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AI Ramasubramani - STUDY ON THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF MARINE ALGAE CONCRETE PDF
AI Ramasubramani - STUDY ON THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF MARINE ALGAE CONCRETE PDF
INTRODUCTION
Algae are photosynthetic aquatic plants that utilize inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
The Phaeophyceae or brown algae, is a large group of mostly marine multicellular algae, including many
seaweeds. Worldwide there are about 1500–2000 species of brown algae. Some species are of sufficient
commercial importance, such as Ascophyllumnudism, that they have become subjects of extensive
research. Most brown algae contain the pigment fucoxanthin, and hence they are in greenish brown
colour.
Genetic studies show their closest relatives to be the yellow green algae. Brown algae exist in a wide
range of sizes and forms. The smallest members of the group grow as tiny, feathery tufts of threadlike
cells no more than a few centimeters long. Some species have a stage in their life cycle that consists of
only a few cells, making the entire alga microscopic.
Other groups of brown algae grow too much larger sizes. These are used as fertilizer, energy source, and
food source, for pigments, pollution control, and medicinal purposes. Concrete based on Portland cement
is the most widely used construction material in the world, and its production follows a trend of growth.
In 2011, the world production of Portland cement reached 2.8x109 tonnes and is expected to increase
around 4x109 tonnes for the 2050. About 15% of the total concrete production contains chemical
admixtures, which are chemicals added to concrete, mortar or grout at the time of mixing to modify their
properties, either in fresh or hardened state
Marine algae
About 71% of the world is surrounded by ocean. The most important herbivores in ocean are
phytoplankton and benthic algae. The marine algae familiarly known as seaweeds are a diverse group of
photoautotrophic organisms of various shapes (filamentous, ribbon like, or plate like) that contain
pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthophylls’. The growth of marine algae is abundant in
coastal area since sandy beaches provide excellent attachment points in a constantly moving and dynamic
environment of the sandy shore. The first type of plant life to attach itself to the coastal concrete structure
is a filamentous macro algae. The colonization is likely to be, due to the constant abrasion of the lower
regions by the action of the tide lifting the sand and small stones from around the base of the structure. A
number of seaweeds can be found in this type of environment although there are usually a few dominant
species like Chaetomorpha antennae. These green algae are classified in the Phylum Chlorophyta. Many
species of green algae grow attached to rocky and concrete substrates on or near the ocean's surface. In
general, because they are attached to a substrate, they are not tossed up on the beach by the waves.
2. Cylinder Specimens
A mould of internal dimensions of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height was used for casting of cylinder
for split tensile strength for both conventional concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete Specimens. The
Fig.-3 shows the Casting of Cubes and cylinders.
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF MARINE ALGAE CONCRETE R. Ramasubramani et al.
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF MARINE ALGAE CONCRETE R. Ramasubramani et al.
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vibrate by keeping on a vibrating machine.After casting the specimens were kept undisturbed for 24
hours. The specimens would de-mould and kept it in a curing tank in which the water should be at least
50 mm above the specimen surface. Fig.-6 shows the curing of specimens in curing tank. The curing of is
done for 28 days to attain the target mean strength the design concrete grade (Fig.-6).
EXPERIMENTAL
Deflection test for long beams
Specimen details
The cross-sectional dimension of long beams was taken as 150 × 200 and length was take as 1200 mm.
The Fe 415 grade of steel was used for both longitudinal and transverse reinforcements. Table-1 show the
details of minimum longitudinal reinforcements and spacing of transverse reinforcements required and
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actually provided respectively.The beams had been designed and made strong to avoid the failure,
especially at the middle portion. The beam size and length were chosen to ensure that the beams would
fail in deflection and also to test the specimen with the loading frame and the testing facilities available in
the structural laboratory of SRM University.
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STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF MARINE ALGAE CONCRETE R. Ramasubramani et al.
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Compressive Strength
Three numbers of the sample in each of concrete were subjected to compression test using the
compression-testing machine. The result of the average strength of cubes is shown in Table-1. The
comparison of the compressive strength of conventional concrete with that of marine algae concrete is
illustrated using a bar chart in Fig.-8.
Table-1: Compressive strength results for Conventional concrete Vs Marine algae concrete (N/mm2)
The concrete where marine algae were added to concrete showed an increase in compressive strength.
The strength increased with the number of days of curing. The maximum compressive strength attained
was 29.24 N/mm2 for 8% addition of marine algae to concrete.
35
Compressive
30
strength
25
20 3 days
15 7 days
10
28 days
5
0
CC 2% 5% 8% 10%
Percentage addition of Marine algae
Three numbers of the sample in each of concrete were subjected to testing using the compression-testing
machine. The result of the average strength of cylinders is shown in Table-2 and the comparison of split
tensile strength of conventional concrete with that of marine algae concrete is illustrated using bar chart in
Fig.-9.The strength increased with the number of days of curing. The maximum split tensile strength
attained was 4.6 N/mm2 for 8% addition of marine algae at the end of 28 days.
Table-2: Split tensile strength results for conventional concrete and marine algae concrete
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5
Split Tensile strength
3
(N/mm2)
3 days
2
7 days
1
28 days
0
0% 2% 5% 8% 10%
Percentage addition of Marine algae
Flexural Strength
Three numbers of the sample in each of concrete were subjected to testing using the compression-testing
machine. The result of the average strength of flexure beams is shown in Table- 3 and the comparison of
the flexural strength of conventional concrete with that of marine algae concrete is illustrated using line
graph in Fig.-10. The maximum flexural strength attained was 4.7 N/mm2 for 8% addition of marine
algae.
Table-3: Flexural strength results for conventional concrete and marine algae concrete
Impact strength
The samples in each concrete were subjected to testing using the drop weight impact test. The maximum
number of blows for the first crack and failure was 94 and 96 for 8% addition of marine algae in concrete.
The results of impact strength of concrete are shown in Table-4.
Young’s modulus
The sample in each of concrete was subjected to testing using the compression-testing machine with
fixing the compressometer. The test setup is shown in Fig.-11 and the results of the modulus of elasticity
of concrete are shown in Table-5.
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5
Flexural Strength
4
3
(N/mm²)
2 28 days
1
0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
Table-4: Impact strength results for conventional concrete and marine algae concrete
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Table-5: Young’s modulus results for conventional concrete and marine algae concrete
Deflection characteristics
The deflection of the long beams were studied with the help of crack forming with respective the load
applied and the deflection of the beam at the midpoint of the beam. The maximum deflection of the
conventional concrete is 13 mm at 9.6 tonnes of load and for optimum mix the maximum deflection is
7.43 mm at 11.2 tonnes of load.The initial crack in CC beam starts at 2.4 tonnes and for OM beam it starts
at 3.6 tonnes. The CC beam cracks at the shear portion of the beam (at supports), this shear failure was
arrested in the OM beam. The cracks formation was uniform (all over the beam) in the OM beam,
comparatively the CC beams crack formation is not in uniform (more at supports) the specimens with the
crack formation. Fig.-12 shows the specimen under testing and Fig.-13 shows the tested beam specimen.
Fig.-14 show the deflection crurve for both the CC and OM beams.
CONCLUSION
Following are the important results arrived from this study and they are; The 8% adition of marine algae
in concrete gives the optimum result.The optimum mix gives 20%, 20%, and 25% increase in
compression strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength respectively when compared with
conventional concrete.The optimum mix concrete beam sustains 15% higher load compare to the
conventional concrete beam.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to thank the SRM University Management, for their support to complete this study and
those who were directly or indirectly involved in this study.
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120
110
100
90
80
Load (kN)
70
60 CC
50
40 OM
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Deflection (mm)
REFERENCES
1. M. Schneider, M. Romer, M.H. Tschudin, Cem. Concr. Res., 41, 642 (2011).
2. M. Collepardi, Cement Concrete Composite, 20, 103 (1998).
3. J. Dransfield, J. Newman, B.S. Choo, Butterworth-Heinemann, Constituent Materials (2003).
4. F.M. Leon-Martinez , P.F. de J. Cano-Barrita, Elsevier, 65, 11(2014).
5. M. Lachemi, K.M.A.Hossain, V. Lambros, C. Nkinamubanzi, N. Bouzoubaâ, Cem. Concr. Res., 34,
917 (2004).
6. V. M. Malhotra, American Concrete Institute, 73, 628 (1976).
7. J. Plank, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechno., 66, 9 (2004).
8. IS: 2386 (Part-1), Indian Standard for Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete Particle Size and
Shape (1963).
9. IS: 12269, Indian Standard for Specification for 53 Grade OPC, Reaffirmed January (1987).
10. IS: 383, Indian Standard for Specification for Coarse Aggregates and Fine Aggregates from Natural
Sources for Concrete. (1970).
11. IS: 10262, Concrete Mix Design, Indian Standard Institution, New Delhi, (1982).
[RJC-1436/2016]
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