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CONCEPT
Divya Bansal
ECE 6TH Sem
110326105786
CELLULAR CONCEPT
• The cellular concept was a major breakthrough in solving
the problem of spectral congestion and user capacity.
• It offered very high capacity in a limited spectrum.
• Each cellular base station is allotted a group of radio
channels to be used within a small geographic area called
cells.
Contd…
• Use multiple low-power transmitters.
• Areas divided into cells
• Each served by its own antenna
• Served by base station consisting of
transmitter, receiver, and control unit
• Band of frequencies allocated
• Cells set up such that antennas of all neighbors
are equidistant (hexagonal pattern)
CELLULAR NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
CELLS STRUCTURE
• Determined by the desired received signal level by
the mobile subscriber from its base station transmitter
in its operating area ideal, actual and fictitious cell
models.
Contd…
A CELL WITH A CS AND MOBILE
HEXAGONAL CELLULAR
GEOMETRY
• Offers best possible non-overlapped cell radio
coverage.
• Multiple hexagons can be arranged next to each other.
• The hexagons covers the large area.
• Simplifies the planning and design of the
cellular system.
HEXAGONAL CELLULAR
GEOMETRY
CELLULAR CLUSTER
• A group of cells that use a different set of frequencies
in each cell.
• Only selected number of cells can form a cluster.
• Can be repeated any number of times in a systematic
manner.
• The cluster size is the number of cells with in it and
designated by K.
HEXAGONALS CLUSTER
PATTERNS
CONVENTIONAL MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
• One very powerful transmitter located at the highest spot
in an area would broadcast in a radius of upto 50 kilometers.
LIMITATIONS:
• High power
consumption.
•Low capacity.
•Large size of the
mobile.
SYSTEM DESIGN PROBLEM
Main limitations of a conventional mobile
wireless communication system is:
• Minimum availability of FREQUENCY
SPECTRUM!!!
So the big challenge is…
to serve large no. of mobile users…
• within limited allocated frequency spectrum.
• with a specified system quality.
SYSTEM CAPACITY AND &
SPECTRUM UTILIZATION
The Need:
• optimum spectrum usage
• More capacity
• High quality of service
• Low cost
?
POSSIBLE SOLUTION-
FREQUENCY REUSE
• Reuse allocated RF spectrum or a given set of frequencies
in a given large geographical service area without increasing
the interference.
• Divide the service area into a number of small areas called
cells.
• Allocate a subset of frequencies to each cell.
• Use low-power transmitters with lower height
antennas at the base stations
FREQUENCY REUSE CONCEPT
• Large coverage area, efficient spectrum utilization and
enhanced system capacity are the major attributes of cellular
communications.
• Frequency reuse is the core concept of cellular
communications.
• The design process of selecting and allocating channel
groups for all the cellular base stations within a system is
called frequency reuse.
IILUSTRATION OF FREQUENCY
REUSE
CO-CHANNEL & ADJACENT
CHANNEL CELLS
• Cells, which use the same set of frequencies are referred to
as co-channel cells.
• Co-channel cells are located sufficiently physically apart
so as not to cause co-channel interference.
• The space between adjacent co-channel cells filled with
other cells that use different frequencies to provide
frequency isolation.
TECHNICAL ISSUES
Technical issues for proper design & planning of a
cellular network:
• Selection of a suitable frequency reuse pattern.
• Analysis of the relationship between the capacity, cell
size & the cost of the infra structure.
CLUSTER SIZE AND CELL
CAPACITY
• In a cellular system, the whole geographical service area is
divided into a number of clusters having finite number of
cells.
• The K number of cells in a cluster use the complete set of
available frequency channels, N.
• Each cell in the cluster contain J = (N/K) number of channels
only.
Therefore, N = J * K ; where J ≤ N
CLUSTER SIZE & SYSTEM
CAPACITY
• The cluster can be replicated many times to cover the desired
geographical area by a cellular communication system.
•Let M be a number of clusters in the system, then overall
system capacity, C is given as:
C=M*N C = M * J * K (N = J * K)
• When K is reduced, J is proportionally increased since
N = J * K is constant.
• To increase co-channel interference!
CO-CHANNEL CELLS
• Cells which use the same set of frequencies are referred to
as co-channel cells.
• The interference between co-channel cells is referred to as
co-channel interference.
• The space between adjacent co-channel cells are filled with
cells using different frequencies.
Contd…
Shift Parameters I and j in a
Hexagonal Geometry
• The Shift parameters i and j are separated by 60 degrees
in a hexagonal geometry.
• It can have any integer value 0,1,2,…..
• These can be used to determine the location of co-
channel cells.
Contd…
METHOD TO LOCATE THE
CO-CHANNEL CELLS
Rules for determining the nearest co-channel cell using
“Shift parameters” (i , j) to lay out a cellular system is:
• Step 1: Move I cells along any side of a hexagon.
• Step 2: Turn 60 degrees anticlockwise.
• Step 3: Move j cells.
Where I and j are shift parameters and can have integer
value 0,1,2,3 & so on ….
Co-Channel cells for i=3, j=2
FREQUENCY REUSE
DISTANCE, D
• Reusing an identical frequency channel in different cells
is limited by co-channel interference between cells.
•The co-channel interference can become a major problem
in cellular communication.
•It is desirable to find the minimum frequency reuse
distance D in order to reduce this co-channel interference.
Factors Which Influence ‘D’
• The number of co-channels in the vicinity of the center
cell.
•The antenna height
• The transmitted power at each cell site
q = D/R
The frequency reuse ratio, q is also referred to as:
• The co-channel reuse ratio.
• The co-channel reuse factor.
• Co-channel interference reduction factor.
q = D/R Ratio
The real power of the cellular concept is that interference is
not related to the absolute distance between cells but related
to ratio of the distance between co-channel (same
frequency) cells to the cell radius.
FREQUENCY REUSE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Co-channel
cells
Adjacent-
channel
cells
HANDOFF
• When a mobile user travels from one cell to another cell
within a call’s duration the call should be transferred to the
new cell’s base station.
• Otherwise, the call will be dropped because the link with
the current base station becomes too weak as the mobile
recedes.
• This ability for transference is a design matter in mobile
cellular system design and is called handoff .
Contd…
HANDOFF STRATIGIES
• When a mobile moves into a different cell while a
conversation is in progress, the MSC automatically
transfers the call to a new channel belonging to the new
base station.
• Handoff operation
identifying a new base station
re-allocating the voice and control channels with the new
base station.
Contd…
• Handoff Threshold
Minimum usable signal for acceptable voice quality (-
90dBm to -100dBm)
Handoff margin ( = Pr Handoff – Pr minimum useable)
cannot be too large or too small.
If is too large, unnecessary handoffs burden the MSC
If is too small, there may be insufficient time to
complete handoff before a call is lost.
Contd…
Contd…
• Handoff must ensure that the drop in the measured signal
is not due to momentary fading and that the mobile is
actually moving away from the serving base station.
• Running average measurement of signal strength should
be optimized so that unnecessary handoffs are avoided.
Depends on the speed at which the vehicle is moving.
Steep short term average -> the hand off should be made
quickly
The speed can be estimated from the statistics of the
received short-term fading signal at the base station
Contd…
• Dwell time
The time over which a call may be maintained within a cell
without handoff.
• Dwell time depends on
propagation
interference
distance
speed
PRACTICAL HANDOFF
CONSIDERATIONS
• Different type of users
High speed users need frequent handoff during a call.
Low speed users may never need a handoff during a call.
•The MSC becomes burdened if high speed users are
constantly being passed between very small cells.
•To Minimize handoff intervention
handle the simultaneous traffic of high speed and low
speed users.
Contd…
• Large and small cells can be located at a single location
(Umbrella cell approach)
different antenna height
different power level
• Cell dragging problem: pedestrian users provide a very
strong signal to the base station
The user may travel deep within a neighboring cell
UMBRELLA CELLS
• Use different antenna heights and Tx power levels to
provide large and small cell coverage
• Multiple antennas & Tx can be co-located at single
location if necessary (saves on obtaining new tower
licenses)
• large cell → high speed traffic → fewer handoffs
• small cell → speed traffic
• Example areas: interstate highway passing through urban
center office park, or nearby shopping mall center.
Contd…
Why cell splitting and cell
sectoring?
• As users increases channel capacity decreases.