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204178492-Hebrew-Described ULPAN PDF
204178492-Hebrew-Described ULPAN PDF
Hebrew Described
Hebrew Adjectives and Expressions Defined and Explained,
Selected from Your Daily Dose of Hebrew - Ktzat Ivrit
yddh.ulpan.com
Ami M. Steinberger
www.ulpan.com
Copyright © 2013 by Ami Steinberger and Ulpan La-Inyan
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the
author.
Table of Contents
Introduction……………………………………...…………………………....1
I’m Feeling………………………………………………………………...….26
People Are…………………………………………………...……………….43
Wow, That’s……………...…………………………………………………...73
This book takes words and phrases introduced in Your Daily Dose of Hebrew and
presents them according to theme, so that you’ll learn to associate your new pieces
of vocabulary with one another, with the emotional experiences of “Day-to-Day
Life,” “People Are…” and “I’m Feeling,” and with the images conjured when
prompted to think of wild animals and being happy through the roof. In this ebook
edition, you’ll also be able to associate your new words and phrases with their
native-spoken sounds, as well as imitate these sounds, growing your active
Modern-Hebrew vocabulary.
As those of you who have followed Your Daily Dose of Hebrew for some time can
expect, the contents of this book will provide you with access to Modern Hebrew
as it is spoken on the streets of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. They will also take you
back in linguistic time to Mishnaic and Biblical Hebrew, the major sources of the
vibrant language of the electrifying people of Modern Israel.
The ebook version of this book links Hebrew text to audio files, so that those of
you who don’t yet know how to read Hebrew can hear these words and phrases
pronounced instead of reading them. We’ve also got basic reading tutorials, which
you’ll find in Appendix A and online.
This book also references the seven Hebrew verb forms: , פועל, פיעל, נפעל,פעל
הפיעל, התפעלand הופעל. Appendix B provides a handy reference for getting to
1
know these forms.
All books have, or want, an audience, and most books are written with an audience
in mind but without their input. This one, in contrast, was written over several
years of daily delivery and thus benefited from frequent feedback. I am indebted to
the readers and fans of Your Daily Dose of Hebrew as well as the students, teachers
and staff at Ulpan La-Inyan, who have kept this initiative alive and growing,
inspiring me to deliver you with useful and entertaining educational content. I’d
also like to acknowledge Eytan Kessler, whose hard work, exquisite attention to
detail and great dedication enabled this book to become a reality – a ַשּׁםֵ ְתגּ
ִהֹםֶשׁ
ֲלו
ח
(see chapter called “Good Expressions to Know”).
Enjoy!
2
Dedication
ָשׁהָדּ
ְקַה
To my parents - to Abba, who taught me the Hebrew language outside of his native
land, and to Mom for supporting him in doing so. I know it wasn’t easy. I love you
both and am grateful to you for all I have.
3
Day-to-Day Life
ֹם
ֹמיו
ְֵיּיַהיּו
ַח
4
“Nice to Meet You”
ִכּיר
ַה
ָעיםְל
ִנ
When I go to the pool, I’m usually there to swim laps, so I use the fast lane. One
night, as I was swimming at my regular pace, an older man suddenly cut into my
lane and started doing a slow breaststroke.
Out of respect for his age and out of fear for my ego, I laughed it off instead of
saying something about his intrusion. When we both rested at the end of the lane, I
introduced myself - and when he introduced himself, I was amazed.
Alas, I mustn’t share with you this man’s identity, as I’m sworn to secrecy. But I
can share with you the right Hebrew phrase to use in lieu of the English nice to meet
:you
ִכּיר
ַה – נliterally, it’s a pleasure to make (your) acquaintance
ָעיםְל
ִ
Another version of נעים להכירthat you may know is ֹד – נliterally, very
ָעיםְמא
ִ
pleasant.
Mind you, the active-causative הפעילverb, להכיר, is the one to use when
expressing meeting someone for the first time. להכירmeans literally, to become
acquainted or familiar with. להכירis also the correct word to use when saying I know
someone – it’s right-brain, spatial-emotional knowledge, as distinguished from
left-brain factual knowledge, where ַעת לis the correct word.
ָד
ַ
.ָכהֵר
ְבֵּןַבּ
ְני
ַע
אָדםְמָ ִתּי ְר
ַכֹּלִהְתמוֶא
Yesterday I met an interesting person at the pool.
5
“My Name Is…”
…ִמי
ִאיםִלי…ְשׁ
ֹר
ְ
קו
In English, we say, my name is … In Hebrew, we say that literally as well, with …
ִמי (ְשׁif you say the long version …ִלּי ֵשּׁםֶשַׁyou’ve given yourself away as a
ה,
foreigner). You’d use … שמיin slightly formal settings or in a context where you’re
trying to be polite. But if you’re meeting someone casually, it’s better to use the
literal translation of (they) call me… – …ִאיםִליֹר
ְ
קו.
? ִאיםָלֹר
ְ
ֵאי קו
What’s your (a female’s) name? (Literally, what do (they) call you?)
You may know that the word קוראיםmeans not only calling, but also reading. That’s
because in the days of old, when the vast majority of the world was illiterate, those
who knew how to read would hold a text in their hands and call it out to the listening
masses.
To distinguish your more common reading to oneself from reading out loud for others,
Modern Hebrew uses an active-causative הפעילverb for the latter: ִריא ְקַהל.
ְ
6
“A Clear, Beautiful Morning”
ֹקרַצח
ֶבּ
The Jewish festival of love, known as Tu B’Av, ט”ו באב, is usually a gorgeous day
in Jerusalem.
A brisk, clear morning in Hebrew is called ֹקרַצח ֶבּ, where צחmeans clear, pure,
unblemished. It’s not only a description of the morning itself – it’s also a wish you
might bestow upon someone, much like ֹב – בוקר טוgood morning.
You can use the same word to wish someone a good evening, especially if it’s nice
outside, with ֶרבַצח
ע.
ֶ
Hebrew uses a different expression. To mean, four in the morning, in Hebrew, you’d
say, ֹקר
ֶ
ֹת בִּפנו
ְַע ל ְ This means, literally, four to the turning of the morning – or, as the
אַרבּ.
pioneering Biblical commentator and prolific Hebrew philologist Rashi explains,
ֹאָבו
ֶה ל
ֹונ
ֹקר פּ
ֶַהבְּעתֶשׁ
ֵ – לat the time when the morning turns itself to approach.
The expression לפנות בוקרneed not be connected to a particular time in those wee
hours of the morning. The Israeli musician Ehud Banai uses the term, for instance
one of his songs, ַסל
ְפ
ַסּ
ַלַה
יתיָל ע
ִִכּ ִח
ֶשְׁכּ- When I Waited for You on the Bench. He
opens the song with, ַשׁנוּ לפנות בוקרְ – נwe met in the early morning... not mentioning
ִפגּ
ְ
exactly when the two met, but making it clear it was before daybreak.
7
“Have a Good Time”
ָעים
ִִבּלּוּי נ
Suppose your friends are all going out to see a movie... but you’ve got something
better to do. You’d probably wish them a good time, and then go about your
business.
It is possible ֹפא
ֵֶצלָהרוָעהֵאֹתָשַׁלּו –ְלבto spend an hour at the doctor’s, and it is possible
ָםֹףַהיֹּתְבּחו –ְלבto spend time at the beach.
ַלּו
But if you use the word לבלותby itself, you’re talking about having a good time.
Hence, בילויalso means going out and having a good time.
“Point of Departure”
ֹצא
ַָדּת מו
ֻק
ְנ
The Hebrew root א.צ.י, (y.ts.a), meaning exiting, gave rise to many words
throughout Hebrew’s history.
One of these words is that of origin as well as that which has exited/departed – ֹצא
ָמו,
which, in Modern Hebrew, has also come to mean ethnicity or ancestry.
For example:
.ִני
ָמ
ֶר
ְֹצא גּ
ִָהיאִממּו
She is of German ancestry.
Another modern application of the word מוצאis in the expression for starting
point or point of departure: ֹצא
ַָדּת מונ,ְas in:
ֻק
.ֵתּק
ַר
ָקרְמ ְח
ֶמֹצאְל
ַָדּת מו ֻקְנ
ֵמּשִׁכַּשׁ פּוּחְמ
ַ ַתּ ֹןִעםַהְניוּטו ֹןֶשׁלָסּיוִנּ
ַה
Newton’s experience with the apple serves as a point of departure for fascinating research.
8
“To the Left” & “To the Right”
ָה ְשׂמ,ָה
ֹאל ִמינ
ְי
This entry will help you understand directions given to you in Israel and provide
them yourself when requested.
That’s right and left by themselves. But when giving and receiving directions –
where in English we talk about to the right and to the left, Hebrew adds the ah vowel
to the end of the word, so that we have:
ָה
ִמינ– to the right
ְי
and
For example:
.ָכּר
ִכּ
ָהַבּ
ֹאל ְואָזְשׂמ ,ֹרְמזו
ַרָהָבּ
ִמינְיֹתִפנו
ְִרי ל ָצ
You have to (literally, one must) turn right at the traffic light, and then left at the roundabout.
This ah ending, used in Biblical Hebrew, gives a noun a directional sense. Some
other examples in contemporary use are:
ימה
ִָד –ָקforward
9
“Nearby”
ֹם
ַבתָמקו
ְר
ִק
ְבּ
To say in Hebrew that something is close, you’d use a form of the word ֹב קרו.
ָ
Likewise, you could talk about the nearby town – ֹבה
ְָקּרו
ָרהַה
ֲָעיָIn that case, ( קרובהa
ה.
form of )קרובis describing the town - the word is an adjective.
However, if you want to say the town is located nearby or he lives nearby the
synagogue you’re describing the action, so you’d have to use an adverb. The Hebrew
expression taking care of this situation is ֹםַבתָמקוְר
ִקבּ.
ְ
In our examples:
and
.ֶסת
ְֶכּנֵביתַה ָר בקרבת מקוםְל הוּא גּ
He lives nearby the synagogue.
10
“To the East”
ָחה
ָר
ְז
ִמ
The Torah portion Va’etchanan, ַן ַחנְּת ו,ָfeatures the plea of Moses to be allowed to
ֶא
lead the People of Israel into their land, after having led them for forty years en
route. Part of God’s response is to show Moses the land, inviting him to look out
in all directions and see the good land, including eastward, to the east bank of the
Jordan River.
Likewise:
and
A Modern-Hebrew example:
.ֶרת
ֶ
ִכּנּ
ֹתַבְּשׂחוֵדיִלָהְכּ ֹונ
ִעיםָצפֹס
ְַחנוּ נו
ְ ֲאנ
We are traveling to the north in order to swim in the Sea of Galilee.
In Biblical Hebrew, the directional ה- is appended to the end of any name of a
place, such as ָמהְי
ַר –ִמto Egypt, ָמה
ְצ ָ – יtoward the sea, etc. Modern Hebrew use of the
directional ה- is much more limited.
11
“Upwards” or “To Heaven”
ֶאלַעל
It’s very likely that you’re familiar with Israel’s flagship air carrier, El Al, especially
if you’ve made aliyah through the Jewish Agency or Nefesh B’Nefesh.
The idiom ַל ֶאל עmeans upward or skyward. I came across this term while reading
an article on Ynet about a speech United States President Obama gave concerning
the Middle East:
.ַל
ִריאֶאל עְמָמה שׁוּבַמֹבּ
ָָרק או
ָשׂיאָבּ
ִָהוַּלנְּני
ַתְנ
ַתחֵבּין
ֶמּ
ַה
The tension between Netanyahu and President Barack Obama is again “taking off skyward.”
“Crosswalk”
ָה
ָצי
ֲברֲח
ַַמע
In the USA, it’s called a crosswalk. In The UK, it’s called a zebra crossing.
מעברcomes from the root ר.ב.ע, (a.b.r), meaning transition. And חציהcomes from
the root י.צ.ח, (kh.ts.y), meaning half.
Think about it this way: when you cross the street, you’re effectively splitting it in
two – or in half… like the Children of Israel did with the Red Sea.
12
“Dead End”
ֹצא
ְָל א מו
The Hebrew phrase for point of departure is ֹצא
ַָדּת מו
ֻק
נ.ְ
The Hebrew term for a dead end - a point without departure or a place with no way out -
is ֹצא
ָֹםְל א מו ָTo refer to a particular type of dead end, substitute the word
מקו.
for place – ֹם
–ָמקוwith your specific noun.
For example:
ֹצא
ָֹבְל א מו ְרחו
dead-end street
and:
ֹצא
ֶָשׁרְל א מו ֶק
dead-end relationship
“Medical Center”
פוּאי
ִ ְרָכּז
ְר
ֶמ
A center is a ָכּז
ְרֶFor example, the greater Tel Aviv metropolis is considered ַכּז
מ. ְרֶמ
ֶ –ָהthe center of the country. The root of מרכזis ז.כ.ר, (r.k.z), meaning concentration.
אָרץ
13
“Security Check”
ֹני
ְִטחו
ִבּדּוּקִבּ
I once had guests visiting from Europe for a few days. For both of them it was
their first time in Israel, and therefore their first time encountering the
psychologically-astute Israeli security team at the airport.
בידוק
But since a security check is a more involved process than a simple checkup, we invoke
the noun form of an intensive verb, yielding the word .בידוק
בטחוני
בטחוניcomes from the word ֹן –ִבּsecurity. בטחוניis an adjective, so we add a יto
ָטּחו
the end of the word בטחון.
Putting these two pieces together, we get a security check – בידוק בטחוני.
14
“Make Yourself at Home”
ִית
ַבּ
ִגּישׁוַּבּ
ְר
ַתּ
In order to make their guest feel welcome, hosts will often say, make yourself at home.
The Hebrew expression, when speaking to more than one person, is ִית ַבּ
ִגּישׁוַּבּ
ְר
תּ.
ַ
This means, literally, you shall feel at home, where תרגישוis a future-tense conjugate of
the active-causative הפעילverb, ִגּישׁ ְר –ְלto feel.
ַה
ִית
ַבּ
ִגּישַׁבּ
ְר
ַתּ
ִית
ַבּ
ישׁיַבּ
ִִגְּר
ַתּ
“Sautéed”
ָפּץ
ְק
ֻמ
I once had dinner with my friend Avi, who takes pride in his delicious, healthy
cooking. He fried us up some schnitzel, but when I commented that he was frying
it in olive oil instead of Canola; he corrected me, saying that was sautéing, not
frying.
Sauté comes from French. The closest Hebrew word we have that captures the
meaning is ָץ
ְקפּ –ֻמso that sautéed (or stir-fried) vegetables are מוקפצים
ִ ֹת ָרקו
י.ְ
מוקפץmeans, literally, caused to jump. The word fits into the הופעלverb paradigm,
the passive form of the הפעיל.
I maintain that Avi was frying. Either way, the schnitzel came out tasty.
15
“To Gain Weight”
ִמין
ְשַׁה
ְל
Just as do people of other cultures and religions, Jews have a tendency to gain
weight during their holiday season.
Professionals and people being more polite are likely to use ָקל ְשׁ
ִמּ
ֹתַבּ
ֲלוַלעto
mean to gain weight (literally, to go up in the weight), rather than the more informal and
in-your-face להשמין.
You may recall this root appearing in the introductory prayer for rain said during
the holiday of Sh’mini Atzeret, שמיני עצרת:
ֹן
ָרזוrefers to gauntness, or in the case of the prayer, famine; whereas ַע שׂrefers
ֹב
to satiation.
16
“To Clear the Table”
ָחן
ְל
שֹֻּׁתֶאתַה
ַפנּו
ְל
ֹת לmeans to clear off. For example, I might say, ֹעִעם
ְפנּו
ַ ְַנסוֵדיִלֹקרְכֶֶּהִליֶאתַהבּ ַפנּ
ִניְמ
ֲא
ָם –ָדּI’m clearing (for myself) the morning in order to go (travel) to the beach (sea) with
ִניתַליּ
Danit.
The word לפנותis an active-intensive פיעלverb of the root ה.נ.פ, (p.n.h). Some
related words are ָה –ִפּנּcorner (a place sectioned off from the rest), –ָפּנוּיavailable and
ֹתַפּנּו
ְת
ִה –ְלto use the restroom (to relieve oneself).
17
“To Wash the Dishes”
ִלים
ֹףֵכּ
ְשׁטו
ִל
Those who have studied the Talmud have probably come across the word ֵטּף ַתְּשׁ
ִה
ְל
. In the Talmudic context, that word means to rinse oneself. It’s a word that is no
longer used in spoken Hebrew.
When pronounced by your average Israeli, להשתטףsounds just like the word for to
participate – ֵתּף
ַתּ
ְשׁ ְa word that can be found of the lips of every Israeli school
ִה
ל,
child and their teacher. To tell the difference between these
two reflexive-intensive ֵל
ַע
ְתפִּהverbs, look at their roots:
While להשתטףno longer gets spoken, its root, פ.ט.שׁ, is alive and well, most
commonly in the active-simple ַל פּverb, ֹף
ָע –ִלto rinse.
ְשׁטו
ֵלים
ִֹף כּ –ִלto rinse/wash (the) dishes
ְשׁטו
ֵלים
ִיפת כּ
ִַט( –ְשׁthe act of) rinsing/washing (the) dishes
and
ֹח
ַיפת מ
ִַט –ְשׁbrainwash
18
“Recommended”
ָץ
ְמל
ֻמ
ָצה
ָ ַהmeans recommendation, and is the noun form of the active-causative הפעיל
ְמל
verb to recommend – ִליץ
ְמ
ַה
ל.
ְ
The word for recommended is ָץ ֻThis is an adjective derived from verb להמליץ,
ְמל
מ.
conforming to the passive-causative הופעלverb form.
מוּמלץis used more often in Hebrew than recommended is used in English. It often
appears where in English one would use the word suggested.
.ָמןְזּ
ֵיַהִפנ
ְָעה ל
ַעָשׁ
ֶרב ָעה
ָֹפ
ַהויע ל
ִַגַּה
מומלץְל
It’s recommended to arrive at the show fifteen minutes in advance of the (starting) time.
.ֹם
הוּא מומלץְבּחו,ֶזּה?ֵכּן נּוּחַה
ַ ִקּ ֶבתֶאתַה ֹה
ֶ ְתּ אוַא:ִריתְצ
ַָמּל
ֶל
To a waitress: Do you like this dessert? Yes, it’s warmly recommended.
“Short Film”
ֹן
ְרטו
ִס
Perhaps you know the Modern Hebrew word for movie or film – ֶרט ֶThe word
ס.
made its first appearances in the Hebrew language a few thousand years ago, in the
bodies of Jewish literature known as the Mishnah (ָה
ְשׁנִand the Midrash (ָרש
)מ ְד
)מ.
ִ
In those texts, סרטmeans ribbon, a less-common meaning also used today. סרט
refers to movie or film, since a movie is actually played from a ribbon of sorts, at least
before the digital age.
19
meaning a short film.
“Generously”
ָבה
ָח
ְרָד
ְבּי
Languages in general often make use of concrete images to express abstract ideas.
We call this figurative language.
She calls to the boy, “Are you hungry? Come over here. I’ve got something for
you.” With caution but with desperate hope, the boy approaches this woman who
smiles at him graciously and introduces herself. From her handbag, the woman
pulls out her lunchbox, opens it up, and hands him its contents.
ִביְק
ֹפןִע
ְֶבּא
in a consistent manner
ִביתְקצוּרהִע
ְָבּ
in a consistent form
ִביּוּתְקִע
ְבּ
with consistency
“Awake”
ֵער
The Torah portion Balak, בלק, is perhaps the strangest – ֹתר ֵ
ָרהְבּיוָ ַהof all
מּוּז
portions, featuring a talking (female) donkey – ֶרת
ֶבּ
ַד אָתוand a prophet-magician
ֹןְמ
who seeks to curse the People of Israel, but instead blessings spring forth from his
mouth.
Israeli music artist Ehud Banai composed a song that draws upon the themes of
this portion. He titled it ֵם
ֹול –ֵער אAwake or Dreaming?, since prophet-magician
ֹו ח
ְעם
ָ –ִבּלBalaam may very well have questioned his conscious state as his אתון
opened her mouth… and since the main figure in the song questions his state as
well.
21
In the song, the line is:
?ֵם
ֹול
ֹו ח
ִניֵער א
ִאםֲאַה
Am I awake or dreaming?
ְעתּו
ַדּ
ָצאתִמ
ֵל
To use this expression, conjugate the active-simple פעלverb לצאת, and substitute
the ֹו
- ending with the one you wish to mean.
For example:
.ִתּיְעַדּ
ֵצאִמ ִניֵאֲא, ִשׁיַמ
ְָכה יַעשָׁכּ ַר
ִאםָה
If the noise continues this way, I’ll go out of my mind.
.ָתּהּ ְעַדּ
ָצאָהִמְ
ִהיא י ֶמהִליֶשׁ ְדִנ
It seems to me that she’s gone crazy.
22
“Get Well Soon”
ֵמה
ָ ,ירה
ְרפוּאָהְשׁל ִָה
ָמהְמ
ְָחל
ַה
The traditional Jewish way of wishing someone a speedy recovery is saying ְרפוּאָה
ֵמה
ָ ְwhich means, literally, a complete healing.
שׁל,
מהירהis the feminine form of the adjective, ִהיר –ָמquick, speedy, fast. We use
מהירהand מהיר, as opposed to ָרה ֵהְמand ֵהר ַbecause we’re calling the
מ,
recovery quick – whereas מהרהand מהרmean quickly, speedily, or fast as an adverb.
For example:
.ֹלים
ִָלַהחוירהְלכִָהָמהְמְָחל ֲליםַה ִ
ֵהםְמאַח
They wish a quick recovery to all the sick people.
“A Cooling Trend”
ְררוּת
ָק
ְת
ַמּתִה
ְַמג
Occasionally in Jerusalem, during the winter it will snow. But even after a day of
snowfall, the next day the weather can change so that it’s more appropriate to wear
a t-shirt and shorts. And then the next day it can get cold again.
23
“To Hang in There”
ָמד
ֲע
ִזיקַמ
ְח
ַה
ְל
To someone having difficulty with a problem, or with just getting through a long
week, we might say: ֲמד
ִָזיקוַּמע ְחַwhich means, literally, hold stance, in the plural.
תּ,
To conjugate for individuals, study the active-causative הפעילverb form.
להחזיק, to hold, comes from the root ק.ז.ח, (kh.z.k), meaning strong; holding
something requires strength.
24
“Don’t Go it Alone”
ָתו
ֹ ְלי
ֻח
ֵאֵמ
ַמלּ
ְתֹרִמ
ֵאיןַהבּו
In the Torah portion, Vayelekh, ֶל ו,ַMoses passes his leadership of the People of
ֵיּ
Israel on to Joshua, assuring him that God will be with him, that the burden of
leadership will not fall on him alone.
An ancient Talmudic expression that found its rightful place in modern Hebrew
language and culture expresses the sentiment of the person who recognizes that he
cannot accomplish it all himself, but that he rather must receive help in order to
survive and to thrive.
The meaning:
In ancient Israel, communities would dig a hole in the ground in which to store
rainwater. They would cover this hole with a large stone that had a smaller hole in
it, into which rainwater would be collected from higher ground through a series of
pipes. The hole in the cover alone could not collect the necessary water; help was
needed from surrounding areas. Thus a person must receive help from the outside
as well - she cannot go it alone.
ֹר
בּו
Hole
ֵאַמלּ ְתִמ
Is filled up (a variation of the reflexive-intensive ֵל
ַע ִהverb form)
ְתפּ
ֹו
ָת
ֻלי
ְֵמח
From/through (the hole in) its cover
…where ָה חmeans cover
ֻלי
ְ
(In Modern Hebrew more commonly, a link in a chain or a segment of the spinal cord)
26
“Lazy”
ָן
ְצל
ַע
The Hebrew word for a male who is lazy is ָן ע, while the word for a female lazy
ַצל
ְ
person is ַנית
ִַצל
ְע.
The root of the word עצלןshows up in the Bar Mitzvah dance favorite, Yo Ya.
“Grateful”
ֹדה
ִָסיר תּו
ֲא
One night after having fallen off my bike, I woke up at 4am with pain that
prompted me to get in a cab and head to the urgent care center. They gave me cast
because it wasn’t yet clear whether my scaphoid bone was broken or sprained.
That early morning, I felt grateful – for the kind, professional (Arab) doctors at
טרם, for having only injured my hand rather than having done something worse,
and, suddenly, for lots of other people in my life, not the least of whom is my
family. I suddenly started focusing on my relationships more than I usually do.
Modern Hebrew doesn’t have a single proper word for grateful. Rather, we use an
expression that means, literally, bound by thanks – ֹדה
ָ ֲאin the masculine, and
ִסיר תּו
ֹדה
ָ
ירת תּו ֲאin the feminine.
ִַס
For example:
ֹבֶאת ְכתּו
ִל
ְוַים
ִ
ֹפנּ
ַַל אוֹב ע ִל,ֹת
ְרכּו ְשׂחוֹלִלָכוִני י
ֲא
ֶשְׁו,ֶבר
ֵאיןִליֶשֹׁדהֶשִָׁסיר תּו ִניֲא
ֹםֲא
ַהיּו
ֹאתשׁוּמהַהזּ
ָ ְרה.
ָ
Today I’m grateful that I don’t have a fracture, and that I can swim, ride a bike and write this
posting.
The Modern Hebrew expression for gratitude the noun is a bit different – ַרת
ָכּ
ַה
– טוrecognition of a favor.
ֹבה
ָ
(A little secret - the original Hebrew word for gratitude was ֹדה
ָתּו, but this word
27
has been replaced by the much more popular expression, thank you.)
“Daring”
ֹעז
ָנו
Thanks to acts of bravery, selflessness and, at times, utter audacity on the part of
Israeli soldiers , Mossad agents, security personnel and the leaders of the State, the
Jewish people have a place to call home today.
For example:
.יראקִָע
ֹמיְבּ
ֲִאטו ָצהֶאתַהכּוּרָה ֹצ
ְֵאל פּוָר
ְשִׂי,ֶזתֹע
ֶָה נוְפעוּלִבּ
In a daring operation, Israel bombed the nuclear reactor in Iraq.
“Aggressive”
ִני
ָפ
ֹק
ְ
תּו
When asked to translate the word aggressive into Hebrew, many Israelis are likely to
say יבי
ִִס ְ simply a transliteration from the English.
ֶר
אַג,
However, you’re likely to hear in the media as well as from the lips of the
generation currently being educated in Israeli universities the word ִניָפ – תּוalso,
ֹק
ְ
aggressive. Likewise, aggressiveness is ָפנוּתתּו. These words come from the
ֹק
ְ
active-simple פעלverb ֹף ְתקו ִmeaning to attack. לתקוףappears in various forms in
ל,
Biblical Hebrew, but is borrowed from Aramaic.
You may recognize the word’s root, פ.ק.( תt.k.f), in a few other words: קוּפה
ָ תּ,
ְ
meaning period of time and ֹקף
ֶתּ, meaning validity. Collecting the data, we might
observe that the common denominator among validity and aggressiveness is power.
28
“To Get Refreshed”
ֵן
ֲענ
ַר
ְת
ִה
ְל
Raanana – ָהָננ
ֲע
ַר– is a city in Israel. The word רעננהmeans fresh, when speaking of
something feminine such as a city.
...ֵף
ִניָעיּ
ָשׁיוֲא –ַעRight now, I’m tired...
ְכ
ֵן
ֲענ
ַר
ְת
ִה
ֹצהְל
ִֶני רו
ֲאַ – ...and I want to get refreshed.
…ו
“Exhausted”
גּ,מוּתשׁ
ָמוּר ָ
Ever have one of those weeks that seem to just fly by? You might feel good that
the week is over and that you got a lot done, but you might also feel ֵףָtired – or
עיּ,
to a greater extreme, exhausted.
To say, exhausted, I and the male readers would use the word ׁש
ָ and the female
מוּת,
readers would use ֶשׁת מוּת.
ֶ
29
“I Can’t Wait”
רוּח
ַ ֹצר
ֶ
ֹתְבּק
ַחכּו
ְל
The literal translation of I can’t wait! is:
ֹת
ַחכּו
ֹלְל
ָכו –ֲאwhen spoken by a male
ִני א י
ֹת
ַחכּו
ָהְל
ֹול
ְיכ –ֲאwhen spoken by a female
ִני א
But the more common, more descriptive expression is that which translates the
English expression, to wait with bated (shortness of) breath – רוּח
ַ ֹצר
ֶ
ֹתְבּק
ַחכּו
ל.
ְ
קmeans shortness.
ֹצר
ֶ
For example:
.ֹתִחירוְבֹּתַהֹצאוְרוּחְלתו
ַ ֹצר ֶָעתְבּקִֵכּים כַּחִבּיםְמ ַר ִליםֵא ָר
ְשׂ
ִי
Lots of Israelis can’t wait right now for the election results
(literally, Lots of Israelis are now waiting with bated breath for the election results).
30
“Average”
ָצּע
ֻמ
ְמ
The Hebrew word for (the) middle is ַצע
ְמ
א.
ֶ
For example:
.ֶדר
ֶחַצעַהְמֶאֶדתְבֹּמ
ִֶהיא עו
She is standing in the middle of the room.
.ַעםֵביןָהֹוְל
ֹוֵבּינ
ְצּעַמֶהְמֻמנּ ְמּ
ַהְו,אַחרֶזה
ַ ִריןֶזה ֹב
ְַעם עו
ָלָה ֶר כּ ֶדּ- ִריםֵחַחםֶאתֲא ֵֶשׁהוּאְמנ ְכּ
(’ משנה א,’)סנהדרין פרק ב
When he (the high priest) consoles others - it is customary for all the people to pass by one another,
and the designated (priest) splits him between him (the high priest) and the people. (Sanhedrin
Chapter 2, Mishnah 1)
In Modern Hebrew, we take this concept of split down the middle and use the word
ממוצעto mean average - or that which is in the middle.
For example:
31
“Capable”
ֶת
ֶגּלְמ,ָל
ֻס ֻסגּ
ְמ
Suppose you’re with a friend at the British Museum, and your friend doesn’t know
how to read the hieroglyphics on the Rosetta Stone. If you, however, are thus
versed, you might say about yourself, I can! or I’m capable!
“Over-the-Moon Ecstatic”
ַג
ַחַעדַהגּ
ֵמ
ָשׂ
Barack Obama (along with his family) was over-the-moon ecstatic with joy after
being reelected as President of the United States. A Hebrew expression that befit
him at the time is ַג
ַחַעדַהגּ
ֵמָIt means, literally, happy to the roof.
שׂ.
.ַג
ְחנוַּעדַהגָּשׂ,ָהםַבּת
ַמ ֶָדה לֹל
ְ ְענוֶּשׁנּו
ַמָשּׁ
ֶשׁ ְכּ
When we heard that a baby girl was born to them, we were ecstatic with joy (happy to the roof).
32
“Childish”
דּוּתי
ִ ַלְ
י
The Hebrew word for child – probably related to the English word – is ֶד
ֶילfor a
male and ָדּה יfor a female.
ַל
ְ
Words that in English have -hood, -ism, etc. at the end of the word, in Hebrew
typically have an וּת- ending. So childhood is ַלדּוּת
ְי.
For example:
.דּוּתי
ִ ַלְ
ַצת יֹכןְק
ֶָלַהתּ ָמד אָב ֶח
ְ ֶפר נ
ֵסַה
The book is cute (nice) but the content is a bit childish.
The English word childlike, however, has a more positive connotation that childish.
To mean childlike, Hebrew usually uses ִמיםָתּin the masculine, literally, innocent, and
ימה
ִָמְתּin the feminine.
33
“Naughty”
ָן
ְרי
ֲב
ַע
The Hebrew word ָנים ִ
ְרי עappears in the introductory line to the well-known
ֲב
ַ
prayer, ֵרי
ְד
ִנ – כּKol Nidrei. עברייניםis usually translated as criminals, though that
ָל
translation lacks a certain punch associated culturally with the word.
So let’s take apart the word and see that the root is ר.ב.ע, (a.b.r), meaning to pass.
The root makes its way into the word ָן ְרי עby virtue of the fact that עברייניםare
ֲב
ַ
those who bypass the law.
In today’s Hebrew, the word עברייןtends to refer to those who seem to always get
into trouble, as well as those involved in organized crime. Parents might use the
term sarcastically when disciplining their children: they use the term not to
implicate their children as proper criminals, but rather to call them something
roughly equivalent to the English term, “naughty naughty.”
There’s ֵם –ִבּגּוּד הappropriate attire, both in the social sense and in response to the
ֹול
weather.
34
“Wasted”
ַמ,ָמוּר
ְסטוּל גּ
While some refrain from excessive celebration on פּוּרים,
ִ Purim, others… just go for
it.
Once they’ve done so, many of them find themselves passed out on the couch.
One might also point to a female and say ָה –ִהיאַמshe’s out of it. For a male,
ְסטוּל
it’s ְסטוּלַThis word is borrowed from Arabic and means intoxicated or bewildered.
מ.
“Tense” or “Primed”
ָדּרוּ
A phrase often seen in newspapers translates literally, “The world is following with
tenseness the developments in the Middle East…” – ַחר ִריכוּתֲא
ְד
ֹקבִבֵָּם עו
ֹול
ָהע
ֹן
ִתּיכו
ַרחַהְז
ִמּ
ֹתַבּ
ְתּחוּיוַפּ
ְת
ִה
ַה
To use the adjective form, one might say The soldier is ready for battle (literally, war) –
ָמה
ָחְל
ִמ
ָלָדּרוּךְלַחיּ
ה.
ַ
35
“Ready for Action”
ֻמּן
ָוּמז
ְמוּכן
ָ
The English phrase ready for action implies that a person is on alert, prepared to do
what is necessary to achieve a goal.
The Hebrew expression ֻמּן ָוּמז ָ found in the literature of the Rabbis of the
ְמוּכן,
classical period as well as in today’s Jewish daily prayers, means essentially the
same thing: ready and on alert.
The word מזומןitself comes from the root נ.מ.ז, (z.m.n), meaning time. The word
implies that a person who is on alert is bound by a time that will beckon.
For example:
.ָבר
ָלָדּ
ָדשׁ מוכן ומזומןְלכ ָחִעירֶהֹאשָׁה ר
The new mayor is ready for anything that might come his way (literally, for everything).
.ָצּב
ָלַמ ֶתְלכֻמּנ
ֶוּמז
ְָה מוּכנ
ָ ִהיא
She is ready for any situation.
36
“Peace of Mind”
ִשׁי
ַפ
ְ
ֶקט נ
ֶשׁ
There was much excitement when the deal for the release of Gilad Shalit was first
drawn up and then later executed.
However, many people lost their excitement when they saw what the cost would
be.
While it was a high cost, it is certain that the trade gave Gilad Shalit’s parents peace
of mind.
This state of being, so yearned for in our era of over-stimulation, has at least two
other terms in Hebrew.
יישוב הדעת
The first takes the root ב.שׁ.י, (y.sh.b), meaning setting to create ַעת –ִישּׁוּבַה
ַדּ
literally, the setting of the mind. יישובis the abstract-noun form of the active-intensive
פיעלverb, ַשּׁב ֵ ְליmeaning to settle something. This term for peace of mind is the type that
requires elimination of distraction and is a means of achieving a goal.
For example:
.מּוּדים
ִ ַלִּיח בּ
ִַל ְצ
ַהֵדיְל
ַעתְכּ ַדּ
ִריִישּׁוּבַה ָצ
Peace of mind is needed in order to succeed in (the) studies.
שלוות הנפש
The second term takes ָוה ַשׁmeaning serenity – a synonym of the word ֹם
ְל ָpeace –
שׁלו,
and combines it with the word for soul – ֶפשׁ ֶ – נto create ֶפשׁ
ֶַותַהנּ
ְלַThis means,
שׁ.
literally, serenity of the soul.
37
“Guilty Feelings”
ָמה
ְשֹׁתַא
ְגשׁו
ִר
The Torah portion, Vayikra, ָרא
ְק ו,ַunveils the spiritual life of those Jews living in
ִיּ
the times of the Temple - more specifically, the rituals they practice to express their
devotion to God… as well as their sorrow at having sinned.
Guilt – אשמהand shame – בושהare not the same thing. ָמה ְשֹׁתַא
ְגשׁו
ִר– guilty
feelings – come when a person believes, “I’ve done something bad.” These
feelings motivate this person to fix what has become broken.
The feeling of בושה, on the other hand, comes when a person believes “I am bad.”
This experience is unhealthy and maladaptive, and can only be released when
expressed fully – to self or, preferably, to another.
38
“Anonymous”
ֹני
ִ ְ ,ימי
אַלמו ִֹנִ
אָנו
The more commonly-used translation of anonymous is also the one borrowed from
another language (English, which in turn formed the word from Greek) – ימי
ִֹנִ
אָנו.
.ֹני
ִאַלמו
ְ ֵדיִאישׁ ְי
ַל
ֹתל עֱֶזבַבּכָֹּרהֶנע
ָ
ֶפר תּו
ֵס
A Torah scroll was left at the Wailing Wall by an anonymous man.
It’s in the Bible – more specifically, Ruth 4:1, where an anonymous relative of
Boaz, ֹניִאַלמו
ְ ֹני
ְִפּלוrefuses to marry Ruth… so instead Boaz marries her, and
together they engender a line of descendants leading to King David.
39
“Contagious”
ֵבּק
ַדּ
ִמ
The way to translate contagious disease into Hebrew is ֶקת
ֶבּ
ַדּ
ָהִמ
ֲחלַthe latter word
מ,
meaning contagious.
But whereas in English, we’d normally say, stay away from me, I’m contagious, in
Hebrew such a statement borders on slang, invoking the active-intensive פיעלverb
form to say, ֶקת
ֶבּ
ַד
ִניְמ
א/ק
ֲ ֵבּ ַד
ִניְמ
א.
ֲ
Some examples:
ִבּיקְד
ָבר אַמ ִניְכּ
ֹםֲא אָב,ֶה
ָלַהיּו ֹוליתי ח
ִִיה.
ָ
I was sick, but today I’m no longer contagious (infecting).
ֵבּק
ַדָּהִחיּוּ ִמֹלָהיְתמוָהֶא ֲחתוּנָתןַבַּח
ָל.
The groom at the wedding last night had a contagious smile.
40
“To Crack Up Laughing”
ֹק
ְצּחו
ַעִמ
ֵקּ
ַפּ
ְת
ִה
ְל
Laughing is one of the most enjoyable of all human activities. To crack up, to fall off
one’s seat, to die of laughter – these all have equivalents in Hebrew, though the most
widely used is ֹק ְצּחו ַעִמ
ֵקַּפּ
ְתִהְIt means, literally, to burst from laughter.
ל.
An example:
.ֹק
ְצּחו
ָעהִמ ְקַּפּ
ְת
ִהְוֶרטֶסּ
ָתהֶאתַה ֲאָרִהיא
She watched (saw) the movie and cracked up laughing.
Some synonyms:
ֹק
ֹבְצחו ֵסּאֵמרו ִכּ
ַלַה
ֹלֵמעִפּול
To fall off of a (from on the) chair from so much laughter
ֹק
ְצּחוָמוּתִמ ל
To die of laughter
41
“Lonely”
ֹדד
ֵבּו
I once joined Mekete, an Ethiopian-Jew whose parents had already passed away, at
his Bar Mitzvah celebration in Holon. The people at Mekete’s school really went
above and beyond to make sure that he had a fun, meaningful occasion - and that
he would feel enveloped in love.
After Meteke was called up to the Torah, the group went to the Wolfson Medical
Center where they visited and delighted the sick in order to perform a mitzvah –
ָוהִמimmediately after the “Bar Mitzvah” ceremony. Only after these activities did
ְצ
the group arrived at the hall, where, instead of dancing to music (Mekete was in the
year of mourning the loss of his mother), the school administration and teachers
showered Meteke with blessings and played with the crowd educational games
designed to make everyone feel good about the Jewish tradition we were all taking
part in.
I can’t see into Mekete’s heart. I can only assume he missed his mother and father
yesterday terribly. But I also assume that he didn’t feel alone – ַבד
ְלor ָדד
(ָבּa more
literal usage), or lonely – ֹדד
ֵבּו. All these Hebrew words are adverbs; they stay the
same regardless of whether it is a male or female, one or many people
feeling lonely or alone.
The Torah Portion Metzora, ֹרע ָ ְprescribes the laws of the ֹרע
מּצ, –ְמצa person
ַ
afflicted with a skin disease often referred to as leprosy – ַעת(ָצrelated
ַר
to psoriasis?). The Sages of the Midrash explain that people would become ill with
צרעתas a result of antisocial speech – badmouthing others, speaking rudely, etc.
The treatment?
...ֹשׁבו
ֶָה מו
ֲחנַמֵשׁבֵמחוּץְל ֵָדד יָבּ
Alone shall he dwell, outside the camp of his dwelling…
By speaking antisocially, this person has put up a wall of pride between himself
and his fellows. Thus his cure is to be completely isolated from them, where he can
internalize the consequences of his action.
42
People Are…
...ָשׁיםֵהם
ֲִאנ
43
“Enlightened”
ֹר
ָאו
נ
A couple of years ago I worked with a man named ֹר נ, who runs a non-profit
ָאו
organization in Tel Aviv. His name means enlightened. The female version of the
word/name is ֹרה ָ
נאו.ְ
The word/name is actually a derivative of the נפעלverb form, and its root is the
word ֹר
אוmeaning light.
“Brilliant”
ִריק
ְב
ַמ
The Hebrew word for lightning – or a sparkle of light – is ָרק
ָIt’s also the name of a
בּ.
hero in ִטים
ֹפ
ְ –ֵסthe Book of Judges – as well as the first name of the current
ֶפר שׁו
American president.
A couple of examples:
ֹן מבריק
ֲיו –ֶזהthat’s a brilliant idea;
ַרע
Contrary to what you might expect, מבריקis not related to the English
word maverick.
44
“Friendly”
רוּתי
ִ ְבֶח,ידוּתי
ִ ִד ְי
Words for friendship include ֵברוּת ֲחand ִדידוּתי.ְThe word – חברותbased on the
root ר.ב.ח, (kh.b.r), meaning connection – implies a well-established bond of
friendship. ידידות, on the other hand - of the root ד.ו.ד, (d.v.d),
meaning endearment – can be used to describe a growing relationship of positive
feelings.
These words can be used in adjective form as well. For example, to express that a
product is environment-friendly, you’d say, יבה
ִָבַסּ
ְידוּתי ל
ִ ִד – הוּאliterally, it’s friendly to
ְי
the environment.
To say that a person is friendly or sociable, you’d use a word based on the ר.ב. חroot:
רוּתי
ִ ְבֶFor example, רוּתית
ח. ִ ְב ָ –ִהיאָבּshe’s a sociable young woman.
חוּרהֶח
ד.ו.ד, (d.v.d), is the root for the words associated with friendliness… as well as the
words for aunt and uncle – ֹד דּוand ֹדה
דּו, which once meant, simply, beloved one.
ָ
The name of the Jewish month of ֱאלוּלis said to be an acronym for ֹדי
ִ
ְודו
ֹדי
ִ
ִניְלדו
ֲא
–ִליI am for my Beloved, and my Beloved is for me
“International”
ִמּי
ֻא
ְל
ינ
ְֵבּ
To create the word international, English takes the word national and affixes to it the
prefix, inter-.
Hebrew does the same, where the word ִמּי ֻאְלmeaning national gets the word
inter/between/among – –ֵבּיןadded to the beginning, yielding ִמּי
ֻא
ְל
ְ
בּינ.
ֵ
For example:
45
.טק-י
ֶַה ְתחוּםַה ימהִבּ
ִָה ְדִמּיַמ ֻאְל
ְְצוּאֵבּינ ַמת יָר
ֵשֵׁאל י ָר
ְשִׂי ַתִדינ
ְמִל
Israel has an amazing level of international export in the field of high-tech.
“Irritating”
ִעיק
ֵמ
Sometimes we just need to call a spade a spade and label an event, a song, or a
person’s actions as irritating or bothersome – ִעיק
ֵThe feminine form of this term is
מ.
יקה
ִָעמ.
ֵ
מעיקcomes from the Biblical Hebrew word still used today, ָקה
ָ – distress. The
מוּע
root of these words is ק.ו.ע, (a.v.k).
“Devoted”
ָמסוּר
One of the themes of the Holiday of ֻכּה ָ –ֲחנHanukkah – is devotion to a cause.
The Maccabees were devoted – סוּרים ִ –ְמto the cause of defending the right of Jews
to practice their religion. Thanks to their ִסירוּת
–ְמdevotion – the Jewish people are
here today.
The root of these words is ר.ס.מ, (m.s.r), one of the roots for the concept of giving.
מסירותis giving oneself over, as in the phrase, ֶפש
ֶ –ְמgiving over oneself, or, less
ִסירוּת נ
literally, making self-sacrifice.
46
“Attentive”
ָקשּׁוּב
When a parent/caregiver is sensitive to or attentive of the emotional cues the baby
gives, the baby and adult enjoy a relationship of closeness and security. The baby
internalizes this relationship and learns to relate to others, throughout life, from a
place of security.
For example:
.ַת
ֵבַהזּוּל
ָםְללְוג,ֹ
ְלבּו
ִֹתַקשּׁוּב ל ְהיוִרי ִל
אָדםָצָ
A person needs to be attentive to his own heart, as well as to the heart of the other.
47
“Vulnerable”
יע
ִַגָפּ
Brené Brown, in a video that I (you too, undoubtedly) can relate to so well, says
that at the core of being able to love is the willingness to be vulnerable – to put
oneself “out there” where one might get hurt.
These words come from the root ע.ג.פ, (p.g.a), whose basic meaning is contact,
usually the type that hurts.
For example:
.ִבים
ֹה
ֲִכי או
ִמיֶשׁאָנוֲּה ְעיםְבִּ
ֹג
אָנוּ פּו
We hurt whom we love most.
It’s the same root as פּגּוּע,ִthe official Hebrew term for terror attack. Vulnerability is
also about taking risks, where the results could be terrible... but they could also be
wonderful.
“Unavailable”
ִמין
אָז
When traveling abroad, it becomes difficult to stay in contact with people,
especially when you are traveling to places that do not have Wifi.
To say I’m not available for a man would be – ִמין ֲand for a woman – ִני א
ִני אָז
א, ֲא
ָה
ִמינ
ז.ְ
Note the root of these words – נ.מ.ז, (z.m.n), the concept of time.
48
“Unforgivable”
ַח
ְסל
ִנ
ִתּי
ְל
ִבּ
This entry was written in the wake of the Itamar Massacre
The word נסלחfalls into the נפעלverb pattern, though the word itself functions as
an adjective. The root is ח.ל.ס, (s.l.kh) – forgiveness.
“Logical”
ֹני
ְִגיו
ֶה
In English, to think is a general term, while to ponder, to contemplate, to surmise, etc. are
related to thinking but are more specific.
In Medieval times, the study of logic became a central discipline for scholars. So
for Jewish scholars, the word הגיוןtook on a meaning even more specific than
pondering – it came to mean logic, which is what the word means to this day.
49
“Professional”
ֹעי
ְִקצו
ִמ
The Modern Hebrew word for profession – ֹע ְקצו –ִמappears in the Bible meaning the
side of a room/a geometrical figure. The root is ע.צ.ק, (k.ts.a), a root that shares its first
two letters with other roots of a similar meaning: ה.צ.ק, (k.ts.h), – edge; ר.צ.ק,
(k.ts.r), – short (in length); etc.
“Reliable”
אָמין
ִ
You’re certainly familiar with the word אָמן
ֵ – amen. The three-letter root of the
word makes up the entire word. Its core meaning is trust.
For example:
.אָמין
ִ ֶכב ֶרֶזה
This is a reliable vehicle.
50
“Rich”
ִשׁיר
ָע
The Hebrew word for wealth is ֹשׁרֶ – עnot to be confused with the word
for happiness. Thus the word for wealthy is ִשׁיר
ָעin the masculine and ירה עin the
ֲָשׁ
ִ
feminine.
For example:
.ִטים ְנ
יד
ִַסֹק
ְִטיאו אַנ
ְִיריםְבּ ֲשׁ
ִָלים ע
ֲִאכ ֹלַמֶאכו
ֱָחשׁוּב ל
It’s important to eat foods that are rich in antioxidants.
?ֹת
ֲניּו
ִֹת ע
ִדינו
ְמֵעִל
ַַסיֹּתְלִריכוֹתְצֲשׁירו
ִֹת ע ִדינו
ִאםְמ
ַה
Must wealthy countries aid poor countries?
“Serious”
ָחמוּר,יני
ִִצְר
The translation of serious into Modern Hebrew, when referring to a person, an
offer, etc. is יני
ִִצ in the masculine and ינית
ְר ִִצ in the feminine.
ְר
For example:
.יני
ִִצְרהוּאָבּחוּר
He’s a serious young man (in Hebrew, this is a compliment).
.ָרה
ְשַׂמּ
ִִיּים לינ
ִִצְר ִדים ֳמ
ָָמּהָמע ֵשַׁכּי
There are several serious candidates for the position.
For example:
.ֲשׂהָחמוּר
ֶֶסתֶזהַמע
ְֶכּנ
ַלִקירֵבּיתַה
ֹב ע
ְכתּו
ִל
51
To write on the wall of the synagogue is a serious act.
“Sophisticated”
ָכּם
ְח
ֻת
ְמ
If you know some Hebrew, you surely know the word for wise or smart – ָמה
ָכ
ח/ם
ֲ ָכָח
But sophisticated is more than smart. It takes smart to a whole different level. Thus
Hebrew takes the root מ.כ.ח, (kh.k.m), and adds a ( תt) to the beginning, taking the
meaning of the words derived to a whole new level.
“Strange”
ָר
מוּז
In Biblical Hebrew, a man from the outside, a stranger, is an אישָׁזר,ִwhile a strange
woman is an ָרה ָשּׁהָזִLikewise, a male foreign worker is an ֹבדָזר
א. ֵעו, while a female is
an ָרהֶדתָזֹב
ֶעו.
The adjectives זרand זרהbecome nouns as well, so that a strange man is sometimes
called a זרand a strange woman a זרה.
The word מוּזרָ meaning simply strange or weird, in Modern Hebrew, appears once in
the Bible, in ִלּים כ”ט –ְתּPsalms 29:
ִה
.ִמּי
ֵיִאְבנ
ִריִל
ָכ
ְְונ
ָחיֶא
יתיְל
ִִימוּזרָה
ָ
Estranged I am to my brothers and foreign to my mother’s sons.
52
“Unique”
חוּדי
ִ ִי
If you’ve already got some Hebrew under your belt, you probably know the word
for special – ֻחד
ָמי.
ְ
But there’s special and there’s unique. The Hebrew word for unique is חוּדי
ִ י.ִ
For example:
.ֹת
ִחינוָמּהְבּ ַכּחוּדיתִמ
ִ ִי ָהִדינֵאלִהיאְמ ָרְשִׂי
Israel is a unique state in several ways (literally, from several points of view).
The root is ד.ח.( יy.kh.d), meaning together. It’s related to the root ד.ח.( אa.kh.d)
meaning one.
“Stunning”
ֵמּם
ַהְמ
Take a look at this phrase, a Tel-Aviv spoof on similar phrases appearing in
Jerusalem, Bnei Brak and other places:
.ֵמּם
ַה
בוּשׁהְמ
ָ ְתּ אְל ֹתינוִּאםַאֵ ְשׁכוּנו
ִריִבּ ֲב
ְָא אַלַתּע ָאנּ
Don’t pass through our neighborhoods if you don’t look (literally, aren’t dressed) stunning.
The text reads מהמםand not ֶמת ֶמַּהְsince the word functions here as an adverb.
מ,
Unlike adjectives, adverbs in Hebrew do not change gender or number.
The word ֵמּם ְמmeans stunning both in the literal sense as well as in the fashion
ַה
sense. ֵמּם –ְלan active-intensive פיעלverb – means to stun.
ַה
53
“Vegan”
ֹני
ְִבעו
ִט
The Torah portion Noah, ֹח נ, tells the story of destruction and renewal, closeness
and separation… as well as vegetarianism and, well, meat-eating.
A vegan – one who refrains from eating all animal products – is a ֹני
ְִבעוִ from the
*ט,
word ַע –ֶטבnature.
* These are the masculine versions of the words. To describe a female vegetarian or
vegan, add a ת, (t), to the end of the desired word.
“Consistent”
ִבי
ְק
ִע
Perhaps you know the Hebrew word for heel, as in the back of your foot: ֶקב ֵIt’s
ע.
the root of the name Jacob – ֹבֲעק, who, according to the Biblical story, was born
ַי
holding onto the עקבof his twin brother, Esau – ָשׂו
ע.
ֵ
Using the same imagery, Hebrew calls someone or something consistent – that is,
behaving in a reliable, predictable manner or taking steady footsteps – ִביִעin the
ְק
masculine and ִבית ְקִעin the feminine.
54
Politics and the Life Cycle
ִיּיםַחַלַה
ֲעג
וּמ
ַיקה
ָיטִֹל
ִַהפּו
55
“For a Change”
ֵשׁםִשׁנּוּי
ְל
The Hebrew word for a change is שׁנּוּי, ִthe noun form of the active-intensive פיעל
verb ֹת –ְלto change (something). Its root is ה.נ.שׁ, (sh.n.h), the same as that of the
ַשׁנּו
following words (non-exhaustive list):
–ָשׁנyear
ָה
ָה –ְשׁa second
ִניּ
ָה
ְשׁנ –ִמMishnah
The common denominator among all these words? Repetition: a year comes in
cycles, a second is the second division of an hour after the minute, and if someone
wants to really learn a Mishnah, s/he needs to repeat it many times.
Repetition includes doing something for a second (or third or fourth) time, but better –
which is the essence of change.
For example:
.ֵשׁםִשׁנּוּיְל,ָטַםָסל ָה גּ
ִמינְז
ַעםִהיאִה ַַהפּ
This time, she ordered salad too, for a change.
“Win-Win”
ַצּח
ֵמנ-
ְַחַצּ
ְֵמנ
A win-win situation is one in which both (or all parties) involved come out
winners.
One of the words in Hebrew for to win is ַצּח ֵ ְIt’s a פיעלverb coming from the
לנ.
root ח.צ.נ, (n.ts.kh), meaning eternity. I suppose there’s a feeling of everlasting that
accompanies a win... as well as an act of conducting an orchestra, which is also .לנצח
To admonish is to teach a lesson, often one that isn’t so pleasant for the learner. As
does most of the language, Modern Hebrew retains terms from its classical, often
quite ancient sources.
לקחmeans a lesson, specifically a moral or life lesson. It can be found all over the Holy
Writings section of the Bible, perhaps most famously in the verse:
.ֹבוּ
ֲעז
ִתי אַלַתּ תּו,ָכם
ֹר
ָ ִֶתּי ל
ָת
ַֹב נֶקח טו
ֶ ִכּי ל
For I have given you a good lesson, do not forsake my Torah.
57
“Extreme”
ֹני
ִִקיצו
The Hebrew word for edge or tip is ֶצה ָThis word figures prominently in the
ק.
Tabernacle blueprints laid out in the Torah portion Vayakhel, ֵהל
ַק
ְויּ.ַ
Modern Hebrew takes the concrete concept of an edge to an abstract level, creating
the word for on the edge or extreme – ֹני
ִקיצו.
ִ
“Moderate”
ָמתוּן
The edge of something is the ֶצהָsomeone “on the edge” or extreme is ֹני
;ק ִקיצו.
ִ
58
“News Flash”
ָזק
ְב
ִמ
The English version of Ynet (the Hebrew site is ynet.co.il) renders ִקים
ָז
ְב
ִמ
as updates instead of news flashes.
I prefer to translate ָזקִמas news flash, however, because of the imagery that comes
ְב
to mind when I say or hear the word.
The root of מבזקis ק.ז.( בb.z.k), appearing only once in the Bible as lightning, in
Ezekiel’s spectacular Vision of the Chariot, י”ד,ֵקאל א
ְז
ֶח
ְי(Ezekiel 1:14). There, the
word used is ָזק ָThus a newsflash, in Modern Hebrew, is a ֹת
בּ. ָדשׁוָזקַח ְב
מ.
ִ
The far more common word for lightning - both in the Bible and in Modern
Hebrew - is phonetically very close to the one mentioned above, ָרק ָIt could be
בּ.
that in Ezekiel’s time and place, the sounds corresponding to the ( רr) and ( זz)
letters (at least one of the sounds corresponding to )זwere nearly identical. In the
Arabic (one of Hebrew’s sister-languages) alphabet anyway, the letters for רand ז
look almost identical: زand ر.
You may know that Israel’s largest phone company is ֶזק ֶa word that appears in
בּ,
the Bible as the name of a city. Look at the word, and you’ll find that all three
letters from the root of מבזקare there - phone communication involves sound
flashing back and forth.
59
“Not Necessarily”
ַח
ֵר
ְכ אְבּ,ָקא
ֶה ְו
ָאוַדּ
ל
A useful expression in English is not necessarily.
For example:
.ֵאל
ָרְשִׂי
ֵצאתְבּ ְמִנ
ָקאְו
ָאוַדַּים ל
ִרוּשׁל
ָ ְי ֵשׁם ִעירְבּ
A city by the name of Jerusalem isn’t necessarily located in Israel.*
or
.ֵאלָר
ְשׂ
ִי
ֵצאתְבְּמ ִנ
ַחֵר
ְכ
ֶה
ַים אְבּ
ִרוּשׁל
ָ ְיֵשׁם
ִעירְבּ
(same meaning)
* There are cities called Jerusalem in the United States and probably other places
as well.
The pronunciation presented here of לא בהכרחis the most correct one, but you’re
more likely to hear Israelis saying ַרח
ְכ אְבּ.
ֶה
.ַטּיּוּלִִביאִבּגּוּדָחם ל ָהָחוּץְל
נ
(It’s) necessary to bring warm clothing for the trip.
60
“Of Course”
!מּוּבן
ָ ַכּ,ָבּרוּר,ַטח
ֶבּ
The Hebrew word for security is ֹן ָטּחו ִwhose root is ח.ט.( בb.t.kh) meaning
בּ,
sureness and security. To say, for sure! or of course! in Hebrew, you’d use one of several
terms. Here are three of them:
בטח
?ֶרטַסּ
ֶָתּנוּ לָתּהָבּאִאַא
ֵכּן
ַטחֶשׁ !בּ
ֶ
Are you (a male) coming with us to the movie?
Of course I am!
ברור
Another informal way of saying of course uses the word for clearly – .ָבּרוּר
כמובן
?ָבּהִסַמּ
ְִנים לָמְז
ִאםֵהםֻמ ַה
מּוּבן
ָ !כַּ
Are they invited to the party?
Of course!
61
“On the Contrary”
ָבּה
ַר
אַד
ְ
One way of saying on the contrary in Hebrew is ֶפך –ְלliterally, to the opposite.
ֶה
A synonym with an edge is ָבּה ַרְ It comes from Babylonian Aramaic and is used
אַד.
mostly in academic circles… and in the ָרש –ֵבּיתִמreligious house of study.
ְד
For example:
!ָן
ֻציּ
ֹןְמ
ְעיו
ַרָבּה?ֶזה ַר
אַד
ְ
Why not? (just the opposite!) It’s a great idea!
“Sort of…”
…סוּגֶשׁל
When they want to express similarity without being too specific (or to say “no” or
“not really” without actually saying it), English speakers use the expression sort of or
kind of. Often this is a response to a question.
For example:
Q: Is he tall?
A: Well, he’s kind of tall...
Colloquial Hebrew has adopted this expression in direct translation from the
English: סוּגֶשׁל- literally, a type/sort/kind of.
?ֹה
ָ הוּא גּ:ָה
ָבו ֵאל
ְשׁ
סוּגֶשׁל:שׁוּבה
ָ …תְּ
62
“Conflict of Interest”
ִסים
ֶר
ֶט
ינ
ְִנגּוּדִא
In English we talk about a conflict of interest. In Hebrew, we call this ִסים
ֶר
ֶט
ינ
ְִגּוּדִא
נ.
The first word, ניגוד, comes from the preposition ֶד , meaning against or opposite.
ֶנג
Another Hebrew word formed by the root ד.ג.( נn.g.d) is ֵדַנגּ
ְת
ִה –ְלto be opposed (to
something).
The second word in the phrase comes from a Latinate language, most likely
Spanish.
This imagery of different heads of grain growing together lends itself to the Hebrew
expression used today to mean different ideas cooperating – ָחד
ֶהֶא
ָקנֹתְבּ (ַלעliterally, to
ֲלו
rise in one stalk). Far more commonly, however, speakers will use the opposite
expression:
.ָחד
ֶהֶאָקנֹתְבֹּלו
ָמין א עו ִַהיְּו
ֹאל ְשּׂמ ֹתֶשׁלַה ֵדּעוַה
The opinions of the left and the right don’t go together.
63
“Judgmental”
פּוּטי
ִ ִשׁ
The Torah portion, Mishpatim, ִטים ָפּ
ְשִׁtranslates literally to ordinances or rules. The
מ,
root of this word is ט.פ.( שׁsh.p.t) meaning judgment.
To judge, in both the legalistic sense and in the interpersonal sense, is ֹט ְשׁפּוִwhile
ל,
a ֹפט
ֵ שׁוis a (male) judge. The Biblical story of Moses and the Israelite slaves
expresses both senses of to judge in the phrase, ֵינו ֹפטָעל
ְֵושׁוִאישָׁשׂר ְמ ְל –ִמיָשׂwho
placed you as a minister and judge upon us? The Israelite slaves in that passage are
referring to Moses as a judge as well as a man being judgmental.
“Who’s Who?”
ָמי
ִִמי ו
The Hebrew term for an illustrious who’s who list ִמי –ִמיliterally, who and who, as in
ָו
ָשׁה
ָד
ֲחֶסתַה
ְֶכּנ
ִמיַבּ
ו-י
ִָמּ –ַהthe who’s who in the new Knesset.
,ִמי
ָויכם;ִמי
ֶה’ֱאֵה-ְבדוֶּאת ְלכוִּע,ֵהםֶֹאמרֲאל
ֶַויּ,ֹה ַ ֶא,ֹן
ְרע
פּ-ל אַהר-ת
ֲ ֶא ְוֹשׁה
ֶמ-יּוּשׁבֶאת
ַ ַו
(’ח:’ֹת י ְ?ִכים
)שׁמו ֹל
ְַהה
And Moses and Aaron were summoned back to Pharaoh, and he said to them, “Go, worship the
L-rd your God – who and who is going?” (Exodus 10:8)
.אָביב
ִ ִמיֶשׁלֵתּל ו-י
ִָמּ ָלַהְמנוּ כּ
ְז
ֲרוּכהֻה
ָ ַתּעַל
All the who’s who of Tel Aviv were invited to the exhibition.
64
“The Partition Plan”
ֻקּה
ֲָחל
ִניתַה
ְכ
ָתּ
November 29th marks the day that the UN General Assembly adopted the Partition
Plan for Palestine in 1947.
חלוקהmeans partition or division, but also distribution. For example, giving out prizes is
ִסיםָר
ֻקּתְפַּ ֲThe root of חלוקהis ק.ל.ח, (kh.l.k), meaning part – both in the sense
חל.
of participation (sharing) as well in the sense of to depart and political
party (separation).
“Terror Attack”
ִפּגּוּע
Modern Hebrew’s word for an attack of terror is פּגּוּע.ִThe word comes from the
root ע.ג.פ, (p.g.a), which bears the concept of harm.
65
“Two States for Two Nations”
ִמּים
ֵיַע
ְשׁנ
ֹתִל
ִדינו
ֵתּיְמ
ְשׁ
The root for the word for a change is ה.נ.שׁ, (sh.n.h), and its core concept is
repetition, but it’s also important to point out that the word for two is related as
well: something repeated is done for at least the second time.
ַים
ִ
ְשׁנ
ִים
ַתְּשׁ
For example:
.ֵשֹׁפּה? שנים
ָשׁים י
ִָמּהֲאנ ַכּ
How many people are here? Two. (People can be either two males or a male and a female)
ֵשֹׁפּה? שתים
ָשׁים י
ִָמּה נכּ.
ַ
How many women are here? Two.
In Modern Hebrew, שניםand שתיםare used where two is used as a noun, such as in
an answer to a question.
But far more commonly in speech, we use two as an adjective. In that case, Hebrew
uses a different form, meaning literally, two of…
–ְשׁנtwo (of) masculine people or objects, or one masculine and the other feminine
ֵי
ֵתּי –ְשׁtwo (of) feminine people or objects
For example:
66
ָשׁים
ִֵיֲאנ
ֵשֹׁפּהְשׁנ י.
There are two people here.
.ָשׁים
ִ ֵתּי נ
ֵשֹׁפּהְשׁי
There are two women here.
.ִמּים
ֵיַע
ְשׁנֹתִל ִדינו
ֵתּיְמְשׁ
Two states for two nations.
We use the feminine שתיin the phrase שתי מדינות, since the word for state – ָה
ִדינ
ְמ
– is a feminine noun.
We use the masculine שניin the phrase לשני עמים, since the word for people – –ַעם
is a masculine noun.
“A Moment of Silence”
ָיּה
דּוּמ
ִ ַעֶשׁל ,ָיּה
ֶרג דּוּמ
ִ ָקּה
ַדּ
One appropriate emotional response to tragedy such as that which took place in
Sandy Hook, Connecticut in December 2012, is to be silent.
ָה דּוּמיּ
ִ ָקּה ַדּ
literally, a silent minute (a minute of silence)
ָה דּוּמיּ
ִ ַעֶשׁל ֶרג
literally, a moment of silence
67
“Haredi”
ִדים
ֵר
ֲח
“Ultra-Orthodox” is the English term that describes a large group of Jews, whose
religious practice tends to be very strict and whose dress remains very
conservative, reminiscent of Eastern Europe before modernity.
Many English speakers are familiar with another term that describes this group
–Haredim. This is the English spelling of the Hebrew word, ִדים
ֵרח.
ֲ
(ה:ָהוּ ס”וְעי
ַשְׁ’...ֹ
)י ָברו
ְדִּדיםֶאל ֵר
ֲחַה,’ַבר ה
ְדְּמעוּ’שׁ
ִ
Hear the word of God, (you) who tremble at His word... (Isaiah 66:5)
Another example:
?ָשׁהָדֲחָהַה
יצי
ְֹאָל
ִַקּוְרפוּ ל ָטִצ
ְֹת יִדיּו
ֵר
ֲח
ֹתַה ָגוְפל
ִמִּאםַה
ַה
Will the Haredi parties join to the new coalition?
ֹד
ַחרו
ֲ ל, an active-simple פעלverb, means to tremble or to quake. The root is ד.ר.ח
(kh.r.d). So, by calling themselves חרדים, the Ultra-Orthodox are stating that
they tremble before the word of God.
So it turns out that in dress, religious devotion and name as well, this Jewish group
parallels the American Quakers. Their theologies share similarities as well, but also
considerable differences.
68
“Jew”
הוּדי
ִ ְי
The word Jew is a household term, just as Christian and Muslim are.
But where does the word Jew come from?
But if you’ve read the Torah – in Hebrew or in English, you probably noticed that
the words יהודיand יהודייהare strikingly... absent. How could that be?
The answer has more to do with geography than with religion.
יהודיand יהודייהcome from the name הוּדה ָ ְי – one of the sons of Jacob, but also
the piece of land named after that son. In English, we call that piece of land Judea.
Twelve Israelite tribes inhabited Ancient Israel, until the Assyrians came and exiled
the majority. The major remaining tribe, יהודה, continued to reign until the
Babylonians came and exiled them as well.
The people from the land of ( יהודהtoday a large chunk of Modern Israel,
including Jerusalem, Beit Shemesh and the southern part of the West Bank) were
taken to Babel. Many migrated from there to ancient Persia, where the Purim story
takes place and presents us with the first person to be referred to as a – יהודיa Jew:
ָה ְגל
ֶשׁרָהֲא,יני
ִִמְי
ִעיֶבּןִקישִׁאישׁ
ְמ
ָאירֶבּןִשׁ
ִַכיֶבּן י
ֳד
ְר
ֹוָמ
וּשׁמ
ְירה
ִָבּ
שׁוּשׁןַה
ַ ָהְבּ
הוּדיָהי
ִ ְי
ִאישׁ
...ַים
ִירוּשׁל
ָ ִמ
ו-ה:אסתר ב
A Jewish man (a man from Judea) was in Shushan the capital, and his name was Mordecai the
son of Yair the son of Shim’i the son of Kish, a man from Yemin (the more specific land of
Benjamin); who was exiled from Jerusalem... (Esther 2:5-6)
69
“New Year’s Resolution”
ָשׁה
ָד
ָהֲח
ָשׁנ
ָטהְל
ְָחל
ַה
Resolution is a word of a high register in English, but it in the case of New Year’s
resolutions; it means, essentially, decision.
Hebrew preserves this simplicity by translating New Year’s resolution into ָטה
ְָחל
ַה
ָשׁה
ָד
ָהֲח
ָשׁנ –ְלliterally, a decision for a new year.
And unlike in English, where New Year’s resolution is a staple of the yearly cycle and
therefore a phrase that doesn’t tolerate much modification or conjugation, החלטה
לשנה חדשהis not quite as rigid, allowing for variations such as:
.ָשׁה
ָד
ֲח
ָהַה ַשּׁנ
ָָטה ל ְָחל ַתַהַבּלַק
Making (literally, receiving) a decision for the New Year.
and, in context:
?ָשׁה
ָד
ֲחָהַה ַשּׁנ
ְָתּ לַל
ְֹתִקבָּטו
ְחלֵאלּוַּה
What resolutions have you made (which decisions have you received) for the New Year?
“Irreversible”
ִפי
ִתּיָה
ְל
ִבּ
The word ִתּי ִבּcomes before another word to do what the prefixes “un-” and “in-”
ְל
do in English. Some examples of such phrases ִקּיִתּיֻח –ִבּillegal, and ִתּיָצפוּי
ְל ְל
ִבּ
– unexpected.
.ִפיך
ִתּיָה
ְל
ֲשׂה הוּאִבּ
ַָנּע
ֲשׂהֶשׁ
ֶַמּע
ַה
70
The deed that was done is irreversible.
“Long Term”
ָח
טו-
ְ ֹר
ֲא
With the 2012 military operation in Gaza came to an close, Israel sought an end to
the barrage of missiles and rockets not just for the next few months, but for the
long term.
For example:
Alternatively, ֹר
ָוח אָ –ִלfor a long term – can be used to mean the same thing.
ְט
For example:
ֹר
ָוח אְָטֶקטִל ֶשׁ
long-term quiet
“Passed Away”
ָמו
ֹ ֹל
ַל ְלעו
ָה
The colloquial expression for passed away, in Hebrew, is ָטר ִפ
ְ נfor a male and ָרה
ְט
ִפ
ְנ
for a female. These are conjugations of the infinitive ֵטרָפּ
ִה ְa verb of the נפעל
ל,
variety. Don’t confuse this term with ֵטּר ַפּ
ְת ְto resign – it could create an
ִה
ל,
uncomfortable moment. להתפטרis of the reflexive-intensive התפעלverb form.
נפטרis what most people say, but the more literary term used by the press when
announcing someone’s passing is ָמו ֹולְע
ַל ל ָהfor a male and ָמה ָֹול
ְע
ָכה לָהfor a
ְל
female. The term means, literally, has gone to his/her eternity, where ָם עmaintains its
ֹול
71
original Biblical meaning as eternity, as opposed to the word’s late- and post-Biblical
meaning of world. The image evoked is that of a person entering his/her final and
eternal resting place. A variation of the term first appears towards the end of the
relatively-late Biblical book of ֶת
ֹהל
ֶק, Ecclesiastes.
“Temporary”
ִנּי
ַמ
ְז
When the wife of a friend of mine gave birth to a boy, the new father wrote the
following in an email:
.(ִנּי
ַמ
ְז)שׁם
ְֵרץ ַו
ֶ’הְשֹׁימל
ֵֶדתְשׁלו ַַל ל
ֵשּׂר ע ַב
ִחיםְל ֵמ
אָנוְּשׂ
We are happy to announce the birth of Shloimele Schwartz (temporary name).
It is customary not to name the newborn boy until after the circumcision. But
rather than calling their baby “It,” they gave the baby a “temporary name.”
The craftspeople of Modern Hebrew ingeniously took the concept of time – נ.מ.ז,
(z.m.n), and added a י, yielding the word ִנּי
ַמ
ְז– temporary.
“Eternal”
ִחי
ְצ
ִנ
There are a few ways of saying forever in Hebrew. One is ָם ֹולל, employing the
ְע
original Biblical meaning of the word – עולםeternity. In Modern Hebrew, as well as
in late Biblical Hebrew, עולםmeans world.
Two other ways of expressing the concept of forever in Modern Hebrew are ִמיד–ְל
ָת
literally, for always; and ִמיתוּת – לpermanently.
ִצ
ְ
73
“Lucky”
ָלַ ַבּ,-ַבּר
מזּ-ת
To say that a person is lucky, you’d use ָל ַ ַבּfor a male and מזל-ַבּתfor a female.
מזּ-ר
These phrases mean, literally, a son of luck and a daughter of luck, respectively.
“Amusing”
ַע
ֲשׁ
ֵַשׁע
ְמ
The Hebrew word for amusing – ֲשׁע
ֵ –ְמcame up in a lesson I gave in Jerusalem.
ַשׁע
“Entertaining”
ַח
ֵדּ
ַב
ְמ
There are a few words for entertaining in Hebrew. There’s ֵדּר
ַבְcoming from the
מ,
more common word, בּדּוּר. ִThere’s ִחיק ַmeaning funny. There’s ֵשׁע
ְצ
מ, ְע
ַשְׁmeaning
מ,
amusing.
Here’s a word that doesn’t get used as often as the others… except for Purim. On
Israeli radio during Purim, it’s likely that you’ll hear the expression:
ֵדּח
ַב
וּמ
ְַח
ֵמ ִ – (Have a) happy and entertaining Purim.
פּוּריםָשׂ
74
“Essential”
יּוּני
ִִח
One of the four principles of the Pimsleur method is that it demands of learners
ֹף (ִלto pull out) words that they’ve learned just when they’re about to forget
ְשׁלו
them, thus maximizing long-term memory potential. This is the principle of
“graduated-interval recall.”
“Marginal” or “Insignificant”
שׁוּלי
ִ
The Hebrew word for margins – as in the side of a paper or the side of a road – is
ַים
ִשׁוּל.
For example:
.ֵברוּת
ְעוּמתֲח
ַ שׁוּלי ל
ִ ָבר ֶסףֶזהָדּ ֶכּ
Money is an insignificant thing when compared with friendship.
75
“Soft”
ַר
The Torah portion Vayetze, ֵצא ֵויּ,ַtells that ֹת
ַרכּו
ֵאָה –ֵעינLeah’s eyes were soft.
ֵי ל
רכותis the plural form of the word רך,ַmeaning soft or tender, when describing
something linguistically feminine such as eyes.
The word רךalso refers to things that are tender and soft both in physical texture as
well as human perception, such as small children. Early childhood, in Hebrew, is
appropriately called ַרך
ִגּילָה
ה.
ַ
“Useful”
מּוּשׁי
ִ ִשׁ
If you’re conversant in Hebrew, you most likely know the Hebrew word for to use
something: ֵמּש ַתּ
ְשִׁהְas in ָשׁו
ל, ְכ
ָעטַע
ֵֶשׁת בּ
ֶמַּתְּשׁ –ִהיאִמshe is using the pen now.
The root is ש.מ.ש, (sh.m.sh), meaning use, appearing most prominently in Mishnaic
Hebrew.
To express, this pen has many uses or purposes, you’d say, ֹים
ִש
ֶבּהִשׁמּוּ
ְר
ֵשַׁה
ֶזּה י ל.
ָעטַה
ֵ
Likewise, something useful is מּוּשׁי
ִ שׁ,ִand something multi-purpose is
שימושי-רב.ַ
“Perfect”
ַם
ְשׁל
ֻמ
The Modern Hebrew word for perfect is ַם ְשׁל ֻIt’s an adjective deriving from the
מ.
passive-causative verb form, הופעל. It can be declined in the feminine, ֶמת ֶ ְשׁל
מ,
ֻ
such as ֹאת מושלמת רוּחהַהזּ
ָ ֲא –ָהthis meal is perfect – as well as in the plural.
The root? Same as that of peace, שלום, bearing the core concept of completeness –
מ.ל.ש, (sh.l.m).
76
“Mysterious”
ֹרי
ִ
ְסתּו
ִמ
The Hebrew word, ִתּיר ְס
ַהְwhich means to conceal, has the root ר.ת.ס. (s.t.r).
ל,
Another application of ר.ת. סis in the expression for hideout or place or refuge –.ֹר
ְסתּו
ִמ
מסתורalso conveniently serves as the basis for the Hebrew word for mysterious –
ֹרי
ִ ִמin the masculine and ֹרית
ְסתּו ִ
ְסתּוִמin the feminine.
.ֹרי
ִ
ְסתּוַערִמ
ְַנסוְּלי
ְכִנֵהם
They entered a mysterious forest.
Note that the root ר.ת. סalso bears the meaning contradiction. The word for
contradiction is ירה
ִָת
ס.
ְ
“Convenient”
ֹח
ַנו
The word, ֹח
ַ נוcan mean both comfortable and convenient.
.ָפּה
ַסַּלַה
ֹחִלי ע
ַנו
I’m comfortable (literally, it’s comfortable for me) on the sofa.
or
.ֵש
ָפּג
ִהֹחִליְל
ַ ַמן נו
ְזֶרבֶזה ָע
ֶ
ַשׁע בּ ֵתּ
Nine in the evening is a convenient time for me to meet.
77
“Crucial” or “Fateful”
ִלי
ֹר
ָ
גּו
In the Book of Esther, the Jewish-Persian queen is faced with a fateful decision:
either risk her life by attempting to persuade the king to spare the Jewish people, or
sit in the palace while her people are systematically wiped out.
“Readable”
ִריא
ָק
The word ָעיס
לmeans chewy or chewable. This adjective comes from the simple פעל
ִ
verb ֹס
ְעו
ִל
ל.
A different verb with the same structure is ִריא ָmeaning legible or readable, deriving
ק,
from the פעלverb ֹא ְקרוִלmeaning to read (or to call out – since texts were once
read out loud by the literate elite to the illiterate masses).
78
“Exclusive”
ִדי
ָע
ְל
ִבּ
Oftentimes the developers of Modern Hebrew are faced with the challenge of
creating a new word for a concept that didn’t quite exist in Biblical and Mishnaic
times. One such concept is exclusivity.
Modern Hebrew’s developers borrowed the basic concept of without to label the
modern concept of exclusivity - or, being without most others. The word they came up
with is ִדיּוּת
ְע
ָ ִLikewise, exclusive is ִדי
בּל. ְע
ִָבּלwhen referring to something masculine
and ִדית ִבּלwhen referring to something feminine.
ְע
ָ
For example:
!ַראי
ְשִׁטיסַא ְריקיַכּ
ִֵז ְחַמַרקְל ,ִדי
ְע
ָ
ָצעִבּל ְב
ִמ
Exclusive deal, only for credit-card holders!
בלעדיis the official word that is becoming more and more in style. Many Israelis
are still using, however, יבי
ִלוּס
ִ ְקְס
ְקא.
ֶ
“Efficient”
ָעיל
ִי
The Hebrew word for both effective and efficient is ָעיל
י. It comes from the same root,
ִ
ל.ע.( יy.a.l) as one of the words for benefit – ֶת
ֹעל
ֶתּו.
For example:
.ִרים
ָבְדּ
ֵל
ָע
ַעתְלי
ֹד
ֶַל יו
ָרה גּוּג
ְב
ֶחַה
The company, Google, knows how to make things efficient.
79
“Exciting” or “Stirring Emotion”
ֵשׁ
ַרגּ
ְמ
To get excited in Hebrew is ֵש
ַרגּ
ְת
ִהְIt comes from the root ש.ג.ר, (r.g.sh), which
ל.
means, in Modern Hebrew, emotion. The word להתרגשfalls into the התפעלverb
pattern.
To say that something is exciting or stirring of emotion, you’d use the word ֵש
ַרגּ
מ.
ְ
מרגשis an adjective that comes from the ֵל ִפּעverb pattern.
“Spectacular”
ִהיב
ְר
ַמ
One Hebrew word for spectacular is ִהיב ְרַThis active-causative הפעילverb derives
מ.
from the root ב.ה.ר, (r.h.b). ַהב
ַרis the Biblical name of a Canaanite god
synonymous with the sea. The great body of water is something gripping
and spectacular, as one might observe at the beach (or while lost at sea), and as the
ancients knew very well.
An example of :מרהיב
“Illegal”
ִקּי
ִתּיֻח
ְל
ִבּ
The phrase for illegal in Hebrew is ִקּיִתּיֻחְלִThe word בלתיfunctions in Hebrew
בּ.
in a similar way to how the prefixes in- and un- function in English – such as
in impossible – ִרי
ָשׁבלתיֶא, and unforgettable – ַכּח
ְפ ְשִׁנ
בלתי.
You can hear the phrase בלתי נשכחin Ehud Banai’s song entitled, ֹם
–ַהיּוToday.
80
“Unexpected”
ִתּיָצפוּי
ְל
ִבּ
Suppose you’re sitting on the sofa one stormy evening covered in a warm blanket,
reading a book, when suddenly there’s an unexpected knock on the door.
.ָהִתּיְצפוּי
ְל
יקהִבּ
ִָפְדִּתּיְע
ַמ
ָשׁ
I heard an unexpected knock.
“Bittersweet”
ִריר
מ-ֹק
ָ ָמתו
This entry was written on Yom Ha’Atzmaut (Israel Independence Day) 2013.
Though the mood is great today here as the political nation of Israel celebrates 65
years of existence and prosperity, there’s a bittersweet element as well, as we
remember the people of Boston who have experienced a type of event this week
that we in Israel know all too well.
The Hebrew term for bittersweet combines the words for sweet:
ֹק
ָמתו
and bitter:
ִריר
ָמ
Yielding:
ִריר
מ-ֹק
ָ ָמתו
81
“Chewable”
ָעיס
ִל
Whereas the Hebrew word for bubble gum, ִטיק ְסַcomes from Ancient Greek and
מ,
is related to the English word masticate, the Modern Hebrew word chewable comes
from what appears to me an authentic Semitic root, though not found in Biblical
Hebrew: , ס.ע.ל, (l.a.s).
The words ָעיס ִ לand יסה לmean both chewable, as in chewable medicine – and chewy,
ְָע
ִ
as in chewy granola bars.
“Sharp”
ַחד
The word for pencil sharpener is – ֹת
ֹנו
ֶפרו
ְֵדּד ע
ַחְliterally, a sharpener of pencils, where
מ,
מחדדmeans sharpener.
מחדדcomes from the root ד.ד.ח, (kh.d.d), meaning sharp. The proper word to
describe a sharp object is ַחדfor something masculine such as ֹן ע,ִa pencil, and
ָפּרו
ַחfor something feminine, such as ִכּין
ָדּה ַa knife.
ס,
The root seems to make an appearance in the Torah portion Yitro, ְתרוי,ִin the
phrase ְתרו
ִיְדּ
ַחִיּ– and Yitro rejoiced. I say seems, because despite
ַו
the Midrashic reading, that Yitro’s skin became “sharp” with goosebumps, the
word is more likely related to one of the terms for joy, ָוה
ְדח.
ֶ
82
“Smooth” or “Slippery”
…ַקְֲחל,ַמק
ַקל ְקַמ
ֲח
A word used to describe Mohamed Bodya, the Algerian
fine-arts-aficionado/playboy behind many terror attacks in Europe and in Israel,
is ַמקְק
ַמֲIt means slippery, as in, he would slip through the hands of those trying to
ח.
apprehend him.
One of several synonyms is ַק –ֲחלsmooth (as in smooth criminal) – coming from the
ַקל
ְ
root ק.ל.ח, (kh.l.k), meaning… smooth.
83
“A Bit Sweet”
ַתּק
ְק
ַת
ְמ
The Hebrew word for to tick – ֵתּקְק
ַתְwhose present-tense (active participle)
ל,
masculine-singular form is ֵתּק
ְק
ַתְsounds very similar to the Hebrew word
מ,
ַתּקְק
ַתְbut while the former word comes from English, the latter comes from an
מ,
authentic Hebrew root.
On ָה ָשּׁנ
ֹאשַׁה – רRosh Hashanah, Jews wish one another a תוּקה
ָ וּמְֹבה
ָ –ָשׁנa good
ָה טו
and sweet year.
To say something is a bit sweet or lightly sweetened, you’d use the word ַתּק
ְקְמin the
ַת
masculine and ָקה
ְתְּק ְמin the feminine. מתקתקis a diminutive form of מתוק.
ַת
For example:
.ָקהְתְּקַתָמהְמ ָד
פּוּחיֲא
ֵ ידתַתּ ִַט
ְשׁ
ַפּ
A lightly-sweet potato quiche
84
“Salty” & “Saltbush”
לוּח
ַ ָמ
My ָתּאְבַgrandmother, is a great cook. She learned how to prepare delicious dishes
ס,
from her mother back in Hungary before the war.
סבתאhas Hungarian taste in food. So from time to time she asks me, ֹהב
ֵָתּה או
ֲא
ַ –ָדּגָמDo you like salty fish? I say no.
לוּח
Once, on a Hebrew-music radio show I hosted, I played a song that contained the
word מלוח. The line goes: ִים ָמַּלַהלוּח ע
ַ ָמּ יחַה
ֵַר ְ On air, I translated the line thus:
…ו
…and the smell of salt on the water (referring to the Jordan River). Something didn’t
make sense in my translation, but I continued reading.
After the show, my aunt Bila (’סבתאs daughter) called me and let me know that the
word מלוחin the song actually refers to a plant growing on the banks of the
Jordan.
If you’re familiar with Israeli folk music, you’ve more than likely heard the song
I’m talking about, Naomi Shemer ’s classic ִליפּטוּס
ַק
ֶאַשׁתָה –ֻחThe Eucalyptus Grove.
ְר
85
“Enough”
ַדּי,ִפּיק
ְס
ַמ
There are two words in Hebrew that mean enough.
מספיק
ִפּיק ְסַמcomes from the root ק.פ.ס, (s.p.k), meaning sufficiency. מספיקis an adjective
and adverb deriving from the active-causative הפעילverb ִפּיק ְס
ַהְmeaning to
ל,
suffice or to manage to get something done.
For example:
.ֶל
ֹכ
ִפּיק אְס
ָנוַּמ
ֵשׁ לי
We have enough food.
.ֵהר
ִפּיקַמְסָרץַמהוּא א
He doesn’t/didn’t run fast enough.
די
The word ַדּיin the sense of enough is used in Modern Hebrew primarily in the
exclamation, ! – דיenough! ! מספיקis used in the same sense.
.ָכהָר
ְדַמּ
ִֹב ל
ָהֵדּיָקרו ֹונ
ִהיא ח
She is parked quite close to the sidewalk.
In Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew, דיusually appears with a suffix, the best-known
example of which is the title of the Passover Seder favorite song, ֵנוּ
דּיּ.ַ
86
“Frozen”
ָקפוּא
The Hebrew word for frozen is .ָקפוּא
For example:
.ָפא
ָםָקֲאגָה
The lake froze.
and
.ֹראתיִמקּוִָפָק
I froze from (the) cold.
For example:
.ִפים
ְט
ְפַט
ְמִּיםַה ַמּ
ִפּיאָהֶאתַה ְקרוּחִה
ַ ָה
The wind froze the dripping water.
87
“Really Cold Weather”
ָבים
ִֹרְכּל
קו
For those south of the equator (and those who suffer when others turn on the air
conditioning), here’s a colorful expression for really, really cold weather.
ָבים
ִֹרְכּל קוmeans, literally, cold of dogs. Imagine dogs barking because they’re stuck
outside in the cold.
“Humid”
ל,ַח
ָחוּת ל
Israel in the summer – especially along the coast – can get pretty humid.
88
“Wintry”
ִפּי
ְר
ָח
By bicycle, the ride home from the Jerusalem open market – shuk, – שׁוּקis
normally twelve minutes long. Though clouds were gathering one night, I took my
bike out to buy some essential foods for sandwiches and salads, such as lettuce,
tomatoes, basil and brown rice. As I was riding up the hill on Agrippas St.
approaching the שוק, a drizzle was becoming proper rain and strengthening; I
arrived at the שוקand found an awning under which to lock my bike just in time,
for about a minute later a heavy downpour began.
After I finished my shopping and the rain abated some, I ventured out for the
downhill ride home, with ָמיםִ –ְבּלbrakes – that had been wearing down recently.
The ride took me about twenty minutes as I was applying the בלמיםcontinuously,
dodging cars, pedestrians, and sticking as close to trees and poles as possible to
avoid being struck by lightning.
The befitting dose of Hebrew is wintry – ִפּי ְרָThis is the adjective form of the
ח.
Modern Hebrew word for winter, ֹרף ֶח, which is itself related to the word
for sharp or acute in thinking, tone of voice or physical taste, ִריף ָthe word ֹרף
;ח חו, or
winter, is the time of acute or biting cold. In Biblical Hebrew, חורףrefers also to the
rains of autumn.
Note the pronunciation of –ָחרפיthe kamatz symbol under the letter ח, which
normally dictates the ah vowel in Modern Hebrew, here dictates a short oh vowel.
“Magical”
ָקסוּם
One might say that Jerusalem is a magical city – סוּמה
ָ עירְק.ִ
89
you who live in Raanana might know the stationery shop on ָמים ִֶשׁתַהיּ
ֹבֵשׁ – Six
ְרחו
Days (War) Street – by the name of ַערַהקּסוּם
ַ –ַהיּThe Magical Forest.
“Fascinating”
ֵתּק
ַר
ְמ
In Ulpan La-Inyan’s Level 3 course, 21-year-old ַיַחגּtells his date, ַעת יall about his
ִפ
ְ
trip to Nahal Yehudiya, including the heroic act he performs there.
יפעתmight exclaim, ֵתּקַר ֶ –ֵאwhat a fascinating story!
יזהִספּוּרְמ
ֵתּקְמmeans fascinating.
ַר
90
Good Expressions to Know
ַעת
ָד
ַ
ֹבים ל
ִטּוּיים טו
ִ ִבּ
91
“Good Luck”
!ָחה
ְָצל
ַה
ְבּ
How to go about wishing someone well varies from language to language and from
culture to culture.
In English, we say good luck – wishing the person good fortune, that the stars line
up for them, that they find a four-leaf clover.
“Self-Controlled”
ַפּק
ֻא
ְמ
Don Corleone in The Godfather is a great example of an ַפּק ֻאאָדםְמ.ָ He says little
and does much, as suggested in ֹת ֵקי אָבו –ִפּEthics of the Fathers; although Don
ְר
Corleone probably learned this from another source.
This passive-intensive פועלverb means not only self-controlled, but also reserved and
even restrained.
92
“3D”
ַמד
מ-ַת
ֵ ְתּל
Modern Hebrew borrows words from Aramaic for many official and legal terms.
Using the word three as an adjective is one such case, as in the phrase meaning
three-dimensional space: ַמד
מ-ַת ְ The word תלתis the Aramaic equivalent of
ֵ תּל.
Hebrew’s three – שׁ ש. ָNote that ( תt) in Aramaic replaces the Hebrew ( שsh), but
otherwise it’s essentially the same word.
“Mental Retardation”
ִלי
ְכ
ִפּגּוּרִשׂ
Mental retardation is a condition that affects individuals and families in every
ethnic group and every nation on the planet.
The Hebrew word for retardation is פּגּוּר,ִderived from the verb ֵר ל, meaning to
ְפגּ
ַ
lag or to slow down. It is sometimes used in everyday Hebrew to mean to be
late or slow. For example, one might say, ֵר ַפגּ
ִלּיְמ
ֹןֶשׁ –ַהMy watch is slow.
ָשּׁעו
“Acquiring a Language”
ָפה
ישׁתָשׂ
ִַכְר
To buy something is ֹת ְקנו ִTo acquire, or purchase something, is ֹש
ל. ִThe act
ְרכו
ל.
of acquiring or purchasing is ישׁה
ִָכ
ר.ְ
93
the word is connected to the following word in a linguistic relationship called
–ְסthe construct state.
ִמיכוּת
“Distance Learning”
ֹק
ָרחו
ידהֵמ
ִָמְל
Distance learning has become quite an industry. In Hebrew, it’s ֹק ָרחו
ידהֵמ
ִָמל.
ְ
Literally, that’s learning from afar. We use למידהas opposed to למּוּד,
ִwhich
means teaching.
“Unless”
ָאִאםֵכּן
ֶאלּ
Some parts of speech have very clear translations from one language to another.
For example, a noun such as tree has a clear equivalent in all languages, with
Hebrew being no exception: ֵץ ע. Likewise, the active-causative הפעילverb ִמיןְז
ַה
ְל
means to invite or to order.
Other parts of speech become a bit trickier to translate. Take, for example, the
prepositional prefix –ב, (b). In some contexts it means in, while in other contexts it
means with, and still others it means by means of.
And take conjunctions. Some translate nicely, such as the word ָל אָבmeaning but,
and the prefix -ו, meaning and. But others are a bit clumsy – such as the Hebrew
phrase meaning unless - .ָאִאםֵכּןֶאלּ
– אלא אם כןsometimes abbreviated as אא”כ- means, literally, rather if so. Truth is,
the English word unless is also composed of two distinct parts – un and less. אלא אם
כןappears in Mishnaic Hebrew.
.ֶשׁם
ֵֶרד גֵָּאִאםֵכּן י ֶאלּ,ֹת
ַחיּוַןַה
ָחרְלג ַסּעָמִנ
We’ll go (travel) tomorrow to the zoo, unless it’ll rain.
94
“Make a Dream Come True”
ִשׁים
ְג
ַה
ְל
The root of this one comes from ֶשׁם
ֶגּ, the Hebrew word for rain.
To make it rain – or, to make something materialize is ִשׁים ְגַהְFor example, ֲלוּצים
ל. ִַהח
ֹמם
ֲָלו
ִשׁימוֶּאת ח –ִהthe pioneers made their dream come true (literally, realized their dream).
ְג
This is the הפעילusage of the root. To say dreams are coming true, you’d use the התפעל
form, saying, ִמיםַשּׁ
ְְתגֹּתִמֹמו
ֲלו
ח.
ִריב
ְק
ַהְלmeans to sacrifice, give something up or to bring something close – and its passive
form is ָרבֻThese are the causative forms: הפעילand הופעל.
ְק
מ.
ָרב
ְקִלmeans to draw close to someone or to approach. This is the active-simple verb form,
בניין קלor פעל. The root does not appear in the נפעלform.
ֵרב ְלmeans to pull someone else close – and its passive form is ֹרב
ָק –ְמקpulled close. These
ָ
are two of the three intensive forms: פיעלand פועל.
Gilad Segev uses the following phrase in a song about his older brother who was
killed serving in the IDF:
.ִבים ְרָק
ְתַחנוִּמ
ְֲאנִתּיֶשׁ
ַשׁ
ְְרגִּה
I felt that we were drawing close.
95
“To Keep a Distance”
ֵחק
ַר
ְתְל,ִחיק
ִה ְר
ַה
ְל
The Hebrew root for distance is ק.ח.ר, (r.kh.k); far is ֹק
רחו.ָ
For example:
.ִית
ָבּ
ַהֶלֵמֶזּב
ִחיקֶאתַה ְרהוּאִה
He distanced the garbage from the house.
But if you wish to express distancing oneself from something or someone, the word is
ֵחק
ַרְתִהְa reflexive-intensive התפעלverb.
ל,
For example:
.ַרע
יחָה
ֵַר ָהָקהֵמ ֲחַר
ְת ִהיאִה
She distanced herself from the bad smell.
96
“Ladies and Gentlemen”
ֹתי
ַָרבּו
ְו
ֹתי
ִָבירו
ְגּ
The Hebrew expression for ladies and gentlemen is ֹתי
ַָרבּו
ְוֹתי
ָ גּ.ְWhile a ירה
ִבירו ִָבis
ְגּ
a lady of stature – related to the word בוּרה
ְָגּmeaning boldness, among many other
common words, ַרב means… well, rabbi.
Sounds strange, especially when the speech is being given to a group of people
who are not rabbis.
We must thus look at the essential meaning of the word for rabbi – רב. Perusing the
Bible, we find that the word itself meant great or many before it came to refer to a
person who is great, or a spiritual leader – a rabbi.
Calling upon the essential element of greatness in the word רב, Modern Hebrew
takes the liberty of showing respect to an audience of ladies and gentlemen using
– גבירותי ורבותיmy ladies and my great/honorable men.
97
“Back to School”
ֶפר
ֵסּ
ֵביתַה
ָרהְל
ֲָחז
In English, we have the verbs to come back and to return. Both phrases describe the
same situation, but while the former describes a day-to-day return, the latter
describes a more dramatic or formal one.
Likewise in Hebrew, there are two words that mean to return to a place: ֹר לand
ַחזו
ְ
ל. Both are active-simple פעלverbs.
ָשׁוּב
.ִטּיּוּלַה
ָתהֵמְי
ַבּ
ָרהַהְז
ִהיאָח
She came back home from the trip.
.ָתה
ְי
ַבֹּףָשׁבַהָל סו הוּא סו,ָרב
ֹף כּ ְקִּבּיםַבּ ַרִשׁים ָד
ֵריָחאַח
ֲ
After many months in battle, he finally returned home.
Translating back to school into Hebrew using the appropriate word for returning, we
get:
ֶפר
ֵסּ
ֵביתַה
ָרהְל –ֲחliterally, a return to the school.
ָז
Another well-known usage of the word חזרהis in the Hebrew translation of Back
to the Future (literally, with return to the future) – ִתיד
ָע
ָָרה ל
ָז
ֲח
בּ.
ְ
98
“Make Me…”
ֵיּבְל,ֹם
ַח ִל,יח
ְגרו ִַרְכ
ַה
ְל
Though Israeli kids certainly tend to have a healthy share of ָפּה – חhutzpah, no
ֻצ
ְ
equivalent of the English expression “make me” comes to my mind.
There are, however, several ways of saying to make someone do something. Here are
some of the expressions. Which phrase to use depends on the situation:
להכריח
ִריח
ְכְלmeans to force or to coerce. להכריחis an active-causative הפעילverb.
ַה
For example:
.ָהּ
ֹונ
ְרצ ֶד
ִריםֶנגָב
ְדֹּתֲשׂוֹתהַּלע ָיח אִַר
ְכַהָשׁרְל ְפָה –ִאיֶא ֹולְגּדָדּהַל
ְִהיא י
She’s a big kid – you can’t (it’s impossible) force her to do things against her will.
לגרום
For example:
.ָרוּץ
ֶב ל
ַכּל
ֶָרם לַָכ גּ ְו
ֵקּלַמּ
ַרקֶאתַה הוּאָז
He threw the stick and thus made the dog run.
לחייב
For example:
.ָבּד
ְכ
ִנ ֵםְסכוּם ַשׁלֹּתהְּלָ ֵב א
ַחיֶּטתְתּ ֹפ
ֶַהשּׁו
The (female) judge will require her to pay a substantial sum.
99
“Wild Animals”
ֹתַבּר
ַחיּו
In Rabbinic literature, ָה
(ַחיּcoming from the word ָחיmeaning living) refers
specifically to non-domesticated animals; while ָמהְבּrefers to a domesticated animal.
ֵה
But in Modern Hebrew, חיהis the generic word for animal.
Modern Hebrew created names for these systems based on Biblical roots and
concepts. Here’s the one for the immune system.
System – מערכת
Immunity – חיסון
The Modern Hebrew word for to immunize comes from the Biblical (and Modern)
Hebrew word ֹסן ֶ חmeaning foundation or stability, mobilized into
the active-intensive פיעלverb, ֵסּן
ַחְimmunizing is strengthening the foundations of
ל:
100
health. The noun form of that verb – immunity or immunization – is חסּוּן,
ִfollowing
the same vowel pattern as speech – ִדּבּוּר
and a visit – בּקּוּר.
ִ
Putting together the Modern Hebrew words for system and immunity, we get ֶכת
ֲר
ֶ
ַמע
ִחסּוּן –ַהthe immune system.
“Overnight”
ָה
ַיל
ְִבּן ל
During the Arab Spring, the online front page of one of Israel’s major newspapers,
ֹת
ֹנו
אַחרו
ֲ ֹתִדיעוread:
ְי
ָה
ַיל
ְיראקִבּן ל
ְַע
ִ
ָכה ל ְפָ :ָה
“ה יסיּ
ִתּוּנ
ִ ְציאַת ִי.”
Exodus from Tunisia: “Turned into Iraq overnight.”
To say that something occurs overnight, you’d use the expression, ָה
ַיל
ְבּן ל.
ִ
To say that something has happened instantly, or over just a moment, you’d use ַע
ֶרג
בין.
We catch a glimpse of this potential when we encounter stories such that of Byron
Katie, whose innate will to live brought her to wake up one morning with a clarity
that would lead her and countless others out of the darkness and into happiness
and fulfillment, after years of an ominous depression that was tearing apart every
fabric of her professional, personal and family life.
101
In Hebrew, we say, ֹן
ָרצו
ֵיָה
ְפנ
ֹמדִבּ
ֵ –ֵאיןָדּnothing stands in the face of (the) will.
ָבר עו
ָרצוis the noun form of that most basic active-simple פעלverb, ֹת
ֹן ִto desire or to
ְרצו
ל,
want.
102
Appendix A: Basic Hebrew Reading
Empower yourself to read Hebrew by becoming familiar with the Hebrew alphabet
of consonants, as well as vowel symbols below, or by watching the video tutorials
at read.ulpan.com.
Consonants
103
kh, sometimes k in poetry final khaf ך
l lamed ל
m mem מ
m final mem ם
n noon נ
n final noon ן
s samekh ס
glottal stop ayeen ע
p peh פּ
f feh (soft peh) פ
f final feh ף
ts tsadi צ
ts final tsadi ץ
k kuf ק
r reish ר
sh sheen שׁ
s seen שׂ
t tav ת
104
Vowel marks
105
Appendix B: The Seven Hebrew Verb Forms
Hebrew verbs fall into seven structural patterns, or בנינים. These patterns are easily
recognizable, for the most part, once you get the hang of them.
Here's a table that categorizes the seven בנינים. This categorization is a rule of
thumb; it's not always true, but it should help you make more sense of Hebrew
verbs and start to gain mastery over their use.
Active ַעל
ָפּ ֵעל
ִפּ ִעיל
ְפ
ִה
Passive /ַעל
ִפ
ְ
נ ֻעל
ַפּ ַעל
ְפ
ֻה
Reflexive ַעל
ְנ/
ִפ ֵעל
ַפּ
ְת
ִה ---
106
ַל The active simple form:
ָפּע
ֹב Examples of the two basic variations: ֹד ִ(to write) andל
ְכתּו ) (to learnל
ִלמו
ְ
ֹב
ְכתּוֶא ֶבתֹתב ,כּו
ֹת
ֶ ֵכּו ִתּי
ְב
ַת
ָכּ אני
ַמדְל
ֶא ֶדת
ֹמ
ֶֹמד ,לו
ֵלו ִתּי
ְד
ָמ
ַ
ל
ֹב
ְכתּוִנ ֹת ִבים ,כּו
ֹתבו
ְ ֹת
ְ
כּו ְבנוּ
ַת
ָכּ אנחנו
ַמדִל
ְנ ֹת ִדים ,לו
ֹמדו
ְ ֹמ
ְ
לו ְדנוּ
ָמ
ַ
ל
ֹב
ְכּתו ֹב
ְכתּוִתּ ֹתב
ֵכּו ָתּ
ְב
ַת
ָכּ אתה
ַמדְל ַמדְל
ִתּ ֹמד
ֵלו ָתּ
ְד
ָמ
ַ
ל
ִבי
ְת
ִכּ ִבי
ְתּ
ְכ
ִתּ ֶבת
ֹת
ֶ
כּו ְתּ
ְב
ַת
ָכּ את
ִדּי
ְמ
ִל ִדי
ְמ
ְל
ִתּ ֶדת
ֹמ
ֶ
לו ְתּ
ְד
ָמ
ַ
ל
ְתבוּ
ִכּ ְתּבוּ
ְכ
ִתּ ִבים
ֹת
ְ
כּו ֶתּם
ְב
ַת
ְכּ אתם
ְמדּוּ
ִל ְמדוּ
ְל
ִתּ ִדים
ֹמ
ְ
לו ֶתּם
ְד
ַמ
ְל
ְתבוּ
ִכּ ְתּבוּ
ְכ
ִתּ ֹת
ֹתבו
ְכּו ֶתּן
ְב
ַת
ְכּ אתן
ְמדּוּ
ִל ְמדוּ
ְל
ִתּ ֹת
ֹמדו
ְ
לו ֶתּן
ְד
ַמ
ְל
ֹב
ְכתּוִי ֹתב
ֵכּו ַתב
ָכּ הוא
ַמדִל
ְי ֹמד
ֵלו ָמד
ַ
ל
ֹב
ְכתּוִתּ ֶבת
ֹת
ֶ
כּו ָבה
ְת
ָכּ היא
ַמדְל
ִתּ ֶדת
ֹמ
ֶ
לו ָדה
ָמ
ְ
ל
ְתּבוּ
ְכ
ִי ִבים
ֹת
ְ
כּו ְתבוּ
ָכּ הם
ְמדוּ
ִל
ְ
י ִדים
ֹמ
ְ
לו ָמדוּ
ְל
ְתּבוּ
ְכ
ִי ֹת
ֹתבו
ְכּו ְתבוּ
ָכּ הן
ְמדוּ
ִל
ְ
י ֹת
ֹמדו
ְ
לו ָמדוּ
ְל
107
The active “intensive” form:
ֵל
ִפּע
ֵבּר
ַד
ֲא ֶרת
ֶבֵּבּרְ,מ
ַד ַד
ְמ ִתּי
ְר
ַבּ
ִדּ אני
ֵבּר
ַד
ְנ ִרים,ְבַּד
ְמ ְרנוּ
ַבּ
ִדּ אנחנו
ֹת
ְבּרוַדְמ
ֵבּר
ַדּ ֵבּר
ַד
ְתּ ֵבּר
ַד
ְמ ָתּ
ְר
ַבּ
ִדּ אתה
ִרי
ְבּ
ַדּ ִרי
ְבּ
ַד
ְתּ ֶרת
ֶבּ
ַד
ְמ ְתּ
ְר
ַבּ
ִדּ את
ְבּרוּ
ַדּ ְבּרוּ
ַד
ְתּ ִרים
ְבּ
ַד
ְמ ֶתּם
ְר
ַבּ
ִדּ אתם
ְבּרוּ
ַדּ ְבּרוּ
ַד
ְתּ ֹת
ְבּרו
ַד
ְמ ֶתּן
ְר
ַבּ
ִדּ אתן
ֵבּר
ַד
ְי ֵבּר
ַד
ְמ ֵבּר
ִדּ הוא
ֵבּר
ַד
ְתּ ֶרת
ֶבּ
ַד
ְמ ָרה
ְבּ
ִדּ היא
ְבּרוּ
ַד
ְי ִרים
ְבּ
ַד
ְמ ְבּרוּ
ִדּ הם
ְבּרוּ
ַד
ְי ֹת
ְבּרו
ַד
ְמ ְבּרוּ
ִדּ הן
108
The active “causative” form:
ִעיל
ְפ
ִה
ִמין Example:
ְז)ְ(to invite, to orderל
ַה
ִמין
אַז
ְ ָה
ִמינִמיןַ,מ
ְז ְז
ַמ ִתּי
ְנ
ַמ
ְז
ִה אני
ִמין
ַז
ְנ ינים,
ִמְִזַמ ַמנּוּ
ְז
ִה אנחנו
ֹת
ִמינו
ְזַמ
ֵמן
ְז
ַה ִמין
ְז
ַתּ ִמין
ְז
ַמ ָתּ
ְנ
ַמ
ְז
ִה אתה
יני
ִמְִז
ַה יני
ִמְִז
ַתּ ָה
ִמינ
ְז
ַמ ְתּ
ְנ
ַמ
ְז
ִה את
ִמינוּ
ְז
ַה ִמינוּ
ְז
ַתּ ינים
ִמְִז
ַמ ֶתּם
ְנ
ַמ
ְז
ִה אתם
ִמינוּ
ְז
ַה ִמינוּ
ְז
ַתּ ֹת
ִמינו
ְז
ַמ ֶתּן
ְנ
ַמ
ְז
ִה אתן
ִמין
ַז
ְי ִמין
ְז
ַמ ִמין
ְז
ִה הוא
ִמין
ְז
ַתּ ָה
ִמינ
ְז
ַמ ָה
ִמינ
ְז
ִה היא
ִמינוּ
ַז
ְי ינים
ִמְִז
ַמ ִמינוּ
ְז
ִה הם
ִמינוּ
ַז
ְי ֹת
ִמינו
ְז
ַמ ִמינוּ
ְז
ִה הן
109
The reflexive “intensive” form:
ֵל
ַפּעְת
ִה
ֵשּׁר Example:
ַקְת)ְ(to make a phone callל
ִה
ֵשּׁר
ַקְת
ֶא ֵשּׁר,ַקְתִמ ִתּי
ְר
ַשּׁ
ַקְת
ִה אני
ֶרתֶשַּׁקְתִמ
ֵשּׁר
ַקְת
ִנ ִרים,
ְשַּׁק
ְת
ִמ ְרנוּ
ַשּׁ
ַקְת
ִה אנחנו
ֹת
ְשּׁרו
ַקְת
ִמ
ֵשּׁר
ַקְת
ִה ֵשּׁר
ַקְת
ִתּ ֵשּׁר
ַקְת
ִמ ָתּ
ְר
ַשּׁ
ַקְת
ִה אתה
ִרי
ְשּׁ
ַק
ְת
ִה ִרי
ְשּׁ
ַק
ְת
ִתּ ֶרת
ֶשּׁ
ַקְת
ִמ ְתּ
ְר
ַשּׁ
ַקְת
ִה את
ְשּׁרוּ
ַק
ְת
ִה ְשּׁרוּ
ַק
ְת
ִתּ ִרים
ְשּׁ
ַק
ְת
ִמ ֶתּם
ְר
ַשּׁ
ַקְת
ִה אתם
ְשּׁרוּ
ַק
ְת
ִה ְשּׁרוּ
ַק
ְת
ִתּ ֹת
ְשּׁרו
ַק
ְת
ִמ ֶתּן
ְר
ַשּׁ
ַקְת
ִה אתן
ֵשּׁר
ַקְת
ִי ֵשּׁר
ַקְת
ִמ ֵשּׁר
ַקְת
ִה הוא
ֵשּׁר
ַקְת
ִתּ ֶרת
ֶשּׁ
ַקְת
ִמ ָרה
ְשּׁ
ַק
ְת
ִה היא
ְשּׁרוּ
ַק
ְת
ִי ִרים
ְשּׁ
ַק
ְת
ִמ ְשּׁרוּ
ַק
ְת
ִה הם
ְשּׁרוּ
ַק
ְת
ִי ֹת
ְשּׁרו
ַק
ְת
ִמ ְשּׁרוּ
ַק
ְת
ִה הן
110
The passive “intensive” form:
ַל
ֻפּע
ַבּר
ֻד
ֲא ֶרת
ֶבָּבּרְ,מ
ֻד ֻד
ְמ ִתּי
ְר
ַבּ
ֻדּ אני
ַבּר
ֻד
ְנ ִרים,ָבֻּד
ְמ ְרנוּ
ַבּ
ֻדּ אנחנו
ֹת
ָבּרוֻדְמ
ַבּר
ֻד
ְתּ ָבּר
ֻד
ְמ ָתּ
ְר
ַבּ
ֻדּ אתה
ִרי
ְבּ
ֻד
ְתּ ֶרת
ֶבּ
ֻד
ְמ ְתּ
ְר
ַבּ
ֻדּ את
ְבּרוּ
ֻד
ְתּ ִרים
ָבּ
ֻד
ְמ ֶתּם
ְר
ַבּ
ֻדּ אתם
ְבּרוּ
ֻד
ְתּ ֹת
ָבּרו
ֻד
ְמ ֶתּן
ְר
ַבּ
ֻדּ אתן
ַבּר
ֻד
ְי ָבּר
ֻד
ְמ ַבּר
ֻדּ הוא
ַבּר
ֻד
ְתּ ֶרת
ֶבּ
ֻד
ְמ ָרה
ְבּ
ֻדּ היא
ְבּרוּ
ֻד
ְי ִרים
ָבּ
ֻד
ְמ ְבּרוּ
ֻדּ הם
ְבּרוּ
ֻד
ְי ֹת
ָבּרו
ֻד
ְמ ְבּרוּ
ֻדּ הן
111
The passive “causative” form:
ַל
ְפע
ֻה
ַץ
ְמל
ֻא ֶצת
ֶ ָץֻ,מ
ְמל ְמל
ֻמ ִתּי
ַצ
ְ
ְמל
ֻה אני
ַץ
ֻמל
ְ
נ ָצים,
ִ
ְמלֻמ ַצנוּ
ְְמל
ֻה אנחנו
ֹת
ָצו
ְמל
ֻמ
ַץ
ְמל
ֻתּ ָץ
ְמל
ֻמ ָתּ
ַצ
ְ
ְמל
ֻה אתה
ְצי
ְִמל
ֻתּ ֶצת
ְֶמל
ֻמ ְתּ
ַצ
ְ
ְמל
ֻה את
ְצוּ
ְמל
ֻתּ ָצים
ְִמל
ֻמ ֶתּם
ַצ
ְ
ְמל
ֻה אתם
ְצוּ
ְמל
ֻתּ ֹת
ָצו
ְמל
ֻמ ֶתּן
ַצ
ְ
ְמל
ֻה אתן
ַץ
ֻמל
ְי ָץ
ְמל
ֻמ ַץ
ְמל
ֻה הוא
ַץ
ְמל
ֻתּ ֶצת
ְֶמל
ֻמ ְצה
ְָמל
ֻה היא
ְצוּ
ֻמל
ְי ָצים
ְִמל
ֻמ ְצוּ
ְמל
ֻה הם
ְצוּ
ֻמל
ְי ֹת
ָצו
ְמל
ֻמ ְצוּ
ְמל
ֻה הן
112
The active-passive-reflexive “simple” form:
ַל
ִפע
ְנ
ֵס Example:
ָכּנ)ְ(to enterל
ִה
ֵס
ָכּנ
ֶא ֶסת
ְֶכנָס,
ִנ ְכנ
ִנ ִתּי
ַס
ְ
ְכנ
ִנ אני
ֵס
ָכּנ
ִנ ֹת
ָסו
ְכנָסים,
ִנ ְִכנ
ִנ ַסנוּ
ְְכנ
ִנ אנחנו
ֵס
ָכּנ
ִה ֵס
ָכּנ
ִתּ ָס
ְכנ
ִנ ָתּ
ַס
ְ
ְכנ
ִנ אתה
ִסי
ְנ
ָכּ
ִה ִסי
ְנ
ָכּ
ִתּ ֶסת
ְֶכנ
ִנ ְתּ
ַס
ְ
ְכנ
ִנ את
ְנסוּ
ָכּ
ִה ְנסוּ
ָכּ
ִתּ ָסים
ְִכנ
ִנ ֶתּם
ַס
ְ
ְכנ
ִנ אתם
ְנסוּ
ָכּ
ִה ְנסוּ
ָכּ
ִתּ ֹת
ָסו
ְכנ
ִנ ֶתּן
ַס
ְ
ְכנ
ִנ אתן
ֵס
ָכּנ
ִי ָס
ְכנ
ִנ ַס
ְכנ
ִנ הוא
ֵס
ָכּנ
ִתּ ֶסת
ְֶכנ
ִנ ָסה
ְנ
ְכ
ִנ היא
ְנסוּ
ָכּ
ִי ָסים
ְִכנ
ִנ ְנסוּ
ְכ
ִנ הם
ְנסוּ
ָכּ
ִי ֹת
ָסו
ְכנ
ִנ ְנסוּ
ְכ
ִנ הן
113
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