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IFRS 9:

Hedge accounting

The hedge accounting requirements in IFRS 9 are optional. If certain eligibility and qualification criteria
are met, hedge accounting allows an entity to reflect risk management activities in the financial
statements by matching gains or losses on financial hedging instruments with losses or gains on the risk
exposures they hedge.
The hedge accounting model in IFRS 9 is not designed to accommodate hedging of open, dynamic
portfolios. As a result, for a fair value hedge of interest rate risk of a portfolio of financial assets or
liabilities an entity can apply the hedge accounting requirements in IAS 39 instead of those in IFRS 9.
[IFRS 9 paragraph 6.1.3]
In addition when an entity first applies IFRS 9, it may choose as its accounting policy choice to continue
to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39 instead of the requirements of Chapter 6 of IFRS 9
[IFRS 9 paragraph 7.2.21]

Qualifying criteria for hedge accounting

A hedging relationship qualifies for hedge accounting only if all of the following criteria are met:

the hedging relationship consists only of eligible hedging instruments and eligible hedged items. at the
inception of the hedging relationship there is formal designation and documentation of the hedging
relationship and the entity’s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge. the
hedging relationship meets all of the hedge effectiveness requirements (see below) [IFRS 9 paragraph
6.4.1]

Hedging instruments

Only contracts with a party external to the reporting entity may be designated as hedging instruments.
[IFRS 9 paragraph 6.2.3]

A hedging instrument may be a derivative (except for some written options) or non-derivative financial
instrument measured at FVTPL unless it is a financial liability designated as at FVTPL for which changes
due to credit risk are presented in OCI. For a hedge of foreign currency risk, the foreign currency risk
component of a non-derivative financial instrument, except equity investments designated as FVTOCI,
may be designated as the hedging instrument. [IFRS 9 paragraphs 6.2.1-6.2.2]

IFRS 9 allows a proportion (e.g. 60%) but not a time portion (eg the first 6 years of cash flows of a 10 year
instrument) of a hedging instrument to be designated as the hedging instrument. IFRS 9 also allows only
the intrinsic value of an option, or the spot element of a forward to be designated as the hedging
instrument. An entity may also exclude the foreign currency basis spread from a designated hedging
instrument. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.2.4]

IFRS 9 allows combinations of derivatives and non-derivatives to be designated as the hedging

instrument. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.2.5]

Combinations of purchased and written options do not qualify if they amount to a net written option at
the date of designation. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.2.6]

Hedged items

A hedged item can be a recognised asset or liability, an unrecognised firm commitment, a highly probable
forecast transaction or a net investment in a foreign operation and must be reliably measurable. [IFRS 9
paragraphs 6.3.1-6.3.3]

An aggregated exposure that is a combination of an eligible hedged item as described above and a
derivative may be designated as a hedged item. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.3.4]

The hedged item must generally be with a party external to the reporting entity, however, as an exception
the foreign currency risk of an intragroup monetary item may qualify as a hedged item in the consolidated
financial statements if it results in an exposure to foreign exchange rate gains or losses that are not fully
eliminated on consolidation. In addition, the foreign currency risk of a highly probable forecast
intragroup transaction may qualify as a hedged item in consolidated financial statements provided that
the transaction is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity entering into
that transaction and the foreign currency risk will affect consolidated profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraphs
6.3.5 -6.3.6]

An entity may designate an item in its entirety or a component of an item as the hedged item. The
component may be a risk component that is separately identifiable and reliably measurable; one or more
selected contractual cash flows; or components of a nominal amount. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.3.7]

A group of items (including net positions is an eligible hedged item only if:

it consists of items individually, eligible hedged items; the items in the group are managed together on a
group basis for risk management purposes; and in the case of a cash flow hedge of a group of items whose
variabilities in cash flows are not expected to be approximately proportional to the overall variability in
cash flows of the group:
it is a hedge of foreign currency risk; and the designation of that net position specifies the reporting
period in which the forecast transactions are expected to affect profit or loss, as well as their nature and
volume [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.6.1]
For a hedge of a net position whose hedged risk affects different line items in the statement of profit or
loss and other comprehensive income, any hedging gains or losses in that statement are presented in a
separate line from those affected by the hedged items. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.6.4]

Accounting for qualifying hedging relationships

There are three types of hedging relationships:

A. Fair value hedge: a hedge of the exposure to changes in fair value of a recognised asset or liability or
an unrecognised firm commitment, or a component of any such item, that is attributable to a particular
risk and could affect profit or loss (or OCI in the case of an equity instrument designated as at FVTOCI).
[IFRS 9 paragraphs 6.5.2(a) and 6.5.3]

For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the hedging instrument is recognised in profit or loss (or OCI, if
hedging an equity instrument at FVTOCI and the hedging gain or loss on the hedged item adjusts the
carrying amount of the hedged item and is recognised in profit or loss. However, if the hedged item is an
equity instrument at FVTOCI, those amounts remain in OCI. When a hedged item is an unrecognised firm
commitment the cumulative hedging gain or loss is recognised as an asset or a liability with a
corresponding gain or loss recognised in profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.8]

If the hedged item is a debt instrument measured at amortised cost or FVTOCI any hedge adjustment is
amortised to profit or loss based on a recalculated effective interest rate. Amortisation may begin as soon
as an adjustment exists and shall begin no later than when the hedged item ceases to be adjusted for
hedging gains and losses. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.10]

B. Cash flow hedge: a hedge of the exposure to variability in cash flows that is attributable to a
particular risk associated with all, or a component of, a recognised asset or liability (such as all or some
future interest payments on variable-rate debt) or a highly probable forecast transaction, and could affect
profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.2(b)]

For a cash flow hedge the cash flow hedge reserve in equity is adjusted to the lower of the following (in
absolute amounts):
 the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument from inception of the hedge; and
 the cumulative change in fair value of the hedged item from inception of the hedge.

The portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge is
recognised in OCI and any remaining gain or loss is hedge ineffectiveness that is recognised in profit or
loss.

If a hedged forecast transaction subsequently results in the recognition of a non-financial item or becomes
a firm commitment for which fair value hedge accounting is applied, the amount that has been
accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve is removed and included directly in the initial cost or other
carrying amount of the asset or the liability. In other cases the amount that has been accumulated in the
cash flow hedge reserve is reclassified to profit or loss in the same period(s) as the hedged cash flows
affect profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.11]
When an entity discontinues hedge accounting for a cash flow hedge, if the hedged future cash flows are
still expected to occur, the amount that has been accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve remains
there until the future cash flows occur; if the hedged future cash flows are no longer expected to occur,
that amount is immediately reclassified to profit or loss [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.12]

A hedge of the foreign currency risk of a firm commitment may be accounted for as a fair value hedge or a
cash flow hedge. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.4]

Hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation (as defined in IAS 21), including a hedge of a monetary
item that is accounted for as part of the net investment, is accounted for similarly to cash flow hedges:

the portion of the gain or loss on the hedging instrument that is determined to be an effective hedge is
recognised in OCI; and the ineffective portion is recognised in profit or loss. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.13]
The cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion of the hedge is
reclassified to profit or loss on the disposal or partial disposal of the foreign operation. [IFRS 9 paragraph
6.5.14]

Hedge effectiveness requirements

In order to qualify for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship must meet the following effectiveness
criteria at the beginning of each hedged period:

there is an economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument; the effect of
credit risk does not dominate the value changes that result from that economic relationship; and the
hedge ratio of the hedging relationship is the same as that actually used in the economic hedge [IFRS 9
paragraph 6.4.1(c)]

Rebalancing and discontinuation

If a hedging relationship ceases to meet the hedge effectiveness requirement relating to the hedge ratio
but the risk management objective for that designated hedging relationship remains the same, an entity
adjusts the hedge ratio of the hedging relationship (i.e. rebalances the hedge) so that it meets the
qualifying criteria again. [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.5]

An entity discontinues hedge accounting prospectively only when the hedging relationship (or a part of a
hedging relationship) ceases to meet the qualifying criteria (after any rebalancing). This includes
instances when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised. Discontinuing hedge
accounting can either affect a hedging relationship in its entirety or only a part of it (in which case hedge
accounting continues for the remainder of the hedging relationship). [IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.6]

Time value of options

When an entity separates the intrinsic value and time value of an option contract and designates as the
hedging instrument only the change in intrinsic value of the option, it recognises some or all of the change
in the time value in OCI which is later removed or reclassified from equity as a single amount or on an
amortised basis (depending on the nature of the hedged item) and ultimately recognised in profit or loss.
[IFRS 9 paragraph 6.5.15] This reduces profit or loss volatility compared to recognising the change in
value of time value directly in profit or loss.
IAS 21:

Objective of IAS 21
The objective of IAS 21 is to prescribe how to include foreign currency transactions and foreign operations
in the financial statements of an entity and how to translate financial statements into a presentation
currency. [IAS 21.1] The principal issues are which exchange rate(s) to use and how to report the effects of
changes in exchange rates in the financial statements. [IAS 21.2]

Key definitions [IAS 21.8]

 Functional currency: the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity
operates. (The term 'functional currency' was used in the 2003 revision of IAS 21 in place of
'measurement currency' but with essentially the same meaning.)
 Presentation currency: the currency in which financial statements are presented.
 Exchange difference: the difference resulting from translating a given number of units of one
currency into another currency at different exchange rates.
 Foreign operation: a subsidiary, associate, joint venture, or branch whose activities are based
in a country or currency other than that of the reporting entity.

Basic steps for translating foreign currency amounts into the functional currency
Steps apply to a stand-alone entity, an entity with foreign operations (such as a parent with foreign
subsidiaries), or a foreign operation (such as a foreign subsidiary or branch).

1. the reporting entity determines its functional currency

2. the entity translates all foreign currency items into its functional currency
3. the entity reports the effects of such translation in accordance with paragraphs 20-37 [reporting
foreign currency transactions in the functional currency] and 50 [reporting the tax effects of
exchange differences].

Foreign currency transactions

A foreign currency transaction should be recorded initially at the rate of exchange at the date of the
transaction (use of averages is permitted if they are a reasonable approximation of actual). [IAS 21.21-22]

At each subsequent balance sheet date: [IAS 21.23]

 foreign currency monetary amounts should be reported using the closing rate
 non-monetary items carried at historical cost should be reported using the exchange rate at the
date of the transaction
 non-monetary items carried at fair value should be reported at the rate that existed when the fair
values were determined

Exchange differences arising when monetary items are settled or when monetary items are translated at
rates different from those at which they were translated when initially recognised or in previous financial
statements are reported in profit or loss in the period, with one exception. [IAS 21.28] The exception is
that exchange differences arising on monetary items that form part of the reporting entity's net
investment in a foreign operation are recognised, in the consolidated financial statements that include the
foreign operation, in other comprehensive income; they will be recognised in profit or loss on disposal of
the net investment. [IAS 21.32]

As regards a monetary item that forms part of an entity's investment in a foreign operation, the
accounting treatment in consolidated financial statements should not be dependent on the currency of the
monetary item. [IAS 21.33] Also, the accounting should not depend on which entity within the group
conducts a transaction with the foreign operation. [IAS 21.15A] If a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is
recognised in other comprehensive income (for example, a property revaluation under IAS 16), any
foreign exchange component of that gain or loss is also recognised in other comprehensive income. [IAS
21.30]

Translation from the functional currency to the presentation currency

The results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency is not the currency of a
hyperinflationary economy are translated into a different presentation currency using the following
procedures: [IAS 21.39]
  assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented (including comparatives) are translated at
the closing rate at the date of that balance sheet. This would include any goodwill arising on the
acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets
and liabilities arising on the acquisition of that foreign operation are treated as part of the assets
and liabilities of the foreign operation [IAS 21.47];
 income and expenses for each income statement (including comparatives) are translated at
exchange rates at the dates of the transactions; and
 all resulting exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income.

Special rules apply for translating the results and financial position of an entity whose functional currency
is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy into a different presentation currency. [IAS 21.42-43]

Where the foreign entity reports in the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, the financial statements
of the foreign entity should be restated as required by IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary
Economies, before translation into the reporting currency. [IAS 21.36]

The requirements of IAS 21 regarding transactions and translation of financial statements should be
strictly applied in the changeover of the national currencies of participating Member States of the
European Union to the Euro – monetary assets and liabilities should continue to be translated the closing
rate, cumulative exchange differences should remain in equity and exchange differences resulting from
the translation of liabilities denominated in participating currencies should not be included in the
carrying amount of related assets. [SIC-7]

Disclosure
 The amount of exchange differences recognised in profit or loss (excluding differences arising on
financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss in accordance with IAS 39)
[IAS 21.52(a)]
 Net exchange differences recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in a
separate component of equity, and a reconciliation of the amount of such exchange differences at
the beginning and end of the period [IAS 21.52(b)]
 When the presentation currency is different from the functional currency, disclose that fact
together with the functional currency and the reason for using a different presentation currency
[IAS 21.53]
 A change in the functional currency of either the reporting entity or a significant foreign operation
and the reason therefor [IAS 21.54]

When an entity presents its financial statements in a currency that is different from its functional
currency, it may describe those financial statements as complying with IFRS only if they comply with all
the requirements of each applicable Standard (including IAS 21) and each applicable Interpretation. [IAS
21.55]
Summary of IAS 29

Objective of IAS 29
The objective of IAS 29 is to establish specific standards for entities reporting in the currency of a
hyperinflationary economy, so that the financial information provided is meaningful.

Restatement of financial statements

The basic principle in IAS 29 is that the financial statements of an entity that reports in the currency of a
hyperinflationary economy should be stated in terms of the measuring unit current at the balance sheet
date. Comparative figures for prior period(s) should be restated into the same current measuring unit.
[IAS 29.8]

Restatements are made by applying a general price index. Items such as monetary items that are already
stated at the measuring unit at the balance sheet date are not restated. Other items are restated based on
the change in the general price index between the date those items were acquired or incurred and the
balance sheet date.

A gain or loss on the net monetary position is included in net income. It should be disclosed separately.
[IAS 29.9]

The restated amount of a non-monetary item is reduced, in accordance with appropriate IFRSs, when it
exceeds its the recoverable amount. [IAS 29.19]

The Standard does not establish an absolute rate at which hyperinflation is deemed to arise - but allows
judgement as to when restatement of financial statements becomes necessary. Characteristics of the
economic environment of a country which indicate the existence of hyperinflation include: [IAS 29.3]

 the general population prefers to keep its wealth in non-monetary assets or in a relatively stable
foreign currency. Amounts of local currency held are immediately invested to maintain
purchasing power;
 the general population regards monetary amounts not in terms of the local currency but in terms
of a relatively stable foreign currency. Prices may be quoted in that currency;
 sales and purchases on credit take place at prices that compensate for the expected loss of
purchasing power during the credit period, even if the period is short;
 interest rates, wages, and prices are linked to a price index; and
 the cumulative inflation rate over three years approaches, or exceeds, 100%.

IAS 29 describes characteristics that may indicate that an economy is hyperinflationary. However, it
concludes that it is a matter of judgement when restatement of financial statements becomes necessary.

When an economy ceases to be hyperinflationary and an entity discontinues the preparation and
presentation of financial statements in accordance with IAS 29, it should treat the amounts expressed in
the measuring unit current at the end of the previous reporting period as the basis for the carrying
amounts in its subsequent financial statements. [IAS 29.38]

Disclosure
 Gain or loss on monetary items [IAS 29.9]
 The fact that financial statements and other prior period data have been restated for changes in
the general purchasing power of the reporting currency [IAS 29.39]
 Whether the financial statements are based on an historical cost or current cost approach [IAS
29.39]
 Identity and level of the price index at the balance sheet date and moves during the current and
previous reporting period [IAS 29.39]