VARIETY and SEED SELECTION

Used High Quality Seeds of a recommended variety.

Assessment of MAO (Municipal Agriculture office. The seed of an improved rice variety is certified by
the NSQCS as evidenced by a tag attached to the sack . Foundation and Registered seeds coming form a
reliable source ( e.g., PhilRice , accredited seed growers) are also acceptable.

Importance. Certified seed is pure clean, full and uniform in size, and has a minimum germination rate
of 85%. The use certified seeds leads to healthy seedlings that grow fast and uniformly. All these can
contribute to a 5-10% increase in grain yield.

Recommendations

Choose a variety with high yield potential, marker demand, and tested in technology demonstration
or adaptability trials.

VARIETY at SEED SELECTION

Ginamit na Mataas na kalidad ng Binhi ng isang inirekumendang iba't.

Ang pagtatasa ng MAO (Munisipal na tanggapan ng Agrikultura. Ang binhi ng isang

pinahusay na iba't ibang bigas ay pinatunayan ng NSQCS bilang napatunayan sa pamamagitan
ng isang tag na nakakabit sa sako.Ang Foundation at Rehistradong mga buto na darating ay
bumubuo ng isang maaasahang mapagkukunan (hal., PhilRice, accredited seed growers) ay
din. katanggap-tanggap.

Kahalagahan. Ang sertipikadong binhi ay purong malinis, buo at pantay sa laki, at may isang
minimum na rate ng pagtubo ng 85%. Ang paggamit ng sertipikadong mga buto ay
humahantong sa malusog na mga punla na lumalaki nang mabilis at pantay. Ang lahat ng ito ay
maaaring mag-ambag sa isang 5-10% na pagtaas sa ani ng butil.

Mga rekomendasyon

Pumili ng isang iba't ibang mga potensyal na may mataas na ani, hinihiling ng marker, at
nasubok sa pagpapakita ng teknolohiya o mga pagsubok sa pagbagay.
 Farmers often prefer new varieties, believing that they yield better. But a variety may be
released based on reasons other than yield (e.g., better grain quality and resistance to pests). If the
farmer decides to plant a new variety, the Agricultural technologist should recommend a variety that
has been tested in the farmers municipality for more than a year.

Mas madalas na ginusto ng mga magsasaka ang mga bagong varieties, na naniniwala na
magbubuti sila nang mas mahusay. Ngunit ang iba't ibang maaaring mailabas batay sa mga
dahilan maliban sa ani (hal., Mas mahusay na kalidad ng butil at paglaban sa mga peste). Kung
nagpapasya ang magsasaka na magtanim ng isang bagong iba't-ibang, dapat na
inirerekumenda ng teknolohiyang pang-agrikultura ang iba't ibang nasubok sa munisipalidad ng
mga magsasaka nang higit sa isang taon.

LAND PREPARATION

No high and low soil spots after final leveling.

Assessment of MAO (Municipal Agriculture office. During land leveling, the field should have 2-5 cm
water depth. The field should have no visible mound of soil above the water surface after the final
leveling.

PAGHAHANDA NG LUPAIN

Walang mataas at mababang mga lugar ng lupa pagkatapos ng panghuling leveling.

Pagtatasa ng MAO (Tanggapan ng Munisipal na Agrikultura. Sa panahon ng antas ng lupa, ang bukid ay

dapat magkaroon ng lalim ng tubig na 2-5 cm. Ang bukid ay dapat walang nakikitang mound ng lupa sa

itaas ng ibabaw ng tubig pagkatapos ng pangwakas na antas.

Importance. A properly leveled field allows for more uniform water distribution, requires less water to
fill up reduces weed incidence, and better management of golden apple snails. It helps achieve a
uniform crop maturity.

Recommendations to achieve

Clean and repair dikes and ditches.

Dikes must be cleaned to remove pest; compacted to prevent seepage, and properly maintained
15 cm high x 20 cm wide to prevent rat burrowing.

Kahalagahan

Ang isang maayos na leveled na patlang ay nagbibigay-daan para sa higit na pantay na

pamamahagi ng tubig, ay nangangailangan ng mas kaunting tubig upang punan ang
binabawasan ang saklaw ng damo, at mas mahusay na pamamahala ng mga gintong snails.
Makakatulong ito na makamit ang isang pare-parehong pagkahinog ng ani.

Mga rekomendasyon upang makamit Malinis at maayos ang mga dike at kanal.

Dapat malinis ang mga dikes upang matanggal ang peste; compact upang maiwasan
ang seepage, at maayos na pinanatili ang 15 cm mataas na x 20 cm ang lapad upang
maiwasan ang pagdagsa ng peste.
 Ditches will ensure evenater distribution and drainage. Drainage removes toxic substances,
allows organic matter to decompose, and helps the plant produce deeper and stronger roots.

Plowing and harrowing. Plow under weeds and stubbles 10 to 15 cm deep 3 to 4 weeks before
transplanting or direct wet seeding to allow decomposition and recycle plat nutrients. Decomposition is
faster in moist soil. If organic materials are not fully decomposed, soil tends to become acidic and some
nutrients become less available.

Harrow the field at least twice at one week interval. The first harrowing is done a week after plowing to
break the clods and incorporate the stubbles. This allows drop seeds and weed seeds to germinate. The
second harrowing across the direction of the first plow, also the initial leveling, further incorporates the
volunteer plants and allows the germination of the remaining drop seeds and weed seeds. These
practices help reduce the initial pest host population and maintain the hardpan.

Level the field . Use a wooden plank or power tiller-attached leveler.

Direct wet-seeded rice (DWSR). Construct small canals near the levee surrounding the field and in the
middle of the field as paths for excess water, collecting golden apple snails, and paths to facilitate field
operation such as planting missing hills and and weeding.

CROP ESTABLISHMENT

Practiced synchronous plating after a fallow period.

Assessment of MAO (Municipal Agriculture office. The field should have a fallow period of at least 30
days after harvest. It should be planted within 14 days before and after the majority of the irrigation
service area has been planted.

Importance. Synchronous planting within one month avoids the overlapping incidence of insect and
disease populations. A fallow period of at least one month breaks the insect pest cycle and destroys
disease hosts. This scheme is largely affected by the availability of irrigation water in the locality.

Recommendation to achieve Key Check

Allow a fallow period of at least a month from harvest to establishment of the next crop.

This can break the pest cycle and facilitate the success of crop management practices.

Follow the local planting calendar.

This maximizes the use of irrigation within the community.

Assessment of MAO (Municipal Agriculture office

Transplanted rice (TPR). Seed rate is 20 to 40 kg/ha for inbred and 15 to 20 kg/ha for hybrid.
After replanting missing hills within 7 days after transplanting (DAT), assess the healtg status of seedling
at 10 DAT. There should be at least 25 hills/m2.

Randomly select 3 sampling sites in a diagonal line across the field. The sampling sites should be at least
1 m from the edge of the field. Count the number of hills/m using a 1 m x 1 m quadrat. Add the number
of hills and divide the total by 3 to get the average number of hills/m2.

Direct wet-seeded rice (DWSR). Fifteen days after seeding (DAS) pre-germinated seeds, plant
density should be at least 150 plants/ m2 for a rate of 40 kg seeds/ha. For a seed rate 80 kg/ha, plant
density should be at least 300 plant/m2.

To assess plant density, use 1 m x 1 m quadrat (1 m2). Ramdomly select 3 sampling sites in a diagonal
line across the field. Each sampling site 1 m2 quadrat should be at least 1 m from the edge of the field.
Count the number of plants/ m2 using a 1 m x 1 m quadrat. Add the number of plants and divide the
total by 3 to get the average number of plants/m2

In every parcel for TPR and DWSR, ramdomly select 10 hills. Each hill should have at least one healthy
seedling . A healthy seedling is green, with good growth, and free from pest and disease.

Importance. Healthy seedling can produce a good canopy and compete better against weeds.

Recommendation to achieve

Table 1. Recommended crop establishment practices for transplanted inbred and hybrid rice.

Variety Seedling rate Minimun Age of No. seedling Planting

Kg/ha Seedbed area seedling (days) (per hill ) distance
M2 (cm x cm)
Inbred 20-40 400 20-25 1-3 20x20
Hybrid 15-20 400 20-25 1-2 20x20

Sowing the right amount of seeds results in strong and healthy seedling.

Resulting seedling have higher survival rate and easily recover form transplanting shock. Sowing a higher
amount of seeds result in thin and weak seedlings . Proper spacing enables the crop to develop a good
ground cover and help control weeds

Transplanted rice. Establish seedbed near a water source and protect if from pests, particularly birds
and rats. It should have a good drainage.
Proper water and pest management are important at this stage. If the germinated seeds are covered too
deeply with water, this will result in weak seedling with poor root growth because of lack or air in the
soil. Birds and rats feed on seeds directly and pull up germinating seeds and so it is important to guard
the seedbed against these pests.

Apply the organic materials before leveling the seedbed. For fine-textured soil, incorporate 10-15 bags
organic materials or 3 – 4 bags commercial organic fertilizer in a 400 m2 seedbed before sowing the
seeds.

Organic materials help loosen the soil. Thus it makes pulling of seedlings easier and minimizes root
damage. Use compost or any fully decomposed organic materials such as dried animal manure ,
carbonized rice hull, or rice straw.

For medium- texured soil,you may not apply organic materials.

For direct wet-seeded rice, the field is ready for seeding after land preparation and leveling as described
in the recommendation for Key Check 2. Pre-germinates seeds/seedling should be protected from birds,
rats, snails and weeds following the standed practices described in the pest management section.
Broadcast pre-germinated seeds evenly onto the leveled field.

Sow extra pre-germinated seeds (1 kg ) on the sidew of the field for replanting. Replant bare patches 7-
10 DAS.

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

Sufficient nutrient from tillering to early panicle initiation and flowering.

Assessment of Key Check. From tillering to early panicle initiation(EPI) and flowering , apply N fertilizer
(1.5 bags urea per hectare in dry season or 1.0 bag urea per hectare in wet season ) if LCC reading is
below 4 for transplanted and below 3 for direct wet-seeded rice ( see tables 2 and 3 for application of
fertilizer, pp. 31-32).

Transplanted rice. At flowering achieve at least 300 panicles/m2. To assess panicle density, randomly
select 3 sampling sites in diagonal line across the field. The sampling sites should be at least 1 m from
the edge of the field. Count the number of panicles using a 1 m x 1 m quadrat (1 m2). Add the number of
panicles and divide the total by 3 get the average number of panicles/m2.

Direct wet-seeded rice. At flowering achieve at least 350 panicles/m2.

To assess panicle density, randomly select 3 sampling sites in a diagonal line across the field. The
sampling sites should be at least 1 m from the edge of the field. Count the number of panicles using a
1 m x 1 m quadrat (1 m2 ). Add the number of panicles and divide the total by 3 to get the average
number of panicles/m2.

Importance. Sufficient nutrients from tillering th EPI, and flowering will ensure good crop growth,
panicle development, and attainment of yield potential. The aptimun panicle density could be
associated with the attainment of yield potential.

Recommendation to achieve

Know and manage the nitrogen needs of your plants based on LCC and assess other nutrients based on
MOET or nutrient omission Plot ( Box 3).

Proper management of nutrients improves crops growth and yield. It means giving the right kind and
amount of nutrients at the right time.

Rice plants grow and respond better to fertilizer when there is more sunlight.
Conduct the Minus One Element Technique( MOET) test 30 days before transplanting or direct wet
seeding and assess nutrient status based on visible plant nutrient deficiency symptoms and growth
response( i. e., plant height and tiller number) nut not plant biomass.

Use the leaf color chart (LCC) every 7 days from early tillering to early flowering to assess the crop need
for nitrogen (N) fertilizer. LCC and MOET are simple tools that can assess nutrient deficiency, guide
fertilizer application, and generate saving in fertilizer use.

Aside from nutrient deficiency, consider mineral toxicity in deciding on the nutrients to apply. In the
lowlands, iron toxicity is most common, especially where there is permanent flooding during crop
growth. Iron toxicity-affected rice plants have tiny brown spot on the lower leaves starting from the tip
or have orange- yellow to brown leaves.

To manage iron toxicity use intermittent irrigation and avoid continuous flooding on poorly drained soil,
balanced fertilizer, and perform dry tillage after harvest to increase iron oxidation during the fallow
period.

Nitrogen. Use the LCC every 7 days from 14 days after transplanting (DAT) or 21 days after seeding
(DAS)until early flowering. But if 14-14-14-12S is applied at 14 DAT or 21 DAS (Tables 2 and 3),LCC
reading start at 21 DAT or 28 DAS.

Nitrogen affects many processes contributing to yield. It increase plant height tiller number, leaf size,
spikelet number per panicle, percentage filled spikelets, and grain protein content. Thus, if N is deficient,
plants become stunted and yellowish.

If there is too much N, particularly between panicle initiation and flowering, the rice plant becomes
prone to lodging and pests . Excess N is also costly.

The LCC helps farmers determine the right time of N application by measuring the leaf color intensity . If
more than 5 out of 10 leaves have reading below the critical value of 4, apply 1.5 bags of 46-0-0(urea)or
3.5 bags of 21-0-0-24S( ammonium sulfate) during the DS and 1 bag of 46-0-0 or 2 bags of 21-0-0-24S
during th WS.
Ammonium sulfate is used instead of urea when plant shows sulfur deficiency(i.g., thru MOET or visual
symptoms shown in p.35), or if sulfur-containing fertilizer like 14-14-14-12S is not used.