10/05/2018

Friday

Lecture 1
       

  Mechanical
vibrations and
waves.
A special kind of uneven movement is
oscillatory. This is a movement that
repeats over time. Mechanical vibrations
are movements that repeat at regular
intervals. If the time intervals are the same,
then such oscillations are called periodic.
Oscillatory system
This is a system of interacting bodies (at least
two bodies) that are capable of making
oscillations. The simplest oscillatory systems
are pendulums.

Oscillation characteristic
Phase determines the state of the system,
namely the coordinate, speed, acceleration,
energy, etc.

Cyclic frequency characterizes the rate of

change of the oscillation phase.
The initial state of the oscillatory system
characterizes the initial phase.

The amplitude of oscillation A - is the greatest

displacement from the equilibrium position

The period T - is the time interval during which

the point performs one complete oscillation.

The oscillation frequency - is the number of total

oscillations per unit time t.
Frequency, cyclic frequency and
oscillation period are related as
Types of vibrations
Oscillations that occur in closed systems are called free
or self oscillations. Oscillations that occur under the
influence of external forces, called forced. There are also
self-oscillations (forced automatically).

If we consider the oscillations according to changing

characteristics (amplitude, frequency, period, etc.), then
they can be divided into harmonic, damped, increasing (as
well as sawtooth, rectangular, complex).

With free oscillations in real systems, energy losses

always occur. Mechanical energy is spent, for example,
on doing work to overcome air resistance forces. Under
the influence of friction force, the oscillation amplitude
decreases, and after a while the oscillations cease.
Obviously, the greater the resistance to movement, the
faster the oscillations stop
Forced hesitation. Resonance
Forced vibrations are continuous.
Therefore, it is necessary to compensate
for the energy loss for each period of
oscillation. To do this, it is necessary to act
on the oscillating body with a periodically
changing force. Forced vibrations are
made with a frequency equal to the
frequency of changes in the external force.
The amplitude of the forced mechanical
oscillations reaches the highest value if the
frequency of the driving force coincides
with the frequency of the oscillatory
system. This phenomenon is called
resonance.

For example, if you periodically pull the

cord in time with its own oscillations, then
we will notice an increase in the amplitude
of its oscillations.
Resonance examples
If a wet finger is moved along the edge of
the glass, the glass will make ringing
sounds. Although imperceptible, the finger
moves intermittently and transmits
energy to the glass in short portions,
causing the glass to vibrate
The walls of the glass also begin to vibrate if a
sound wave is directed at it with a frequency
equal to its own. If the amplitude becomes very
large, the glass may even break. Because of the
resonance while singing F.I. Chaliapin, the crystal
pendants of chandeliers trembled (resonated).
The emergence of resonance can be traced to the
bathroom. If you quietly sing the sounds of
different frequencies, then a resonance will occur
at one of the frequencies.

In musical instruments, the role of resonators is

performed by parts of their bodies. The person
also has his own resonator - this is the cavity of
the mouth, amplifying the sounds that are
emitted.
The phenomenon of resonance must be
considered in practice. In some phenomena it can
be useful, in others it is harmful. Resonance
phenomena can cause irreversible damage in
various mechanical systems, such as improperly
designed bridges. Thus, in 1905, the Egyptian
Bridge collapsed in St. Petersburg, when an
equestrian squadron passed through it, and in
1940 Takomsky Bridge collapsed in the United
States.

The resonance phenomenon is used when using a

small force it is necessary to obtain a large
increase in the amplitude of oscillations. For
example, the heavy tongue of a large bell can be
swung by acting with a relatively small force
 Thank you for
attention!!!