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    34 views16 pages

    2006 - Etnicidad y Territorio en El Egip PDF

    Uploaded by

    Jazmín López Castillo

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    AVLA ASGYPTIACA - STVDIA 6 ETNICIDAD Y TERRITORIO EN EL EGIPTO DEL REINO ANTIGUO Andrés Diego Espinel Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Servei de Publicacions Bellaterra, 2006 Colecet6n: Aula Aégyptiaca ~ Studia Volumen 6 Director de la coleccion: Josep Cervell6 Autuori Aula 2ayptiaca ~ Studia es una publicacion del nsw studs del Proxim Orient Antic de a Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (08195 Bellaterra (Barcelona) ‘mall lepoaduabes htt://wenab.es/lepoa/ © Institut Fstucls del Proxim Ortent Ane - UAB 2006 (© Serve de Publiccions ~ UAB 2006 © Andrés Diego Expinel Disetogrifco: Joan Buxé dein: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona -Servei de Pubicecons (08195 Bellaterra Barcelona) ‘ema spauabes dbupy lues.uabes/pubicacions Impresion: Arrvmprés, $a ISBN: 84390-25609 Depésito legal: B41.998-2006 Printed in Spain indice Prefacio, por José Manuel Galén Introducci6n Nota metodol6gica on» 19 PRIMERA PARTE Espacio, hombres e ideas. Etnicidad durante el Reino Antiguo a Introducci6n a la Primera Parte : - 23 Capitulo 1. La diferenciacion geografica 27 1. Criterio pedolégico : 28 LL =, dot 28 1.2. B&, dire 29 1.3. kme y dort, 30 2. Criterio topografico : . 3 21-8 31 2.1.1. Introduccion . 31 2.1.2. #8 como Egipto 33 2.1.3. Egipto como un espacio dual 4 Ly BW ne uM Sinénimos de #20 . 36 47S, ldbwy 36 eam at, cpiyispzaty 38 TBS, FF, 8 iw sw sev 38 +, im; 3, 38 Fit. mh; 8 39 EL Alto y el Bajo Egipto sen 40 2.1.4. Referencias indirectas a Egipto 422 —2, Bn s 2 Derivados de pn 43 2.1.5. 17 como terra extranjera 44 2.1.6. Conclusion 46 2.2, wa, bist : 47 2.2.1. Introduccion 47 2.2.2. ist como paisaje natural so Bast, edesierto 0 sabana? : 31 =, dist 55 Términos con el determinativo =: 58 E, zmit se Térmings orograficos 60 a) [Ser 60 by The 9) : 60 AE 2S, int : 61 a) DSL, sar 62 oss : 62 Términos que designan espacios econdmicos 63 520 Emicidad y territorio en el Egipto del Reino Antiguo a) *smnismnt ) *rowlnwe ‘Términos que designan necropolis ©), 2 dor 8) LS, won Topénimos egipcios con el determinative = Toponimos que designan accidentes naturales. Topénimos que mencionan lugares en el desierto a) Canteras +b) Necropolis €) Topénimos religiosos 2.2.3, ws como territorio extranjero =, post Topénimos com el determinative =~ 2.2.4, Conclusion 2.3, Otros términos 2.3.1, Términos de areas pantanosas dentro del valle ge ass ie Apariciones conjuntas de los tres términos Br y 2%, kmewr wider 2S, kw 2.3.2. Términos para designar espacios fuera del valle El logograma = « 2.3.3. Conclusion 3. Los criterios hidrolégico y climatico 4. Conclusion Capitulo 2. La diferenciacion étnica 1. La designacién de los egipcios y de los extranjeros LL. Términos genéricos para designar a la humanidad y a los egipcios LL, SA, me mg como designacion de toda la humanidad ‘now contrapuestos a los muertos ‘niu como sitbditos del monarca egipcio ‘nbiw como categoria administrativa 1.1.3. Gentilicios que se refieren a la poblacion egipcia 1.1.4. Condusi6n 1.2, Términos genéricos para designar a los extranjeros 64 64 66 66 67 68 68 69 70 a 7 3 3 73 76 76 81 BL 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 105 106 106 106 107 109 M1 i 2 14 4 6 u7 indice 1.2.1. Términos para referirse a los extranjeros, Términos genéricos Si, sy ZEEE ges 28, dy =P-8, noty S&, sms (2) seudoetnénimos = pot pdwe 1283, fry Pe, mnry.w 19, zntyar Conclusion 1.2.2. Etnénimos y gentilicios Etnénimos y gentilcios libios SHY, savy. = ANE. prin. cw) Etnénimos y gentilicios siro-palestinos SIME, nw FaBe, cn. rns fw. finbnimos y genticis aricanos THE, atsy.w 1.2.3. Otras formas para designar el origen extranjero de los individuos Antropénimos de origen extranjero Etn6nimos y gentilicios utilizados como apelativos Etn6nimos y gentilicios utilizados como antropénimos Signos graficos indicativos del origen extranjero de los antropénimos 2. Criterios de diferenciacién antropolégica y cultural 2.1, La representacién de los egipcios y de los pueblos extranjeros 2.1.1, La autorrepresentacién egipcia 2.1.2. Caracteristicas generales de la representacién de los extranjeros 2.1.3, Los libios 2.1.4, Los siro-palestinas 2.1.5. Los nubios 2.1.6, Otros pueblos 2.1.7. Conclusion 2.2. La diferenciacién linglistica 3. Conclusion Apéndice: 824s, rhyr 1. Las fuentes LLL. El contexto oficial 1.2. El contexto profano 2. Conclusion 21. Spry SARE, humme 2.2. Interpretacion de rejit 2.2.1. Rejit como grupo humano 522 Etnicidad y territorio en el Egipto del Reino Antiguo 2.2.2, Rejit en la religion egipcia 2.2.3, Rejit como categoria social egipcia 2.2.4, Sintesis Capitulo 3. Ideologia e identidad 1. El monarca egipcio y la contencién del desorden 1.1. Maat en el cosmos 1.2, Maat en la tierra El mito de Set y Horus 2.1. Los textos de las pirdmides y La teologia menfita 2.1.1. Antigiedad de La teologia menfita 2.1.2, Bl Texto 2.1.3, Las evidencias del mito en el Reino Antiguo La muerte de Osiris La lucha entre Set y Horus El juicio entre los dos adversarios Horus/Rey como soberano de Egipto La soberania sobre Egipto a) La unidad del territorio egipcio ) Egipto como herencia divina La soberania universal El destino de Set ws 2.2. El himno al Ojo de Horus (formula 587, PT 1587a-1606d) 2.2.1, Introduccion 2.2.2. El texto 2.2.3. Comentario 2.3. La diosa Hathor 2.3.1. Hathor y su asociacién con el culto solar 2.3.2. Hathor en Los textos de las pirdmides 2.3.3. Las trladas de Menkaure 2.3.4, Otras evidencias 2.3.5. Conclusion 3. Ejemplos de localismo 3.1. La ciudad 3.2. La provincia 3.3. La cludad y la provincia como lugar de enterramiento 3.4. El monarca como patria 4, Conclusién SEGUNDA PARTE Fronteras y territorios. Territorialidad durante el Reino Antiguo Introduccion a la Segunda Parte Capitulo 4. Léxico de la territorialidad 1. Términos para designar las fronteras y los limites 196 198 198 201 201 202 203 207 208 209 213 217 aur 220 223 226 227, 227 230 231 237 239 239 24 246 249) 250 252 253 254 255, 256 257 259 259 262 264 267 269 273 273 273 275 276 280 281 indice 523 2. Términos para cipos y mojones: = 0, izt 289 3. Conclusion « 290 Capitulo 5. Territorialidad y fronteras en Egipto durante el Reino Antiguo 293 1, La expresién simbolica de la tertitorialidad «ncn ns 1 293 LiL. El disco solar alado 294 1.2. Nejbet y Uadjet 296 1.3. La carrera ritual en torno a los cipos en forma de D 298 1.3.1, Los cipos en forma de D 298 1.3.2, La carera de la fiesta Sed 299 1.3.3, Otras ceremonias 302 La circunvalacién en torno a la fortaleza 302 La carrera del toro Apis 303 14, Conclusion 304 2. Las fronteras politicas 306 2.1. La frontera meridional 307 2.1.1. La Primera Catarata y Elefantina 307 La Baja Nubia durante el Periodo Tinita y el Reino Antiguo 308 Elefantina durante el Periodo Tinita 310 Elefantina durante el Reino Antiguo 312 2.1.2. La presencia egipcia en la Baja Nubia 317 2.1.3. Conclusion 320 2.2. Las fronteras oriental y occidental 321 2.2.1. El sistema fronterizo egipcio en el valle 321 Los centros urbanos 322 Instalaciones defensivas y vigilancia de las fronteras en el valle 324 2.2.2. Las fronteras del Desierto Oriental 331 La poblacién autéctona 331 La presencia egipcia en el Desierto Oriental 334 2.2.3. Las fronteras del Desierto Occidental 339 La poblacién autéctona 340 La presencia egipcia en el Desierto Occidental 343 Los oasis o 346 Dajla 346 Jarga 349 Farafra y Bahariya 350 EL-Fayum 351 2.2.4. Conclusion 354 2.3. Las fronteras septentrionales: el Delta 356 2.3.1. La ocupaci6n egipcia del Delta 357 2.3.2. El sistema defensivo del Delta vee 359 2.3.3, EI Delta Oriental, 361 Siria-Palestina durante el Periodo Tinita y el Reino Antiguo 361 El sistema fronterizo 7 365, 2.3.4, El Delta Occidental 373 2.3.5. Conclusion 375 2.4. Conclusion 376 3. Sistemas de demarcacion 377 4. Conclusion sve 382 524 Etnicidad y terrltorio en el Egipto del Reino Antiguo Epilogo Nota sobre la cronologia Bibliogratia Ethnicity and Territoriality in Old Kingdom Egypt (Summary) ustraciones Indice onoméstico indice de terminos egipcios indice de terminos griegos indice de textos citados indice 385 387 391 Ethnicity and Territoriality in Old Kingdom Egypt" The aim of this book is to study the phenomena of otherness-identity, synthesised in the term ethnicity, as well as in that of “national” territoriality during the Old Kingdom. Until now the studies ‘made on this subject have been either highly generic, indiscriminately mixing data from diverse periods, or very spectfic, focussing on certain terms, iconographic representations or periods. In this work a study has been made of ethnicity and territoriality together, during a precise period, in an attempt to deal with them through the greatest amount of evidence. Hence, data relating to lexicography, iconography and material culture were considered. The analysis of all these documents has taken into account two aspects above all. The first is its diachronic nature. As far as possible, the data have been arranged chronologically in order to detect possible developments in the significance or characteristics of the subjects studied. Secondly, the data were classified according to the cultural context in which they belong, Despite the fact that the components of a culture are always hard to classify or put into categories, the ideology of the Egyptian elite shows a series of characteristics that allow it to be divided into two major sections according to context and forms of expression. This duality corresponds to the division that Loprieno made in literature between mimesis and topos and that Vernus very aptly expressed as “la dialectique du singulier et du stéréotype”. The first context or cultural register is the one that here we shall call “official” or “canonical” despite its lack of precision. This sphere coincides with Loprieno’s topos and Vernus's stereotype, and includes the highest and most elaborate intellectual achievements of Egyptian culture. It is a context linked to the orthodox, consecrated and metonymic-mythical interpretation of reality, characterised by Its timeless nature and by its being accessible to only a few individuals among the elite. In other words, this context is deeply rooted in the characteristics that best define mythical discourse societies. Its {ideas are expressed through stereotypes and highly canonised formulas in the inscriptions on the relief ‘work in the temples, in royal titles and religious texts. The second context, which we also name with a certain lack of precision, is the “profane”, “private” or “daily” sphere. It comprises the ideas and level of language used in daily life, in administration or in literature (which during this period is reflected in autobiographies). It is, therefore, a context based on the “singular” and on mimesis. It is a sphere where the interpretation of reality has not passed through the filter of the mythical perspective. This fact, which we can consider ‘spontaneous”, reveals an Egyptian view of reality linked to a daily nature and to Realpolitik and, therefore, more immediate and close to us at least in its formal aspect. The dividing line between both types of usage, contexts or spheres is very difficult to determine since they are often mixed. Thus there are canonical formulas situated in profane documents, as is the case, for example, of the execration texts. There is no fixed criterion for classifying evidence in one sphere or the other. At times their belonging to one of the two depends on the type of document in which they are found. In other circumstances, however, their classification as official or canonical depends rather on the content of the text itself. "This book Is a corrected version of the Doctoral Thesis which, with the same title and directed by Pablo C. Diaz (University of Salamanca) and José M. Galan (C.S.LC), was defended at the University of Salamanca in April 2001, 448 Etnicidad y teritorio en el Egpto del Reino Antiguo The close interweaving of both contexts should not surprise us. First, the Egyptians did not consciously divide the two spheres outlining them as two exclusive categories. Secondly, both the profane context and the canonical one came from one same cultural substratum from which they took many common elements and forms of expression. Ethnicity ‘The first part of the book (“Space, Men and Ideas: Ethnicity during the Old Kingdom”) studies this phenomenon through its two basic ingredients, space and men, and also analyses the ideology that interpreted and expressed them, The first chapter ("Geographic Differentiation”) studies the Egyptian perception of nature as a criterion of distinction between what is one’s own and what is not. During the Old Kingdom these criteria were based on space, and to a lesser degree, on climate and water resources, The search for a possible Egyptian ethno-territory led to the analysis of the pairs of terms kmt ~ dsrt and 8 ~ just. kt and 13 have generally been considered as references to Egyptian territory as opposed to dirt and jst, which designate foreign lands outside the Nile Valley. The study of these terms together with others referring to swampy areas (82.w, z8.w and plt.w, and, to a lesser degree, wid- wr and fym-wr) and to far off territories (n-wr and sn-Zsk) have, however, shown that these identifications should be explained. mt, “the black land”, ie. the Nile valley, and dirt, “the red land”, the desert, are scarcely documented during the Old Kingdom. Although from the Predynastic Period the implicit identification of black with fertility and regeneration, and of red with barrenness and the chaotic is detected, it was not until the First Intermediate Period that these meanings were extrapolated to a political plane. Only from then on, for reasons that we shall explain below, did sme begin to be used to designate "Egypt" as “national” entity. The binomial formed by #, “the valley” and fist, which can be translated, according to the context as “mountainous terrain”, “desert” or “foreign land’, is much better documented. Both terms express the Egyptian notion of space in different ways. 8 was used, among other things, to refer to the generic idea of "country", being applied to foreign territories and, especially, to Egypt. The Egyptian elite used the term in different ways. In some cases, generally private, the expression @ pn ("this land") and its derivatives were used to refer generically and vaguely to Egyptian territory. In official texts the latter was called ri.wy ("the Two Lands”) or, also, idb.wy ("the Two River Banks”) and

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