN 102 ng Braet Tal of the bam Gy Wetee Beal fo after substieoting (LE Bye es English eqaivalone wth oy Jn foe ge 28( + Rey em Ts the ebove formalae so Tem etc ope fing tance 3, fs togihamee & eee hee} we ofa SOB ah BM ag ne ean 2 SESS ce aah oat 2 er oe £1, ERRAND arama a = EE etine wh set 16 thes ihe of te Hamme end Gy = weight ofthe ox cS SCE SF the tna SION OF HAMNER FOUNDA TOMS 26 4. To determiethe velocities of oe the veloeies of the foondation dae to the impact of hammer oy EG far he zaa ay ofthe ban er end wi dope for she serail sdcty. of Mme head with dean heen 1 soreetion factor, 50 E with double-sctng hammers 0.65; with drop hammers enh, fx nl vty dno sca ne raat ‘ and wnt kd MeaeE for intial velocity de to centat Impact. of the masses of foundation and ames Rend sina goes of the fouudasin on the esis 24.9 epple to an anvil an found ore ig. eawlo layer ayer the are rte the lair lg SMC layer aver the al, those sale eter tthe ea ake the foundation rotation. ae os Festiog oa the ay nelesng the pd der the beh designing the base tn foraatseit® PEEING the bie imesione are alaated hy meter ot approximate GF le for vertical vibvetional frequency of foundation, Ym the ares of the bse surfer ay = Ie ase the Ponda @ 236 : A {or the amplinag of foundation Pine Seg emt te pa wit aterm he det reease te as BESTEMingrap pyc teed hse sg SS Beata co rnin —— i260 Dens! AKO ANALYER OF Mlciive FOUNDATIONS BART THRE ‘A cwosmass swinging system is considered in the analysis, If there is a cork layer under the Younatio, the savtaty of te pad under the wall seid be neiected ed ‘ho blk ends the nk Inge ragnrded a to lower mans Tas & Ewes syste Is rived at. Having dterloes, by cane of the cornmpondingformlsa, the pi ate dunentoas of the foundation, tho onelyls should bo stated ith te equation MAGEE DO tHE + MIAO ‘he two roots of which are the mala frequencies of the natural vibre hn this formate: = and iit feequencin Ma nnd that, i onan, coset of woe of th si nth cutlets ae layer under the aol mmm, sigs males = mats of the aovil I= tite af the fooadation ‘moma of the hammer heed anthem tala velocity of the ered Hence smplivade of the foundation ae AAs) maine of the ov Since in ease of >> y (considering only vibrations of low mia frequencies), dn sass of A> Gomer Co Sletten Spereinotieg esses pe RD 8 RADA cae - aman ‘Assuming that the uadstay below the anvil does got influence the amplitude of tho boce plats and sines the vibeatione of the ngvid areindependent of uh elas prope eg of tes ‘nese ofthe foundation the following approximatg fora Os 106s GH eso 42 4 ‘the dynamic focte ating vider the anvil Pre uldy= Ader eu. xt ‘im COMMUTATION OF KADQEER FOUNDATIONS 269 he dale gtr nen sds mer min an dei Ea ee ee mE ‘mam syatem for the purpoes of calculation (Fig. 260). we on Yea ed tase eh ateuanpir ena co the fauadation and to the anvil, ax well as the dynamic settlement (4) ccmel, ‘the latter being smaller than tho permissible value. aaa a Jor he soa wig 4 6~ Si fonndecion and the ah” a wee ayn DEED Sy & ‘Porthey i é an Sie fey hua lh sie ie Fe 10, Stone 4 for mase ofthe anviland the "™MEESENE of mans and ee) foumegyet the anvil and the “Sener of a hemes feadaeion or mass of the bese slab unde the spring support aoa 0 ines ofthe sal Hhedt and mh ‘ye limi Exquaiis io Seine and Hm Sta tthe lta coailntan’ “OMY OM verng eoppert is ane MAGLIO EME ANG Lyme mt of the equetion the sarural ewes a EAE eng, : Se dyn BAYA) fein dys sin ye GAGE) tn stds ote te pn 2,808 amplitude of te fundaton ‘aloe the pgs ae for the two to + inital veloety of ube anvil and tho foundation Dywamic force acting shove a epruag foundetion Premlds— Ae, Dynamic foros aeting below the spriage: Pm deesCHAPTER XIV FOUNDATIONS FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES WITH CRANK DRIVE 1. Types of Construction Reciprocating engines with crank drive may be classified into the following geoups: a ‘A) steam tagines B) dissel and gar engines, C) displacement compress D) displacement pumps. A) STEAM ENGINES* 4a) Horizontal Steam Engines with Sltde-Volve Control Owing to ite reliable operation and long life, this type is used very widely and in the most varied sizes. Foundations for theee machines may be of the block, eaisson or framed type. b) Valve-Conirolied Horizontal Single-Cylinder Steam Engines A steam engine running st 300 r-p.m, and delivering in Fig. 161. The power output of these machines ranges gen to 1,000 HP. High-capacity machines operate at low speeds, while small unite rim at high r.p.m, The steam engine shown in Fig. 161 is founded on 2 caisson foundation 2) Horizontal Compound Steam Engines Compound engines have a high-pressure and a low-pressure cylinder, the two pistons being mounted on # common piston rad, Foundations may. be of the block, eaisson or framed type. 4) Vertical Steam Engines eren tsnm engines may be ofthe ange: o evinced type Figs 162 and 163 show a vertical steam engine delivezing 300 HP at 428 pun. The foundation is « block with spring vibration damping. It is son structed to provide easy access to the spring casings. + Steam engines axe replaced to an fnreasing extent by more ep-tendate dle, respectively gas engines ee ee INS FOR RECIPROCATING nxGENES aw 4) DIESEL AND GAS kyGINES 4 italed dtcusion of ie varouedcsigns neu A convertible diesel engine which, am be used also as a gas engine with ele after changing some te ig some components, etic ignition fs shown fu Fig: 16d, block, caisson or framee Some examples of diesel onginss and occ of duced below. An elghteyiinder, tworstroke diocel engine Bros ond developing 2000 Gp a ipl msn sown i Tig 1. aS type is prodaced up to 4,200 HP)— uae wi A Zs an DRSION Aun ANALYSIS GP LACUINE YouNDArIONS pant THREE AW ACYL CCGK \ Fig, 182. Vessoal $00 HP, 428 rpm steam on soFing damper "The spay ccags a look foundation with ‘gleey in the lower 0 souNetions ron necmnocar ENG a3 7%. 163. Crowtastion of the machine shown ia Fig, 162 peaveymm ‘Deston Axn ANALYSTS OP MAGHENE FOUNDATIONS FARK THRE, ig, 166 shows an cight-oylinder 400 HIP diesel engine of the Gans— Jendrastile type. ‘Tho installation of four 720 HP diesel engines coupled to horizontal pamps with foundations designed by the writer for Egypt, is dlustratt BiH. lor. The unite have a pile foundation independent of the builing. Fig. 164, Doalesiog 247 BP di |A.870 HP horizontal gag engine used to drive a pump sith an out pat of 6.35 milaces (226.0 otrfesec) under 2.20 m (7.2 ft) heal js shown Pig. 168: hie pump was constructed in the course of the writer's practice Inegoilavia.” The same Figure shows he pumping unit and the sheft ‘coupling, + See author's gaper: Eatyiseerongipampworke und Grefpumprerk, Boost, der Bidj Dockite Wasnegelutretachaft br Jugonaien, Die Banc, Berta, 1987, No. 3 coe 30 ‘sounogmai YOR RecwxoCATING ENGINES as ¢) DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS 7 44). Single-Stage Compressors ‘This type is of low or medium output. Fig, 169 shows « tworeylinder, single-stage compreesor ruaning at 1,$00 rpm, This high speed makes posible dsee: coupling to an elecirio motor. Foundations are generally bf the block type. Fig. 16h. Bighbesitados Swosttcoko iat! englee by the Salzer Works. 200 HE we 280 rpc, 1b) Multi-Stage Compressors ‘The cross-section of « hovizootal three-stage comprestor is gh rig Tee ets Syndr i aoastrcted arn the entre TE wedlwss aed high-presnme cylinders ace arranged externally. The ‘WMiatediute colors exe tuaved in the basement of the building, The eom- pres showo is founded on a calston. D) DISPLACEMENT PUMPS “To complete the pieture, some displacement pumps are ase referred to Tana ea ce roe stcing bn pamps of tie ype are eather exall Sid are uniuportant from the pot of view of foundations.AUIS OF aAcin¥E roUNDatrons 2) Site detng Horionial Bangs Theis 0 is economical for small eye discharges. and bier 3 Seed Gree tad gk mounted at 180" of 5) Singe-dcing Vertical Pumps reed TEES it the eal hor space 2 ited ut applications ‘restricted to owt nad mont et : = ©) Doubt deting Pumps Meet 88 the 30 eylnde e erencg fiom sie another by Pes og box, Tan baad etm ew only. Fig. 167 Pour diesel motor units of 120 HP Egypeian puniping tation, “th Rorizoutal pape and pile2 DISTON AND ANAL OF iacmENE POUNDAMONS PART THEE 4) Differential Pumps ‘This type can he used for small discharges and heads only. In the ‘suction phase differential pumps work single-acting, in the pressure phase double-eting. At should be noted that ahove we have dealt only with the most common types of reciprocating engines, The list is very incomplete. Ta practice foundations for printing mackinoa, motor test stands, hending yantered. In such instances the foundations to be vd carefully, taking into account the eapdcity of the machine, the spred, the periodic movement and the properties ofthe soll. 2 Recommended Design Practice Foundations for reciprocating engines are usally in block form, with openings, according to the structure of the machine, for channels, gape and bolt holes. Foundations can also be of the caisson or the Srared type, ee 2020 i BE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS'OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS Pan THREE { eas, x0 g ‘The foundation and the machine ace urually regurded ai «single rigid body unpaid hy ada ay. MY : WY Jn compiling the principles given in the following, specifications o Se WS DIN 4150 and the specifications of tho USSR have been adopted ae baal, i LX SS ~ eh Feumdtions of low-speed machines, Le, machines with on sparse Ni Beet et Neg 300 np sol be dimensioned otha hr na WN fequency © inuch higher than the operating speed of the waching The \ can be done be steams atomdotont af tnt Teese ae ed To \ WS Toad. For this‘ purpose caisson or framed foundations are yecommer er SS SS gy For high-speed machines, ue. machines with au openatiog weed G WO ‘Ng & 800 epi, foundations with low materal Hrequéncies should be pro- AK WS Q@ vide order to moet this requirement, foundetion!invalving nce oes \ WY fate necessary. \ A Bor the approximate determination of the fowndution weight, several fj S WS formulae aro used (soe Bendel 194448 vol. Il, p. 601): 3 S WH se EW. Roberts gives onteaa: i \ WS ‘ | \ NS GakM Ya . ! S SS i SA where G) = the required weight ofthe foundation i: \ SS M = the maveaf the machine { S WS mm the frequency - \ N Ce eet | ~\ 0.225 for horizontal genecating forces and 4-cylinder diesel : WN : 9300 for horizontal generating Porees and singlewylinderdieel ‘ ji SS SS “205171 for vertical gencrating forces and dceylindes auc tages en AN 0.130 for vertical generating forces and single-cylinder engines, ' WAX SSNS For steam engines a formila of Ninde i weds 3 | IASG SS : k= SkD.4 90 SSN N wore Bb the hugh of thu mses of the foundation Sn om SV fA WS D = inside diameter of the eylinder ; ‘ SS weesate difcrence of the stenm between jalet and outlet ! | ° SS £ = Rescn vsrylag with p fo sccodenee wi Beg eae a al WW 70 8510S nas. 14.00 WG) Eolas to lo “hts. SP : ‘ SN “| According to Rausch the weight of the foundation is for machines \ SX ape MO Bam gest So 10 lnes the wih othe meee Is WN and for machines of ap to 1,000 rpm. approsimately £0 to 20 treee ne ; WS weight of the machine” NSS ‘The natural frequency of the foundations is strongly influenced by SSE the dimensions of the base surface, especially by the dimeosiom pavslel co SG the engineshaft. Vibrations, es ially horizontal amplitudes, are consider- SS SS & ably alfeoted by the height ofthe centre of gravity uf the foundation wag or X the machine above the bere surface The moment of esti ef tana “Le BS of the machine and of the foundat ~ ts releered to the axe patsag tacough ‘he centre of gravity of the boee surface, ould be av small se pase“Gere the twaemiasion of he vibrations mast be reeds the m3) see ee Pemoed or abtion-aberbg device ‘this purpose helical steel springs or clastic a ays 2 poe den are alc d, lial 65 SP hore tne fre harmon of the sy gam be emloyes pout and wibratons ae Wkly t0 Be envsel PY “Second barmouies only. gees Lhnemonis Only pepe should be governed by the fll eee eieting the omen of balansing and the operating *peel Fig 171, Springs below coepled fosodasn chine, For highepood machines (Ny 2 500 epi), mall dimen oe meet dete forthe uauprang ergs atin eed he first harmonies of the generating force have bern yalonces 1 the ist hamontst of oe Gone concrte sis omer hk tbe sprang Sa ser tae aad aoeording 40 Fig. 72 and the spring canes einforcedcconcretesubstraonars ean, ba omted, Tn gome eataneeg sven TeMuen apounted oo adequately cgi ames #8 an She peg SPH EE aac ned above te springs costs of Tae esac and tke fous a te stot, the diel engine and We fperating. spony where, considerable eae eetins OAAH cag Toundatons of pene, senions 0 semeatng ores or rages hin aurangement it ping sigs 4 pent eS Be Sh The rence ome ouch SN bottom is shown ti EYE perm oady acvnsc the suing easng f the founda goon and eventual sopeconent Wah ecg aTeRESS ones rourpamons FoR RECIPROCATING ENGINES a3, high; the casings are accecsifile without diftieulty and much: less space is required for the Zoundation; Siich. an arrangement is shown in Fig. 34, the “pring easing being seen in Fig, 35 Hf the imackine foundations age in the immediate vicinity of those of ‘buildings, the former should jn general be situated at the came level as the Jatter. If building and machine foundations are far spart, the foundations ceube at different depths, When detarmining the distance, it should be ze morabered that the slope defined by the vertical difference of the foundations Should uot be deeper than half of tho angle of repose of the soil (0/2). Thus fag. in candy soil the slope should be about 1:3. To avoid transmission of vibrations of machine foundations to building stractares, expansion, joints must be Jermed between the machine foundation and the floor. Tf placing the Moor directly onthe machine foundetion ie unavoidable, denying noid eabor a cok) most be bu fat the sports sore Machines stated neat 4a cach other should prerbly be founded on a common bus slab, especially fhe soll is loosely packed wad yieldin Whe fiucknoes af fue Doce Blab should be chosen vo erp nny defesations Smell in compeizon with vibration stmplitudes. In such an inetence the flepth of the foundation slab sbould he at Teast 60 10 80 om (210 25 fi) ‘The enalysis of similar common foundations is very, complex and the results obtained sre only approaimately correct. Tho bearings of the mar thine and the ergine must slways.be oa a common foundation. 3, Fundamentals of Dimonsfoning Dimensioning is based oni the following data: 8) Speed and power output of the machine. bb) Magnitude, poritin snd character of the dynamic loads arising during operation. (All information necessary for ealeniating the generating forces must be submitted to the designer of the foundation.)6) Distibutio feat surf) Distbvtion of static locds oF the wich chine on the foundat re of the su 3 oe are of the sOpFortingelsb ofthe mac ana piste tae for foundation arae salute rene Bt dconerete, plam concrets f Opsacgtandcey CHAPTER XV DHE COMPUTATION OF FOUNDATIONS FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINES Introduction reciprocating oginestananitwnbalace, pesado a nog see ng rite fares to the foundations and thes Faces tage latent ave mlm fs Sectle re in, damage 2 neighbouring PAINS, oe Bene POY ab Rtona, they nat be designed SRE lige consideration for Use agains effects ima eee ggsderation se shall eal fitt of ll with the ny eereteR enewaton, the generating forces the geome es, fundamental nes on anv an toe daermigation of te ATC featur of ge poodle f ealenation a he natal eg\SnSts; factor, Then bacon she calculation ofthe amplitudes 98 the eiminaton of rrfven. acting upon the foundation, Aer compans the forces 2nd mae fon odn, engements are ited in favour of Be 90 aro maa epeetin a gly th poceure of evien vaggeste ot Pong of she founation i decribed. 2, Design Theory (4) FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES ‘The nnchigg foondation willbe comer as rgd Dod sang se a ae wags OR) te lato bed assume forthe porpaes Op an cla bel (PB. pseu regarded ava eat nuppert the B55 celine ay Pa ariel fnmed cto pad comin 9 ele ene crater ts the sae Ort oe springy Te aseomed rurally ferent, bot tbe asso che las Aca endo Sepeon tothe saat Spm DY th Th es ber ores mali comp nuppUn wil be sogbe, The oly, tas Soe bythe Hac il be upprecable tht of fomndations oreo che got ineoure he late beading and certtn par of WHEE on, the Reltgether with the foundation. wa ‘operat op raul Bs (26T) (268) end (259) sn Come 3 PRLEGin hy x verial erating ores Pawnee in Chapter Goce ait of machine and foundation uly verti the commen aE and there wil ena rotating vibrations 1m oder28 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OP MACHINE FOUGIDASIONS PARE THRE to satisfy this condition slso for eccentric loads, it may become necessary to zeiort to cantilevered foundation exrangements, - For horizontal generating forces o horizontal generating moments, the forced vibrations of the foundation will be deseribed by the differential Eqs (281) and (285). Neither yell pare horizontal vibrations be set up, Dut there will be two vibrations about two centres of rotat Fig. 175, Resolving oto components of a frck acting on the foundation Since, except for the vertical natural frequencies, the natural frequen- cies of th foundation ond the amplitudes of the forced vibrations will be examined in two mutually perpendicular plaues passing through the com- mon centre of gravity of the mackine and the foundation, the gencrat force, whoee intluenos line is assumed arbitrarily in space, will he resolver into Components in the direction of the relevant exes. ‘An orthogonal co-ordinate system vill be assumed whise centre lies at the centroid of the foundation body and whosa axes lie in the principal lance of inertia, The forse is then described by the angles of inclination (i, Bry) and by the co-ardinates of = point, thus for example by the co= aan. XF * cowporanion oP Pouwbanions ron nec ocreno nvertes ar ordinates (py 49 ofthe point of intersstion with the wpper pla ofthe fundetio. (Seo Big. 174) The components a the digecions' 7 ands tl the gocerating fore and generating momeut posting throug te Senteid St the methine and foundation are K,=Keose (695) Ky= Keone (7) (398) Me=Kint Ky (399) Kin Ky (400; ot Kye (a0 2B) CALCULATION OF THE DISTURBING FORCES + ‘As clready mentioned in the introduction, the disturhing forces and nioments transmitted by reciprocating engines arc due to the unbalanced forces and to the inertia forces, resp. moments of the moving parts of the crank shalt mechanism. Tho frequency of the first harmonie vibratfons tuted hy thote forme and moments is identical with the speed of the In the course of operation of reciprocating engines there arise, besides the first harmonies, also the second, fourth and sixth harmonies of the Pg. 175. Schematic eerangement of mashive with cenaksbalt drive disturbing force In compating amplitudes the effect of higher harmonies tan be neglected, this being saall tm compasisoa to that ofthe fret Dissathing force caused by the individual cylinders cam be parallel to the oylnder axis (component Ka) and perpendicular to it componeat K,). The values of components Ky ald Kp cen be determined by the fllow= ing eiquations (Pig. 175) Kq og + my) eos 08 + 402) Ky = Rotme snot +) (409)4.erosschead in im 208 DESIGN AND ANALYSN OF seine youoamions whore i = the number of oylindere R ~ the radius of the crank, m (A) 1 = time (ce) the angular velocity of rotation, see), i. o=27y—0.105.N 0 where JV = the specd of the machino, rp.m, (408) ‘ic pss of the moving’ pacts of ke dcive medheuin acting on the crankshatt, metric ton seotjin (Ib sectfin) where gm fravittionelascleration weight of crank, t (Ib) weight of connecting rod, ton (Ib) distance between the conire of gravity of th and of the crankshaft, m (f) length of connecting tod, m (é) and The mass of ig end, m (ft), 5 moving paris “of the crankshalt ‘ton seot/mn (Ub soct/in) Tears mn Hees) (408) (erotational axis distance between the centze of gravity af the connecting rod acting on the (400) where qq = weight of the reciprocating part of the piston, piston vod and crosschead, metrie ton %) = the crank’ displacement of the corresponding eylinder in radions, ive. the angle included by the erankof the eylinder and by she one of the frst eylindsr The disturbing force acting on the foundation equals components due to the individual eplinds, Kq= 2K, Kym 3K p= Rot Dm, in (oot + 8) af the gylindess are identical, the distwbing forces acting on.the ~ foundation can be determined by the following eeuntinn: Kou Roting +m) Seos(we +f) Kp = Rot m, S'sin(wt +8) the sum of the Ret Zima + mdeos(ore sh), (407) (308) (409) (410) 1eehe craakslift arm hes ¢ counterweight, the velues of the disturb- ing forces are veduzed. ‘With « counterweight the value of me sete be decreased By ps he «any where Ry — distance between rotational axis and counterweight, mi img == mass of the counterweight. Disturbing forces of machines with various numbers of cylinders are given below. : a} Single-Cylinder Machines ‘The crank displacement fs zero, therefore the disturbing foroes are : KqSRotim, + my) eosat (ay : Kp=Rotm,sinot (a13) whereas the distarbing moments are M,=1,Kp (a1) and M,=1,K (415) where 1,and', sm dstanoon herveun the Haws of ation of freee ez Kp tnd RS the common suntre of gravy af cee a 2 Ae endin 6) Twolylinder Machines Ceankshafts act in the saive direction, ie. By = fy = 0. The aise turbing forces equal the sum of the components of each éylinder, If the gylinders are identical and the machine is placed symmetrically on the found, ton, the disturbing moment af force Kqis aero, and the disturbing monmect Ane te fozee Kyie Mya, Kp (416) This type of machine is unbslenced and likely to set up appreciable horizontal vibrations. 5) Hf the ecank displacement is 90°, then ; <0; B= =/2. With woveylinder machines thie arrangement i umual Ifthe eveak is identice? for both cylinders, then on nubstitating fy ~-0 and fy a2 into Eqs (209) ‘nd (408) the value of Kg and Kp is obtalned a Kq=J2Ke, aun and Kp=JOKp, (218) ‘With such arrangements the disturbing forces due to exch eylindor tust be multiplid by /3:"The resulting disturbing moments can be col, ulated by means of Eye (414) and (6l5}e 29 A. tj Romaine Sesh te Tbe200 DESO As ANALYSE OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS ART THRE ©) If the cxauk displacement is 180%, then fim 0; y= a. For identical eylinders the components Kg and Kp of the disturbing force equal vero, that is, tho disturbing furces ure balanced, Howover, the disturb- “ing momente arising With their azvangoment exe appreciable, being: M,=1Kp, (a9) and M, 1K, 20) where T= the latance twoen the eytnder @) Three:Oylinder Machines ‘The orank displacement of similar machine ix generally 120°, Thus Aa fem 2ai8, A= sai. Wik demueal cyndere thr components of the dstashing fonees are balanced, and only. disturbing momene. occas, If the machine fe placed symmetrically on the foundation, and one cylinder ie vestoa, the valves of the disturbing moments sil : M=1V5 Ke, any My =1Y3 Ka, (422) and @) Four-Oylindor’ Machines If the crank displacements are fp = 0, Bem B= mm B= 2m and the ‘machine is.placed symmetsicaly om the foundation, distusbing forces and disturbing moments will be balanced. A different arrangement will cause only disturbing moments. i e) Sis-Cylindsr Moehines ‘With such machines, disturbing forees and moments are balanced. 6) DEVEKOUSATION OF THE CENTROTD In’a coordinate system having an arbitrary origin, the common com ordinates of the centroid of machine and foundation will Satisfy the follow ing expression = Eames: (aay Pasa (424 = Sm (633) FOUNDATIONS 70R RECIPROCATING ENGINES 21 where m, = the masses of the individual -elemer t fhe ae dual elements of machine and nyiands; = the so-rdinates of the centroids of the correspon, hae Tbe panes of the covrdintes aro unully atone suck e eer © that the vertical plane xs sho ye parallel to the ase Sys ghetto ould be parallel tthe longitudinal, sete at After the determination of the centroid of the foundation secentriiy of the common centroid maskine and foundation raga ns {he centri of the foundation plane canbe mashed The magnitude {hls cosensiity must not exeeell por cent of th comesponitg Meneses +) DETERMINATION OF TRE MOMENTS OF MASS EVEKTIA = 584 ‘ (420) = Ze, fan where ee (438) 20a Bie mr, (429) Eq 63 + mr (480) 204 O54 mt aah Hoses Of Of Of a0 the moments of i related to axes parallel to the =, y an 5 axes sed pearing Gra chements Fold of the mate nlomenta, 77s * #868484 Pasting through the con. in Toute, moments of mass inertia O%, OF and Of have ied in Teble 29 for the canes ost foquorlly Sacountcred my reece ee fe teutenguar prem and ssid eRe, sree ef fonnatie, amen of mn fet of the somacn mas of mechine and foundation slic to nau pasingtnvagh te we opener am O,+ mah (982) = 8, + ms 3 The ratio ofthe moments of mace inertia is 7 @ @. nage (434) eet omg (435) » .scheme erates eminent 292 DESI AND ANALYSIS OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS PART-TATUE _E) DETERMINATION OF THE MOMENTS OF INERTIA OF THE BASE SURFACE ‘The basic features of foundations resting with their entire surface on ‘the soil or supported only at isolated points are given in Fig. 176. "The mouteats of inertia of flat foundati + abt -e 89 Ty 72 (436) and a 7 437 7 a7) while the polar moment of inertia is hak (398) For foundatioss on pointlike supports the moments of inertia are obteinoed se : 2 (439) . a (440) and the polar moment of inertia ie sy neseeye way dua usa 1) STIPFNESS FACTOR OF ELASTIC BEDDINGS iad a) Soils ‘The vortcal stiffness factor, in tf (bf anG 42) where F = the base area, mt (6 “ Ube Cscllson’ of lifer compression, tn® (hjeu.n) “The cocffieont of uniform compression dopenda on the quality of the gu the'on ofthe vzating tase the ate asa fe Acar vals Tr cea be obtained only by means of dynamic sll investigations, Where ‘Secetee valu ace no avalably the values contained ia able 12 mney he used, “Dhe horizontal stiffness factor in tfm (Ubfin) is Ok (043) where C, = the coefficient of non-uniform displacement, t/sn° (Ib/ou.in) "Tlie stiffness factor for rotation (ie the vertical plaue),in tm (lb in) is _ att (48) the factor of nonuniform compression, t/m® (Ibjew.in) the moment of inertia of the base ares related to the axis perpendicular to the plane under examination, m# (in). where 6, p ftp, XY" CONPUFATION OF FOUNDATIONS YOR RECPROEATING HRGINES 8 Mass moments of iwi for rectangular prime and sald eying Sm | alee) | | | | ‘I . | |e | | | AY factor for torsion (in the horizontal plane}, in tm oaGn (035) be cctine of on-nitoom daplasementy s(n PS te polar moment of nenda of the bre ata at a y be i os £ i Fie 176, Charsceristo disunsions of evenly dictbeted and ‘ely Sched asta 8 pta DDSION AND ANALYSE OF MACHINE FOUNEATIONS FARE THREE: b) Elastic Beddings The vertical stftaess fasten inten Mf aE + (446) whore E = the molas of elasisity of she bedding, ex" (ogi) F = the base area of the bedding, m* (sq.in) 2 = the thicknoss of the bedding, m (jn). z Tho stifiness factor of horitontal displacement, in t/m (Ib/in), is fm (ibjin) ar) where Gt = the modulus of elosticity shear of the elastic bedding, for which a value half as hi fs that of E may he aesumea nL um thin) (448) ‘Dhe stiffuess factor for torsion (in the horizontal plane), in ton (1b in}.ie or a ‘tm (Ub in) (659) 2) Steel Springs "The vertical stiffness factor, in t/m (Ubjin), is es Meaep (450) whore oo st) * = che modulus of classy in sheer Baving for sts! springs value of 28.8.5 "10" yu (G* = 10,000,000-—12,100,009 iin) = the number of springs 3 Uk dlamoter of the spring, m (in) D = the dlamoter of the apring ead, m (o) 2S the number of turns ‘The stiffness factor of the horizontal divplacement in t/m (lbjin). is (after Rausch [ZAVDI 1934 pp. 288 and 964] see Fig. 177) L coas[ sont [Bh] a where 4m the beght ofthe apring compresed 5 = the ids of ngstaeeeey ty the tingle turn of the sprin loading P AD = the slendemess of tho spring z Values for the coefficient a can be obtained Fig. 177, where it is shown 9° function of the cea Cee) in ba heer function of the slendemese "wo ot Pe 177. actor 2 us « funtion of sledesnem aad of jh ‘The curves increase asy: ically eis, om aerate rymptovically with inceaig slondeness In ig guresfowd be taken to fomain within the limo ta eenh 22 To wihsan Setwean the springs and the bowing. sn Sneetion mest he provided ‘The stiffness factor of rotation {in the vertical plane), fn ten (Ib in) Ss (453)296 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MACIDNE FOUDAHIONS ART oHEE "The stffzess factor of torsion (inthe horizontal plane), in tn (Ub in) is tw (45) aa compen] ID) 4d) Piles The vertical stiffness factor (in t/a or Ibfin) is =nesl (455) where m == the number. of piles © =a ratio (t/m'), the value of which ean he obtained from Table 16 containing expizical data 5 = the circumference of a single pile T= the length of a single pile, m (in). The product of the above values should ve multiplied by a correction factor x; the value of which can be obtained from Table 17, corresponding to the ratio 4d, where is ‘the distance between the piles and d the diameter of a pile. The stiffaces factor of horizontal Aieplacement (Fig. 178), in tm (bjin), is niQkl, em bs asi gee (456) Fig. 178, Herizostal dnplacoment of Where E = the modulus of elasticity ‘ertieal piles of conerete I, = the moment of the pile crose-section. ‘The stiffness coefficient of rotation (ja the verties) plane), im tm (ib in), is ewes st) ‘Tho stffues factor of torsion (in the horizontal plane), in tm (Ib in) is 122, eg EL 458 nF (458) ) CALCULATION OF THE NATURAL FREQUENCIES ‘The theory underlying the caleulation of the natural frequencies bas been discussed in Chapter X. In the following Sections the results. of the deductions and values. for the various coefficients will be given. Ae far as the extent of tuning is concemed, the data given on pp. 418—419 may be taken into account here too. ‘enn. XY eouPoramox on FouNDAmIoRS FoR RECROCATING EINES 207 4) Tee Notural Frequency in the Vertical Direction ‘The vertical naturel frequency (e-p.m,) of the foundation is (459) Share ee eae acy ote tea gc the value of witeh ie eee anfe (460) where = thn vera dps faeton fs (i) the total mass of machine and foundation, t tcct/in (b sestfin}, ie. (481) 4) The Natural Vibrations rising in the Planes 23 and y= ‘The differential equations solved in Section 4 of Chapter X are valid not only when the foundation rests direetly on the ground, regarded us an. elastic medium, but when an elastic bedding, such as cork layers, steel springs, rubber, ec, is installed below the fouddation, Por this reason the iprtvions of Chaps X are given below in eh «fom thatthe sfines factors contained in these equations can he used for any type of elastic underlays. a pie inalii: Zi Tanda fequencis ecerzing inthe plane x ons be obtained by calving the Elling. Spuation of the setund degre be a 8th, AB, (402) % % where 4, and 2,= limit frequencies. ThE limie frequency Z, occurs whesi the springiag of the foundation can be regarded as infinitely'rigid aginst horizontal displavements sud only totating vibrations are set up in the foundation. On the other hand, the limit frequeney 7, occurs when vibrations are set up only in the horizontal direction and the foundation can be assumed to be infinitely rigid against rotating vibrations. (463) aS (464) (465)Natural vibrations set up in tho plane ys een be obtained in a eimilor a BtH y (466) % (467) (468) n= Ge (469) The distances p, and p, between the points of zotation in Fig. 129 ‘of Chapter X can be determined on the seis of the values of the limit and angular frequencies a8 follows: ‘The rotational centres of the body ate ealoulated from the limit and angular frequencies by the formulae Pe (a0) and Py en) 4-3 ince, 2, < 2 < Ay, consequently py is postive, ie. the displacement tnd the'rotation are of the same sigs, aud thus the centre of rotation lies blow the centroid. However, the situation ik reversed, and the centre of rotation lies above the centroid if p, is negative, i.e. the displacement and the rotation are of opposite sign Fd day A, andy, 23222 and py RH ina ps © theres only rotation about the upper contre co there is omly displacement © the foundation rotates about the centre of gravity of the bese area Ape, and_py = co, there is only displacement. ny mele natural eguensits cpm) ofthe foundation ean be determined 'y means of the fundamental frequencies 2, Mf and 2, 2. In the plane a2 * ba x a= R 0,105. an a aya a 473) 0.105 ee Cems XY — SOUFUTAnION OF FOUNDATIONS FOR AMCTPNOGSTINE HNCENES 209 In the plane y= whe 7 (ray and (315) =o é 9.105 (676) where 2, = the torsional angular frequency, i.e. ai. Hy DETERMINATION OF THE AMPLITUDES ‘The forndation must be so ditigusfoned that the permissible amplitudes will not he oxceeded, According to USSR Specifications, the value found cmpirially as permissible ie A= 02 mam (0.008 in). Tn order to facilitate the datermination of the amplitudes, the results of the deductions in Chapter X are given here too (as above for the deter, tnination of natural frequencies). ‘Below we give the oaleulation for the vertical aniplitudes when a-ver~ tical foroe passer through the centroid of the combined mass of machine and foundation, as well as for the amplitudes of « hosizontal force at an subiteary hel, be. the amplitudes of the translational ae ell ne rotational “ibratious i planes 2 nd ye ns well as for those due vo a towent acting in the verteal plone, Special eases are considered ia the Summary atthe end nf this Chanter. The amplitudes re computed there sive by ‘clading lugarithme decrement , a8 developed in Section 8B in Chapter IE ‘Nature frequencies of reciprocating mechiaes founded on the soil ate in general within the range between 200 and 200 o,p.m- Consequently, with machines operating frm 300 t0 900 p.m. resonance fe tneyaidable I one of the natural frequencies of the fouudation i within +20 per cent of the mackiae speed, then the arplitudes determined by the method to he desorbed Inver maay exceed the permissible Hat. However, the adoption of larger foundations for reducing the amplitude results ia such eases fn overdimentioning. For this reason the amplitudes of rita foundations shah peter im he resooce hun shone 30 per eat above and isle the operating speed) by taking damping into tonsiderstion, The sales “Sr "Ghareoteue for” dnmpisg bat akeady been ‘dscmed ta00 DISICN AND ANALYSE OF MACHINE soUNDATIONS pant tuner eition 5, Chapter ll, According to A.1.Kondin and Q.A,Savinov (1955) this can be expressed also in the for on srhete the coefficient i from 0.002 ro 0.006 ana 2is the naturel frequency considered. For the standard plans suggested in 1960 te USS ee nee Paper of M. Bf. Klattso in Fuadameaipeojekt Nos 1. Moseons i060) ee ‘ooffcient @ characteristic for dainping bas been sdorted ee Obs a) Vertical Amplitudes Due to a Vertical Force When a vestical generating foree K, passes thcough the centroid of the combined masses of the machine and foendation the aaghtede ote gonereted vibration : n(i—at) (aray at A ct eee ee at et the speed (r.p.m,) of the machine. 8) Amplitudes of the Vibrations Generated in Planes az and ye When an assumed horizontal foree acts on the foundation, the Founda tlon (and the centroid) ‘will vibrate in the horizontal direction ee simultancously they will undergo rotational vibrations es well The generating force K, will he reduced to the centroid of the come ined masses, as a result of which a force K- aad e imome ill uct ou the centroid. Under the action of K, and M the fall Honal amplitudes ease: ‘The amplitude of translational vibrations of the centeoid, in'm (a), Ante Gi tet Oat Ae) (479) ad, in the ease of 4 i Apa LG FA— Cot i “Alot fe ‘The amplitude of rotational vibrations of the centroid in radians is aaK, 4, meth ee ata (181) and ia the ease of sol ata an 7 Fala) ot Aor) = m OE = 08) 0") (483) tudes dve 19 moment Mf are i follows: Ba sienfedol ration smplieude of the conti nm (nf Ape (apy “Ale? a and, in the ents of sit 119, "The value of + WF foundations net on the ‘round taiee es : ai! Fig. 181, The value of + when wing ‘tel speugs ig, 199, The valve af with i Ah dasis laper ‘The amplitude of rotational vibration of the centroid in radian (486) ‘and, in the eese of soil, (087) ne i if \d the symbol s eae St hen a oundation it euppacted by an elastic bedding, sis the distance oh ple foundation, # will be mensured, according to Rausch, * Bouinginiour p. 865, 1926.(Gj) must be determined, and the valies if and! Me introduced a8 valuce Of the natural frequency, “ must be introduced, (ha Ae iM an » ©) Amplitudes of Rotational Vibrations ‘he amaplitude of vibrations about the axis», due to moment M, is, M, A= 0.05 — a} (498) 4 Approximate Equations for Determining Ampliades of Forced Vibrations ogllgaate the amplitudes of forced vibratians of the fomntarin, Se LelRe spprosimate equations aan be snd, depestice ommeat Seecgct ttnndaton Hote cimeaion ot te anna SHEE Airection of the piston stroke, 2) TE a, > 3 fy the otstonl vibcatins canbe neglected and only the horizontal vibration amplitude a. hes eo ie caleulated. i K, CF amet (499) 2) Tae By > hype nan the conta rota sh amt ut spn a cs Below the wont af graviey Homer ie re analation and rotation are of opposite ign abd Ths oenene of needa ity. Tae fe POS he! upper contre IA. > hes py = 0 only translations if i, 262: py = 0 begative, lies above the cute af ‘only rotation “eur. kx —_coutursrtow oF rocipArions sox areiocarise uxetves a, ‘oti of the foundtion shout the centroid of the base are rain Saly edation, ify see ype mes ' 2) Winfast of he rings othe vertical dcecto, the iit feguency Bn LI lata gts of the sping in the hstaonal deco, the mts te comer ang 13. Vibaton tu dee hneizntal pla bout a vetionl sie ie deseribed hy P a0 ry, = a ip ML, AMPLITUDES, te foal ow ply ns othe ilps Te a ete a tat eae se ppd ae tage vend dest 7 A Ee ) Mw sn nanos ae 2, Momint acting ia the vertical plana, Peplacemene ef nner of totals Displacement of the centre of gravity: ear ay 4 Game ar Ay ee The value of (0) If 3, and 4 aie computed te Ay =m 60! — 02) (4 08) ‘The value of (6%) if Ay and 2, are not calelated, wil be: Ale) = mba — (Cy mt Oy Fst + GEOG $6, CFT32 Desc an axatysis Ge aucune rouNDATIONS Displacement of the centres of rotation with damping fi: a Jere Faron + (Sine Ae ayer ey et Displacerent of the centre of gravity with damping ist Mem delat ay aa 4: Yertieal enontee fen. ‘Vertical dapacereat Displacement of the contre of sot = SH he veel dglcoment wich damage: eee eee see eres lacement of the eentzes of rotation with da waren Bas exgremsnn oF HOUNDLTINS OR REEEROCAIN ENEINES a ; et of the ctr of gravity wth das ! ted Aim Ae (af ~ 49.8 (os ap Aga oy (205) 4. Horna fore. Dsplacemest of the centre of rotton A tae An (ony gfacoment of the cent of exvir ie palette = OK beset (GF Ot GP — 009K, 4 CFM " aay aor Rg og me) M _ GPa (Ge P —mo it He ae Diplacement of the cats of sstaton wich daoping i: i 1 xd my Taney 22)" fecal a (sta) as eae * nfamers Zp ae Displacement ofthe anton of eraity With darn Anata tata em antics (68 1 9) A paie cse where = 1s vans if the force ats i he is of lanl Disghsonus tte conte of ey An mele = Ano “ho daplacecat of the cents of sraviey with dutpog i omy Ae coy EL A, Mapua fr rt od Tuest DEsex AND ANALYSIS OF NAGHINE FOENDARIONE ane THREE, 2) A spacial casey where the body sotates about the setts of lant Displannat fhe cote of getty Be A=0 ay o,fas r+ (Bae 5. Momont acting about the vertoal axe. ‘The roteional Sepngement of the contre of gravity ie: a ear) The steal dihnrmens af the ene of ee e ofr =f Approximate formolas forthe eilesleion of the amplitudes 4, and 4y- a, oak ty gama a ect dye hit of the foundetion Aimenson of the foundation iv dicetion & ‘Gotance of the dlatording forse team the Dose plane ESSER nt gag up ee oo Ra i fa ft ‘The position of this point is independent of the magnitude of the force. The centre od Sd es aie cl tae lee Pe ee Phe spat we me te by sewn Ie can be seen shat the centre of rotation wil Be tse he vertial peneipal suis ri whem there 50 Sertealaiiplacement IE ‘sabject to e momen Sora bercoatal farce, the rotation wail courte OF, FOUNGATIONS FOR MECEFROCATING ENGINES my 4 The ace of zotntion and the amplitude a5 + finetion of tb oo elven ate ela end eprnging i ubjeet roa momen gp * gen sttand mbentnds is movement wil be goveroed by Me wage APSO, "So Ne ei Hegel he By rotates at small alas abit ae ovity + “ 1 aca ofthe bore pla ia tho aieetion af the moment, with ineveany, oe atic dont Tanpreacher py from the base plane, sud tbe amplitides ayy, I becomer sas to yy there Hs rosomanct; the Body wt Tower centre of rotation shat hy and tho ansplitedes exe in theory infinitely Lorre thas bccn oq the ody tates seat 98 « Eo RISE aha Se ee I a, SOURED Tay Sena Sar a Bee Sie a Re ace fe einaemeed by Jp, Boe sa Et the body wil undergo saaly vatatonal aba Moy, Kom ip there i ngenaen ogling the Boy ets ubent Teatee of rtelon an toe empitades sein theory fay" My if rhe contee of rotation appronchor the cantee of gre pltndes ae redoowd: the rection of ro rvity aut, oni entry “ae i Diceen of in cio station tnt tin cece a Se gga of tin Fore afte machine Leyuency is lower than the two matoral req see dre cad ote begat es ee "OT ty tha AST apie candy mee ose mkon hc Spa nett ch te pi ee tetatve Sand ae poston "yi the frequency of toe a 4, ond Ay ae of oppoite ig AY, MASS FORCE 1, Varia fsee acting centelly (Fig. 189) Fe mum go? sees an slosestaty wnt of weight ate ‘The mane freee2 A moment acting on the contee of gravity in the vertia! plane (Fig. 293) vm Wound M64, a nae nade em fc fo deny ao wel wast se ae aH 9 86 5 8, S. Vertical sesntse force Pig. 192) Vimumago Wau mdgot M48 4,08 aad ara 8 4, Horizontal foree (Fig. 192): veo Wem emdzat Mm 1 8, dyat =o nore ae ‘The sin forces of on elementary anit of west are: coronation 6 SOUNDANIONS YOR mrtzPROcKTING UStANES 315, a) Apcial exe, where cy = 0, and the centre of otation eiacides with the entve at grasyy ok the ase plane GFig. 193) veo Waumd,ot Am ny Aget amo ase ‘The mans Cores of an elementary uit of weight are we aoa “eg 8 1) A epoca whee gy = 0, andthe cote of atton iat infinity Pig. 190: reo a= Han mdget forces of om lementacy audt of weight at: ano ac ari 45, Moimene acting sbost the vertical axis (Big. 195):36 DESO An ANALYSIS OF exes FotNDaTONS Pane tans, cour. xe" courvnsnioN oF sousmarions ron REcarRocATING ExciNES a 1) For che moment about the exotre af gravity of « horizoatal force - 46, ‘The moment above the base point ies A Gye Lit Op, dy Y. Dywaotte FORCES 4, Vertical force seting conttally: FM Opty — Hi mide dys) = My Pasmedy 2A moment acting on the contze of gravity inthe vertical plans ‘Tor the horizontal free ~ Agno! $ Hid, = dpa) Ky ©) For the tient causing rotation about the veeiea? axis: ~ 8, Ay 0h + Bp Ay Hy m Ay Oi} — 04) = dt, Yao Fem Holdem 1d) Mem epg 2. Vesti ogame fon: Vamped, Mam Hb ~ 0A) Mom Pop dy 4 Mortoatat free Yano Hym weldy~ 4,9) Mem Hey 4) In he «posal casey when ey = © and the centze af gotation colaces with she ‘entre of gravity of the bse sufater v=o Hy <0 Me Heyy 2B) In the special cate, when ¢; = 29 and the suntce of rot van Bye tee Ay Meo 5, The moment about the vertical axis i: Mem ney Ay Vi CHECKING ation of matiog is abt “hick 'the mass farce ‘ocamise for checking ae 1) For vertical canreal fose: mga? + mdyitCHAPTER XVI TURBINE FOU: VDATIONS Jn Chapter TIL, whore various machines were classified sceording to the number of blows or revolutions per minute, machine groupe ‘ith Ligh speeds vere mentioned in Seation & This group contains mall user generators which form the, most important element in thermal. power stations, In auch instances the requirements for zeliable foundations snust be met in overy seqpect because faults in design or construction may ret in serious trouble not only in operation but also in power supply, Eeonomical design is also important ag, for Instance, the eeeteucion of the foundation far 225,000 kW Lurbo-generator set requires about 500 mat 17,600 oo. ff) of reinforcéd concrete. This quantity would be enough for the' construction ofa miediuay sized industrial plant or or the superstseeture of a railway bridge of mp diua spat : ia the past, parallel with industeisl development, sl the design problems of turbo-generators have been given very careful considerction and considerable progress has been achieved, eapecialy beesuse i was Possible to assemble a neat aniount of empiteal data relating to desiga and operation and to use Tt for research work, 1. Classification of Turbine Sets High-speed machines, refered to collectively a& turho-machinee”, may be clasfied according to their purpose and speed, as fllowne 2) turbo-generators producing coche eaeray: 8) suabo-eatary) sompressor and tubortrn delivering compressed sir or other qares, e) teabor(rotery) puinps ‘evra Coa? etary egupedt Inve to wots insane, « ‘common shaft and thus the sumo speed: Sometimes, however, « redeion gear ie installed between tho turbine and the ausiliory cquipieas: On the other hand, some gears are designed to ssp up the speed. ar oe. fn compressors with electrical drive, ‘The speed of taciiay ses, mosated on & common shaft ranges in general fom 1,500 to 1,800 2 pn. Ths spre of rotary tee ead pump say depen the demand yarying between rather wide limite, Pans fr intance may have speeds how, 2,000'to 4,000 rps eae nr 3 * sunmrse Foowpanion a 4) CLASSIFICATION OF TURBOMACHINES ACCORDING TO SPEED snp Sino seg ot oneing ened of mesa ii ey Turbine sets with 3,000 r.p.m, or moré. Most turbo-generators ao tea se ik $000 5 SR the eT ayn gl op te 4000 rp). Ponadicee regm ce mere a url op 2.000 sp). canal beamed iy Smee of ec avg cent pnt ig 204, Acrangements of torbo-gonsrators ia mchine Mall Te shoulé be noted here that besides the machines mentioued above there aro some installations which have a speed lose then 1, 300=1,000 rp. (e.g. motor generators). 3) THE ARRANGENENT OF TURBINE SETS ‘Turbine sets may be arranged in the machine hall in different ways, ‘The shaft may be longitudinal, i.e. parallel to the axis of the machine hall, as shows in Fige 204, 205, 206 and 207; it way be transverse, at right angle to the longitudinal axis of the machine Hall, ax shown Figs 204, 203. 209 and 210, or the two shaft settings mey be combined as in Fig. 211, As segards the cross-sectional arrangement, the manehiaes are mostly eet on the machine hall floor. Lese frequently au upper floor is provided. ‘With the former arrangement most of the auxiliary equipment such a8 the pumps, including precipitate and oil pumps, oil coolers, eable ducts, and in most iastances also the condenser, are placed in the basement.ae pes sno Ashura oP MdcuiCEYOuNDAGONS j pane rune : i ’ ‘Resigns, where the foundation is rigidly: connected with the super. Fagure Of the building oF where the machine st is placed direst on te oor, are rarely yot still encountered. Foundations ff tarhine oat ee Seneral separated completely from both the tupesstructure ond ake hea Garlone of the building, Le. expansion joints are provided betwoos teen, conte Meast the trantmission of vibration to the structure ofthe huling fan Be avoided: Vibrations, transmitted: by the soll can, however ean’ hh eliminated thereby r As well 9s tho two-level arrangement montioned shove, it ie quite cquimion fo pravide no basement at ally and to accommodate all aandle ‘Shipment and the condenser soom iteelf on the vame level In gush inetenee, ‘he goater pare of the foundation is below geouads | ‘The Wpes of arrangement of turbine iets mentioned Lboye epph fo thermal power seatione where atin is produced ie cone eke age 1 Atomic power stations the arrangement of the hull ie tention were gifermce, hewerat that u reactor fan the place of the Pate pe oe be noted, noverthslas, that there aze comme vety ipo eet ieee Petwoen thermal (Fig. 212) and stomio power (Rp. Bid) cei me Finer (hte lot0 need for coal bunker tr storage spacer epetheraey Plant oF for the ausiiary holler equipment ete fenertel ceding agent tttely diferent principle, Nataly the prtsec ment of he ern agents is also dissinilar sp that in thermal power staan The he sha ‘quipment modifies the arrangement of the ety prevantions required in en atimie pore m die considerably irom those in a chemal power ete Fee atomic power station the loading and tnlousing of the ehh es fe feccmplnbed in an autouatio way which owing to the sae qaeshiee iaveerditiniutfnn problem, Aer move dos prio ee opel Gensou, val. 8. (DF. Bliacew and Re A. Nikalods, Sistsy are Ee i he fsion by-products and the iad ful, Deeqse of thee inchueradi- pactinly fe thermal, atid atomic power spite of all the dlierences between 1 exe sn, she anangemia! tnd Liu dr Of the vagice robs ney gers, ery stir vO Te'should be mentioned in conclusion that in pow ring he til pgs amano se pon Glouslly as well as organieally the core of the entige ioctl station design, whic fs fune- ienevere 15,000 RW turbergenérators, meaulzetared ie, Huauacy, me with turbines from the Hunguciaa LANG, Works after esi the avant mae wth bor santas wits proteins el oplast uulfhcre er hemaclenterenge Dent sigped Hheseors ws ipbe of layout & panel nlee oysu Dest ao335, DEBION AND ANALYSIS OF waeHINE FoeNBAnLONS. “FARE Time €) CLASSIFICATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF TURBO-GENERATORS Among the machines belonging to the tuchine group, tusbo-gencrators are the commonest, and therefore we shall discus thelr technology to ‘moze detail below A turbo-generator consists of a turbine and an’ electric generator ‘to which, if so required, a condenser ie: attached (Figs 214 and 915), ‘The thermal energy of stesm generated im the holler and passing through the turbine is converted into kinetic energy, following waleh ft is dirceted on to the turbine blades (Figs 216 and 217), The rotor of the turbine, together with thet of the attached generator, is thus set into rotation. ‘The steam moving st high di t z ‘ OHS weesity ctatrtes ot, ah : LSA; petunia’ ivi H original direction and, at the same PSI pe Sea he Sota esi thn te produc futsal cos ity) of sceam passing through the tur: bincischangot and this change exerts ‘thrust on theiiapellers which are set in rotation. While in reciprocating Sea a ‘nto works ocoomplished fn onestage Thiele teens (Ghesteans dirested into the eylinder ~ Sfehestenm engine drives the piston find dizect work is done), turbines convert thermal energy into work in several stages, In order to secure oc economical conversion of the thermal encigy of steam, « series of bases veer inat ah pe comin ae oui eas neque wo con Yert heat onergy into Linctic energy and Kinetic energy into teechoatea York. The structural elements by which heat energy i convesied’ toto Hinetio energy ave called guide channels, rile those by the aid of whith the kinetic mergy is converted into mechanieal work’ are. the sots of Blades, Both groups of elemonts together coustitute une stage, Turbines designed to convert heat energy into Kinetic energy only the guide channel are action turbines. Ifthe above process takes ple partly ip the-guide chanael end partly in the blades, the timbine i Clicd a reaction turbine. The form of the guide chennel wae developed fist be Laval, in 1883, ‘Thus in an action tubing the rotating blades convert only thé kinetic asrgy into work, but no change ie brought about in the pressure. and volume of the steam. In a reaction turbine the steam undelgocs cartel changes in the guide-channel as-a consequence of the expansion, Hig. 218 shows « section through a multistage action type tarbine, The assembly of « 50,000 kW eapacity turbine made bythe Skeds ee es the conversion of beat | Fig. 215. Tusboyoseetoe with frame foundation Fig. 216, Vones of a high-speed wuehive338 Dysiait AND ANALYSIS OF seacuINE FOUNDATIOSS awe nee Works is shown in Fig, 219. The sstembly of rotor and the rotor of an setion turbine are to be seem in Figh 290 and Zaks venectne ge ‘Bhe steam leaving the tushine is conducted ito feeds where scree rang iid by oo pps a fe et steam is condensed en the surface of wate-conle pooh ene ers surface condonier (Rg. 232), The steam oa nea be forage ke of water iajection, a8 in “jetcontensers” or dine ee ee ‘he heat content of the coadoneed stvamn is trmakered ae ee 20.000 4X. 5.000 xp. turbine mansfactered Beavie Bisel Go 7 Jn surface condcnicrs the voluiie Of Sibling water i foln 60 to 80 tien that of the acoam, wile in jet or direet-contact sondeccnrs ft ose $e Fotis. The condensed water i ru to the supply cask te ad thenze, by the means of prmps: to the boller Intee bean eee condense water and fed boc into the eopiae eins Wi th irr eae empeate ray be from 550 to 400° € (680 t0'780" F); whereas the were att turbines may hat tmnperatae of fon 35016 COO" € (eaah eT Mee fhe upper limit being govrrned. by the material of chien aye ogee is built. For units exeerding 1.000 EW capacity. the steane turtige ee ; aghic and hes gradually supplamad Tho steam for than that din 399, orhine ig. 218, Section through siuttege teat ainganan terboogerstor se A Pibety TO Figs 27. Rotor of « Hangasian rwbiae ours set-vaunie rouspantoxs Pt ‘turbines den by gt instead of steam have resntly been developed: “yoo Stgencator of this Kind is Mosteated in Tig 224 and the ott rit generator in Big. 2 ; Fhe Sraiby slamente-are supported by bearings siounted on # base (iSge D1F tad B13) n mot Instances, the soalug af the beulags SiS for kya spec elduct system which eoutiauoudy supple ie pees The individual besstuge ax comaceted hy this precere system sitter tothe coolers or to oil eserves and oil pumps, With water cooling, the water is condusted into the cooling jacket of the bearin ‘Burisg operation the coils of electric generstors develop heat the Yemoval of vhich,alr-cvoling chambers are built iato the foundation. Exhaust air frow the generator ie cooled in this cbamber and is subseqs recneulatal by tans Griven eff the generator haf. The amount of air ia the cooling circuit of the generator should be coustant and enticely dust- free, Therefore the cooling chambers should be six-tight. Gas cooling has” recently been wed sueceifaly. Here hydrogen is most frequently theae Desi ANALY op eacnne OL , 8 OF MACH FOL ATO ar rans ar xe ‘eam rounoatIs ab goeling agent heen of ita great heat eonducivity sn low Sach ¢ hrdogen-cooled tutogenerstor ft shove te Figs Soe Maioils forthe highpeei ots tsi be charsSvih rhe grvtee Gy 2 gases that no deormation vil cour ovens We He artes L2ah isto eonnre thatthe ates in the materil wil seule sae Sess safety below the clastic limit at any point of the rotating element, 3. Extraction turbines. In these’ turbines aly part of the stom serurned to. the conidetser, the other part being taken off at an inten diate point and eaizied elsewhere for hent utiliation, Fotincroased efficiency, the prehester ‘of the supply water is ex: tracted, The nomber of extractions may be from 1 to 8 ‘The Ietest development has been the production of turbines operating at a high initial pressure (exceeding 200 atmospheres) and high stears temperatures (From 500 to G10" © [932—1,104° F)). Lp Big, 22h, 5400 WW os tubing by Brows Bovest Co. Fig. 208, Sapply tank Bs reeds the conventional capacities of turboogenerstor outs, it should be cientioned thet sats ranging ftom 1.0 to 92 MW capacity have brea instaled at aust plants. Ia teoent years several units Belonging Yo the 50 to 100—150 MW capacity range have been. buile. The Ligkest capacity axained ox yet with = single unit ie 900 MW, although vecbioce ofS00 BIW and higher capaci are being digned, In onder to illustrate the space requiements of tarbo-gonerator sets 4 fow typical main dimensions depending upon capacity ll be eivee Generating ects of about | to 50 MW capacity are veualy 6 10°20 m (26 to 65 f) long. For 100 to 130'MW sets the lnggth may sgtele afoot ‘he everent generated is conducted aver coppar bug bai een fhiminium bus bars are also sed) to the distributors Benoa cereale iation and the distrbotors ee must prove forthe apes a PorBines may be Wided inthe flowing grnnpés ; mensing turbine. in these turbines SU het waa. thn fs conducted nth the eoudeer, . : 2 Backepresare turbines, Ta thee the ehaust steam ip not xetrne ty tg conden hat aichegnd ir tr oe saga tet | other tmbines working at ¢ her wees 25 $0.80 m (62 to 100 fH). The required width vasies between 3 m (10 8) and 6.0 m (20 ft), up to 7.0.15 (28 f). Vertical distances from the top ofFig, 226, Tusbo-generator manufactured by €. we goneraar Ie coled by Hyajen gant EC the base slats to the to from sbout 4.5 to 7.0 m (15 to 29 ft). Fe be increased to 10 m (33 ft), ning, an wiobstrusted space of While desi to 16 ft) should * p of the turbin slats are ‘or higher ¢ provided tn the generator up to 25 MW capacity, apatites thir value cor shoes 4040 5.0 m (10 doin nstheaning ae luctor. The necessary height of the crane hook is 3.0 to 6.0 m (10 to 20 fe) ln tho use of Low capacities, and 8.0 m (26 fi). or even higher for higher ones ‘pj TYPES OF TURBO-MACHINE SETS ‘We shall now des) with the types: commonly used, together with their foundations. The data and output of the turbine, tho characteristics of the foundscion ‘ill be denoted ine manner similor to the system of potations aed in the USSR ae follows: ‘The first letter of the symbol denotes the steom pressure: H — high pressure MM — meditim pressure TL. = ow pressure (using exhaust steain). ‘The following letters donote the turbine typet € — condensing turbine H1_— extraction turbine for heating purposes I. — extraction turbine for industrial purposes B — hack-preasure turbine ‘The numbers denote the eapacity of the turbine in 1,000 LW. For instance 25 = 25,000 kW. sett tyPC of foundation is enoced after the figmes by the fllowing letters: BR flat (eaftor shallow) foundation BovX blosk foundation W = wall foundation F = framed foundation. Materish used forthe coustruction of the foundation will be denoted by Tetuers standing next: Go concrete Ke — seinforeed conorete Se = eel Be — brickwork. For eximple, MC™~25—FRe denotes a mediua-piessuse, condensin turbine’ of 25000" EW capacity, with framed foundation of reinforce concrete. For cuibined machine sets, the individual elements of the Sombination wil be mentioned. (So indication i given in oases when some at the turbine data were not available.) Below yall deal ithe pee mos egy weds (Pig: 227), The foundation of this medium-preseure 5 turbine Te « oSate lock foundation of ancrete. The dhiving torque Js transmitted from the tusbine to the gencrator by means of gear, the operating speed of the tsbine being 3,000 rpm. while thet of the {generator 1,00) zp.m. ‘The entire set is mounted on a common base frame Sod supported on the foundation. ‘This supporting frame ia built up of welded sections, The condenser is also supported on prismatio concrete block. This is the simplere solution suitable for very small unite only 2 ype with the symbole explained above: MI—0.5—BCa)346, DaSION AND:ANALYEE OF SACU FodNDATONS 0 2 (Fig. 228); An extraction turbine for fadv rurposes, sop RIES St atin, ot heparan in ieee | ter Figs 227. 500 KW turbosgeoerator with Block foundation ped a6 Lage = ie i Fig, 228. 4000 LW tucbo-gensearoe hth lock foundatiog is by means of a geare A characteristic facie of the derangement ie tha bavi of the tarbine is supported byt condemssr” sed ernee ht folate of 2 single concrete block. Below the condenses the fens fs depressed over a broad part: (Type MI—4.0-— Boa) "platform. (Type LH~ 12”-BCo) ‘ronamve rouwarions sey/ type 8 (lig. BLA tepremare tebe of 2000 EW capa ‘The foundation cau bo Segazded as a block foundation segues Bf the pressions whic ipake ft very sal ilar to © veall foundation, The foundations of the tashine and generator a pastly below ground and give a walllike cupports Around the genevator there is ¢ cantilevered Fig 29, 15,000 kW turhé-geheeator made by the Ljongstim Works vith Book Fesndetion titer Ravash (ce Iostaot od pace 12) Type 4 (Hg. 250), 4° lowepressue’ extraction turbie with block foundation made of concrete (ce footnote on ps fel. The net Soot 2 turbie and twvo-geaerators located above the condenses, With shin arrangement the foundation block i as simple at posebes cutouts sad ‘reowen ars not needed. For salntenance and tervicing « ight reel plats inra ix Bult at the regained elevation above the flog: of the tonddaser ‘pon, In ie main features this solution is very ellar to the elevatedus DPASIEN AWD ANALYSIS OF EHD PoUNbATION paper sane Go nen of turbine sets, if the floor is at a height of about 6 t0 7m (Fo te 23 feet). The essential difference is; however thet the fleve kag 3 cerrebagempestion with the foundation: it is wtiached 19 the awrsons carrying the machines, (Type TH—15-BR.) A common characteristic of the four types mentioned above is that all have block foundations of concrete, supplemented only in teint Stee [ylock-like longitudinal and transverse walls above ground Ick Most high-speed sets have, the turbines above the sondeuen wea) one Fis, 231. 12,090 KW. turbo-gencestor with walllike foundation load is tranamicted to the foundation over separate support, indopendent Gis condensers In soch cates, fo servicing and mateanaee eles, fe dislaned of continuous ar non-costinwous for, Aa sleered aon reeults thereby for igh-speed machine set. The tushine heat ee in Fig. 268 contains vwallike suppovting from the block a. A further development of tis ty diseased beh Type 5) (Fig. 201). & low-presrace condensing turbiae of 12,000 kW. Sepacity. The foundation consists of two lengitudieal wally on eee seretal polute by transverse beams or walls: In the axamne Shee Fis: 231, the girder hviow the tarbino are ctuated at nfo ee Pic upper glider supports the baie plate ofthe turbine beatng: eke ee we one connects the ongitudiaal walle, The portion beleg on vied fs a compact raft foundation. (Type LO 12. Wig) ‘Type 6 (Fig. 232) Hero the turbo-generaiae, with two lagitudinal eoa- entre i supported by tvo longitudial founding, cach 7 a fh * enause rornbations a ¢ total Tou of tho turbine andthe genertoe fs cued by the tive bn mete We wl evr the condor ‘crunged longitudinally, there are only a few openings, For the same reason ie. detanee betveen te loagitudinal ales sppredably greater, Uaddy eee oosand penestenitesofbedagecrenel decomaqiene’ Suentcy of risorclag steal required is alto objectionable: Using between Ke transverse boauns lougitudinal ones instead of the longitudinal walls, {i Iramed foundation would be obtained, and considerable savings (about Fig, 22. 20,000 RW tarbo-generator with walle fousidation gitudinal walls. Also this set has two longitudinally arranged conlensers, bas ite Limitations a6 regerde mouating and serviciag, because. the fee of rotation produce only axial forces without bending in the walls. 7‘Tuhamve rousanins a |feson af the foundation hes proved very compat ant The fact tha eho trent ne Wale eet ee Fe | att rene ay bobesuns oe ee Bad msighesace above the condensers ie to smal for eomfortable sre and maiatentnee, fay o nr Zrve 9, fig, 285). The salle connected with exch other above, the z: op L?g—@ | Jt ae 2) Vth «hil fate hemos comin satel sang ue Dan be achcwed eentte We design ead leet of ie senate PS geste ah ata nt, otwithe deformation, Tl feim « block like foundation, cosembling very rauch the block heat ons diseussed above. Walls of sich dimensions tay be assomed eo een Hy eT a L* ws _ | = otis hfs Fig. 288, Vro-generator supported on sree longitudinal wals Pig. 284, Torho-genecator sgppccted om inclined walls ‘he turbine is = backpressure type, without condenser and there is Ploy f rm for + ore bulky sod ler dega She ete coer the foundation. (ype M12 “Wingy thesaciyitls of the above syper ie that the turbine foundatione are gomposed of block foundations, af wall foumaeions oo he cenaiome oF ehere'ore typers Ac now We shall seuss the types which bave been mort ohén used jn prsetce, Characteristic of those fatndaiony iv Tate weed aed longitudinal and treceverse fame is pm shove ae hee ‘The nivancezer of framed Foundations over the ton conitoned 0 for may be summed np ar fife ig. 295, 6,000 KW 'tapho generator with fenmte foundation 2) With flame srieta elements canbe designed to have the soulett and most seonpnistfmeatony tour hace Ss sa oe Toe'vhe meshenicel eqepaents than with any other te af foundation 6) Brome foundations eos be tubjct to a more Cact algaeFis. 229, 24,000 L57 earboigenerator with fase fonadation ‘ype 10 (Fig. 226). This is one of the simplist forms of frame tuuniefenn Ths adensey a ected ranvversly and ony the two lteral fan of colums have no tansveree contcetiog beasts, be intermediate Bejnections ar achieved by auete of tranevecte all The castleyered suufvatinevouse the sigidity ofthe eonetestion inn crizontal ection Bae Secis of 8000 KW eapetity at a speed of 3,000 r-p.m. ‘Type M1 (Fig. 237). The Piguce shows the foundation, supported by twelve Column of 2 45/000 LW turbine, One of the six pais of colaames rr We ULL Os (ar0) ‘Fig 229, 50,000 KW vorbogenerator with frame fousction — an jtormediate pair — bas no transverse beni, atthe calumes serve satya noes the npported spur of tre Longtail begun, For ela the generator ap ate-cooling chamber is provided, the air being recirculated through sled space susfounded by acted Beane, The laters arvenged Teogtrte and hee supports sopsrated from the feasiewore "ype 8 (Big. 288) 4 foundation fort tucho generator of 24,000 XW capaci Boil tegasverely asangedcondeasers are located. etween Seats of he Tomato. trling eats Saat spe expr etm lnving lee voom around the coudenvers. No special ait cooling chamber has heen provi . - 12 Fig! 239). ‘This $9,000 kW turbo-genistor is supported on thre ames Betegn te tubine and the geustor sg separation Wall her beew provided, wfc lve increasse eafineas in the Kevioatal 25-4 a pd fr358 DESI AD ANALYSIS OF HAGHINE. FOUNDATIONS hee nine dieetlon, One ofthe side frames has a storeyed arrangement (ype Mt 50—FRe) 7 Ore ‘Type 1 (Fig. 240). A. characteristic feature ofthe foundation of this Highopeeseure and hackspresnuce 25,000 LW. tusborgesernn eh Toe font hearing of the turbine is suppurted by x teeny edie Te Permits tive displacement of the tabine part seating an es ee ae ability of tho tiubine is uchieved by the ed suppest of gee mn order to secure the neccesary siffes, the pinned cuban bans eee OT Fite 49, 25.000 WW gte‘gunoratos wid fae foundation and rnkerbealag sblo width in the transverse direction. For. accommodating this columa the front part of the foundation must be recesied. The transverse heen heme inde the Dearing between the turbine and the generator aay be designed in a very simple form, since there is no condenser, In other bereney ore Pith types nos § and 10 —~ those cross-gieders have a more complicated force in consequence of the position of the condensers, which leave tle soe at our disposal. (Type HB—35--F Re) ‘Type 15 (Fig. 241). This type is very similar to'the above, As there Ba condenser. she central crosscheam ean bave a very simple fore vie fongitudinal braving between the, trantverse frames can be of rine stifiness. (Type HB—-25—PRe) rr FA lI | LZ: YY Flt 281 25000 7 Yori with frame fniatin ed single ental 4 FL if siderable width, Type 16 (Fig. 242).~he ‘eronsgirders have a consid . white the tegen! wale ee we Hen ee a shaped ecrng the space requirement of the methanfes! equipment. The min sipportn eantet cane ofstmdy sauteed ogee Ea longitadinel girders between them. (Type MC—2s—-FRe) 2wibined (partly alike, partly Fite 244 25,000 RW carbo generator vith combined (pely wale, partly usm ~Fonsuee Fouoarions ws Type IT (Big. 243). The feames below the turbine and generator are not somnecte th each other. The past of the fountation below the sverator constitutes system consisting of to longitudinal end two Sroscvall and this can be considoved a8 # wall like foundation The other part of the foundasion supposting the generator conse ofa siugle tans Nore frome. (Type MC—30--WERS) ‘Type 18. (Hg. 264). This type, too, can be considered mixed as the port of the foundation supporting the tasbine consists of a pai of two Iovstoreyed frames and the ether part of tho foundation Suppo ting the fencrator ean be considered as walle foundation coupricing two longitudinal and tvo crom-walls. The apace betwen tasbine and generators, scenpied by the oondenvsr: Tn thie wey the foundation i divided by the onileser into tw) independent paste (Type MC~25—WERe) Type 19 (Pig. 245). Thie shows the foundation of «high-pressure 100.000 KW turborgeneestor. The welllike supports ste perpendicular to the machine shalt. The foundation past supporting the generator isa freme of eintoreed concire, The parte locntedhelow the turbine andthe gonorator are connected “vith longitudinal beasns above the coadensos. This arrange. Bieat, however, his not proved satisfatory becaure these aide emaot he made sti tnoagh for the mechanical eqnipment. Tee wousualy wide ‘aniilovers are also iradvantegvous. (Type H—100—WFRG Type 20 (Fig. 246). This is the foundation of a high- and back: prepare turborgensrator with storeyed frames, The highyprecsure section Sa the sight of the foundation and the low-pressure section on the left386 DISION AND ANALY Of SACMEME roUCHONS ane tance a Tasere souNDAtions af ‘The generator oocupies the central part of the stozeyed foundation a fl former solution, the art f the foundation. Inthe contrat looris.provided, As conipared with the of this type rust he increased, as it i sectional dimeniious of ‘the relatively tall colusans are necesaaily frrfeurl In euch instances deep undertuning sould preferably be adopted “This situation arises slinost yithout exception ‘with, modem turbine sets {of $0 wo 10) MW and even higher capacities aul weeny the desir lowed more conervntvnapprosahy ice there were no reliable methods or experimental reaulte available for rsicting she vibrational amplitudes, Thin lack of confidence im framed feandation lias ended only. with the development of new computation racthous. In present practice Feamed foundations ste used shunt without “exception for both lov- and higheespacity machines, unless recurrence is wade to foundations ‘with a practically sill upper sab, let ws examine in. moro. detail the problem of selecting the masses for the individual elements of the Toundeton, Tae evereet distribution of masses of the upper slab is of paramount "importance for reducing naturel vibrations, ‘The upper slab consists ot crowsbeams and longitudinal beam, of cantilevers end oF the participating pee othe on ca According to practical éxparience, for rigidly supported. machines the wight of the upper sah shold be selected 90 That goth the tntiee and the machine set, it will weigh from ten to fifteen times as much ae the rotor. With « highly overtoned design an even heavier upper tab 4 benetiiil. sinee it permits etshe samo time to increase stifaess Lateral irs ear best be seoured by increasing the width of the longitedinel 2 towards the rigid upper slab) and the thickness of the fantilevers, Cantilever slabs eonmeoted to the beams of the longitudinal frames ack monolithieslly with the beams. With undertuning, the upper tab should be sigid yet not execssively heavy in order to promoter ae frequencies f higher ordes, transition Uarough th eritical frequency without The fame elements’ should be simple, if possible zectangulor, in foursection, If the eocentrio transmission of loads ie inevitable, forsional freseen should be allowed for in bath the dealga and the structure] analysis. Carel design of the aroce-fenmcs is olev uf preas importance. The vereteal ‘ifinese must be chosen so that the natural frequeacies of all the frames ate vither Tower or highor them the operational spec care sould be taken thit the featte of city should eafnekde with the centre of gravity of the upper master of the foundation, For softly supported machines son steel tubstructares on p 360 [hen reinforced concrete was a nev material and was not in goneral use, the foundations of turbo-generators were made of brickwork. Below te ave cone examples of brickwork foundations, because, ee we. shall {et local eleumstances and, further, economic considerations may justify ther ote eve today i: fee ype 2L (Fig. 247). Here ‘three cross-valls were constructed of "sk fr te turbo genntior of 16000 KW eats The Td See the tucbines. generators and condensers are trensmitted by stoel Beams te the ‘brick walle, Pipe work is arranged paralldl to the tarbinoshaft ami. therefore, large openings in the walls were not ecaseary. A common characteristic of the types previously discussed io that all aro minde of concrete or seinfreed mec nt oe or Fis. 248. 4500 KW turbontenerator with two-storey frang foundation tan 2 pepe te, 9 Br Zn conclusion it may he established that framed foundations offer ‘Sepia space for all meckanieal equipimens, the pertaining pipe Ines sad the ready access to indivi edna ah Be Se conte ooBr mc ee geen es Nemes ain fevntons. Fal cat hasten a> Meck nda eg yl oma : io rg he tas nd mls emi seca chien equip apne hci and— 360 DES ae assnysis Type 22 (Fig. e Be Biss 48) The machines ate anchored into the” robuse ingement. (The avichors are deeply Brickwork walls used with extended, consequently large anchoring masses are iscluded) number the ‘rapidly “growing tendoncy to use reinfo rer rr fan 2 WZ aa Fig 247. Turbo-genecatori Hck of 10,000 KW output, with briskwerk suppor Figs 248, 1750 KW tarborgeneretor with masiva briclvod x w-atherator with mansve brilwork supporss ‘Mere gained with existing stractures of ths t edad "85 ei oon ype meget Prising 4 combination of steel and reinioeed soneree, Tin unter type. Brickwork foundations he Foqumants of lh s sequiements of iutbogentatr Kunlaion he iezesed openings and for ulegeas tees te the mating Meee ad wend coneretendates, “FuRAINE FOUNDATIONS a6 ypes are usually made of reinforced concrete. Steel frames itd of both & wi tat te ge i Tee ier a nom fosemae cement ly ard construction time can be reduced thereby. This advantage SAM be used even better if the fectory manufseturing the turbines were Co Minuufactuce the steel elements and deliver them With the macbines. ) Steel franes have minimum dimensions and thus moze space is ble for the mechanical equipment. } Finally, the steel frame if necessary ean be easily modified, recon: atructed or strengthened. site ass Fig. 48, 160,00 KW tubo seasretor with stelork sapport 1 = tae bs 2 at pr = sl ne bn = ‘Tho naturil frequencies (even the fiest harmonics) are Tower — both ta the horizontal and the vertical planes — than the speed of the machine, ithe entire structure, being more floxible and of small mass, is devply undertuned. This deep undertuning reyuires the very ‘sccurate compatation of the uatwal frequency, and the computation rust include net only the basic vibrations but the harmoaios at well. A further lisadvantage of these foundations is thelr increased demand for steel, compared with reinforeed-coucrete foundations. Although the resistance to fire of steel structure is lower than that of reinforced-cenerete ones, this shoud be regarded ae no disadvantage, since under normal operating conditions the rapid equalization of differential temperatures and a uniform temperature distibution practically eliminate she possibility Df stress aecumdlation in the etructuze. Neither does the higher sensitivity which means thsex besos AND AMMESI.OF MACHINE SoeNOATINS gone ony of the dampin the case of eth algoce fot retin ene ‘and Section 2 ou pp. 425). 23 (Hig 0 Figur ser Ei tn ig Figg shows a structure was justified hy » pedal foundasion wi npscity turbo-genortar of 160,000 Ws eches wera cxcumstances. The turbovgoneestor ha to og an secon “he Figure these ted astngenaene rn, a oh @ fomboed(vintredconere stb “ype 24 (Fig, 250. In order to inom i ot te Bota Lesher eas 8 eh fh oundacon Eyijinleettconcrete sla dn this rinfivcedeonea eas Pree th sb ee Tone mentioned advanteges — prefabecaton, quick neatly pe 25 (Fig. 251). This foundavnn of «20,00 atte 8 ction. «20,000 KW tarbcgenerto Shempres extraordinary slender steel eolsams The purporor gee mont Wa to prevent the Ransmisson of wbratoay Teele es re Bachipes stotsh the wi wr the eh “eens cing inerel nly hy Snel ese ee re 50,000 HWY capac toro {alier Kollbminnse ee ate entrar mae by Brown Bowe eh « "ste also p. 370 and Chapter XVI, Section Sou gant I, Section 3 on p, 443} ane svt enone soem 16 fn the ‘ilugtration. The structure is stozeyed frame in longitudinal and inainsevsal directions alike, The loagitudioal beams together ‘with the Chntileyered erosasbénmsconéeitute the horizontal upper sab. ‘Type 27 (Fig. 258). The foundation of this 25,000 kW turbo-gencrator fs very sila to shat of type Ll, with the diforonce that the sgcond frame below the turbine is of steel. Xe is also a turhine foundation of mixed con- gteuction. he practical requirements can often he met in a very setis- Factory siaaner by thie solution, because the frame placed under the tur bine wewolly has to camry the largest loads. but ‘ing 9 heles and openings, there is generally ‘ery little space lett for tt * Steel foundations wore scully. designed carlier with riveted joints: (especially in the USA prasiae aed welding was less fe- ‘quently used, In reeont times welded structures aye been given preference. In Germany spe- Galiged. mioulncturers Hike the MAN Works “supply framed etructuroe with box erore-eestions jn’ allowelded consteaction. Elements ace pre- assembled at the shop and are delivered to- agethor with the turbine. ‘Belov we ehall deal Briefly with thefoun- dations of wther highospeed machines, namely ‘with the foundations of rotary compressors, rotary pumps and rotor geuerators. ‘Type 28 (Fig. 254). The Foundation shown is that of rotary comprrstor of 1,000 miJmin (85,315 oudin) performance: Teds of a mixed structural system, consisting partly of brick masonry ard. partly of famed construction, ‘The part of the foundation, sapportiog the turbine ix-a simple fratne connected by wo longitudinal beams 10 the pert supporting ‘the compressor. The comprestor part consists of two longitudinal walls ronnected by two oross-beams. Oponings have een provided in the walls for the air ducts. Massive block foundations hhave not proved satisfactory forrotary compressors as the openings provided for air inlets und outlets in the foundation may eauseceatke owing 0 the temperature difference ‘Type 29 (Lig. 259). This chows the foundation of a rotary compressor of 4100 ntfmia {1ds,000 cutis) pertormence: The wolton ira Principle, similar to that of type 5, as the part supporting the ais blower Consists ofa tranavors wall and ofa mative fain placed in a tramevese frection, CE ty “Fig 251 2400 KW tobo- Stray et cals pe 256). This foundation fora 1240 EW rotary compressor af £3 zg. const of She concentinnl sie a treet the constention i very sample nuce nether evoking, nor distribution chambers-are needed. : /386 ecw Aso ANCES OF macuINE FOUNBFINS ety Lt TA, fame constuction, Pig 259. 25.000 WW vucho-genarator with combined (parly renforced-ooverte, actly steelwork) unto Type, $1 (Fig. 259). tn chis Figure the foundation of an oxyjen bower of 250 matin (8.80 en.sjmia) Sutpat x shoe, The Sosa ee Js a mixed one. The part supporting the turbine fe « say some onstruction wherems the other part fm denfer fume dn tas mse a eee, Cy ty ea eu gerbe, wh ; song WAG! (281 er ia Fe 254, Ba, soma of LAR? SI5 ew enor af $.100 3 (148,00 e4f0) per min He ee oubined (pur walidke, party ‘taied) fouudatonrn ne LL, Z GT h ae Tefto-blower with output of 250 in? cute ‘ it ‘amined (pty Biot, Barty ead) onesoaees enn 7 ‘runnave rose 08s ur this soliondifers x gicadeq from the usnal one, singe in genral th part below the taobine ix of slender construckon sud the ret of the Fomlation tee w mesaiyy compact ster, ‘Type 82 (fig 250) The foundation of S00 KW high-pressure rotary pimp is shown here, The construction is very Tgid and hee toveral Speesnge ait slot ‘The foundation lies sotcly Belew ground, ea pa a ‘ig. 256.500 EW rotary pomp with «sii foosdation AL TULLE Fig. 52.100 KW rotor gonerstor with a slender framed foundetion 55 (Pig. 259) This fomndation ofan 900 KW motor generator rt ae sree eperepenniia ovaan rte feng The pet sleds tata and i thre wry wens {vibrations Thete san be daiaped tisher by piercing the raueverse amen or by adding further cron beam The waty reason forthe relatively high vibratioas which occur is that the speed of the motor generator is 500800 pm. whch fn very near to the maura horianutal fequeney of the foundition. The weight ofthe votore ie exeewsive and it i dieat Uo balance tin practic, Le. the degree of accuracy fleas than wit taro porna Sgneratore of higher speed. Owing to the inereated danged of vibrations, the greatest care must be taken'to give rigidity to the upeer ala ond Provide an adequate number of stiffening beams bevel Ren ae 208 2. The Economic Investigation of Materials for Turbo-Generator Foundations brickwork, steel oF a combined system) il bs gorerusd Sf learn remocs, by the availabilty of materaie the dees of woe by the time available for sonstruction. If savings in sted areal gered peferines a simpler solution sogising lite ate! must be efoped low, we give 4 airvoy of the advantages and dissavantoges of wate foundations built of diferent materia” ‘t The advantages of seinforeed-sonorete foundations at ell known, ‘They can be constucted mostly of loeal materias and there i play ok Brsctial experience andveiable data concerning this material Tid setkoct bowever, as limitations dilfcalties of oostruttion. evr fr aioe ‘much timber is required for sbuttering, the spead of eonstenetinn Jett? Lvely slaw eto The most advanced cositructicg eet ee ee and) prostressing — cau sately be employed. A further lime shee rmothod is that the individual elomeats {erouhenmna, columes eeewt OS of considerable sino and therefore the fee space, around tht meaonieee Stomeat sud he acess 20 ars mbar Hed ‘oundations using steel. structures Lave aiaimum aispensious ond theie space requiterient is insignifieant, Tho individual waten sae ae prefabricated in feotories and can be teembled on the ste with ghee oF labour, The constructional works can bo tartied out in igser sae spesildifiultics, In timber considerable ravings can be sophia eet Geallding or shutesing is needed, Howersy great dhaloctacs ot {his method is that the sonvumption of nel ib coserabias eee here oh stuweture axe requited and, accordingly, there is ats meres ee skilled workinen. "Ae regards vibration, see! structures So fot heen Nery favourably with eeiforced-conercte ones, They undoubtedly ween wn iuereased danger of seaooaace and thit io one af the wal yates which eonttoats the design engineer when employing this “ates ee gauges has, however, been reduced recently. Now tompatenge ate hays been developed for the predetermination uf aapiitages sa ieee safety ean be achieved ia ddsgns ‘i * Foundations consisting of see struct snd shi eeren the rotation of the Tao centze of gravity, anuting longer life for supporting bearings than with othee eee or fonndation.* By reason of the soft beiding the vibrations as ieeet 2 the soll and to the adjacent foundations sre reduend, When tate ey Construction the native fequeney ean be detemsined witha fal high A decision on the choice of materials (eonerete, ie, conerete, * See also Section 28° om pels = 9 sem ort mo ey ig ma ed ne St out hy subegguent stfening, which wil not a este een vile iced ie ms aeatieebararas ste en SARL spp Nt ls ete Fe lan tO ee ene ttn of machin ay le vin thant a a Fata feta taped hen ey bullng ii ve Oona Joundatious are not recommended for machines of 0 Co oes ts, foundations of steel work are the EPSEE Loven, oman 9 ew won ty scat shoopigyuteaction cout of machine Found ce gly «actin of rr gesagt nelreie iran to reinforced concrete So eu he epost gen, fae co sete 9 Pi ch cea ee hia crip Geol fol ane aera should be considced as limit values. Within these li its the actual values i oh ttre tee Peak ht ete ales oats ce Tie ie ap cyan ney wer ta at nectar a cso ae is x. le $1 which- contains figures regarding t! semen fica court cue ete pe 100 5 ou LOD er ee ate Ap Dig pepsaes anael e en A ae for a slab of 1—I'), metre G5 5.0f) thickness, oat 60200 kal (5-62 tout) fe x walle fundarion and aboot 2 minimum reinforcement that can be applied in the vertical fame embers panera raises aca Se wade ate base slab should not be lower than the combined, eight of the machinea0 DESI AND ANALYSIS OF MACHIEVE YOUNDATIONS pare Anprevinate enovni of fred conte ate aan xv ‘ruRsuVE FOUNDATIONS am ee ere sows = [ow | an [== [me | aw |e ree vaio] 300] s060— 2101 0 90]- 2190 9 i a0 | go] 2az— 2920 BIST PAM] Go sel ESSE POY 60 wo! 2120 2409 wo so} 1oie~ 140] so 40! 1060-100 | 60 120 21 SESE RLAUEE EBOS) ueé te SQS USER) RE SRC e | ) AER = = = a = ye} 2 ino wes 300 1840 Sgt ene [150 bo, 300° 2090 I aeesa0| neo apo a s 5) “ite SAS 8 98 | and —t08| TED —40.600 | 890—s701 14 400-15 00 rea“) 5440 G50 | 120 a70 | gaat 9.550 | ast aso] eae es0 Pago este |S stan 16.50 | oe0| sh ano— 20.208 Tico | Gsi0— Bea Fo Baa Sas0—nt00 | Sea | ye. 950—21200 Pera? TB fe See ee ieee) oS) eee ! Aes sor | aa” | Soom | Staweaesno | Lbo0—iao| eso0—s8 300 the baco slab is lower in the ease of steel supersteuctures th, x ses than in thet o reinforced-eoncrete ones, However, ase slabs thinner then one eaeh eee rune Tong mt pt be" reds Tis eto stg armameteath of he edited conte ake ian coal bing tues sek ieee order to fatto the spores determination ofthe grou af ssinforeedconerste sequined ih elation fo the saree oP ene esr wo ass ges in Hale Sane nnn et Tn general the neceuicy amount of meterial fr fences may be Eorecinacet ed 0tsG0 oer a eaten el Tent ab 10000 EW ead A 300 Sa tana a ‘he rogrde the moval of ted ented fie Re one eon, of steclarork, we mention the steel used in the foundation of type 26 (Fig BES fn one Sead byte Cl Se (Dattingen) for « tarbo-generator of 50,000 kW output made 1¢ Brown. Boe ee te a senaed ear Pee BY te Browne Approsimate amount of ornfred concrete reir “for tube geternor founders [Gero nto omen | | 100,000 Ayprosimatsamountef reinforcing isl for trbogenrctor nine 3, Loads Acting on Turbine Foundations ‘The loaés acting om turbine foundations ean be divided (as is usual for other structures) into dead and live loads, A) Deal Loads a} The weight of the foundation and the floors supported by the foundation. 1b) The veight of the mechanical equipment including the weight of the rotating parts. ¢) The weight of the other equipment (condensers, oil and air coolers, ‘il tank, piping ete). sea eee ae eeewa 1 ms 3)-Loads due to denser” T004® due t0 short-tiroiit. moments and deprenon in tho cou ©) Vertical dynamio loa oe lynamie loads due to faulty balancing of the mechanical 35 Ts hovsontl dynants loud zits and dae to unsatisfactory balancing of the nani (He Jongitudiaal se ied By hee ang of ema ce eat hi regeitdina borizomal ‘dynamic load. siving sccontrie mass) ho loads sted above wil be news ee, aves it fs the longitndaal heats and not the trausverse ons'which is Joaded Ep the beariug Between the turbine-end the generator. In euch instances re should be taken when Almensioning to ensure that the dynamic load {fj tesnsaitted om the longitudinal hears not on the transverse frame. The Het bearing ofthe turbine wall always be supported by a transverse frame, "The weight) of the gonerater rotor amounts 29 about 60 per cont of the total weight of all rotating parts, ‘eM osides the loads de tothe turbo erator and ausillsry equipment, full data ding postions and dimensions) om the fovall aczesvorise serving for anchoring and Nipporting tho oil pipes, cables, ehennels Fig. 260, Lands on 4) DEAD Loaps Sol! pacts of the mechanical equipment, os Lane : te, should be given. eter Loads due to the eight of 1 Further, she arrangement asd temper. ature of the so-cilled “warm” parte of the mechanical equipment and piping should be given. PiFrig. 260 is a sketch showing the loads acting’on the foundation of a turbo-generator. Therein aotoracd atl the eg of the fondation and the Bung an be tacee ned seston wide 6) and The information provided amen tek fr¢ famished by the manulnce led must inclde the moa Qyy Og the weight of the turbine stator Gy, 0} =the weight of the turbine runace Oy =the weight of the gonerator rotor Oh, Oy = the weight of the generator stator 6 of the greatest Smportne Data fn Tale 39° have be ‘ sions lis 18 Table 38have been compied to show approximating a Gans and material quantities, The weight of he peronimating disen- Sinsed hae hays transmuted through the bominge hg Bae of the ‘gh the points of support of the atatiokery peee’Ee TE By LIVE Loaps ) Aa regards the dimensioning of floors around ths mounting hatches, the powibiiey of depositing eave machine parte should be allowed for By steuming, i the daar of small turbine sets up to shout 2 0W capacity, 2 aformly’ diibuted load of 1000 kg/o (206 Tha). In highceapecity Fant, this valte should be ineroned £0 2,000 to 5000 glint (612 t0 618 Iie. Other gure ofthe machine all lose should inthis case be designed for loud of about 1.500 ga® (409 tjeqt). Pertnisile oor loads shosld ceferably be eanvuncol by iperiptions: ax in Fige 203 and 211. Mounting {ads may occur only while the nchine is jooperativ. Consequently, the simultacous sccusrence of mounting load with any other eonciovable Wrighe of the ror of srb-gener of een cpa ss type of loading is impossible, by the dnamic effects vary at foation of tm, Some free act ‘regularly according to certain constant laws (for instance sine law oF cosine law) and follow changes in the spoed of the machine. There are, moreover, Impulsive, shock-like forces which act ieregularly. The forces due to the generator are dynamical loads of this kind. Thess occur as a result of Sudden electrical shocks in the generator and exooed the normal forces, many times, Cwing to the mutual magnetic effect between the stator ‘and zotor a shock in the form of a couple may arise and tend to break theaie Dbeston aX aivacvis oF acaive FotsmsTIONS Pane Hes, stator off the foundation. The moment corrésponding to this couple ie generally ealled the shoricironit moment, Owing to the short-circuit moment verticablonds P act on the trans verte beam. at the pointe of eupport of tho stator. ‘The magnitude of this load ies Mw pat 584) 7 (584) where M == the short-cizenit thoment 1 = tho distance of the supporting points of the stator. The load P may act both upward and dowmeard. The shost-oirouit ‘moment must he specified by the manufacturer of the machine, With we scourate data available, the short-circuit moment may be-estiasted by the formula : M=4aw tm (585) lent or its Bnglish equi MI = 29,0007 (ib £4) where 17 = the capacity of the tubo-generator 1,000 KW. J view of the sulden, impulsive notace of ths forer & dynamic factor twice as high as for the other Toade shou bo taod iu connecting swith it : ‘The approximate value of the short-crenit moment may be determined also by the following formula: : or (686) 3,500 185500 whore G, = the weight ofthe xotoht 1 = Rete ofthe ger ating my Nv the mumber of sevolutions por mute, Owing to: depression. occurring it the condense, 2 suction effet takes place hetween the later sud he turbine the maguitade ot hee depsods on the eouping between them. I thir coupliog slant & eae foe will oveur at the entrance of the pipe connecting the tarine fo the sondesses, Accordingly, tho Toad on the turbine wil be inceseed. aed that oa the supports wil be lace: . TF the connection between the turbine and the condenser is rigid, the depression has no effect on the foundations the depression inthe condenser is onkownyt slay be determined approsimately by the formula O= FE ) (en xara ‘Tonome rouNarioNs us ‘where F = tho erosscetional apes of the connection between the com sneer and the turbine, mq.) the differenco between the internal and external pressure in the condonser, which fe generally sscumed to be 10 ynz (09 tones). ; The load due to depression acts st the turbine supports. When determining the navaralfeguency of the foutaton, the losd duo to depression in the condenser, being # force without macs, sey be epestel since ft docs ot affvt the natura Requency, Ta case of sig connection, the tondenser So ia pretie, uovally sxpportd on pring howsig on the base aby in onder terete the Bagh tonpended Joa Pie dymemla forces doferéd to jo Jtema Be end Bd and doe to the faulty blaacog ofthe machine wil be dete with later fo mote Secate Conetcnig tems Bs ad Bf. soo pp. M2438 and 4, respectively, PoHAPTER xv COMPUTATION METHODS FOR TURBINE FOUNDATIONS 1, Introduction too in Shapter T machine foundetions were dese io computation methods were mentions of thom ton aualyis aid ie gefred to ar the reonevos take PatgdO8 vbr one relics on the determination of upltaies a peondlitirtpeed machines wil be co theoretical aspect of vibration tsa Ieidatiesede ececcnent eas On the basts of experiment made forces epocial attention foci agel force. Ding the examination of esonnoe, sidered more easly bel sey ow from the cane, and the Ite apovoacion Sad ader to determine the ge willbe devoted tothe dysamic elles: af Mena of im 1330" 3.000 ez), eal eens the alse ered oflacacration an decane hy tts aves sg a gtoppe 1. These forces may be significant for the design of fr - Poteene subse eating Phe eave phoen hig pose egie emote fee Chapter Vis Asta be tan hoe he mets Selene by fhe suhor ‘ply shdertaed element rane. igher fests Feng suede of Jems, since wit ese folate gemma a0 nully Tower han the spe tie spent Semtnuouly Tneeang Sap af verb generators soa fxeratng speeds ersdiing the mel sag ee sene aor, ents Sati 2 10.000 vpn Ta sich enn, bestdes ce anda” a, ould aso by earned (rerundamental ite 1s present now probe vertical natural ffequencies of analysis followed by a conser- ‘event rovereh workin the Saud of shee, oun exo PRTN ernons rox TURBINE FOUNDATIONS am | Under case 1 we shall deal with the resouauce method together “ Qith which the oaloulation ‘of amplitudes will be described in order to a basis fer a combined method. The probleme preseated by transient eeGnance will also bo diseussed. Under case 2 the amplitude method will, fe deuit with, by means of which both amplitudes and natural frequencies oes be determined, The results obtained by method 2 can be used for ‘Kecking those o° method 1, ussion of the theory of computations we shall deal with deeply undertuned steel york foundations and with come practical Tesumptious simplifying the calculations, Problems of ansverse vibrations ill leo be incl-ded, Considerations on the theory underlying the method of designing sill bé followed by a compatison of various procedures. The method adopted Will be juotified end the possibility will be offered for the designer to carry Gut the structural analysis on the basis of expesimental results with eatis- factory accuracy, and in full compliance with practical requirements (Gafety and econems). When comparing various computation methods we shall discuss other iusportant problems related to this subject. For examplo, the problem tf the eccentricity of the centrifugal force, the elasticity of the bedding, the preferable eaviee of the proportion of the masses: when calculating tlastie deformation, the problem of assuming the degree of freedoia and the correct choice of the logarithmic deerement of dampiag. 2, Theory of Computation 4) THE BUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATION 4) Cinsiderations of Natural Frequencies in Gonsral Nevural f-yueucies uf tuchiue fuusidatious cansiot be determined with the necessary accuracy in practice hecauce of the varied anid numerous factors involved, tomo of which cennot be estimated accurately. For example, the natural vibrations depeud oa the loagitudinal vibrations inthe colunans, on the Jengeh of the columae and beams (which is determined ‘om the basis of theoretical assumptions), on the assumed modulus of elas- yy of the fouadation material, on the moment of inertia characterising the rigidity of the stracture and finally on the number of degrevs of freedom of the vibrating eystem. "The methede developed for the solution of systems having several degrees of freedem (tee Chapter If) are too complicated for practical pux- poses, When comparing the results obtained by these methods and.those Tound by approaimating solutions, the exzors introduced by approximations will be found to be insignificant compared to those duc, for instance, to the seumed dimensions of the foundation or to the modulus of elasticity. Reinforced-conerete foundations may, even under normal operating conditions, develop cracks the number and magnitude of which are influsm DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF aac WSO OP MACHINE FoCDATIONS ——pawt rung, allowances ean in practire he made Zor the combined Meee i gmt ches without aking ito constr se tne a Epes the resulting medidas “of eastitey refeenet iy med ta ink the sR asl fequncieg ae dstrmined in pracios va sagen At rm Pt x atone he eh i thes oman ae 1 ei uray theta ompitaton maton ap ye emma he ; in practice es mentioned befort® Av a ne however, it can be stated thet, a ie eorapt an aule of the deformation of the tka le differs considerably from the -natural frequency compur Vom the ‘ben fers SO lg Mat ten, ose bac of Stauton consdbrton af the getyaea slastcity of the hedding wil differ ouly slightly hon che eet? 206 the compute fem the deformation of te wet ogee The Detar equeney san dis atta Beteone of ta abbey nt dp coneacs bass of the eastiity of bedding alone il he betwee 960 wee gaye soot mah iis cota ois marke pe rspeed machines (from 1,500 to Bor tis nton the elntity of the bring ena gn 09 FB) Foe lating to norual operational conditions This musts hese etm dato considerstion when computing the.transient receue ety be taken ‘wachines and investigating the operational ¢, maditions of sence gtspeed speeds of ftom 300 to 800 mpim. With te lage age machines kevin supporting structure may he neglected and i cathe col? the Sse of ds Mapas? 4 eee to rake ite eanen With ighapeed metho oe aon i hey et of Dont 3,00 psa. the nat frequen congo on the baa athe ete i hy dhe nate Seen ny Bae preg th totes sgetint st normal potato pm ee te into of the deena ese natural vibrations, the following practic Pao be peat of SGC EESTe 1 Felonig frarte, jug AES eo equne tt ertes BHO sp. or mus, eandard nines requency of the foundation, arising at normal operations oer, ete determined vithout covsidering the el oy of fhe naa speed, can be ‘aed wiht costing the enti nhc tea ee ee ‘hos be detemized for this perticular eagy toos eo metteal Srequency : ite machines of 5% at, Or less, it iss the natural frequencies of the found 2 ‘the beddin: bas sufficient’ to. determi on'on the basis of the elasticity of ‘ean XR OonraTo§ Serrwons FoR runanE FOUNDATIONS wm, 8. With machines of 500 to 1,500 r.p.n, the analysis should be ccortied oat sither by: both mothods, or tho simultaneous” effect of the Clasticity of both the structure and’ the bedding should be taken into considers:ion, ‘The vibration diagram of « machine foundation based on measurements made jn Hungry by the method for tho syuchronized measuring of the Vibrations (Gee pege 147) is shown in Fig. 261. Tt ean be geen therefrom that at about 700 r-p.m, (about 12 e,p.s.) the amplitude hss « peak Ay. ‘the natwmal frequency, computed on the basis of both the deformation of the framed foundation ,and the elasticity of the bedding, is also about 700 per minute, and the peak is an indi- cation of resonance. At about 1400r-pam, 4 (about 23 cps) a second, though Smaller, peak annplitude (4,) can be ob: served, which je closely connected with, the critical speed of the turbine-shaft and in-Ghns dee #9 generation, The amplivude . mneavared st noruel operation (4) was sinaller than the wo amplitudes , andy. | (de 4 Effects “of the resonaitce that oe ty ee ceed at 1 rp, having bow team mitted ‘by the soll could he observed: pig 161, ampheade carve, foe at severa. structures in the vieinity of 7 Sadecaied Metiog mesa be turbine foundation. amen tales by the author et soe (he raps thuse wibestion ineasurements conse tle tundatay diag a further eouchusfon may be drawn: By tere Gecreaion} ieans of the point of transient sesonance * found, the value of- the vertical ‘com prestbilityf2ctor of the so ean be checked. Tn the ease discussed. sbove The value of this fector was C= 10.4 10" tn (375 Ijeaia), corre: sponding to « good gravel-subsoil. Malarichev. deew attention for che first time to the lnait values of the naturel vibrations resulting. when the slasticny af the bedding it sso taker into consideration, Sevinow points out in his work published in 1955 ~ independently of the ahove-stentioned vibration measurements cartied out in Hlungery =~ that with machines of 1,500 rpm or more the natu frequency ill be lese than 000 per mizats i most actual cases if both the slasteity‘of the framed structure and that of the soll are taken into consideration, “The analysis of aatural vibrations of blosk, wall and framed foun- ations wil bo discussed in detail subsequently. ‘Foundations of turbo-geaeratora should be designed for mechanical strength aad safety ageinat vibrations. “hs far as seength is concerned the stresses due to the maximum dynamic effect should bo lower than the permissible stresses, For this reason when IV, 0100.16 ram (0.00394 0.00603 in) 4 mam 158 in) 2, With good balancing 3. With fair balancing . 4. With unsatisfoctory balancing 5. With inadmissibly bad belaneisig ‘Tis lower Hits refer to highspeed machines ranning at about arene Rog it the oper nits rls to Towepeed mackises seine apo 1500 ropam. Ta practices however, viluet dilecee: hea te aeons may Be meountereds For example, vibrations of oe te ee wine gftS6 Sn) may oceur at the Beerngs. For wfc on oer Thins 204 mm (0.0158 in) is assumed as an exteame detain ne ee mmaeibtaons of the bearings. (The value isthe sverege SFehe waned maximum allowed for inadmicetly bad balmmomg aed of te nec ibiations of heacings ohserued in poocioe) When camputiog the seek ee ta practice, a fff the average vals, Lo. 008 son ape ee ead emesponding to a considerably smaller vibration of the haere fan aeeiermsting the vibrations of the foundations ther shies {erp guees, Of He bearings) must be smaller then DObsd = nase (0.00158 ia), oe ieittalt of the investigations, carried out with synchronized faement in Hungary Gtios 6 iu Caapeer VO ie eae eared i ihe ovhogeertar under examinee Ao aig nd, it oberved wer elow 0.03 mm = 20 (0.00118 So) Thea nas en eppertunity to compare the obettied ted coe par goatee ate £03 4 was compute forthe verte ritons oft fas ae cae fo the generator. The atplitade measured at un opereing eed oes PsMeRE TBS Bewsing columns. Ge satus af Be eae pees 240 (0000205 fy. Whea eclrating, the annn Sele of he eae . 388, try Ti aa | B08) { 1 ry | p01} ea f a eae We Fig. 264 Reso he eaeltions frontal dein A - I cast Co T p | | i on oo | 000098 7000 am iq, 268, Rovate of sbick calulations in vertical dretion -Boswared at th Re computed ¥ ‘On the basis same points wee, on the average, 87 ye (0000982 i), es ae has i fas agement yc ose acest oe i of rite publied by Maknehey maay eoptel tone Putations were made on completed foundations to determine the permis. sible amplitades, fe ‘oved satisfactory in practice {or completed foundations that had been proved satisfactory in py ss ie results stained by these control compultations were plotted gra The results ostained by the 1 rata es & shown in Fig. ‘The horizontel end vertical amplitudes were computed 264 (for borizontal amplitudes) and in Fig.os DRSION AN ANALY oF sac tial amplitudes). The valac lat he vals relating re eompleted fndation ae dnote bythe mal wbie ena wie a somgleted cwapetel br planed foundations, with smaller dimensio fomdatons with aller 3 ms than the completed oues, are Henoted. BS peebe ; a i Te | : ere HT Fig, 266. Amplitude ranges pertaining to diferent speeds ar ata 9S aS ah ein cepa ‘Bandutions, of smaller dimensions than the completed ones, the thange i 3 amplitudes is insignificant, The above data tefer to michines vee ie ene. sou GENPUFARONliwone von runpucr poexDATNs a ‘The control computations have revealed further that the amplitudes computed by considering tho slasticity of the bedding are smaller than those computed vithout considering it, Therefore neglecting the elasticity of the bedding resulte in increased salety. ‘Relying on the rosults attained so far, the permissible amplitudes are at fol For 2,000 ripam. and above ss.seee+e++ 0.02—0.03 mm (0.00079 0.00118 in) For 1,500 rpm. cebeeeees (.H—0.06 mm (0.00158 0.00236 in) For 150 r30n, and below .. 0.08—0.12 mm (0.00815—0.00478 in) ‘The permisiible amplitudes according to the VDI instructions of 1960 are shown in Fig. 266, in which speeds axe plotted against amplitudes. 2) THE DYNAMIC EFFECT OF THE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE Tn the Chapter desling with the design Tosds it has been mentioned that most of the dynamic forces act regularly; they are caused by the high epeed of the rotating parte’and its hac been noted that regular, sometimes scarcely observable, vibrations occur even with the most perfect bulaucing in bot the mechanical eguipmeat ead the foundation. At operating epeed, varying forces arise which produce these vie In goneril, the aveuracy of balancing the rotating machine parte 1s constant and in many instances the increase of brat cannot be regarded vibrations may indivate that some kind of a change hes taken place inside the machine and the conditions of balance have been disturbed, if not destroyed. Tho cause of the defects is, in most cases, tho unsatisfactory Salancing of the rotating parts, wines means thet fn practice The genre of gravity of she rotating parte never coineides vith the geometrical axis ‘af foatlon, Consequently, catefagal forces acting at the axis will ante daring the rotetica of the rotor, Sine the rotetion is fast and the weight of the rotor is considerable, even a small deviation between the sontre Sit gravity and te avis of rotation eatees considerable centrifugal forees, For instance, with « rotor of 5t weight, am covontrcity of 02 mmm (0.0079 in) may enusey at a epecd of 8000 epn conteifagal foree of about 10 ttn the course of operation the inital defective balancing maybe fncrowsed at an alarming sete in consequence of the Loosening, corrosion o breakage of the turbine Mades. With gencrstors the warming-up ofthe rotor a displacement of the coll or vatiatioo in the material uf the rotor may uptet the balance it chould be noted bere that defects of the Ivbricatfon system, defi ciency of the passing, and the uneven warns ingrup of the rotating parte Say tause eipausion sesulting I wbrationg which wil not follow the Uns of simple hermonie motion but andergo very compllested changes,336, ASIEN AND ANALYSIS OF MACHINE FoUDsTIONS pan tine 3 ——_-cOMTUTATION METHODS FOR TURNER FOUNDATIONS 37 just hs the eoutcifugal forces produced hy them, This fact, however, ean be neglected and all mechanical forces considered as eeutsiugal onoe, ce the external loads have heen. established. the iiterel forces | should be determined. These forces are mainly the ones occuring tating foundations owing to the uastisinctory balance of the totsting wens and, being centifigal forces, exert dynamie effects ‘The centrifogal force Tho valu of the centage force determined above must be multiplied by the facter characterning the dynamic elect Z=oy (692) the theorétigal dynomic load the sate ffoce of tho eontrifugal force > = the dynanie factor. - Tn a chngle-mass vibrating system the valae of this dynamic‘fator con bo exproved ae followneSuuieutng NN for ota in Ea 88) obtloed where Z c Ca meat (588) whore = the ngular velocity Ja radians s of ratation of the contre'of gravity of the rotating os = the ’ nase i othe cecentity thesent alee 1m = theretaing man hiss equal tothe weight ofthe rotating Part and the quotient of gravitational aveceraion ng Gok alae Tnsteod of ths angular vclockg the nse of speed fe more pravtiesht i iy aan or js nae fee cbein \ A 2 )-ae Goa NU aye 706 c Ca me BG he, N® (58: - ff) “B24 my pee a * | sshere. N= the number of revolutions a " fenecon of th maaitng peed pe Beco erng > eet sett ee G, = the weight of ‘the rotor oO ib) or t, WeNe i ke il The valu of the factor Bix Fl. £6 The dyin ator ne Al Lb (590) for » in Chapter IT and dividing both the nominator and the denominator 6 leo) by the value (IV;jN)! we obtains or its English equivalent i 2 L ian B= oa0n02se According to Fg, (09), the esstrifugl force ix proportcnal tothe saver of speed (Eig 43), enhiog en eager eerytionsl othe « the speed of ihe mashing operating speed. The centrifugal fore for se tatermediate p20) inty be eee Pt the natural frequency of the structure Sexsmith Sag mays A‘ = the logurthmie decrement of damping, Experinents have shown that Eq, (599) gives eaionably satisfactory : Om a on seat do ements iseg obi the yas aerate Sgainst speed in Fig. 268. aee 1 will be seen from thie Figure thet for N'= 0 the dynamo factor is equal to unity: then it increases rapidly to is maninsum fet erase afterwards it dzops %0 a value lower shun alt, ‘ ; > shen gietrrmwam Value of the dynamo feotr the extrome velne of » should he fousd by differentiating fq. (658) with rapeee te Wee ‘maximum value of the’ dynam factor oobus ae fhe opel we Fe (694) Jn practice it is assumed chat the meximum value of the dynamic factor will be attained when N= N,, and is 2x Prime = OF gg 2 (695) Y ‘The above expressions reveal that the dynamie factor i¢ inversely Proportional to damping. The lager the damping the sual the Meee, tfieet, and vice versa ‘The value y is characteristic of the dilftest building materiale and designs and depends on the stress dstibution fa the meek at eae fur well yon the magnitude of strom The vale ofp oatheted seen by the shear stows, yet the duration of loading and tempesatene nn we, of influence, The values of y determined experimentally for vasious materiale are given in Table 34, and for structaves In Table 34 After detercaining the maxinuum values of the ecatifugal focce and of the! dynamio factor, the dynamo fores tan be fount us ein needa Zaty Experimental aloes of y for various materiale Baltbescing seal : ano Magnetic stot aos Petes om : Pie copper $3 Epp sie eet sane Navstel‘ ton R oe ch 0 ti spit oan metw00s fom TexaneE FOUNDATIONS a9 Espuimental sutaes of 9 for various sracures sua edges Seoiea ete Heme il ago a. Ege ee he a Melabeved-conente flee without ‘beans | Ruinforeedcoonente Bore lnlaeed coset badges frced-consrite ribbed flor with beams wll iid 1 cement mortar By substituting Eqs (691) and (598) we obtain Sons eee (596) [bon +E ae valve of 7 The mesinum dynanie effec ocout ab the extreme vale cbtsnnd by deretiating Eg. (389) wih seapet fo Ni She man Spammie eet sal neo et thse N=N, p- (7) all Accordivgly, the maximum dynamic offect occurs at a speed somewhat higher than the natural frequoney. But as in practice at speeds appronching the natura Fequency, Le, for (597). This apparent ‘contradiction is due to the fact that ia Bq. (570ame x 0 antes Or wc smmmirons en rane faston, it sours fn the nominn Esitnlis’s Taw differentiation ses isetend of one, These depen’ on Prot, The sexing ale of ‘al be, ake plac wen only. This means cha 1 be sesompliehed tnt and et be bepreced 2st which Ue aifee according to wo equations yy each other's rntial quotient “Tog x Accordingly, the maximum dysiamic effect will be (698) wasseie veneer Fig. 209. 0 Shvomie ctor fr mag Peng MCN, fe et torent natural frequencies Fit BS now examine the relation between natural frequen. i , . en natural frequency and GPsrating speed on the basis of Fig, 268aid vee what conclusioss can he 2, N, = W,, Here the operat ie dynam ied este egret dynamic tet equate waximam xan eit coMEETARION HETONS FOR TUNMINE FOUNDATIONS so ee eee Fen are Maly a the ecclratin aud the decelraton of ie smaciae sae ig. 270, Hore tho maxinjum dyinmie effect vould ensue stay apersting set equa the naturel deqsone. eat evoaene® Frente ears fa practic, ad tas dyatnie effet produced Howereh, tt neve Gamcace covecly regarded the maxis, Fan Pee eae e shove stStementapgly to sgl ete ee De eed rea mce syepeu we feke tthe ramen uie' he incrodadion te this Chapa ‘lou ikasnprnto foe the dy cl of the conta oer ie eae Pte as chageerc Ue dogas of damping th agate tat hea tecat iy of thos gnet iBpottanee Te ynamic foee and the logaithte ecrement age inversely piperden ese enotee A Frelter dyanmte offect eorrenyonds ‘to a smaller logarithmic decrement, td Ses see “fie onet assumption ofthe Iogmithite decrement appears #9 Bf dgatinne bat Ee se BF SiaSonr inorrelptions cai pee ae er eet garices | TW-2T. Te rian fees pe Ne A, See tty eptid See Mee Foonations Bet ote tgs decrement of damping fr renee coneate ad btkwok Houston ave compiled fa Table 36 Note Yr of out terene of ping seit ie ats aga: mare ee Gian ene eee Tame none | gaa] pe dos=0.19 | © 39-1 oos—o3t| 49-15 O10) Batekworeect deibed a deal under Sion in Chaptr VU ht be spelisd for theie determinations. Resulis obtained during the geecleraten of tube-gerators Lave demonstrated that, spevially ath ate aie fhe amplitudes given in the Table, Where amples ania hae wns ate bulge cache, Pea eles, odangeing ie ya. induced by a vibrator of Knowa ecceutriity, had te he eee .000 p.m. gave cise to f 1.60 53.95 ma (5.25 Wheré dy the amplitude ‘ie i 8 malinde tenured ducing the opsestion of the fo amplitudes due to the operation of the the Known centrfgal ree ofthe wibseos = eed = tht Sentrfugel force to be dsternioad ceenticity can be determained if she weight of the rotor is kuown Nhstber the armel vibration can be climisatedsy meehanied acinus ESV yt lene ou he magaiade of ths temas. Shad tes le, the natural frequency of the struct fi Bosal, Bhe naar equoey of the stactrs tna be mie raore es! aitalltne, mabines are bulaced oe’ Chapar Si 1. the vibrations of the beavings of the mashiae are meacuued ing weights, the vibrations of thebeerings 2. After selocating the halanci are measured again. ‘The contre weights and ‘ 1g. Tn the case of complete balanctag, vhestionn sf the heatlag would approgch 0 value. Practitally, hovers Wee Seow cua aver be ciniated completely, 40 that ‘8 part of the ira foto continues to exit and eon be detrmnned by eeaaoaten Since linear relat : amplitudes, we have ion exists between the disturbing forces and. the c-Ou4e A * | al unr ott corrode seeriogs ron reams FOUNDATIONS 8 wwhense where C= the centrifugal foree corresponding to the uubslanved state of the rotor C8 = the centrifugal force due to the balancing. weights dy = the vibration of the bearing (double amplitude) before Dalancing the rotor Ay = the amplitude of the besting after balancing Ch = the centrifugal force related to the differeuee of bslauced fand unbalanced amplitudes, i.e. the force proportionate inated amplitude: ‘This force is unuelly expressed as a percentage of the rotor weight: D._D. Barkan determines the centegal force and therefrom the dty by the above method, ies on the basis ofthe equation: cH, ‘This mass that in the investigations, of which the recilts are given fn Table 38, DD. Barkan computes the ventrifugal force coresponding to the unbalanced state and the initial coueussiity by means of the initial, VBhrotion of tho bearings (cy). On the othor hand, however, the value of G should not be vomputed on the bais of the ital vbeation of the bearing (4) but, cccorling to Makarichev, by aeavs of = ghee theoretical value oeap = that it determined on the basis of the examination of actual sexatcplos, Accordingly, a4, ‘The value 4, should be soleoted so that even withincreased vibrations which may ocean practice the foundation will not be damaged, ‘The practicable valie of A, is 0-4 ma (0.0157 in). ‘The above may be used for any machine type regardless of its operat ing epeed. ! Te ‘on the basis of the data given in Table 38 and by means of the relation C= Oley, the centrifugal forees are computed and the val thus obtained are'related to the weight of the rotor, then: for an operating speed of 3,000 r.p.m, we obtain the average value c= 0.286, For turbo-yenerators running at 1,500 xp.m. c~0386, ‘The abore average values must, however, be ioereased if there i a possibility for the centrifugal force to exceed them and to overload these Desioa AND, The great dive aot The ett vergence owen the -empirieal vahus ie Ech Ag Ui cote of damping cad by tho tata th section (sound or cracked). There isa feed pe i to be abvorbed by adjacent soctans cunscbable damping ees ese factors are not taken fat turbine foundations. 0. A. S: carced out fests oa ce al ly when designn, cashing Seundavons 0. A Savino area out tats» mele Senne of damping, nevertheless hs fated to hae Espa te record on fe ST undation ef 25,000 susponded on a atann yore induced in the fonndations by means 1b Posahis undeyon. In ordx to appresimate praca! eondivons fee Eran optical faams Produced were meastred by a Geiger wibropsaghe frome che rannsuimeOsTePh; The valuosoflogarithmic decrements, co ek plitude, are given in Table 57. A great Sivecoosee Results of exper so ogo eof exprinets onthe Legon drome of dang Maximum valze } asin vat tg | or |. Mice wh a | ogo | est) a | bee | Whaaviees | SS | tae] aa | Be | ose Tos | ees | ast] bas | 88 N.B. The messureme os 3B, TMe ents were made by 1 vibrograg, 4x60 ‘elemograph. ‘Saperimentl aise ws et baa the oer et ced ow by a vibrogeph aud the thes re ia eel not large enough anc Sa ete ExaTsyemmueh aidan Teh nt faa ee ea cri Se eon Bentine, should be applicable to foundations of different Hilal oi RP tt of dir mtn cn exprered by ae ele deratony, the logeitmis i 1 pl MEs Very interesting to obse ae a stone a Sar ans he ong iment eared out wax upores. Hor this reasou the valure on use. Further, when determining, these ws A tah iting ey of thee snr the rpg that the Menthe decrement of damping i only slightly affected by the aa eee undaton, rogasdtae whither block, brichvork, or framed Poa se conidered, The experimental results contained in Table 37 feat fer aterially from each other, although two ovt of the four se eet done examined Were salt fousdatioas aad the other two pile foun founda caquently either type of fwndation kaw a coniderle effect, aan oer: decrement. Foully we should mention thatthe frotor Be erated Re scntocced turbine foundations, emu be applied equally sida te rickvork foundetions. “hue Seurminstion of the lgacithacal tance furbiae mination sine for ete] structures — owing %0 tor ‘Willer uns intense alts eto he expect. Tp the sheen sone uae expesimental data wo must be etifieg vith the assumption 2a Seoanog effect of the cll augments the logarithmeal decrement SPASM datione ag oppowed to other steel structures ix wich this factor amounts to 0.08--0.01 Ssacy with prestressed coucrte cantilevers the logaithmie deere- axent of donne i materially selon than for veiforceqconcrte srus an ocorbaa’e expericets and eats eared out jn Hungary 2 value SE ASg cad SSES for pestecstcd-conereteetructizes (ae also foot ove on p48 ike tbvation energies ae transmitted in the structure, the dynamic fastor at Nronanee ts egnificantly higher wth structares of prestressed Sorte than Wit) sinforei-conerte gedert, ne 34 _ saa 06 lecrement is of grest impor~ ) DETERMINATICN OF THE’GENERATING FORCDS ‘Ths far it wor etal Hat the generating fore high-epeed mecha sets are tentrifugel forces set up hy the rat Daheapeed machi catiy no relablecexperimenta ress were evalble ree Ee cdaurifagl forcesy and dimetsiouing was carziea out by approxima Sioa ‘centifagal forces could not he. determined theoretically but only Te Gules with ‘unbalanced “operating machines. For high-speed ty ERE he oentifugal force is theoretically 0 when the centre of gravity Fearon the nals of otation, Tis, however, cannot be realized even sith new ‘et fines und the most cereal beloncing. Further, unsatisfctory balance ration and thas the escentriity of the roter ie increased. ‘Thelin icbrmations for the determination of the centrifuga force are the sesults of measurements made for Balancing the machines before eee ibstallaoas The rooulte af expesimenta carried out in the USSR have (eeR ded satufecory, deta for the determination of the centrifugal force, Relecant date colected over more than 10 years of research are compiled in Table 38. increases duringDESIGN 4a ANALYSIS oF wacutne wauNoations Dat of balecing a ee a es To Boe eS ‘Turbo gencotrs wit optetng speed of 1500 rpm, Turborgeneranors with opérating speed of 1,500 r-p.m. pom Ts |” nal am 2 i | ogre | gai | genes a ee ee ee Pe ns fr er ee wa | | Soar | bas | bon a0 Pf igo | aio ef im | it Ngo | Go | Gangs | ga) gonieg i : tt ; st Beg | BR) BP ae | at) ie iss | Me) Be son | |. Hato | nas | gat | seh | ds a : re : oi gine | Bo] sea fae | ime | ge | Ba (ass ‘aos fog | Ree, ee eed a a 200 ws | “enro | ‘To ‘ us | 3 139 8.0059 (036 som [oy sim | SSR | ae | ee ci | SiH oes Tarbrgenrators with operating sped of 3.000 rpm, Tuergenerators with operating apaed of 3000 rpm. _ T t soe | az | ase | an oa 1 goon 6,000 i. 1,370 350 13. 800 o1se ; Pe ee er ee Pe a ti a . 3 tee | S| poo) ae fas fae LH Ea | fam | ast feo | gg) Ba | ae | aF e Es | imo | sis 16,000 18. ia ‘100 a Ba 2360 5.290 oe Asoo iso asci00 250 an | By ety 318.200, oe 25,000 a0 aa. ae 295 ie 1.090, 2,290 9.087 } i Bee | me) ae] ae | is re | BB | te oe ge | BS) i) peat bef I LB | |B | asm | Bam | iso | Sno] 538? pry its zo | So | uae | RB | Bom [ig] BR) amo BR He loge | ge Gea | BS | spec Tho sont ‘beari For thi ae i ‘values apply to the operating sp nes. For this reason the following values, execedi thetic ‘The sbowe maximua a ecelecation is means should be ue MHlwing values, encoding the arithmetical fugal force caused by the speed st acceleration and de ny (600) For 3,000 rpm. Coy = 1.06, For 3,000 r.pm. C= LOG, i) Ny (601) For 4500 rpm. yee 0.86, ~ For 1,500 rpm. C= 0.86, twa} Nothing has been said so far about the centri is Af (602) of spends tbe ofr shout the etsfaga ce with machines For 150 xpm. 0= 056% 4 mi. According to. experi ot Reomentioned above, the highest centrifuga eee garments similar to $F 50 rpm. Cage 03 6, Oe emttfagal force at an average speed ‘The censifagal forces are plotted for different speeds in Fig, 271.upset | comer wEtmoDs For TURME rouND«tIONS 309 As regords the eoventricity of the rotating messes, relying on experi ments carb ent 1946, DD. Barkan suggest for opratng pests of 3,000, 1,500 and 700 rpm. the eccentricities of 0.05, 0.20 and 0,88 mm (8.003, 0.008 end 0.0846 in), zespectively. mam (0.003135 of the hearin ) CALCULAMION OF THE NATURAL FREQUENCY ‘The contrifugal Fores due to tho unbalanced rotating parts is transe snitted through the bearing direotly or indizootly tothe foundation, As pointed out when discussing the vaious types of turbines, the forces paseing through Uke bearings erin tost eases transmitted tothe crostframes, There sould, thecefore, be dealt with separately. Te shou be noted here agsin chat the depression in the condenser cao benegleoted during the vibration avalyain, Hosrever, when the condenser Sand the turhine aro rigidly counected, tho weight of tho condenser and of the water contained therein should be taken into account. ‘Vertical tural frequencies are, in general, determined by asumin, a system withtwo degreer of fvedonn, resting on aigid foundation, although fhe base slab and the structure above it rest on elastic soil, The exact nclusion of the elasticity of the soil is very eompliated in practice. The poseibiites for including en tlastio pad in the resonance method. will, average val Rovever, be pointed out Ia view of the difficulties, assumptions must ise 36 oF 0.08 sam (0.0915 5 betmade to athieve the desired accuracy hy relatively simple mesne, With 5), the contrtigal fy Fig. 271 Te cenritaga result in an will be as fol vertical vibrations the beams and columne are deformed approximately to the shape in Fig. 281 on page 113. In the fellowing Sections we shall deal with the two methods mentioned above, in conuection with natural frequencies. a) Resonance Method ‘The anslssis is based om Geiger’s formulae refined by Rausch. The acsimprion nilonds, however, wil be aceepted ar augaveted by Malsurichewy supplemented by the hypothesis of participating masses (accordi theoretical requirements and to Geiger's assumption). The comput are performed both for vertical and horizontal vibrations — for framed, mass and wall foundations. The problem of transient resonance will also be diceussed. of the ee f8eeMt Ties, compe he centrifugal foreeg SPUD on ty 6) Amplicude Mothod ‘The analysis is in accordance with publications of Barken, These latter formed the besis for the USSR specifications. Although no special 5 (606) Importance is attcibuted here to the analysis of neturel vibrations, for ee (o07, determining resonance the natural frequencies will be determiacd on the 2215 (0.0815 iny a basis of the difereatial equations given heze for both the vertical and the ) horizontal natural vibrations,00 Es AND 4) Resonance Method @) Vortical Netural Vibrations igned to have, ay 4 ral tequaases ot © operating speed of the amen inthe Poeiehea | tiremoat will be eat ater seperiay By the tiaple’ Ea, (26j vibrations per minate ‘Vibrations per minute ‘This formula, Introduced by Geiger, was later refined by. Reuscht (609) oer eee y weightless eprings, With herd ae sve ty PRES f08 epreseated by the beans and oon ped ova seachina, the Deans and the columns a © Com OF the weight ofthe ow conitally, the clastio beam ned colrane dace fr he Sema total igh vente the west shear and bentiag at ‘0 By (60s) folds he co the deflection deste tee at = the detection dus <2 Bending pe getions of the columns and the deformation a ian a ale token into account. The deflection rola cording to Rh the compression of the columns, 2a. ‘The values hand J are computed from Eqs (747) and (748), t0 be ‘The vertical natural frequencies ‘were computed after taking no more than 50 per cent of the column weight ito consideration, ‘This roeules, b observed. For this reavon Geiger and Makarichev suggest a value of only 38 per cent of the weight of the column, A simple theoretical explanation ny thi cam bo given By the energy method. Aguaing # veightley tlaate of the peak kinetic and potential energy, the fumiliar equation: Tf now mass m, of the participating rod is the left side (kinetic energy} of the above equation will be modified. Accord: fing to Raleigh's method, which ean be found also in the wor shenko, Den Hartog and Freberg-Kemler, the kin (on) (612) Ee the modulus of elasticity, fm? (Db/sgsin), assuming in 5, that G* = 05 E, ic, the skearing modulus of elastic: ity, tm (lbjsq.in) the erose-sectional area of the beam, m* (sq.in) the cross-sectional area of the columna, m* (sq.in} Jp = the moment of inertia of the beam, mé (in') the moment of inertia of the column, m¢ (in') P = the weight of the machine, concentrated at the centre of the beam, t (Ib) Q = ql= the dead weight of the beam and the distributed load 0) A and (= ai thetetel length of the orm and the osleme, N= the load tranemitted from the longitudinal frame, the definition of which will bo given later. "The feame constant will be a» follows? (o13) en Tater. Rusch by jowever, in somewhat Lower froquencies than those actually yrated mass m on the end we have, owing to the equality lo taken into consideration, ks of Timo- ‘energy is a+)YRS OF beset rourparions : Pant rane, iia raeee COMPUTATION METHODS FOR TURBINE FOUNDATIONS a column shonid Rees " the concentrated mass ai in abate, (613) ER +OF2N) +O 4 61s BG, en where P-4 0-4 2N'= lads a8 mentioned hove a evcomblned weght of he lower worthnds of the tro columns and that of the slab, t (Ib) by end fy r= the width and length of the slab, m (fa) the coefficient of uniform compression of the soil, t/m® (jeu. in). Values for the latter may be obtained from Table 12. Astumiog that the’ upper mss, consisting of the upper lay of the machine and of part of the tam (my) tes ste est he teed mass const of the Base slab of the cpadeaier ed the lowes helt of aoe Column (send that they are separatedy tasted (Dig 2D) we aban gs mrs sytem connected hy the springs ofthe cglemas (Gp aed ofthe (Gi) The computation ofthe lover Hequeney of thin totes ayurens, waich is muck lower than the erating ep, eau be secnliied ec Ey neglecting the springing of the fatae Ths the vibe of ths aoe fn elas sol remains fo he exsnined On comparing the higher sara Eequoncy af the twormasesyetom vith thet of 6 sttiog ate oa Tigi gubsol« eonaideableicrese wil be ove Thin aeons nee See ti of the rato maim, is shown the graph of Geiger” fa Pigs 26 saa fsmch 1s # yr ees. in practice mis uray Tews 4 ta 1 tines ghee than rea Accordingly, in mont fractiol esses whore malmc es fake onteal Frequency suceaees by about 12 por vents the shoes toupled ete considered. Tus fe eppicnie vover, aly whew the anton fonts ve lower than the opeating speed ot ke ecsbing Tr ur iaily consider foe cate whore thers no beam, and the Toad transmitted to the longttacnal per acta cacao ie cole {Greshe apotaton ft wethnl f Rayeer and Troche by aseoh, Beiee 2 Eisen 16, 1931) This tye of londing is thes frequent eapesally at the intermediate colar of trbine foundations (Big- 273). Te tech igtanens its no lonoes Ssffcieat to compute the vertical ansural fequeney fam the campeon ft the column (3) due to she welght ofthe machine (Gy ofthe heres WG nd of the edamin (6), at iw defetions du to lee gad Ce wee i inclded e well ye aseuae the horteooal daplacemest of te wntee Figs 272. Loads acting spore! OF fhe column heighn ney eee Et not BSE conesponsing eo that of ie cot aot be considered as © fram oe eleae Be le should be ate 6 solumas difer eee ther, For deemed foundatiyt i ——— at 4 Hesinb yhgg esegaersrenane tions is at ‘DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF atic sOvswATIONS In Eqs (642) to (651) the distance fron the axis of the frame beam to the plane of the foundation, m (in) Gee 25 the thickness of the base slab, a (in) the width of the base slab, m (a) @ = the torsional factor depending on the ratio Uyay ofthe sid of the element acted upon by torsion and. given ia Tebhe ae = the modulus of elaseley in lad ae yy in shear of reinforced conczeto, 5/12-K, tfm* (Ibjeq, G = the coctficlent of non-uniform compression of the soil = the moment of resistance of the base plane ‘about the moment the base plane “aout the lone tis wm as (eu. in) (652) tho number of longitu: the distance betwoes fy = the distance betwee 0, = the distance of ‘the n the extreme’ and intermediate frames on the intermediate frames je frames from the centte of elasticity, Value ofthe torsional far sa | 10 jock foundations. The analysis of these foundations is carried out secovding to the principles neal ie fae ; imechinog, "° "P¢ Principles discusted in Chapter XV, for reciprocating {Yall foundations, The horizontal natural frequency of wall foundar EL New Gr (vibrations per minute) : (653) Nove [EE stration por mine ‘The values of the coefficients k, and ki can be found in Table 40 a function of = P/Q and in diagram ky of Fig. 278, oe rs for doar 3 sete eae of ale z oes ns 138 bee ins tie 3 eo Bo Soo 2 seo ber 1f the hosiontal natural frequency computed. without considering the elasticity of the bedding excteds' 1/500, it must be determined in the fame way #4 fora block foundation supported by eles bedding. 4) Yertical Natural Vibrations A sharasersie etre of his method is the detention of the amplitude rogers of exorancofn general eapeeticly te doteralaation SP Scr fogaecy te tnaeeon ich fcamat in the nce a vibrating syste having tive dagree of freedom sa venta 90 a Tf base is aaruned, although actually the structure above the base lab onan clasts feandation, The somideration of sanity ould maake the Sssumptions azo necechory on the one hand, to failtae computation, yet, te the olden, Co sarure’ a setvnetry” degree of acctrag _ For ‘ertical vibrations} the beams of the teaneverse ames suf the poate ‘at deformation: The approximate ‘mode oF te vibrtions sho in Fog 291. The iar enn connected hy fn Htadialbetmte The “breton of re Exneverse ramet induce torsional resins foce in the Taogiadina beam, Which ine hut beds est gn the vibrations in feucal i incraets the natural requeng ‘igtly, so tt ean be nopeeted, Ascord ted the ‘examinction of the vibration of Ge tagveree rere, can bo accom Plsbed independently. By making there csinae Fi, 201. 6 "he columa end, bea of ‘ranareste Cette0 ina ruses mooie 4 he verte natu! Sagueucee : body euppored on an cece fame 2) 185 begutncy (ah If ego pane 2 Foundations bY Jay the folowing na Will be somewhat iy Tower than Sh . genes ofthe verte! storanmag relation wl bers for so enorators operating at 800 ics the following i iug Toads; voncentraced and du assumed in & manner thet the unchanged. This equiv, of he Bee ‘Th : © equivalent weight ass tbe teatrete bam el MPUREM f0 Be conconsated atthe cence ag ri ae Sonn oa eee Poelbeds onthe cshnat ad Se bane are 1 "The dead thn dg TEe ond wg of the ea ne as ” compoteda the esction of beam tuptuytd sels, TM Weight of the by ions 25 por it Of He beam concenteated atthe top Dae Seige ef ear Ott weight of the bones AP sok the column, The yalae of ch this equivslen load 36 ‘The equivalent wei; ihe on > bo dust lt ain a ty ny nah moon aad i "m+ 0255 m, 035m, Mere my om the mene of te lng itive enna Hie meee of the ee ur 2vit—coMPUEeI yersons oR rummntE FOUNDATIONS as ‘The exsuing computations should be oarried.out according to the scheme shown in Fig, 281. As is spparent, the concentrated masses my and m) act at the centre of the beam and at the top of the columns. The vertical vibrations of the feaime can be determined by the vestioal displace: sents (ey and 9) ofthese masts The vertical generating foro ate onthe. Va now introduce the “factors of rigidity", from which the force causing the unit deflection of the beam or the unit compression of the columa ean be derived. The factor of rigidity of the beam, for a single-span frame fixed at the bottom, ie and re) whee i P05 Bh) (659) ERQ+ #6 Here 1m the lonsth ued for computation of the eam Gia) T, and Jy = the moment of inertia of the eolumas and the frame beam, m* (in) BR the crossstotional area of the frame beam, mt (sqin) E the motlulus of elasticity of eomerete, sm? (Ubjeq.ia) Ge the shear modulus of the concrete, t/m? (Ibjeq. in), whioh is taken as 0.425 E k ‘= 4 dimiensionless factor: AL Tr ‘The Values hand I should be computed according to Eqs (747) and (748) to be given liter. ‘The factor of rigidity of the columns in tm (Ubjin), that is, the force causing unit sompreasion of the cafuuuas tn 4 ERs (650) were, Fe, = fhe stomata ea of he clon, 8 (gine ‘Knowing the factors of sigiity, the Innit frequency of tural vibrations of the syetem ean be determined for on absolutely vid frame beam and absolutely 1igid columns, : or absolutely rigid beams the square of the limit frequency of the vertical nattual vibrations of the syeteta fs (6s