34 MODULE B The Body Link Syste ands Movements TABLE B.1 Segmental Movements Occurring Around a Mediolateral Axis and Along | a Sagittal Plane Movement Names ‘Aticulations : Flexion, extension, and hyperextension Hip, knee, shoulder, elbow, wri phalangeal joints, and vertebral column { Dorsiffexion and plantar flexion ‘Ankle joint Transverse extension and Shoulder and hip joints twansverse flexion! ‘anavers extension and flexion movements occur around the ML axis and along the sagital plane ofthe humerus and femur if moved nto the transverse body plane ftom anatomical position by abduction ofthe Shoulder or hip jin TABLE B.2 —___ Segmental Movements Occurring Around an Anteroposterior Axis and Along ‘a Frontal Plane ‘Movement Names” Vertebral column Lateral flexion Shoulder, hip, and metatarsophalangeal joints Abduction and adduction Radial and ulnar flexion (deviation) Wirst joint Elevation and depression Stemnoclavicular joint Upward and downward rotation ‘Acromioclavicuar joint Transverse abduction and adduetion* ‘Should and hip joints ‘Transverse abduction and adduction movements occu around the AP ax and along the fonal plane of the humerus and fem i moved nto the wansverce body plan fom anatomical postion by fled ofthe shoulder or hip Jon. TABLE B.3 Segmental Movements Occurring Around a Longitudinal Axis and Along a Transverse Plane ‘Movement Names ‘ Articulations ‘Medial and lateral rotation ‘Shoulder and hip joints; knee joint at 90-degree flexion Pronation and supination Radioulnar joint ‘Tansverse (Lateral) rotation Vertebral column Protraction and retraction® Sternoclavicular joint? Inversion and eversion Subtalar joint (talocaleaneal) ‘rotration and reaction ofthe shoulder gid are sometimes called abduction and addution, respec tively, when refering to the movernent ofthe seapa relative to the vertebral column, Asis and plane ae named relative to the sternum, nt tothe clavicleB3_ The Body's Link System and Ws Movements 35 ___Mediolatoral axis“ io) (hip joint) NS / ' p(_ Mediotateral axis $57 (knee joint) Mediolateral axis (shoulder join) Note: Forearm is in ‘neutral position () \ ~ = Transverse | } flexion I, / 4 ~~ A/ Transverse extension Mediolateral ° : axis (shoulder) FIGURE B.11 Segmental movements illstrating joint mation around a mediolateral ais and along : a sagtal plan.36 MODULE B The Bo’ Link System and is Movements Mediolateral axis (wrist) | Mediolateral axis | Vi {elbow joint) Flexion Extension Modiotatoral axis (vertebral column) — g Plantar flexion FIGURE B.11 Continued Anteroposterior Axis-Frontal Longitudinal Axis-Transverse Plane Movements Plane Movements ‘Table B.2 lists the articulations and their movements _ Table B.3 lists the articulations and their movements that occur around an AP axis and along a frontal that occur around a longitudinal axis and along a plane. Movements illustrating these joint motions transverse plane. Movements illustrating these joint around an AP axis and along a frontal plane are motions around a longitudinal axis and along a trans- verse plane are shown in Figure B32 shown in Figure B.12a-f.Lateral flexion (ight) Anteroposterior axis, (vertebral column) Upward rotation of scapula Anteroposterior axis (shoulder joint) [a Upward rotation ' Adduction of scapula b FIGURE B.12 BS The Bos Link System and ts Movements 37 Lateral flexion (et) ‘Anteroposterior axis {hip joint) — ‘Aduction Segmental movements illustrating joint maton around an anteroposterior axis and along a frontal plane, In free space, the entire body may move around an axis and along a plane. The body's axis and plane associated with a given total body movement remain the same no matter what orientation the body seg, ‘ments assume. For instance, Figure B.14 shows a body turning around its ML. axis in tuck, pike, layout, and back-arch positions. Similarly, with segmental ‘motion, the joint’s axis and plane remain the same ‘no matier wiiat orientation the body part assumes or ‘what position the body is in, For instance, the flexion of the elbow occurs around the elbow's ML axis, whether it is flexed from anatomical position or flexed when the arm is abducted at the shoulder3B MODULE B The Body’ Link System and ts Movements Anteroposterior axis (waist) Radial flexion Ulnar flexion ‘Anteroposterior axis, (termoclavicular joint) fb cage—| \ | | cage e (t-te: Foearmisin (ay Seated poston r |\ Transverse adduction 4 x ‘Transverse abduction Xv saetiveeeineiasndeianccenceniitiicisnbinhanatitvessininininieniibeine WA go f (shoulder joint) FIGURE B.12__ ContinuedB.S The Bod’ Link System and hs Movements 39 Modal rolaton * Note: Elbow and knee are flexed in a and c Longitudinal axis (ehoulder joint) Longitudinal axis Lateral tat (hip joint) Medial rotation . Longitudinal axis (hip joint) Longitudinal axis (cadioulnar joint) Longitudinal axis (shoulder joint) Lateral rotation yh BJ ‘Supination Pronation c FIGURE B.15. Segmental movements ilustaing joint mation around a longitudinal ays and along a transverse plane.40 MODULE B_ The Bo’ Lik System and Its Moverents| Logitudinal axis (vertebral column) é | Longitudinal axis [ — tomodlaveta it rotation Transverse rotation (vertebral column) a Protraction Retraction “Retraction ——_—Protraction Longitudinal axis (ubtalar joint) Eversion Inversion FIGURE B.13__ Continued=” Back arch 1B The Body Link System and is Moverents 4 FIGURE B.14_ ‘A body turning in space in four different body postions around similar parallel axes: 2) tuck, (©) pike, (6 layout, and (@ back ach Refer to Figure A.9. For each articulation labeled, list all the anatomical movements possible. Demonstrate each. Name the plane and axis used for each of the movements listed. Demonstrate the anatomical position and move- ments along each of the three anatomical planes and around each of three axes of the body. Experiment with the articulations of the body pre- viously named. Determine the number of axes around which the more distal segment moves. (Since there are only three axes, the number will be zero, one, two, or three: nonaxial, uniaxial, bi axial, oF triaxial, respectively.) For the body illustrated in Figure A.9, name the segments in the body's link system most impor: tant to the biomechanist. UNDERSTANDING THE BODY'S LINK SYSTEM AND ITS MOVEMENTS List all the articulations that are triaxial, biaxial, and uniaxial For the following movements, list the axis and plane used during the force phase of the move- ‘ment: (a) the breathing movement for the front crawl (neck), (b) the vertical jump (knee), (¢) the elementary backstroke (shoulder joint), (d) the forehand drive in tennis (shoulder joint), (e) the placekick (knee), and (f) turning a door handle (radioulnar joint) With the help of a partner, perform an easy run, a situp, a jumping jack, and a push-up. Describe the articulations being used, the axis and plane of ‘movement of each segment being moved, and the degrees of motion of each segment. Se Se.