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Chapter 3
The following parameters should be considered while selecting the substrate material
in the design of antennas
a) Surface wave excitation
b) Dispersion of the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the substrate
c) Copper loss
d) Anisotropy of the substrate
e) Effects of temperature, humidity and aging
f) Mechanical requirements: conformability, machinability, solderability,
weight, elasticity etc.
g) Cost
The first three factors are of special concern in the millimetre wave range (f>=30
GHz).
Surface waves can be excited at the dielectric-to-air interface. Surface waves give
rise to end fire radiation. In addition they can lead to unwanted coupling between
array elements. The phase velocity of surface waves is strongly dependent on the
dielectric constant εr and thickness h of the substrate. The excitation of surface waves
in a dielectric slab backed by a ground plane has been well studied (Collin, Field
Theory of Guided Waves). The lowest order TM mode, TM0, has no cut-off
frequency. The cut-off frequencies for higher order modes (TMn and TEn) are given
by
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Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
n.c
f c( n ) , n 1,2..... (13)
4h r 1
Where ‘c’ is the speed of light. The cut-off frequencies for the TEn modes are given
by n=1, 3, 5 ... and the cut-off frequencies for the TMn modes are given by the even
n. For the TE1 mode the calculated values of h/λc (1) are 0.217 for duroid (εr = 2.32),
h (1) c h n
0.0833 for alumina (εr = 9.2). Where (1)
are [c (1)
, (1)
].
c f c c 4 r 1
Thus, the lowest order TE1 mode is excited at 41 GHz for 1.6 mm thick duroid
substrate, and at about 39 GHz for 0.635 mm thick alumina substrate. The substrate
h h
thickness is chosen so that the ratio is well below (1)
( 0 is free-space
0 c
wavelength at operating frequency)
c
h (14)
4 fu r 1
Where ‘fu ’is the highest frequency in the band of operation. Note that ‘h’ should be
chosen as high as possible under the constraint of (3), so that maximum efficiency is
achieved. Also ‘h’ has to conform to the commerciality available substrates. Another
practical formula for ‘h’ is
0.3c
h (15)
2f u r
The TM0 mode has no cut-off frequency and is always present to some extent. The
surface TM0 wave excitation becomes appreciable when h/λ > 0.09 (εr =2.3) and
when h/λ > 0.03 (εr =10) generally to suppress the TM0 mode, the dielectric constant
should be lower and the substrate height should be smaller. Unfortunately decreasing
εr increases the antenna size, while decreasing h leads to smaller antenna efficiency
and frequency band. Table 3.1 shows the electrical properties of some commonly
used substrate materials.
Table 3.1 Electrical properties of commonly used substrate materials for microstrip antennas
S No Material Dielectric constant Loss Tangent
1 Unreinforced PTFE, Cuflon 2.1 0.0004
2 Reinforced PTFE, RT Duroid 5880 2.2 (1.5%) 0.0009
3 Fused Quartz 3.78 0.0001
4 96% Alumina 9.4 (5%) 0.0010
5 99.5% Alumina 9.8 (5%) 0.0001
6 Sapphire 9.4, 1.6 0.0001
7 Semi insulating GaAs 12.9 0.0020
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Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
99.5% Alumina is one of the most widely specified, general purpose technical
ceramic materials. It has very hard and wear resistant with high compressive
strength even against extreme temperatures and corrosive environments.
Table 3.2shows the non electrical properties of the commonly used substrate
materials and Table 3.3 shows the popular Rogers Corporation substrate materials,
which are mostly used in the printed antenna technology.
Table 3.2 Non Electrical properties of commonly used substrate materials for microstrip
antennas
Properties PTFE Fused Quartz Alumina Sapphire GaAs
Temperature range
-55 -260 <+1100 <+1600 -24 -370 -55 -260
(ᵒC)
Thermal
Conductivity 0.0026 0.017 0.35-0.37 0.42 0.46
(w/cm.k)
Coefficient of
16.0-108.0 0.55 6.30-6.40 6.00 5.70
thermal expansion
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Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
(ppm/k)
Temperature
coefficient of
+350 to 480 +13.0 136.0 110 to 140 -
dielectric constant
(ppm/k)
Minimum thickness
4 2 5 4 4
(mil)
Machinability Good Very Poor Very Poor Poor Poor
Solderability Good Good Good Good Good
Poor for
Dimensional unreinforced,
Good Excellent Good Good
Stability Good for
others
Very
Cost Very Low High Low -
High
RT/duroid high frequency circuit materials are filled PTFE (random glass or
ceramic) composite laminates for use in high reliability, aerospace and defence
applications. Low electrical loss, low moisture absorption, stable dielectric constant
over frequency are the benefits from this material. It can be used in airborne and
ground based radar systems, millimetre wave applications, military radar systems,
missile guidance systems and space satellite transceivers. RT/duroid 5870 high
frequency laminates are PTFE composites reinforced with glass microfibers.
The dependence of the dielectric constant εr and loss tangent on the frequency is
referred to as frequency dispersion. For frequencies up to 100 GHz (The typical
ranges for printed antennas is <30 GHz), the dispersion of εr is practically negligible.
The losses, however, display noticeable changes with frequency. In general, loss
increases with frequency.
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Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
The loss in the feed lines and the patches themselves are usually computed with
formulas, which were first derived for microstrip transmission lines.
3.3.2 Dielectric loss (in dB per unit length, length is in the units used for 0 )
r [ r ( f ) 1] tan
d 27.3 . eff .
reff ( f ) ( r 1) 0
(16)
Where λ0 is free space wavelength, tan δ is loss tangent and εr is dielectric constant of
1/ 2
r 1 r 1 h w
. 1 12 ,.................... 1
2 2 W h
reff (0) 1/ 2 2
r 1 r 1 . 1 12 h 0.04 1 W ,..... w 1
2
2 W h h
(18)
Alternative expression for the quasi-static approximation of reff can be found in [5].
The quasi-static expressions need a dispersion correction for frequencies higher than
8 GHz. One possible correction is based on an empirical formula for the dispersive
phase velocity in a microstrip line [5]. We first compute a normalized frequency
(normalized with respect to the cut-off of the TE1 mode):
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Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
f 4h r 1
fn (1)
.
f c 0 (19)
Then, the dispersive phase velocity is calculated as
1 f n2 reff (0) r
vp . .
0 reff (0) f n2 1
(20)
Finally,
reff ( f ) (c / v p ) 2 .
(21)
W 1.25t 4 W W' 1
1 ln , for
W' h h t h 2
h W 1.25t 2h W' 1
1 ln ,.... for
h h t h 2
(24)
'
2 2
R Rs 1 arctan 1.4 ,
s
(25)
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Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
over a conducting rod of length l and perimeter of its cross-section P, the resultant
resistance is
Rhf Rs .l / P, . .
Finally, the total loss is the sum of the conduction and dielectric losses:
t d c . (26)
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Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
filled
Irradiated
8 polyolefin-glass, 2.42 0.001 Fair Excellent -27 to +100 Medium
reinforced
Polyolefin-Ceramic,
9 3 to 10 0.001 Poor Excellent -27 to +100 High
Powder filled
Medium to
10 Glass-bonded mica 7.5 0.002 Excellent Excellent -27 to +593
high
Silicon resin-
0.0005
11 Ceramic, powder 3 to 25 Fair to Good Good -27 to +268 Medium
to 0.004
filled
Polyester-Ceramic
12 powder filled glass, 6 0.017 Excellent Excellent -27 to +205 Medium
reinforced
Polymethacrylate
13 1.07 0.0009 _ _ _ _
foam, Rohacell 51
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Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
The main objective is to design a basic microstrip antenna with rectangular shaped
patch operating at a specific frequency. Selecting suitable geometry according to the
substrate material dielectric constant, loss tangent and thickness is crucial in this
process. When substrate material dielectric constant is low, fringing fields around the
patch will increase and thus the radiated power. Antenna efficiency will decrease
with high loss tangent value.
Patch width will affect less on resonating frequency and radiation pattern, but it
affects the bandwidth considerably. Increase in patch width leads to increment in
bandwidth and radiation efficiency. The patch width should be taken more than patch
length without exciting undesired modes. The patch length can be calculated as
c
L -------- (27)
2 fr r
Fields are not entirely confined to the patch. A fraction of fields lie outside the
physical dimensions of the patch, which is called as fringing fields. The fringing field
effect can be included with effective dielectric constant reff .
c
L -------- (28)
2 f r reff
Mainly three essential parameters are required to design the rectangular patch
antenna.
1. Resonant frequency: The designed antenna should operate at that particular
frequency
2. Dielectric Constant of Substrate: Performance deciding factor
3. Substrate Height: Bandwidth improvement factor
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Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
1. For the case of coaxial feeding, center of the patch should be considered as origin
and feed location will be represented as (Xf, Yf) from origin. Feed point should be
selected on the patch with input impedance of 50 ohms at a particular location for the
resonating frequency.
c
W -------- (29)
r 1
2 f0
2
r 1 r 1 h
reff (1 12 ) 0.5 --------- (30)
2 2 w
c
Leff ---------- (31)
2 f 0 reff
Lg 6 h L
--------- (33)
Wg 6 h W
7. Finding feed point location for perfect impedance matching once by calculating
the dimensions of the antenna using commercial EM tool, the design and simulation
will be carried out. Nowadays almost all the tools are providing wide range of
substrate material library for choosing particular material. Once after getting
simulation results, then optimization of the model will be done with the tool before
going for the fabrication. Seven substrate materials are considered in this work to
examine the performance of different antennas. These materials dielectric constant
and loss tangent values are provided in Table 1.2 of chapter 1.
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