Drug Discovery Today  Volume 00, Number 00  October 2017 REVIEWS

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Phenytoin repositioned in wound
healing: clinical experience spanning
60 years
Jan M. Keppel Hesselink
Q1
University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany

Drug repositioning is hot, and much development time and money can be spared if one selects an old
drug and explores the efficacy and safety in a new indication. Phenytoin is studied and repositioned in
many disorders after the initial indication epilepsy (from 1937). Its repositioning in depression was put
in the spotlight by the Wall Street icon Jack Dreyfus, already in the 1970s. Innovations in the field of
phenytoin still appear to be possible for a number of indications such as wound healing, bipolar disorder
and aggression, and via a topical formulation for neuropathic pain. We will discuss wound healing and
identified a number of critical issues related to its repositioning in this indication.

Introduction
Drug repositioning is not a recent chapter in drug development,
but it has been recognized only recently as an important chance in
drug research and development to shorten the development time,
as well as sparing much research and development effort and
money. Secondly, it has been identified as a new way of finding
treatments for complex disorders such as orphan diseases; and
thirdly, it is seen as a method leading to therapeutic innova-
tiveness. Lastly, it is seen by some as fulfilling the need for
regulation of pharmacy compounding and off-label use. Interest-
ingly, the Chairman of the Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board,
Bert Leufkens, pointed out in 2016: ‘Every new drug is a potential
old drug. Together we should aim to use drugs to their full
potential,’ and he subsequently advised to ‘look for a new drug
development paradigm with incentives and a satisfactory business
case for drug repositioning in which quality, efficacy and safety are
supported by adequate and robust data and/or justification [1].’
Importantly, he also stipulated that lack of data as such is not
always the issue, but justification by the applicant why this does
Q2 not hamper the B/R (the benefit/risk ratio) is critical.
Drug repurposing wins in popularity
The topic ‘drug repurposing’ is a popular one. PubMed contains
more than 2000 articles where these two terms are used, and since
Corresponding author: Keppel Hesselink, J.M. (jan@neuropathie.nu)
2010, the number of papers containing these two keywords has
risen each year, from 50 in 2010, to 100, 125, 242, 323, and 448 in
each subsequent year, up to 503 in 2016. To date however, no
studies have been carried out in analysing drug repurposing in a
systematic way based on previous literature and clinical studies
published in the past, that focus on one ‘new’ indication for an old
drug.
Not many readers know that certain scaffolds related to old
molecules paved the way towards drug repurposing. The dihydro-
pyrimidines for instance, synthesized first by Bignelli in 1891, were
rediscovered during the 1970s–1990s as new leads for a number of
indications, from hypertension to anxiety and optic nerve
dysfunction [2,3]. The roots of drug repurposing therefore can
be identified in organic chemistry, and such old molecules and
scaffolds should not be forgotten as untapped sources for new
drugs.
Key elements of the theory of drug repositioning can be identi-
fied in literature between the 1980s and the beginning of our
millennium. In the early 80s, a new mechanism of action for
tetracyclines was discovered, based on non-antimicrobial proper-
ties of the molecules; the unexpected ability of this group of drugs
to inhibit the breakdown of connective tissue and bone [4]. The
authors of a review in this field explicitly used the word
‘unexpected’, and highlighted ‘the new therapeutic implications
for an old family of drugs’. In 1999, new uses for old drugs
were discussed for HIV, and old drugs such as hydroxyurea and

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GLOSSARY
Cross-over drug Any drug developed and marketed for one
indication, and subsequently repurposed for a new
indication.
Drug repositioning The process of developing a drug in a
new indication, not directly related to the initial indication of
the drug. Synonyms are ‘drug reprofiling’, ‘drug redirecting’
and ‘drug rediscovery’.
Drug repurposing The process of developing a drug in a
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new indication, not directly related to the initial marketing
authorized indication of the drug.
Marketing authorization holder (MAH) The company who
submitted the registration dossier, the Marketing
Authorization Application (MAA).
thalidomide were presented as examples [5]. The authors pointed
out that these old drugs offered a considerable advantage as they
were already widely used in various indications and therefore
could be rapidly tested for use in a new indication such as HIV.
The take-home lesson was that such ‘old good’ drugs ‘should be
kept in mind as mature and respectable partners of the newest
products of biotechnology and gene therapy areas [5 p. 961].’ In
an editorial in ‘Neurology’, the repositioning of the old antiviral
drug amantadine as a Parkinson’s drug was discussed and the
editors identified one of the key hurdles obstructing drug repo-
sitioning [6]. They pointed out that it would be wise to further
study agents with unexplained mechanisms, but recognized that
such exploration would not be supported by pharmaceutical
companies due to the economic priority for new compounds.
He argued in favor of developing an infrastructure for funding
research on older chemicals after they lose patent protection.
Such infrastructure would also be required to pursue additional
analysis of their unexpected mechanisms of action. The topic was
further addressed in one of the early articles from 2000 and the
author used celecoxib and introduced it as a new term: a
‘crossover’ drug, a compound that began its clinical use as an
arthritis drug and was subsequently identified as a potential
cancer preventive [7].
Drug repositioning as a topic however was not yet conceptual-
ized; this was first done in 2004 by Ashburn and Thor, who
defined: ‘‘The process of finding new uses outside the scope
of the original medical indication for existing drugs is also
known as redirecting, repurposing, repositioning, re-tasking and
reprofiling [8].”
Drug repositioning in various phases of drug research
and development
‘Old’ molecules can be repositioned in various stages of the R&D
process, and years after obtaining a marketing authorization (MA).
Compounds discovered long ago, not imbedded in the tradi-
tional drug R&D process, can become repositioned as promising
‘old’ chemical entities, such as the dihydropyrimidines discovered
in 1891, as discussed above. New analogues of such an old scaffold
of course become New Chemical Entities NCEs.
Drugs entering the preclinical pharmacological phase can be
repositioned from the initial target indication into other fields. An
example is the selective AMPA receptor antagonist, NS1209,
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crossed-over during the research phase from stroke to neuropathic
pain and epilepsy [9].
Drugs evaluated in the clinic can also become ‘cross-over’ drugs,
if the initial proof of principle studies are negative or if a more
promising new indication is discovered. For instance, ipsapirone, a
5-HT1a ligand, was initially developed in the field of anxiety and
depression and during phase III it was subsequently repositioned
in the field of ischemic stroke [10,11]. However, the drug was never
approved for any indication due to development decisions of the
patent holder (Bayer AG).
Currently, the work on bimoclomol, an HSP co-inducer, is
another example of early repositioning during the development
phase in a new field of indications (orphan disorders such as
Niemann-Pick disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); after
the first development, the focus was on treating diabetic compli-
cations such as polyneuropathy and organ damage [12].
There are many examples of repositioning after a drug has found
its place in the market, also defined as repurposing. For instance,
doxepin, a classic tricyclic antidepressant was ‘repurposed’ in the
formulation of a cream for the treatment of itching. The author is
currently working on the repurposing of phenytoin as a topical
analgesic [13].
The fields of drug repositioning and drug repurposing are new
and popular areas of drug research and development interest, both
of which have emerged in the last decade or so. The fields are still
in development and given the context we described above, we
expect these areas of interest to develop and mature further during
this decade. The aim of our paper is to add some new perspectives
to the theoretical body of knowledge of this field. We will focus on
an old drug which has already been repurposed many times for a
number of indications that are different to the indications the drug
was originally registered for. This drug is phenytoin, one that has
been used in a clinical setting for 80 years now since its first use as
an anticonvulsant in 1937. CNS drugs in particular are known to
be ‘repurposed’ the most [14–16].
Current focus of repositioning and repurposing: two
critical bottlenecks
There is a growing consensus that drug repurposing is an impor-
tant inroad in finding ‘new’ treatments for disorders that have
been difficult to treat to date, such as orphan disorders or diseases
and syndromes where the current armamentarium is insufficient
to adequately treat the majority of patients, these include neuro-
pathic pain, Alzheimer’s disease, retina degeneration and multiple
sclerosis. However, clear economic incentives exist for entering
repurposed or repositioned development for orphan diseases only
[17,18]. In the case of the repositioning of sildenafil in a pediatric
indication for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension,
an orphan disease illustrates the role of incentives: Revatio, the
brand name for sildenafil in this indication but not Viagra which
contains the same active substance, benefits from 10 years of
marketing exclusivity as an orphan drug. Even the well-known
beta blocker propranolol has been developed in an orphan indi-
cation by the company Pierre Fabre, and has re-entered the market
as Hemangiol, in a liquid form, for the indication ‘proliferating
infantile haemangioma’, priced at 251 euro for 120 ml.
It will be mandatory for the fields of drug repositioning and
drug repurposing that additional incentives be developed by
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governments for non-orphan indications. Otherwise it is clear that
only a specific target profile supports a drug candidate for repur-
posing, and we quote Oprea and Mestres for defining such a
profile: a drug fit for repurposing needs to be ‘an off-patent safe
drug for which a novel target has been identified, with affinity
within the maximum recommended therapeutic dose for an
already-approved indication, and linked with strong supporting
evidence to a therapeutically unmet need or rare disease [19]’. The
autacoid influences in our body striving to a new homeostasis. We
will not succeed in finding the most optimal treatments for many
diseases if we solely use the molecular biological and chemical
techniques developed for drug repositioning and repurposing.
We also need to closely read and evaluate the papers and data
generated in the past in order to recognize relevant patterns for
predicting success for an old drug in a new indication. Important-
ly, hand in hand with such exploration, we need to evaluate drug

Reviews  POST SCREEN

essence of this target profile is the need to create intellectual and research development shortcomings and limitations of the
property protection. This is where the first bottleneck arises. Drug past, because in most papers often only the polished science is
repurposing has recently been stimulated in universities and by reported, and we need to improve our ‘reading between the lines’,
government bodies. Many lists have appeared on putative indica- for instance to identify patterns of moving targets. As a moving
tions for old drugs. There are even some open databases where target of this type, we have explored the R&D aspects of the
putative indications can be analysed, such as ‘RE:fine Drugs – An sodium channel blocker raxatrigine, a drug first defined as a
Interactive Dashboard of Drug Repurposing Opportunities’, from central acting NaV1.3 blocker, a specific NaV1.7 blocker and
the Ohio State University in the USA. If one enters ‘phenytoin’ in consequently a broad acting sodium channel blocker [25].
the search field, many such indications pop up, a few of which are
outlined here: epistaxis, Behcet’s syndrome, wounds, premenstru- Repurposed phenytoin in clinical trials
al tension syndrome, skin cancer, hypersomnia, chronic hepatitis, In PubMed we could identify 377 papers, based on the combined
dyshidrosis, dysthymia, seborrheic dermatitis, corneal degenera- keyword search ‘phenytoin’ in the title together with the filter
tion, chronic pharyngitis, diverticulosis, male infertility, peri- ‘Clinical Trial’. We screened all these papers for indications and it
odontitis, dysmenorrhea, ptosis [2]. Now the exact procedure by appeared that aggression, impulsivity, depression, bipolar disorder
which this database generates these indications is not entirely and wound healing were the indications most often explored. As
clear, but a number of such indications cannot be found in an example, for this paper, we focus on the most frequently
PubMed. It might be that those indications are just white noise analysed indication: wound healing and related dermatological
of the procedure (‘rubbish in, rubbish out’), but the search might disorders.
also unlock a new putative indication. By mentioning an indica- In Table 1, 12 studies are summarized on phenytoin, following a
tion of this type, all chances of obtaining a use patent are gone. By randomized clinical trial design, and seven more specifically in
mentioning a new indication of this type, prior art is created and wound healing. There are in addition other controlled trials,
no-one will ever patent the indication again. So scientists eager to without randomization, all supportive for phenytoin’s healing
list all putative repurposing indications of old molecules should be properties [26,27].
aware of this phenomenon and are advised to analyse the patent- In total, 12 PubMed indexed studies met the selection criteria
ability of a new indication prior to publication, because to date, an and are included in Table 1.
orphan indication, a patent on formulation or a use patent will For wound healing, more than 700 patients have been included
create an adequate intellectual property platform for developing in all studies, and for aggression/irritability, more than 200
such an indication. Without a clear and secured economic incen- patients. For the rest of the indications, only a few patients have
tive, such development will not take place. For instance, in 2016, been included in studies, and all studies have a pilot nature.
the author identified new possibilities for repurposing phenytoin Furthermore, studies to ascertain the optimal dosage are lacking
in neuropathic pain via a topical cream, and before publishing
these findings created two patents (use and formulation patents)
[21]. TABLE 1
a
A second bottleneck relates to the so-called ‘rational approach Q5 Clinical trials of phenytoin in dermatological disorders
to drug repositioning’ which is widely advocated. This approach Indication Year Design N Refs
focuses on the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms of a
Mucositis 2015 RCT, placebo 16 [28]
disease matched with the relevant targeted therapeutic agents
Wound healing 2015 RCT, comparator 60 [29]
[22]. We could demonstrate that this is most probably a gross
overestimation of our insight into both the pathomechanistic 2011 RCT, placebo 65 [30]
roots of diseases, as well as our insight into the mechanisms of 2011 RCT, placebo 104 [31]
action of drugs, based on our analysis of a TRPV1 antagonist of Vitiligo 2011 RCT, placebo 20 [32]
AstraZeneca [23]. Wound healing 2010 Single blind, placebo 100 N/A
Studies in drug development show that mechanisms of action 2007 RCT, placebo 28 [33]
are re-invented every few years for nearly all compounds, and
2004 RCT, placebo 45 [34]
perhaps aspirin and its mechanisms related to the treatment of
2004 RCT, placebo, comparator 172 [35]
colon cancer is one of the most famous examples [24]. The same
2003 RCT, comparator 102 [36]
holds true for our insight into the ‘essence’ of a pathogenic
mechanism related to a certain disorder. Most disorders are 2001 RCT, placebo 57 [37]
based on a network of pathogenic factors, which change continu- Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa 1992 RCT, placebo, crossover 22 [38]
a
ously over time and in tissue/organ systems, related to the many Wound healing is clearly most explored as a repositioning indication for phenytoin.

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and the oral dose selected was generally based on the recom- HN C=O HN C=O
mended clinical dose range in epilepsy (300–600 mg/day). Data
regarding plasma levels in many of these studies is lacking, apart O=C O=C
from studies conducted in cases of aggression.
C3H 5N C φ C 3 H 7N C φ
H H
Wound healing: early recognized as a repurpose
indication for phenytoin 1 allyl, 5 phenyl 1 propyl, 5 phenyl
hydantoinate hydantoinate
Wound healing is, apparently, an interesting indication for the
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repurposing of old drugs: pentoxifylline, estrogen, sildenafil,

prostacyclin analogues, diltiazem, and nifedipine all have been
explored in this indication [39].
Gingiva hyperplasia as a side effect of phenytoin treatment was
already reported in 1938, one year after the introduction of
phenytoin in the clinic [40]. This side effect, occurring after
chronic use of phenytoin, triggered oral pathologists and wound
healing experts to explore this phenomenon, initially in a number
of models for wound healing and subsequently in observations
and clinical trials. First mechanistic suggestions given in the 1950s
were that the compound might influence the healing of gingival
wounds through enhancing collagenization. In 1957, it was first
observed that phenytoin administered to non-epileptic patients
led to increased rates of healing in experimentally induced gingi-
val wounds, and its mechanism was thought to occur via increased
connective tissue activity as well as accelerated epithelialization
[41]. One year later, oral pathologists from the Indiana University
School of Medicine reported the results of a controlled experimen-
tal study of the effect of phenytoin on the tensile strength of
healing wounds has been carried out [42]. They concluded that the
systemic administration of 50 mg phenytoin orally administered
produced a dramatic increase in the tensile strength of healing
wounds in rats [43]. They believed the mechanism was comparable
to the undesirable side-reaction of gingival hyperplasia in epilep-
tics receiving phenytoin. Interestingly, this basic research soon
led to the testing of a number of phenytoin analogues in wound-
read-out systems (Fig. 1) [44].
After this initial period, a steady trickle of publications sup-
ported the wound healing properties of phenytoin, and although
some papers did not support such finding, most did [45].
Phenytoin in clinical trials: proof of its wound healing
properties?
The first clinical paper evaluating the wound healing properties
was published in 1957 and described accelerated wound healing in
gingival wounds [46]. Some if not most of the early studies
evaluated phenytoin after oral application, and in this section
we will review only a number of clinical studies evaluating the
efficacy and safety of topical formulations on phenytoin, as exam-
ples of how the issue of repurposing was explored.
In 1993 in a prospectively controlled trial versus normal wound
treatment, Bansal compared phenytoin powder sprinkled on the
wound and found that topical application of phenytoin could
significantly accelerate the healing of trophic leprosy ulcers [47].
In one study, melanonocytic naevi were dissected and healing
rates were compared in a single blind placebo controlled design.
Phenytoin showed a statistically significant difference regarding
wounded area and healing time compared to placebo cream.
Patients were their own control. One of the injuries after a biopsy
received a wound dressing with topical phenytoin 0.5% cream,
CH3N C=O HN C=O
O=C
O=C
HN C φ HN C φ
φ CH3
3 methyl, 5, 5 diphenyl 5 methyl, 5 phenyl
hydantoinate hydantoinate
Drug Discovery Today
FIGURE 1
The first series of phenytoin analogues, tested for wound healing in 1969 as a
repurposing indication for the phenytoin/hydantoinate scaffold.
and the other received a wound dressing with cream only. Inju-
ries treated with phenytoin showed more intense epithelization,
leading to a smaller wounded area and shorter healing time [48].
No details were given on the formulation and the pH, and the
rationale for the selection of such a low concentration was
missing.
In a more recent double-blind placebo-controlled study in 65
patients, a phenytoin-containing alginate-based hydrogel dressing
was tested, also only in one dose (6 mg⁄cm2 wound phenytoin).
Mean wound diameter was between 20–30 cm and the treatment
resulted in a low systemic absorption of phenytoin [49]. The study
was negative, the primary endpoint being wound closure rate.
Neither the selection of the vehicle and its pH, nor the selection of
the dose was discussed in the paper.
In another recent paper, a lotion was tested in a randomized
controlled trial, based on 1 g of phenytoin dissolved in 25 ml of
liposomal base applied on the wound in 104 patients with chronic
venous ulcer [50]. Details of the liposomal base and its pH were not
reported, and again only one dose was tested. The rate of ulcer
reduction, measured as the mean surface area of the ulcers, was
faster in the study group than control group.
In a controlled clinical trial, phenytoin was tested against a
topical Aloe vera preparation for chronic wound closure, but again
no details on concentration and pH of the phenytoin formulation
were given, other than the application of one fingertip unit of the
topical preparation of the aloe formulation or phenytoin twice a
day for a period of 30 days. Both topical treatments significantly
improved wound healing compared to baseline.
In 2007, a systematic review was published covering 14 RCTs in
this field, and the conclusion was that there may be a positive
effect on wound healing in a variety of wounds but the studies are
of moderate methodological quality only [51]. The review was
based on a formal analysis of the design of the studies, and no

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analysis followed on the selection of formulation, issues like
wound pH and the selected concentrations of phenytoin.
All of these efforts did not lead to a clear picture of the best and
most effective formulation of phenytoin for wound healing. Too
many parameters remained unstudied. The work on oral wounds
however led to the commercialization of a topical phenytoin
formulation, a toothpaste, (brandname Pyorédol) was available
from Laboratoires Roussel, France, in the 1970s for the treatment
of periodontal diseases. The formulation subsequently vanished
from the market, apparently not having achieved commercial
success [52].
Discussion
In Table 2, we summarized a number of clinical trials selected for
the purposes of analysing the specifications in the studies for the
specific formulation, the concentration and whether sodium phe-
nytoin or phenytoin was used. It is important to note that phe-
nytoin is practically insoluble in water, while the sodium salt can
be soluble: its solubility in water is around 1 g/66 ml.
Most formulations used in studies however were water-based
(creams, gels, solutions) and this would imply the use of the
sodium salt, resulting in a high pH of the formulation, unless
buffered. Surprisingly, such information is not mentioned by any
author, and neither could we find specifications of the pH of the
formulation used, although in wound biology it is well known
that pH influences healing. Measurements of pH of the wound
environment with and without phenytoin are also missing. The
concentrations of phenytoin tested in clinical varied from 100%
(pure powder) to 0.5% (Table 2). We could not identify any dose-
finding studies. This is remarkable, as pharmacologists pointed out
in 1999 that phenytoin could increase keratinocyte proliferation
at low concentrations, although higher concentrations were not as
well tolerated as by fibroblasts [53].
The fact that phenytoin is not water soluble stresses the utmost
importance of the formulation tested, which needs to facilitate the
administration of the drug in a continuous and controlled fashion,
with optimal local tissue bioavailability and in an optimal dose at
the wound site. To date, none of these factors have been explored
sufficiently in clinical trials.
However, given all these omissions, there is a long tradition of
observations and clinical pilot studies in wound healing effectively
treated by phenytoin. All observations and results of the pilot
studies point in the same direction. Phenytoin applied topically in
TABLE 2
Formulations and concentrations of phenytoin tested in studies
Study Formulation
Carneiro et al. [26] Phenytoin powder
Carneiro et al. [27] Phenytoin powder
Bansal et al. [47] Phenytoin powder
Hokkam et al. [31] Phenytoin lotion: liposomal base
El-Nahas et al. [55] Phenytoin aerosol powder
Bhatia et al. [34] Phenytoin sodium suspension
Pereira et al. [48] Phenytoin cream
Pendse et al. [56] Phenytoin ‘topical’
Hollisaz et al. [57] Phenytoin cream
Shaw et al. [49] Hydrogel dressing (delivering 6 mg/cm2 phenytoin
Panahi et al. [58] Phenytoin cream
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a range of concentrations promotes wound healing, without sys-
temic side effects. The absorption of phenytoin via the wound is
indiscernible and does not lead to clinical relevant plasma levels.
Recently, Professor Ioannidis’s group published ‘A manifesto for
reproducible science’ [54]. The authors list a number of threats to
reproducible science, and some seem to apply to the papers dis-
cussed above; for instance, low statistical power, analytical flexi-
bility and data dredging. On the other hand, a coherent theory can
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be conceptualized here as to why phenytoin would act as a wound
healing agent, based on the complexities in the biology of wound
healing and the mechanisms of action of phenytoin, although
there still is quite some confusion in this field. New development
work would most probably need to lead to innovative and new
findings, and support a patent protected formulation strategy for
such a new formulation of phenytoin. The putative market for
phenytoin formulations in wound is hugh, it is estimated that the
overall wound care market reaches 22.01 Billion USD by 2022 []. Q3
The wound care market is classified into advanced wound man-
agement products, surgical wound care products, and traditional
wound care products. Advanced wound management products are
expected to lead the global wound care market in the future, and a
new topical formulation based on phenytoin could probably enter
this market in 2022 from the moment a patent on such innovative
formulation would be filed.
Concluding remarks
Phenytoin has been repositioned in many disorders, apart from
the initial indication of epilepsy. We have been able to identify a
number of neurological, psychiatric and non-CNS indications for
phenytoin, all supported by pilot studies. Wound healing was
the indication most frequently explored. Phenytoin has been
evaluated in a clinical setting for 80 years and has an impressive
track record of drug repositioning. We identified ample proof of
principle studies but due to the quality of these studies, the
reproducibility of the data is an important point of concern.
Wound healing is the indication most often evaluated. Innova-
tions in the field of phenytoin still appear to be possible, and use
patents or formulation patents could most probably be designed
to create the required protection, especially in wound healing.
Such patents should bring forth innovative and new ways to
formulate the most optimal wound healing environment, based
on an effective concentration of phenytoin in the selected for-
mulation.
Concentration of phenytoin N
100% 64
100% 102
100% 100
4% 104
2% 32
2%, 4% 45
0.5% 100
Not specified 75
Not specified 91
Not specified 65
Not specified 60
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Conflict of interest
The author is one of the patent holders of two patents related to
repurposing of phenytoin: topical phenytoin for use in the treat-
ment of peripheral neuropathic pain and topical pharmaceutical
composition containing phenytoin and a (co-)analgesic for the
treatment of chronic pain.
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REVIEWS
55 (2009) J. Wound Care 18 (1) 33–37
56 (1993) Topical phenytoin in wound healing? Int. J. Dermatol. 32 (3), 214–217
57 (2004) A randomized clinical trial comparing hydrocolloid, phenytoin and simple
dressings for the treatment of pressure ulcers. BMC Dermatol. 4 (1), 18
58 Panahi, Y. et al. (2015) Comparative trial of Aloe vera/olive oil combination cream
versus phenytoin cream in the treatment of chronic wounds. J. Wound Care 24 (10),
459–465
59 Markets and Markets. Wound Care Market by Product (Advanced (Foam, Alginate,
Hydrogel, NPWT, Active), Surgical, Traditional), Type (Chronic (Diabetic Foot,
Pressure Ulcer), Acute (Burn, Trauma)), End User (Hospital, Long-term Care, Home
Healthcare) – Global Forecast to 2022.
Reviews  POST SCREEN
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