 


 









     



    















5.1 

            
       

5.2 



   
5.3  

5.4 

5.5 (a)           
        
(b) (c) 
 (b) (c)            

5.6      


    
5.7            (a)
 (b)      
            
(c) 
(b)
 

5.8        

 
   
   
      (a) 

      (b)   (c)    (b)  (c) 
        
 


   

 5.11 
    
             
           
   
  
     
      
  



 
 
    
        
           
(a)          
           
    
(b) (a) 5.12  
 
        
 
5.9   
  
 

 
5.10 
 
   




    
   
     
          
       
  
       

  
 
(a) 
    (b) (a)
       
  
5.13  



            
  
            
           
           
       
 

 

    
    
             


          
      
5.14 
 
    

       

 
   

    
5.15 




        


  
      
  
    

         
         
  
(a) (b) 

5.16         
 
         
  

    




  
         
 
          
           
          (a)  
(b) 
5.17   
  
 

  

      
             
                  
   
5.18        


           
       
   


      




 





 


  
5.19         
       
        
         
               
          
   
      

5.20 
 

     
   

    

  
      
               
 
      

             
             
    
           
            5.23 
5.21   
    
           
   

     
       
 
           
 



 

 

       
        
  
   

 
 

5.22    
       

  





 
 


 



             
      
       
     
     
    (a)          
         
 
      
        
 (b)      
   6.18 
        
     
 6.19 
6.16           
               
     
                 
   
    
                 
6.17            
                    
           
          
  
   
   




   
  
   
 

       





  6.22 
 

  
  
  
    
  


6.20       

           

         
 
        

  
   
        
 
         
                 
  
6.21       
 

   
           


                  
   
(a) 
          (b) 

    
6.23       
   

              
 6.24       
 
         


         
    
           
 
          
  
          

         
 
            
   

6.25 

 

  
      
        
        
        
          


6.26 
        

 
 
6.27       
        
(a) (b) (c) 

6.28 
            



              

  

            


6.29         

    





   
   
   
          
   
6.30 (a) 


   

 
 

 
 
 

 
 


    


(b) 

    
  



9.1  9.7 

  
9.2          
               
               
         (a) 
 
9.3  
       (b)        
      
9.8 
(a) 


(b)               
           
(c)     
9.4 
      9.9         
        
          
            
(a)  
(b)  
(c)  
        
       
(d)  
 9.10       
9.5            

      
     
(a)  
(b)    
(c)     (a)  (b)      

(d)  
(e)           
  

 
9.6   
           
 
         
        

(a) 

  
(b)          

 

             

     
       
  
  
      
  
  
    
    9.13  
     
           
      
           
 
9.11        
                    
       
       
  

    
    
        
               
   
     
           
 

                
      
 
9.12  
 
 9.14  
 

  
       
 

 

         

 
        


          

 



  

9.16   

   

  
       
    
  
  
  
     
  

  
  
      
      
 
             
 
         
 
9.15              
  

              
              
                        
           
                   
      
       
      

      

 
9.17      

        






  
  
      

           

     
  



10.1      

 (a) (b)  
(c)   
  
10.2          10.10  
  
10.3        
        

        
        
                 
        
10.11 (a)  
 
  
10.4 (a)         
          (b)    
          
  
   
10.5         (b)     (a)    
 (c) (a) (b) 
10.12       (a) 
            (b)       
             
         

10.6               
             
          
            
           
    

10.7 
10.13 

    
10.8 (a)          

  
    
      10.14 
    
  
(b)             
(c)    

10.9             
 
  






    


 








    
           



17.1 
       
       
        

17.2        
           
           
        
          

x        x       

y        y       
 

17.3        

x      
           
f (x)      
           
         
                    
          
x         (a) 
y         (b) 

17.4  (c)   

x       17.10          
f (x)              (a)  
  
 (b)      
(a)       
(c) 
           

        

   

s   
(b) (a) 
17.5 
17.11 
x      
f (x)      

    
 

 T       
       


17.6     
 17.12          
17.7   
              
         
(a)  
            
(b)         
       
(c) b
17.8  i      
  V      
     
            
x                
f (x)                
        
17.9          
                    
             
  

17.13 



 


x      

J1(x)     

   

   


17.14          
        

 

 m n   n   n  
17.15 
   

   

   
   
   
T     
   
      
   
   

   

17.16    17.17  
  

i     
                V     

                  

         
  17.18 
        


 t     
i     
      
   
   17.19  
        
          
           y     
     g     
   
               
 

17.20        
       
(a)     (b)     
 

17.21          
      (a)   
  
(b) 
(c) 


x x x x x     

s      
y     
y     
y     
y     
y     
 

 




   




 






  









   




19.1     (f )  g

19.2   
 (b) (g)
      (a)

19.3 
(a) (b) 

(c)    (d)       
 (e)  
  

(a) (b)  19.7 

(c)    (d)    
 (e)        
   (f)  (g)    

   (a)   (b)    

(b) (g) (b)
(a) 
19.4  19.8       
 
          

(a)  (b)       t          
(c)          (d)             
     (e)    
(f)         (b)  (a) 
(f)         (a) 
19.5  (b)         
    

          19.9 
 

x       

    
f (x)                   
   
      (a)            
(b) (c)        
   
(b) (c) 
 
19.6  
     
            
   
(a)  (b)      
  (c)  
 (b) (c)      


 

 

 

 

 




 

                (a) 
           (b) (c) 
 (b) (c) 
 19.13 
    
 

        

   
19.10            
               
         
          
     
 

    

  x       
       

Ac       

   
 19.14  
 
        
 
    
  
    (a) 
(a)          (b)    
      
(b) (a) 
19.11          
       

      
l     
F(l)     
19.15          
l    
          
F(l)    
   
 
       
  

19.12  19.16 

 
       

     

   
           


            
         
  


   


   


   

    



 19.18 

            
 

    
t           
Q            
c        
  

19.17         
 z     
A      
 c     
   


     19.19 

    
   
 

  
 x       
          
  
 19.20 
   
y            
H               
U       
   
 

19.21         19.22 
  
  
r      
r            
      r     
r           
     
         
        
                
            
  

 




 
 








 







    





20.1  (d)  

  

                 
  

           20.3 (a) 

                (b)    
           (c)   
           

20.2     (a)     
(b)      (c)   
 

20.4        

           
 
          
        
  (a)   (b)  

      

       
20.5 
        

     (a)    

 (b)  
     20.9 
 
 
                
         
(a)     (b) 
    (c)   (a)   (b)    
          
20.6  
20.10 
  

     
       
        
   

   
        
 20.11 

     
      
  (a) 
    
(b) 
(c)     
20.7     20.12 
             
           
(a)    
   (b) 
        
     
                 20.13         

 
                 
   

20.8 
      

              
 
  

 
 
 
  
 
  
 





 

   
 


            
            

20.14          
  
 

     
  
 
 
    20.17 
 
t     
i             

t    
i                
      

20.15     
 

     
       

  

20.16   
 
 

          (b) 
 
 20.22 

  
 
   

     
       
20.18             
   
   20.23        
        

 
   
 
F      
            
x    
    
F       (a) 
x      
             
(b) 
20.19  20.24 
 20.25 
 
       
      
       
   ,        
,        
20.20 
 ,     
    

     
   
          
             
   
               
    
      20.26 
 
20.21  
  

     20.27       


(a)    
 
 

 

              

     





21.1       21.9 

    
             
          
x     
   f (x)     
21.2 
         
           
21.3          
 21.10        
    
                 
    
       

       
       
         
     
       
21.4          
                            
              (a) 
  (b) 
21.5   
          
21.6         21.11        
                    
             

t      
   y      
21.7        
    
21.8          
 
  

21.12   21.17 

 

t        x     

x        f (x)     

x    
f (x)    
 
(a)   (b)    
 
21.13  21.18   
    
 

 t         
  
 x         

x           
   (a)   y           
(b)    (c)  
 21.19 
21.14         
  
       
t            
      
r       (a) 
  
(b)        
          
           
                   
             
   
            
       (c)   (b)      
21.15                   
          
 (d) (b) (c) 

21.20 
t           
           
         

21.16 
    
         
   

         21.21  
   
 

         21.25             
           
 
    
 
                          

y         
u       

   
21.22     
   

       


 
  
z     
     
V      
       c     

   
 21.26      

x    
c       


           

                
 
 
         
        t      
 i      
21.23         
 21.27 

t        
V        
t          
  V          
  
21.24  21.28 
 
  
 
    

x   
    
T   


    
  

  


 y    
T    



      (a) 
(b)  
21.31 


  
 
    

    
   
        
T       (a)          
       
      
   
     

x       
21.29  r       


 (b) 


 
   
   (c) 
          
   
V 21.32   

P T   T   T   
   
    T    
    Cp      
   
    T    
    Cp      
   
   
21.33   
   


 
21.30  
            
          
 

 
  


  

T    

h    


21.34 




  

                
        (a) 
         (b) 
       

t       
 o       
        

           21.36        
  
           
            
       
     

          
     
t         
c       


21.35        
          
              
  
        
 (a) 
    (b)     
            
        
                   
          
      
             

  
   21.37       
   
  

21.39 
x      

y        
   (a)        
    
x      (b)      
y      21.40 
          
  



    
21.38          
    (a) (b) 
   
             
  

  
















 

 
 
 

 



 


22.1         22.2        
                
 

     
     

(a) 
(a)  (b) 
(b)     (c) 
(c)    (d) 
(d)    (e) 
 

22.3         
       
 
  
        
    
         
(a)     (b)   
    (a)           
(b)  
     (c)                
(d)    
22.4  
        22.6 
  
          
 
   
  
 
         
       
       
t              
p                 
   
t     
p     

     
22.7         
(a)             
         
(b)  (a) (b) 
 (a)        


    

22.5        
   

  
 22.8  
 
            
      
            
                    
      
           (a)   (b)      
             
 22.9         
    
  
            
  
  

(a)  (b) 



   
22.10 



   
22.11          
          
            
          
 
22.12          



22.13   



22.14 
         







 

(a) 

             
        



(b) 
22.15       


 
     
  
   
    
  

        

        

        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
 

          

            
     
 (a)  
(b) 
22.18          
          

 

 
      

  
   
 
 
      

 
 
             
   
            
       
    
22.16          
  
    
        
 
           
                  
             
           22.19        
             
            
              
22.17     



        
 
   
       
  
  
 22.20 
 
     

   
              
   
            
                      
             
  





 
 
    

           
             
    
22.21  


 
 
   
 
       
   
    
    
                 
                 
           
(a) (b) 
h        
A(h)        
22.23         
 
22.22        
 22.24 
          
 



    
         
   
    
           
   
   
      
  
  









      



 

              

   
  
              
   
  

  
  
  
  
  
  





24.1           24.2 
 
24.3 
 
      
     
  
                  
    (a) (b)  24.4       
 (c)            
 

24.5      



                
 
        



          
  
         
        
        

        

24.6 


24.7 
       


24.8 

 
   
 
      
                
(a) 
(b)    
24.9 
          
24.10       


   
    
   
          
    




  
  


         
       

       

     
24.11  


 
   
 
  


       
        

24.12      
       



    
       
     
         
         
  

   




   

  
            
             

     
     

         
     
         24.14   
         
   
      
          
                
             

  
    
  
    
       
  
               
       
   
       

      
  
         
24.13         


         
   
            
         
       
    
   
           
   24.15           
            
           
  
    
            
    
 

  

   

 







    24.16 

   
 

     
  
       
   
    
    
   
  (a) 
       (b) 
          
              



  





  

   

      


     
       
       

24.18       
 

 
 
   
 

    
            
  
        
24.17              
            
         
        
 
 
    
 (a)     (b)  
         
   

24.19 


           
  
  

  
  
           













 
    
           

   
    
         (a) 
   (b)   
   
24.20          
   

       







   
  
        

   

 
       
    
         
24.21 

   
 
   
           
           
         

  
  
24.22 
         


        
 
 
     
      
       
 
          
         
                
          
           
      


 


24.23 

          
