STD 11 Maths Paper 2 Maharashtra Board PDF

Std. XI Sci.

Perfect Mathematics - II

Edition: July 2014

Mr. Vinodkumar J. Pandey Dr. Sidheshwar S. Bellale
B.Sc. (Mathematics) M.Sc., B.Ed., PhD. (Maths)
G. N. Khalsa College, Mumbai Department of Mathematics,
Dayanand Science College, Latur.

Mr. Vinod Singh

M.Sc. (Mathematics)
Mumbai University

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Written according to the New Text book (2012-2013) published by the Maharashtra State
Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.
Std. XI Sci.
Perfect Mathematics - II
Salient Features :
• Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.

• Covers answers to all textual and miscellaneous exercises.
• Precise theory for every topic.
• Neat, labelled and authentic diagrams.
• Written in systematic manner.
• Self evaluative in nature.
• Practice problems and multiple choice questions for effective
preparation.
TEID : 752
PREFACE
In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get
through to you.
“Std. XI Sci. : PERFECT MATHEMATICS - II” is a complete and thorough guide critically analysed and
extensively drafted to boost the students confidence. The book is prepared as per the Maharashtra State board syllabus
and provides answers to all textual questions. At the beginning of every chapter, topic – wise distribution of all
textual questions including practice problems has been provided for simpler understanding of different types of
questions. Neatly labelled diagrams have been provided wherever required.
Practice Problems and Multiple Choice Questions help the students to test their range of preparation and the
amount of knowledge of each topic. Important theories and formulae are the highlights of this book. The steps are
written in systematic manner for easy and effective understanding.
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No. Topic Name Page No.

1 Sets, Relations and Functions 1
2 Logarithms 39
3 Complex Numbers 67
4 Sequence and Series 119
5 Permutations and Combinations 172
6 Method of Induction and Binomial Theorem 213
7 Limits 250
8 Differentiation 302
9 Integration 329
10 Statistics (Measures of Dispersion) 345
11 Probability 389
Log Tables
Logarithms 439
Antilogarithms 441
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Sets, Relations and Functions
01 Sets, relations and functions

Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.
1.1 Q.1 (i., ii., iii.)
To describe sets in Roster form Practice Problems
Q.1 (i., ii., iii.)
(Based on Exercise 1.1)
1.1 Q.2 (i., ii., iii.), Q.12(i. to iv.)
Practice Problems Q.2 (i., ii., iii.)
To describe sets in Set-Builder (Based on Exercise 1.1) Q.11 (i. to iv.)
form Miscellaneous Q.1 (i., ii., iii.)
Practice Problems
Q.1(i., ii.)
(Based on Miscellaneous)
Q.3 to Q.11
1.1
Q.13 (i. to iv.)
Practice Problems Q.3 to Q.10
Operations on Sets (Based on Exercise 1.1) Q.12 (i., ii.)
Miscellaneous Q.2, 3, 4
Practice Problems
Q.2, 3, 4
1.2 Q.1, 2, 6, 11
Ordered Pairs Practice Problems
Q.1, 2, 5, 9
1.2 Q.3, 4, 5
Practice Problems
Q.3, 4
Cartesian product of two Sets
Miscellaneous Q.5 (i., ii.)
Practice Problems
Q.5
1.2 Q.7, 8, 9, 10
Practice Problems
Q.6, 7, 8
To find domain and range of a (Based on Exercise 1.2)
given relation Miscellaneous Q.6, 7
Practice Problems
Q.6, 7
1 1
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XI Sci.: Perfect Maths - II
1.3 Q.9, 10
Practice Problems
Q.9, 10
Types of Functions
Miscellaneous Q.9, 10, 22
Practice Problems
Q.9, 10, 21
1.3 Q.3, 5, 6, 7
Practice Problems
Q.3, 4, 6, 7
To find values of the given (Based on Exercise 1.3)
function Miscellaneous Q.13 to Q.17
Practice Problems
Q.12 to Q.16
1.3 Q.11 (i. to iii.)
Operations on functions Practice Problems
Q.11 (i. to iii.)
1.3 Q.12 to Q.15
Practice Problems
Q.12 to Q.15
Composite function
Miscellaneous Q.18 to Q.21
Practice Problems
Q.17 to Q.20
1.3 Q.16
Practice Problems Q.16
Inverse function
Miscellaneous Q.11, 12
Practice Problems
Q.11
1.3 Q.1, 2, 4, 8
Practice Problems
Q.1, 2, 5, 8
To find domain and range of a (Based on Exercise 1.3)
given function Miscellaneous Q.8, 23, 24
Practice Problems
Q.8
2
Syllabus: Example:
Sets, Subset, Intervals, Types of sets, Power set, The set A of all positive even integers less
Ordered pair, Cartesian products of two sets, than 9 can be written as A = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
Definition of Relation, Domain, Co-domain and ii. Set-Builder method:
Range of Relation, Types of Relation, Definition of In this method, the set is described by the
function, Types of functions, Operations on characteristic property of its elements.
functions, Composite function, Inverse function, In general, if all the elements of set A satisfy
Binary operation, Real valued functions of the real some property P, then write A in set-builder
variable. notation as A = {x/x has property P} and read
it as ‘A is the set of all x such that x has the
Introduction property P’.
All basic concepts of modern mathematics are based Example:
on set theory. The concepts involving logic can be Let B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
explained more easily with the help of set theory. Using the set-builder method, B can be written
as B = {x/x ∈ N, 3 ≤ x ≤ 8}
It plays a crucial role in the study of relations,
functions, probability and is used extensively in Since B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} can also be stated
various other branches of mathematics. We shall as the set of natural numbers from 3 to 8
briefly revise and study some more concepts about including 3 and 8.
sets. Some standard sets are as follows:
Sets N = set of all natural numbers
= {1, 2, 3,…..}
A set is a well-defined collection of objects. These
objects may be actually listed or may be specified by Z or I = set of all integers
a rule. A set is usually denoted by the capital letters = { ….−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …}
A, B, C, N, R, etc. Each object in a set is called an
Q = set of all rational numbers
element or a member of the set and is denoted by the
⎧p ⎫
small letters a, b, c, etc. = ⎨ / p,q ∈ Z,q ≠ 0 ⎬
⎩q ⎭
If x is an element of set A, then we write it as x ∈ A
and read it as ‘x belongs to A’ and if y is not an Subset:
element of set A, then we write it as y ∉ A and read Set A is called a subset of set B, if every element of
it as ‘y does not belong to A’. set A is also an element of set B
Example: i.e., if x ∈ A, then x ∈ B.
If A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, We denote this relation as A ⊆ B and read it as
then 4 ∈ A, 7 ∉ A, 8 ∈ A, 10 ∉ A ‘A is a subset for B’. It s clear that
The set of natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, i. Every set is a subset of itself i.e., A ⊆ A.
rational numbers and real numbers are denoted by N, ii. An empty set φ is a subset of every set.
W, I, Q and R respectively. Example:
If A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12},
Methods of Representation of Sets
then A ⊆ B.
There are two methods of representing a set which If A ⊆ B, then B is called a superset of A, denoted
are as follows: by B ⊇ A.
i. Roster method (Listing method):
Proper subset:
In this method all the elements are listed or If every element of set A is an element of set B and
tabulated. The elements are separated by B contains at least one element which is not in A,
commas and are enclosed within two then A is said to be a proper subset of B and it is
braces(curly brackets). denoted as A ⊂ B.
3 3
Example: Set of all real numbers ≥ p

If A = {2, 3, 5, 6}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} i.e., [p, ∞) = {x/x∈R, x ≥ p}
Here every element of set A i.e., 2, 3, 5, 6 is an
R
element of set B. But B contains elements 1, 4, 7 p
which are not in A. Hence in the case we say that A
is a proper subset of B and is denoted by A ⊂ B. ii. Set of real numbers < q
i.e., (−∞, q) {x/x∈R, x < q}
Intervals R
q
Open interval
Set of real numbers ≤ q
If p, q ∈ R and p < q, then the set {x/x∈R, p < x < q} i.e., (−∞, q] = {x/x∈R, x ≤ q}
is called open interval and is denoted by (p, q). Here R
q
all the numbers between p and q ∈ (p, q) except p and
q. iii. Set of all real numbers R is (−∞, ∞)
R
p x q R
∴ (p, q) = {x/x∈R, p < x < q} R = (−∞, ∞) = {x/x ∈ R, − ∞ < x < ∞}

Closed interval Types of sets
Empty set:
If p, q ∈ R and p < q, then the set {x/x∈R, p ≤ x ≤ q}
is called closed interval and is denoted by [p,q]. A set which does not contain any element is called
Here all the numbers between p and q ∈ [p, q] an empty set and it is denoted by φ or { }. It is also
including p, q. called null set or void set.
Example:
R
p x q A = {x/x ∈ N, 3 < x < 4}
B = {x/x is a positive integer < 1}
∴ [p, q] = {x/x∈R, p ≤ x ≤ q}
Note:
Semi-closed interval
The set {0} and {φ} are not empty sets as they
If p, q ∈ R and p < q, then the set {x/x∈R, p ≤ x < q} contain one element, namely 0 and φ respectively.
is called semi-closed interval and is denoted by [p, q).
Singleton set:
R
p x q A set which contains only one element is called a
singleton set.
∴ [p, q) = {x/x∈R, p ≤ x < q}
[p, q) includes p but excludes q. Example:
A = {5},
Semi-open interval B = {3},
If p, q ∈ R and p < q, then the set {x/x∈R, p < x ≤ q} X = {x/x ∈ N, 1 < x < 3}
is called semi-open interval and is denoted by (p, q]. The set A = set of all integers which are neither
R positive nor negative is a singleton set since A = {0}
p x q
Finite set:
∴ (p, q] = {x/x ∈ R, p < x ≤ q}
(p, q] excludes p but includes q. A set which contains countable number of elements
is called a finite set.
Remarks:
Example:
i. Set of all real numbers > p
i.e., (p, ∞) = [x/x∈R, x > p} A = {a, b, c}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
R
p C = {a, e, i, o, u}
4
Infinite set: Operations on sets

A set which contains uncountable number of
elements is called an infinite set. Complement of a set:
Example: Let A be a subset of a universal set X then the set of
N = {1, 2, 3, 4……} all those elements of X which do not belong to A is
Z = {…−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…..} called the complement of set A and it is denoted by
A′ or Ac.
Note:
Thus, A′ = {x/x ∈ X, x ∉ A}
i. An empty set is a finite set.
ii. N, W, I, Q and R are infinite sets. X
Equal sets:
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have A
the same elements and we denote this as A = B.
From this definition it follows that “two sets A and A′
B are equal if and only if A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A”
Example: The shaded region in the above figure represents A′.
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 1, 3}, then A = B. Example:
Equivalent sets: Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} be an universal set
Two sets A and B are said to be equivalent, if they and A = {1, 3, 5, 6, 8}.
contain the same number of elements and we denote Then A′ = {2, 4, 7, 9}
it as A ≈ B.
Example: Properties:
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {a, b, c, d, e}, then If X is the universal set and A, B ⊆ X, then
n(A) = n(B) i. (A′)′ = A
∴ A and B are equivalent sets. ii. X′ = φ
Note: iii. φ′ = X
Equal sets are always equivalent but equivalent sets iv. A ∩ A′ = φ
need not be equal. v. A ∪ A′ = X
Universal set: vi. If A ⊆ B, then B′ ⊆ A′.
A non-empty set of which all the sets under
Union of sets:
consideration are subsets, is called a universal set. It
is usually denoted by X or U. If A and B are two sets, then the set of those
Example: elements which belong to A or to B or to both A and
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 8, 13, 15} and B is called the union of the sets A and B and is
C = {1, 2, 3, …, 50} are sets under consideration, denoted by A ∪ B.
then the set N of all natural numbers can be taken as i.e., A ∪ B = {x/x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
the universal set. The shaded portion in the below venn diagram
represents A ∪ B.
Venn diagram:
A set is represented by any closed figure such as
X
circle, rectangle, triangle, etc. The diagrams
A B
representing sets are called venn diagrams.
Example:
.4 A
i. A = {4, 6, 9} A∪B
.6 .9 Example:
i. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8},
B .a A then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
ii. A = {a, b, c, d, e, f} .b .c ii. If A is the set of all odd integers and B is the
B = {b, e, f} .e .f .d
B⊂A set of all even integers, then A ∪ B is the set
of all integers.
5 5
Properties: X
If A, B, C are any three sets, then
i. A∪φ=A A B
ii. A∪X=X
iii. A ∪ B = B ∪ A (Commutative law)
iv. (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C) A∩B=φ
Difference of sets:
(Associative law) If A and B are two sets then the set of all the
v. A∪A=A (Idempotent law) elements of A which are not in B is called difference
vi. If A ⊂ B, then A ∪ B = B of sets A and B and is denoted by A − B.
vii. A ⊂ A ∪ B, B ⊂ A ∪ B Thus, A − B = {x/x ∈ A and x ∉ B}
Intersection of sets Similarly, B − A = {x/x ∉ A and x ∈ B}
If A and B are two sets, then the set of those In the below venn diagrams shaded region
elements which belong to both A and B i.e., which represents A − B and B − A .
are common to both A and B is called the X X
intersection of the sets A and B and is denoted by
A ∩ B. A B A B
Thus, A ∩ B = { x/x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
The shaded portion in the below venn diagram
A−B B−A
represents A ∩ B. Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, then
X A − B = {1, 3, 5} and B − A = {8}
Distributive Properties of union and intersection
A B If a, b, c ∈ R, then
a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)
A∩B This is known as distributive property of
Example: multiplication over addition. In set theory, the
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, operation of union and intersection of sets are both
then A ∩ B = {1, 3, 5} distributive over each other i.e.,
If A, B, C are any three sets, then
Properties: i. A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
If A, B, C are any three sets, then ii. A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
i. A∩φ=φ We verify these distributive laws using Venn
ii. A∩X=A diagrams shown below. The shaded portion in each
iii. A ∩ B = B ∩ A (Commutative law) figure shows the set obtained by performing the
operation given below the figure.
iv. (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
(Associative law) X X
A A
v. A∩A=A (Idempotent law)
i.
vi. If A ⊂ B, then A ∩ B = A
B C = B C
vii. A ∩ B ⊂ A, A ∩ B ⊂ B
Disjoint sets: A ∪ (B ∩ C) (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if they have
no element in common i.e., A ∩ B = φ. X X
Example: A A
If A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {3, 5, 7}, then A ∩ B = φ ii.
B C = B C
∴ A and B are disjoint sets.
The venn diagram of the disjoint sets A and B is
shown below: A ∩ (B ∪ C) (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
6
De-Morgan’s laws Exercise 1.1

If A and B are two subsets of a universal set X, then 1. Describe the following sets in Roster form:
i. (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′ i. {x/x is a letter of the word
ii. (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′ ‘MARRIAGE’}
We verify these laws using Venn diagrams shown ⎧ 1 9⎫
below. The shaded portion in each figure shows the
ii. ⎨ x / x isan integer and − < x < ⎬
⎩ 2 2⎭
set obtained by performing the operation below the iii. {x/x = 2n, n ∈ N}
figure: Solution:
i. i. Let A = {x/x is a letter of the word
X X
A B = A B ‘MARRIAGE’}
∴ A = {M, A, R, I, G, E}
⎧ 1 9⎫
ii. Let B = ⎨ x / x is an integer and − < x < ⎬
(A ∪ B)′ A′ ∩ B′ ⎩ 2 2⎭
∴ B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
ii. X X iii. Let C = {x/x = 2n, n ∈ N}
A B = A B ∴ C = {2, 4, 6, 8, ….}
2. Describe the following sets in Set-Builder

(A ∩ B)′ A′ ∪ B′ form:
Number of elements in a set i. {0}
Let A be a set. Then the total number of elements in it ii. {0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3}
is denoted by n(A). ⎧1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ⎫
iii. ⎨ , , , , , , ⎬
Example: ⎩ 2 5 10 17 26 37 50 ⎭
Let A = {8, 9, 10, 11, 12} Solution:
∴ n (A) = 5 i. Let A = {0}
The number of elements in the empty set φ is zero. 0 is a whole number but it is not a natural
i.e., n (φ) = 0 number
∴ A = {x / x ∈ W, x∉ N}
Results:
For given sets A, B, C ii. Let B = {0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3}
i. n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B) B is the set of elements which belongs to Z
ii. When A and B are disjoint sets, then from −3 to 3
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) ∴ B = {x / x ∈ Z, −3 ≤ x ≤ 3}
iii. n(A ∩ B′) + n(A ∩ B) = n(A)
⎧1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ⎫
iv. n(A′ ∩ B) + n(A ∩ B) = n(B) iii. Let C= ⎨ , , , , , , ⎬
⎩ 2 5 10 17 26 37 50 ⎭
v. n(A ∩ B′) + n(A ∩ B) + n(A′ ∩ B) = n(A ∪ B)
vi. n(A∪ B∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) − n(A∩B) ⎧ n ⎫
∴ C = ⎨x / x = 2 , n ∈ N, n ≤ 7 ⎬
− n(B ∩ C) − n(A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C) ⎩ n +1 ⎭
Power set 3. If A = {x / 6x2 + x − 15 = 0}
The set of all subsets of set A is called the power set B = {x / 2x2 − 5x − 3 = 0}
of A and it is denoted by P(A). C = {x / 2x2 − x − 3 = 0}, then find
Example: i. A∪B∪C
If A = {a, b, c}, then ii. A∩B∩C
P(A) ={φ, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {a, c}, Solution:
Note:
{a, b, c}} {
A = x / 6 x 2 + x − 15 = 0 }
2
If A contains n elements, then the power set of A ∴ 6x + x − 15 = 0
i.e., P(A) contains 2n elements. ∴ 6x2 + 10x − 9x − 15 = 0
7 7
∴ 2x(3x + 5) − 3(3x + 5) = 0 5. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6},

∴ (3x + 5) (2x − 3) = 0 C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and universal set
−5 3 X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, then verify
∴ x= or x =
3 2 the following:
⎧ −5 3 ⎫ i. A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
∴ A =⎨ , ⎬
⎩ 3 2⎭ ii. A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
2
B = {x/2x − 5x − 3 = 0} iii. (A ∪ B)′ = A′ ∩ B′
∴ 2x2 − 5x − 3 = 0 iv. (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′
v. A = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ B′)
∴ 2x2 − 6x + x − 3 = 0
vi. B = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A′ ∩ B)
∴ 2x(x − 3) + 1(x − 3) = 0 vii. n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
∴ (x − 3)(2x + 1) = 0 Solution:
−1 A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
∴ x = 3 or x = X ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
2
i. (B ∩ C) = {4, 5, 6}
⎧ −1 ⎫
∴ B = ⎨ , 3⎬ ∴ A ∪ (B ∩ C)= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
⎩2 ⎭ (A ∪ B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2
C = {x/2x − x − 3 = 0} (A ∪ C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
∴ 2x2 − x − 3 = 0 ∴ (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
∴ 2x2 − 3x + 2x − 3 = 0 ∴ A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
∴ x(2x − 3) + 1(2x − 3) = 0 ii. (B ∪ C) = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
∴ (2x − 3) (x + 1) = 0 ∴ A ∩ (B ∪ C) = {3, 4}
3 A ∩ B = {3, 4}
∴ x = or x = −1 A ∩ C = {4}
2
∴ (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) = {3, 4}
⎧ 3⎫
∴ C = ⎨ −1, ⎬ ∴ A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
⎩ 2⎭
Thus, iii. A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
⎧ 5 3 ⎫ ⎧ −1 ⎫ ⎧ 3 ⎫ ∴ (A ∪ B)′ ={7, 8, 9, 10}
i. A ∪ B ∪ C = ⎨− , ⎬ ∪ ⎨ ,3⎬ ∪ ⎨−1, ⎬ A′ = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10},
⎩ 3 2⎭ ⎩ 2 ⎭ ⎩ 2⎭
B′ = {1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10}
⎧ −5 −1 3 ⎫ ∴ A′ ∩ B′ = {7, 8, 9, 10}
= ⎨ , − 1, , , 3⎬
⎩3 2 2 ⎭ ∴ (A ∪ B)′ = (A′ ∩ B′)
ii. A∩B∩C={}
iv. A ∩ B = {3, 4}
4. If A, B, C are the sets of the letters in the (A ∩ B)′ = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
words ‘college’, ‘marriage’ and ‘luggage’ A′ = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
respectively, then verify that B′ = {1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10}
[A − (B ∪ C)] = [(A − B) ∩ (A − C)]. ∴ A′ ∪ B′ = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Solution: ∴ (A ∩ B)′ = A′ ∪ B′
A = {c, o, l, g, e}
B = {m, a, r, i, g, e,} v. A ∩ B = {3, 4}
C = {l, u, g, a, e} A ∩ B′ = {1, 2}
B ∪ C = {m, a, r, i, g, e, l, u} ∴ (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ B′) = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A − (B ∪ C) = {c, o} ∴ A = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ B′)
A − B = {c, o, l} vi. A ∩ B = {3, 4}
A − C = {c, o} A′ ∩ B = {5, 6}
∴ [(A − B) ∩ (A − C)] = {c, o} = A − (B ∪ C) ∴ (A ∩ B) ∪ (A′ ∩ B) = {3, 4, 5, 6}
∴ [A − (B ∪ C)] = [(A − B) ∩ (A − C)] ∴ B = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A′ ∩ B)
8
vii. A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, ii. No. of students who failed in AIEEE or IIT
A ∩ B = {3, 4}, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} entrance = n(B ∪ C)
∴ n(A) = 4, n(B) = 4, = n(B) + n(C) − n(B ∩ C)
n(A ∩ B) = 2, n(A ∪ B) = 6
= 40 + 40 − 17
∴ n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B) = 4 + 4 − 2 = 6
= 63
∴ n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
6. If A and B are subsets of the universal set X 8. From amongst 2000 literate individuals of a
and n(X) = 50, n(A) = 35, n(B) = 20, town, 70% read Marathi newspapers, 50%
n(A′ ∩ B′) = 5, find read English newspapers and 32.5% read
i. n(A ∪ B) ii. n(A ∩ B) both Marathi and English newspapers.
iii. n(A′ ∩ B) iv. n(A ∩ B′). Find the number of individuals who read
Solution: i. at least one of the newspapers.
n(X) = 50, n(A) = 35, n(B) = 20, n(A′ ∩ B′) = 5
ii. neither Marathi nor English
i. n(A ∪ B) = n(X) − [n(A ∪ B)′] newspaper.
= n(X) − n(A′ ∩ B′)
iii. only one of the newspapers.
= 50 − 5
= 45 Solution:
ii. n(A ∩ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∪ B) Let M = set of individuals who read Marathi
= 35 + 20 − 45 newspapers
= 10 E = set of individuals who read English
iii. n(A′ ∩ B) = n(B) − n(A ∩ B) newspapers
= 20 − 10 X = set of all literate individuals
= 10 70
∴ n(X) = 2000, n(M) = × 2000 = 1400
iv. n(A ∩ B′) = n(A) − n(A ∩ B) = 35 − 10 = 25 100
50
7. In a class of 200 students who appeared n(E) = × 2000 = 1000
certain examinations, 35 students failed in 100
MHT-CET, 40 in AIEEE and 40 in IIT 32.5
n(M ∩ E) = × 2000 = 650
entrance, 20 failed in MHT-CET and 100
AIEEE, 17 in AIEEE and IIT entrance, n(M ∪ E) = n(M) + n(E) − n(M ∩ E)
15 in MHT-CET and IIT entrance and 5
failed in all three examinations. Find how = 1400 + 1000 − 650
many students = 1750
i. did not fail in any examination. i. No. of individuals who read at least one of the
ii. failed in AIEEE or IIT entrance. newspapers = n(M ∪ E) = 1750.
Solution:
Let A = set of students who failed in MHT-CET ii. No. of individuals who read neither Marathi
B = set of students who failed in AIEEE nor English newspaper
C = set of students who failed in IIT entrance = n(M′ ∩ E′)
X = set of all students = n(M ∪ E)′
∴ n(X) = 200, n(A) = 35, n(B) = 40, n(C) = 40,
= n(X) − n(M ∪ E)
n(A ∩ B)= 20, n(B ∩ C) = 17, n(A ∩ C) = 15,
= 2000 − 1750
n(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 5
i. n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = 250
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) − n(A ∩ B) − n(B ∩ C)
iii. No. of individuals who read only one of the
− n(A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
newspaper = n(M ∩ E′) + n(M′ ∩ E)
= 35 + 40 + 40 − 20 − 17 − 15 + 5
= 68 = n(M ∪ E) – n(M ∩ E)
∴ No. of students who did not fail in any exam = 1750 – 650
= n(X) − n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = 200 − 68 = 132 = 1100
9 9
9. In a hostel, 25 students take tea, 20 students 11. If A = {1, 2, 3}, write down the set of all
take coffee, 15 students take milk, 10 possible subsets of A i.e., the power set of A.
students take both tea and coffee, 8 students Solution:
take both milk and coffee. None of them A = {1, 2, 3}
take tea and milk both and everyone takes The power set of A is given by
atleast one beverage, find the number of P(A) = {φ,{1},{2},{3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3},{1, 3},
students in the hostel. {1, 2, 3}}
Solution:
Let T = set of students who take tea 12. Write the following intervals in Set-Builder
C = set of students who take coffee form:
M = set of students who take milk i. (−3, 0) ii. [6, 12]
∴ n(T) = 25, n(C) = 20, n(M) = 15, iii. (6, 12] iv. [−23, 5).
n(T ∩ C) = 10, n(M ∩ C) = 8, n(T ∩ M) = 0, Solution:
n(T ∩ M ∩ C) = 0 i. Let A = (−3, 0)
∴ No. of students in the hostel ∴ A = {x/x ∈ R and − 3 < x < 0}
= n(T ∪ C ∪ M) ii. Let B = [6, 12]
= n(T) + n(C) + n(M) − n(T ∩ C) − ( M ∩ C) ∴ B = {x/x ∈ R and 6 ≤ x ≤ 12}
− (T ∩ M) + n(T ∩ M ∩ C)
= 25 + 20 + 15 − 10 − 8 − 0 + 0 iii. Let C = (6, 12]
= 42 ∴ C = {x/x ∈ R and 6 < x ≤ 12}
10. There are 260 persons with a skin disorder. iv. Let D = [−23, 5)
If 150 had been exposed to the chemical A, ∴ D = {x/x ∈ R and −23 ≤ x < 5}
74 to the chemical B, and 36 to both
13. Using venn diagrams represent
chemicals A and B, find the number of
persons exposed to i. (A ∪ B)′ ii. A′ ∪ B′
i. Chemical A but not Chemical B iii. A′ ∩ B iv. A ∩ B′
ii. Chemical B but not Chemical A Solution:
iii. Chemical A or Chemical B. i. X
Solution:
Let A = set of persons exposed to chemical A
B = set of persons exposed to chemical B A B
X = set of all persons
∴ n(X)=260, n(A)=150, n(B)= 74, n(A ∩ B)= 36
i. No. of persons exposed to chemical A but not
to chemical B (A ∪ B)′
= n(A ∩ B′)
X
= n(A) − n(A ∩ B) ii.
= 150 − 36
= 114 A B
ii. No. of persons exposed to chemical B but not
to chemical A
= n(A′∩ B)
= n(B) − n(A ∩ B) A′ ∪ B′
= 74 − 36
= 38 X
iii.
iii. No. of persons exposed to chemical A or
chemical B
A B
= n(A ∪ B)
= n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
= 150 + 74 − 36
= 188 A′ ∩ B
10
X Definition of Relation
iv. Consider the following statements:

i. Ram is taller than Shyam.
A B ii. Harshal and Ravi have shirts of same colour.
iii. 25 is the square of 5.
iv. 2 and 4 are even integers.
Here we can say that Ram is related to Shyam by the
A ∩ B′ relation “is taller than”. Harshal is related to Ravi by
Relations the relation “have shirts of same colour”. 25 is
related to 5 by the relation “is the square of ” and 2
Ordered Pair: is related to 4 by the relation “are even integers”.
If (a, b) is a pair of numbers then the order in which
the numbers appear is important, is called an ordered Definition:
pair. Ordered pairs (a, b) and (b, a) are different. If A and B are two non-empty sets, then any subset
Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are equal, if and of A × B is called relation from A to B and is
only if a = c and b = d denoted by capital letters P, Q, R etc
Also, (a, b) = (b, a) if and only if a = b Consider the following illustration:
Cartesian products of two sets R l
a
Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. The set of m
b
all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a ∈ A and b ∈ B is n
called the cartesian product of A and B and is o
c
denoted by A × B. p
Thus, A × B = {(a, b)/a ∈ A, b ∈ B}
where a is called the first element and b is called the A B
second element of the ordered pair (a, b). Let us consider A = {a, b, c}, B = {l, m, n, o, p}
If A ≠ B, then A × B ≠ B × A ∴ A × B = {(a, l), (a, m), (a, n), (a, o), (a, p),
If A = φ or B = φ or both A and B are empty sets, (b, l), (b, m), (b, n), (b, o), (b, p),
then A × B = φ. (c, l), (c, m), (c, n), (c, o), (c, p)}
Example: In the above figure, the arrow starting from the
If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b}, then element ‘a’ and pointing to the elements ‘l’ and ‘n’
A × B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3,b)} indicates that ‘a’ is related to ‘l’ and ‘n’. Similarly,
‘b’ is related to ‘m’ and ‘o’ and ‘c’ is related to ‘p’.
Number of elements in the Cartesian products of This relation is also represented by set of ordered
two finite sets pairs, R = {(a, l), (a, n), (b, m), (b, o), (c, p)}
If A and B are any two finite sets with n(A) = m1 This relation R is a subset of A × B. Thus, relation
and n(B) = m2, then the number of elements in the from set A to B is a subset of A × B i.e., R ⊆ A × B.
cartesian product of two finite sets A and B is given If R is a relation and (x, y) ∈ R, then it is denoted by
by n(A × B) = m1.m2. xRy.
y is called image of x under R and x is called
Cartesian product of real with itself (R3) pre-image of y under R.
Ordered Triplet: Domain:
Three real numbers a, b, c listed in a specific order The set of all first components of the ordered pairs in
and enclosed in parentheses form ordered triplet a relation R is called the domain of the relation R.
(a, b, c). i.e., domain (R) = {a/(a, b) ∈ R}
For any non-empty set A, we define Range:
A × A × A = {(a, b, c) / a, b, c ∈ A} The set of all second components of the ordered
pairs in a relation R is called the range of the relation
Note: R.
(a, b, c) ≠ (b, a, c) ≠ (c, a, b) i.e., range (R) = {b/(a, b) ∈ R}
11 11
Co-domain: Example:
If R is a relation from A to B, then set B is called the Let A = {−2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
co-domain of the relation R. and R = {(−2, 4), (−1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
Types of Relation A R B
−2 0
i. One-One relation:
If every element of A has at most one image in −1 1
B and distinct elements in A have distinct 0 2
images in B, then a relation R from A to B is 1
3
said to be one-one. 2
3 4
Example:
Let A = {3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 9}
Then R is into relation from A to B.
and R = {(3, 5), (4, 6), (5, 7)}
Here, domain of R = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and
A R B range of R = {0, 1, 4}
4
3 iv. Onto relation:
5
4
6
If every element of B is the image of some
5 7
element of A, then a relation R from A to B is
said to be onto relation.
6 9
Example:
Let A = {−2, −1, 1, 3, 4}, B = {1, 4, 9}
Then R is a one-one relation from A to B. and R = {(−2, 4), (−1, 1), (1, 1), (3, 9)}
Here, domain of R = {3, 4, 5} and A R B
range of R = {5, 6, 7} −2
−1 1
ii. Many-one relation:
1 4
If two or more than two elements in A have
3
same image in B, then a relation R from A to
4 9
B is said to be many-one.
Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Then R is onto relation from A to B.
and R = {(1, 4), (3, 7), (4, 4)} Here, domain of R = {–2, –1, 1, 3} and
range of R = {1, 4, 9}
A R B
2 ∴ Range = co-domain (B)
1
3 Various types of Relations
2
4
3 5 Let A be a non – empty set. Then a relation R on A
6 is said to be
4 7 i. Reflexive:
if (a, a) ∈R V a ∈ A
Then R is a many-one relation from A to B. i.e., if a R a V a ∈ A
Here, domain of R = {1, 3, 4} and ii. Symmetric:
range of R = {4, 7} if (a,b) ∈R ⇒ (b,a) ∈R V a, b ∈A
i.e., if a R b ⇒ b R a V a, b∈A
iii. Into relation: iii. Transitive:
If there exists at least one element in B which if (a,b)∈R & (b,c)∈R
has no pre-image in A, then a relation R from ⇒ (a,c)∈R V a, b, c ∈A
A to B is said to be into relation. if a R b & b R c ⇒ a R c V a, b, c ∈ A
12
Equivalence Relation: A relation R on a set A is 4. If P = {1, 2, 3} and Q = {4},

said to be an equivalence relation on A when R is find sets P × Q and Q × P.
i. Reflexive Solution:
ii. Symmetric P = {1, 2, 3}, Q = {4}
iii. Transitive ∴ P × Q = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
and Q × P = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}
Exercise 1.2
5. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6}
1. If (x − 1, y + 4) = (1, 2), find the values of x
Find
and y.
i. A × (B ∩ C)
Solution: ii. (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
By the definition of equality of ordered pairs, we iii. A × (B ∪ C)
have iv. (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
(x − 1, y + 4) = (1, 2) Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6}
∴ x − 1 = 1 and y + 4 = 2 i. B ∩ C = {5, 6}
∴ x = 2 and y = − 2 ∴ A × (B ∩ C) = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3,5), (3, 6), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
⎛ 1 y ⎞ ⎛ 1 3⎞ ii. A × B = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5),
2. If ⎜ x + , − 1 ⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟ , find x and y. (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4),
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
(4, 5), (4, 6)}
Solution: A × C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5),
By the definition of equality of ordered pairs, we (3, 6), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
have ∴ (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6),
⎛ 1 y ⎞ ⎛1 3⎞
⎜ x + , − 1⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟ (4, 5), (4, 6)}
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2⎠
iii. B ∪ C = {4, 5, 6}
1 1 y 3
∴ x+ = and − 1 = A × (B ∪ C)
3 2 2 2
= {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
1 1 y 3
∴ x= − and = + 1 (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
2 3 2 2
iv. (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
1
∴ x= and y = 5 = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
6
(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
3. If A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}, 6. Express {(x, y)/ x2 + y2 = 100, where

find A × B, B × A, A × A, B × B. x, y ∈ W} as a set of ordered pairs.
Solution:
Solution:
{(x, y) / x2 + y2 = 100, where x, y ∈ W}
A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y} We have, x2 + y2 = 100
A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y), (c, x), (c, y)} When x = 0, y = 10 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 02 + 102 = 100
B × A = {(x, a), (x, b), (x, c), (y, a), (y, b), (y, c)} When x = 6, y = 8 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 62 + 82 = 100
When x = 8, y = 6 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 82 + 62 = 100
A × A = {(a, a), (a, b), (a, c) (b, a) (b, b), (b, c), When x = 10, y = 0 ⇒ x2 + y2 = 102 + 02 = 100
(c, a), (c, b) (c, c)} ∴ Set of ordered pairs
B × B = {(x, x), (x, y), (y, x), (y, y)} = {(0, 10), (6, 8), (8, 6), (10, 0)}
13 13
7. Write the domain and range of the 9. Write the relation in the Roster form and
following relations: hence find its domain and range.
i. {(a, b) / a ∈ N, a < 6 and b = 4} i. R1 = {(a, a2) / a is a prime number
ii. {(a, b) / a, b ∈ N, a + b = 12} less than 15}
iii. {(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7)}. ⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫
Solution: ii. R2 = ⎨⎜ a, ⎟ / 0 < a ≤ 5,a ∈ N ⎬
⎩⎝ a ⎠ ⎭
i. Let R1 = {(a, b)/ a ∈ N, a < 6 and b = 4}
Solution:
Set of values of ‘a’ are domain and set of
i. R1 = {(a, a2) / a is a prime number less than
values of ‘b’ are range
15}
a ∈ N and a < 6
∴ a = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13
∴ a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and b = 4
∴ a2 = 4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169
Domain (R1) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
∴ R1 = {(2, 4), (3, 9), (5, 25), (7, 49), (11, 121),
Range (R1) = {4}
(13, 169)}
ii. Let R2 = {(a, b)/a, b ∈ N and a + b = 12}
∴ Domain (R1)
Now, a, b ∈ N and a + b = 12
= {a/a is a prime number less than 15}
When a = 1, b = 11
= {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
When a = 2, b = 10
Range (R1)
When a = 3, b = 9
= {a2/a is a prime number less than 15}
When a = 4, b = 8
= {4, 9, 25, 49, 121, 169}
When a = 5, b = 7
When a = 6, b = 6 ⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫
When a = 7, b = 5 ii. R2 = ⎨⎜ a, ⎟ 0 < a ≤ 5,a ∈ N ⎬
⎩⎝ a ⎠ ⎭
When a = 8, b = 4
When a = 9, b = 3 ∴ a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
When a = 10, b= 2 1 1 1 1 1
∴ = 1, , , ,
When a = 11, b = 1 a 2 3 4 5
∴ Domain (R2) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} ⎧ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
Range (R2) = {11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1} ∴ R2 = ⎨(1,1) , ⎜ 2, ⎟ , ⎜ 3, ⎟ , ⎜ 4, ⎟ , ⎜ 5, ⎟ ⎬
⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎭
iii. Let R3 ={(2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7)} ∴ Domain (R2) = {a/0 < a ≤ 5, a ∈ N}
Domain (R3)= {2} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range (R3)= {4, 5, 6, 7}
⎧1 ⎫
Range (R2) = { ⎨ / 0 < a ≤ 5,a ∈ N ⎬
8. Let A = {6, 8} and B = {1, 3, 5}. ⎩a ⎭
Let R = {(a, b) / a∈A, b∈B, a − b is an even ⎧ 1 1 1 1⎫
= ⎨1, , , , ⎬
number}. ⎩ 2 3 4 5⎭
Show that R is an empty relation from A to B.
Solution:
10. R = {(a, b) / b = a + 1, a ∈ Z, 0 < a < 5}.
A = {6, 8}, B = {1, 3, 5}
Find the range of R.
R = {(a, b)/ a ∈ A, b ∈ B, a − b is an even number} Solution:
a∈A R = {(a, b) / b = a + 1, a ∈ Z, 0 < a < 5}
∴ a = 6, 8 ∴ a = 1, 2, 3, 4
b∈B ∴ b = 2, 3, 4, 5
∴ b = 1, 3, 5 ∴ Range (R) = {2, 3, 4, 5}
When a = 6 and b = 1, a − b = 5 which is odd
When a = 6 and b = 3, a − b = 3 which is odd 11. Write the following relations as sets of
When a = 6 and b = 5, a − b = 1 which is odd ordered pairs:
When a = 8 and b = 1, a − b = 7 which is odd i. {(x, y) / y = 3x, x ∈ {1, 2, 3},
When a = 8 and b = 3, a − b = 5 which is odd y ∈ {3, 6, 9, 12}}
When a = 8 and b = 5, a − b = 3 which is odd ii. {(x, y) / y > x + 1, x = 1, 2 and
Thus, no set of values of a and b gives a − b even y = 2, 4, 6}
∴ R is an empty relation from A to B. iii. {(x, y) / x + y = 3, x, y ∈ (0, 1, 2, 3)}
14
Solution: The set of all values of function f is {2, 4, 6, 8}.

i. {(x, y)/y = 3x, x ∈ {1, 2, 3}, y ∈ {3, 6, 9, 12}} This set is called range of the function f.
Here y = 3x Range of function:
When x = 1, y = 3(1) = 3 If f is a function from set A to set B, then the set of
When x = 2, y = 3(2) = 6 all values of the function f is called the range of the
When x = 3, y = 3(3) = 9 function f.
∴ Ordered pairs are {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9)} Thus the range set of the function f: A → B is
{f(x) / x ∈ A}
ii. {(x, y) / y > x + 1, x = 1, 2 and y = 2, 4, 6}
Note that the range set is a subset of co-domain.
Here, y > x + 1
This subset may be proper or improper.
When x = 1 and y = 2, 2 > 1 + 1
f
When x = 1 and y = 4, 4 > 1 + 1 1
1
When x = 1 and y = 6, 6 > 1 + 1 4
2
When x = 2 and y = 2, 2 > 2 + 1 9
When x = 2 and y = 4, 4 > 2 + 1 3 16
When x = 2 and y = 6, 6 > 2 + 1 4 25
∴ Ordered pairs are {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 6)} 36
A B
iii. {(x, y) / x + y = 3, x, y ∈ (0, 1, 2, 3)}
Here, x + y = 3 In the figure for f: A → B
When x = 0, y = 3 A = {1, 2, 3, 4} is domain, B = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36}
When x = 1, y = 2 is co-domain and set {1, 4, 9, 16} is the range of the
When x = 2, y = 1 function f.
When x = 3, y = 0 Representation of functions
∴ Ordered pairs are {(0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 0)}
i. Arrow diagram:
In this diagram, we use arrows. Arrows start
Functions
from the element of domain and point out it’s
Definition: value.
A function from set A to the set B is a relation
x p
which associates every element of a set A to unique
element of set B and is denoted by f:A →B. If f is a y q
function from A to B and (x, y) ∈ f, then we write it r
z
as y = f(x) s
Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} A B
ii. Ordered pair:
f 2 If f: A → B be a function , then the element is
1 3 the ordered pair (a, b) ∈ f, where a ∈ A and
2 4 b ∈ B.
3 5 Example:
6 f = {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3), (d, 4)}
4
7 iii. Tabular form:
8 If the sets A and B are finite and contain very
A few elements, then a function f: A→B can be
B
exhibited by means of a table of
Let a relation from A to B be given as “twice of” corresponding elements.
then we observe that every element x of set A is Let f = {(1, 7), (2, 9), (3, 11), (4, 13)}
related to one and only one element of set B. Hence We can represent the above function in tabular
this relation is a function from set A to set B. In this form as follows:
case f(1) = 2, f(2) = 4, f(3) = 6, f(4) = 8 are the
values of function f(x) = 2x at x = 1, 2, 3, 4 x 1 2 3 4
respectively. f(x) 7 9 11 13
15 15
iv. By Formula: Y
This is the most usual way of exhibiting
function.
3
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} (3, 3)
and f: A → B is a function represented by 2
(2, 2)
arrow diagram. 1
(0, 0) (1, 1)
X′ O 1
X
f −3 −2 −1 2 3
1 5 −1
(−1, −1)
2
(−2, −2) −2
7
3 9
4 11 (−3, −3) −3
A B Y′
In this case we observe that, if we take any 3. One-one function:
element x of the set A, then the element of the A function f: A → B is said to be one-one
set B related to x is obtained by adding 3 to function, if different elements in A have
twice of x. Applying this rule we get in
different images in B.
general
Consider the function f: A → B such that each
f(x) = 2x + 3, for all x ∈ A.
element of its range set is the value of the
This is the formula which exhibits the function f. function at only one element of the domain
If we denote the value of f at x by y, then we set.
get y = 2x + 3, for all x ∈A. f
1 1
Types of functions
2 4
1. Constant function: 3 9
4 16
A function f defined by f(x) = k, for all x ∈ R,
where k is a constant, is called a constant
A B
function. The graph of a constant function is a
line parallel to the X-axis, intersecting Y-axis In this case, f: A → B is one-one function.
at (0, k).
4. Into function:
Y
If the function f: A → B is such that there
P(x, k) exists at least one element in B which is not
f(x) = k
(0, k) the image of any element in A, then f is said to
be into function. In this case, the range of a
X′ O X
(x, 0) function f is a proper subset of its co-domain.
Consider the function f: A → B represented by
Y′
For example, f(x) = 5 is a constant function. the following arrow diagram.
f
2. Identity function: 1 1
The function f(x) = x, where x ∈ R is called an 2 5
identity function. The graph of the identity 3 7
function is the line which bisects the first and 4 9
the third quadrants. Observe the following 13
table of some values of f.
A B
In this case range = {1, 5, 7, 9} is a proper
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
subset of co-domain {1, 5, 7, 9, 13}
f(x) −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 Hence, f: A → B is into function.
16
5. Onto function: 7. Even function:

If the function f: A → B is such that each A function f is said to be an even function, if
element in B is the image of some element in f(−x) = f(x) for all x ∈ R
Let f: R → R : f (x) = x2 for all x ∈ R
A, then f is said to be a onto function. In this
Domain of f = R, range of f = {x/x ∈ R, x ≥ 0}
case range of function f is same as its
We have
co-domain B.
Consider the function f: A → B represented by x −2 −1 0 1 2
f(x) = x2 4 1 0 1 4
the following arrow diagram
Y
f
a l
(−2, 4) 4 2
b m
3
c n 2
1 (1, 1)
(−1, 1)
A B X′ X
In this case, range is equal to co-domain −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3
= {l, m, n} Y′
Hence f: A → B is onto function. 8. Odd function:
A function f is called an odd function,
6. Many-one function: if f(−x) = − f(x) for all x ∈ R
If the function f : A → B is such that two or Let f: R → R : f (x) = x3 for all x ∈ R
more elements in a set A have the same image Then, domain of f = R and range of f = R.
We have
in set B i.e. there is at least one element in B
which has more than one pre-image in A then x −2 −1 0 1 2
f(x) = x3 −8 −1 0 1 8
the function f is called many-one function.
Y
The function f: A → B represented by the
following arrow diagram is such that the 8 (2, 8)
co-domain B contains 1, 4 and 9 each of 7
which is the value of the function f at two 6
distinct elements of the domain set A. 5
f 4
1 3
−1 1
2 2
4
−2 1 (1, 1)
3 9 X′ X
−3 16 −3 −2 −1 O1 2 3
(−1, −1) −1
A B −2
In this case, f: A → B is many-one function. −3
Note: −4
−5
We have the following functions.
−6
i. one-one onto function.
−7
ii. one-one into function. (−2, −8) −8
iii. many-one into function.
iv. many-one onto function. Y′
17 17
9. Polynomial function: Y
A function of the form 5
2 n
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x +… + anx , where n is a 4 (0.25, 4)
non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2,…, an ∈ R is 3
called a polynomial function. 2 (0.5, 2)
1 (1, 1)
Example: (2, 0.5)
2
f(x) = x − 2x − 3 for x ∈ R X′ O X
1 2 3 4
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Y′
f(x) = x2 − 2x − 3 5 0 −3 −4 −3 0 5
11. Modulus function:
Y Let f: R → R, the function f(x) = |x| such that
(−2, 5) 5 (4, 5) ⎧ x, for x ≥ 0

|x| = ⎨
4 ⎩ − x,for x < 0
3 is called modulus or absolute value function.
2 The graph of the absolute value function
1 consist of two rays having common end point
(−1, 0) (3, 0)
X′ X origin and bisecting the first and second
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4
−1 quadrant.
−2 Consider table of same values of f(x) = |x|
−3 (0, −3) (2, −3)
−4
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
(1, −4) f(x) 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
Y′ Y
f(x) = −x f(x) = x
10. Rational function: (−3, 3) 3 (3, 3)
(−2, 2) 2 (2, 2)
f ( x)
The function of the type , where f(x) and 1
g( x) (−1, 1) B
g(x) are polynomial functions of x, defined in X′ −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 X
a domain, where g (x) ≠ 0 is called a rational

function. Y′
1 12. Signum function:
Let f: (R−(0)) ⎯→ R : f (x) = for all values
x
The function f: R ⎯→ R : f (x) = 1, if x > 0
of x ∈ R − (0)
= 0, if x = 0
We have
= −1, if x < 0
x 0.25 0.5 1 2 is called the signum function.
f(x) = 1/x 4 2 1 0.5 Domain of f = R and Range of f = {−1, 0, 1}
18
Y 14. Exponential Function

Let f: R → R+. The function f is defined by
y=1 f(x) = ax, where a > 0, a ≠ 1 is called an
exponential function.
X′ O X
Y
f(x) = ax (a > 0)
y = −1
Y′ X′ X
O
13. Step function or the greatest integer
function: Y′
Let x be a real number, the symbol [x] is the
greatest integer not greater than x. f(x) = bx (b < 0) Y
For example, [4] = 4, [−1] = −1, [−3. 8] = 4

For a given real number x, [x] is unique.
Hence the function f(x) = [x] is called the step X′ X
O
function, its graph look like steps. The graph
consist of segments parallel to X-axis Y′
corresponding to different intervals. For example, f(x) = 2x is an exponential

The right hand end points of the line segment function.
do not lie on the graph. There are breaks in 15. Logarithmic function:
the graph at all values of x = n, where n is an
Let a be a positive real number with a ≠ 1, if
integer.
ay = x, x ∈ R then y is called the logarithm of x
Thus, f(x) = [x], n ≤ x < n + 1 where n is an
with base ‘a’ and we write it as y = loga x.
integer.
i.e. A function f : R+ → R defined by
Thus [x] = −2, if −2 ≤ x < − 1
f(x) = loga x is called logarithmic function.
= −1, if −1 ≤ x < 0
= 0, if 0≤x<1 ∴ f = {(x, loga x)/x ∈ R, a > 0, a ≠ 1}
= 1, if 1≤x<2 Y
= 2, if 2≤x<3
y = logax
Y (a > 1)
3
2
X′ X
1 O
X′ 0
X
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
–2
–3
Y′
Y′
19 19
Operations on functions Inverse function

Let X ⊂ R, then various operations on function are If a function f: A → B is one-one and onto function
defined as follows: defined by y = f(x), then the function g: B → A
i. Sum of functions: defined by g(y) = x is called the inverse of f and is
Let f: X → R and g: X → R be the two denoted by f −1.
functions, then f + g: X → R is defined by
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) for all x ∈ X. Thus f −1 : B → A is defined by x = f −1(y)
We also write if y = f(x) then x = f −1 (y)
ii. Difference of functions:
Note that if the function is not one-one nor onto,
Let f: X → R and g: X → R be the two
then its inverse does not exist.
functions, then f − g: X → R is defined by
The geometrical representation of the function is
(f − g)(x) = f(x) − g(x) for all x ∈ X.
called graph of the function.
iii. Product of functions:
We know that a function can be expressed as a set of
Let f: X → R and g: X → R be the two ordered pairs.
functions, then f.g : X → R is defined by
Let f: A → B be a function, where A and B are non
(f.g)(x) = f(x).g(x) for all x ∈ X. empty subsets of R. Let (x,y) be an element of f,
iv. Quotient of functions: where x ∈ A, y ∈ B.
Let f: X → R and g: X → R be the two
functions. Since x, y are real numbers, we can plot the point
Let X0 = {x ∈ X/ g(x) = 0}. (x, y) in a plane by choosing a suitable co-ordinate
f system. On plotting all such ordered pairs from the
Then :X − X0 → R is defined by set representing f we get a geometrical
g representation of the function. This is called graph of
⎛f ⎞ f ( x) the function f.
⎜ ⎟ (x) = for all x ∈ X such that
⎝g⎠ g( x) Binary operation
g (x) ≠ 0 (i.e., for all x ∈ X − X0)
If f: A → A then f is called unary operation on A.
v. Scalar multiplication of a function:
i.e. f = {(a, f(a)/a, f(a) ∈ A}
Let f: X → R be a function and k be a scalar,
then (kf): X → R is defined by If g: A × A → A then g is called binary operation on
(kf)(x) = kf(x) for all x ∈ X A.
Composite function i.e. g = {(a, b), g(a, b)/(a, b)∈ A × A and g(a, b)∈A}
Let g(a, b) = a * b such that (a, b) ∈ A × A and a * b
If f: A → B and g: B → C are two functions then the ∈A
composite function of f and g is the function
i.e. g(a, b) = a * b where a, b, a * b ∈ A
gof: A → C given by (gof)(x) = g[f(x)], for all x ∈ A
Let z = g(y) then z = g(y) = g[f(x)] ∈ C Where * is called the binary operation in A. * can be
gof +, −, × for A = R(real numbers).
÷ is a binary operation on R − {0}
If * is a binary operation in set A, then set A is
f g
x y z closed with respect to binary operation *.
Real valued functions of the real variable
A function f : A → B is called a real valued function
A B C of real variable, if A and B both are subsets of R.
This shows that every element x of the set A is The domain of the real function f(x), is the set of
related to one and only one element z = g[f(x)] of C. all those real numbers for which f(x) assumes real
This gives rise to a function from the set A to the set values only.
C. This function is called the composite of f and g. The range of the real function, is the set of all real
Note that (fog) (x) ≠ (gof)(x) values taken by f(x) at points in its domain.
20
Exercise 1.3 1
iii. f(x) =
1. Find the domain and range of the following x2 − 1
functions: f(x) is defined, when x2−1 > 0
i. f(x) = x2 i.e., when x2 > 1
i.e., when x > 1 or x < −1
ii. f(x) = ( x − 1)( 3 − x ) ∴ Domain of f = (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)
1 1
iii. f(x) = Let y = f(x) =
2
x −1 x2 − 1
x+3 1 1
iv. f(x) = ∴ = x2 − 1 ∴ x2−1 = 2
x−3 y y
v. f(x) = 9 − x 2 1 1+ y 2
∴ x2 = +1 ∴ x2 =
y2 y2
x−2
vi. f(x) = .
3− x 1+ y 2
∴ x=+
Solution y
i. f(x) = x2 Clearly, x is not defined, if y = 0
∴ Domain = set of all real numbers ∴ Range of f is R − {0}
Range = {x / x ∈ R and x ≥ 0} x+3
iv. f(x) =
x−3
ii. f(x) = ( x − 1)( 3 − x ) f(x) is not defined, when x – 3 = 0 i.e., when
For this to exist x=3
(x − 1).(3 − x) ≥ 0 ∴ Domain of f = R − {3}
∴ (x − 1) ≥ 0 and 3 − x ≥ 0 x+3
Let y = f(x) =
∴ x ≥ 1 and 3 ≥ x x−3
∴ x ≥ 1 and x ≤ 3 ∴ xy − 3y = x + 3
∴ 1≤x≤3 ∴ xy − x = 3 + 3y
∴ x ∈ [1, 3] 3 + 3y
∴ x=
or x − 1 ≤ 0 and 3 − x ≤ 0 y −1
∴ x ≤ 1 and 3 ≤ x which is not defined, when y – 1 = 0
∴ x ≤ 1 and x ≥ 3 i.e., when y = 1
∴ Range of f = R − {1}
Which is not possible
∴ Domain is [1, 3] and v. f(x) = 9 − x 2
For range f(x) is defined, when 9 − x2 > 0
Let y = f(x) = ( x −1) (3 − x) ∴ 9 ≥ x2
∴ 2
y = (x − 1) (3 – x) ∴ x2 ≤ 9
∴ x ≤ 3 and x ≥ −3
∴ y2 = −x2 + 4x − 3
∴ −3≤x≤3
∴ x2 − 4x + (3 + y2) = 0
∴ Domain of f = [−3, 3]
Disc > 0 (∵ x is real) Now, − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3
∴ (− 4)2 − 4 (1)(3 + y2) > 0 ∴ 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 9
∴ 16 − 12 − 4y2 ≥ 0 ∴ 0 ≥ − x2 ≥ − 9
∴ 4y2< 4 ∴ 0 + 9 ≥ 9 − x2 ≥ 9 − 9
∴ y2< 1 ∴ 0≤9−x2≤9
∴ −1<y<1 ∴ − 3 ≤ 9 − x2 ≤ 3
∴ − 1 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1 ∴ − 3 ≤ f(x ) ≤ 3
∴ Range is [−1, 1] ∴ Range of f = [−3, 3]
21
x−2 iii. f(x) = x2 − 6x + 11, for all x ∈ R

vi. f(x) =
3− x = (x2 − 6x + 9) + 2
x−2
f(x) is defined when >0 = (x − 3)2 + 2
3− x
i.e., i. x − 2 > 0 and 3 − x > 0 But (x − 3)2 ≥ 0, for all x ∈ R
or
∴ (x − 3)2 + 2 ≥ 0 + 2
ii. x − 2 < 0 and 3 − x < 0
i. When x − 2 > 0 and 3 − x > 0 ∴ f(x) ≥ 2
x > 2 and 3 > x ∴ Range = [2, ∞)
i.e., x > 2 and x < 3
i.e., x ∈ [2, 3)
3. Solve
ii. When x − 2 < 0 and 3 − x < 0
x < 2 and 3 < x x3 + 1
i. if f(x) = , find f(−3), f(−1)
x < 2 and x > 3 x2 + 1
which is not possible ii. if f(x) = (x − 1)(2x + 1), find f(1), f(2), f(−3)
∴ Domain of f is [2, 3)
iii. if f(x) = 2x2 − 3x − 1, find f(x + 2).
x−2 Solution:
Let y =
3− x
x3 + 1
x−2 i. f(x) =
∴ y2 = x2 + 1
3− x
∴ 3y2 − xy2 = x − 2
f(−3) =
( −3) + 1
3
=
−27 + 1 −26
= = −2.6
∴ 3y2 + 2 = x (1+ y2)
( −3)2 + 1 9 +1 10
3y2 + 2
∴ x=
1 + y2 ( −1)3 + 1 −1 + 1 0
f(−1) = = = =0
Which is defined for all real values ( −1)2 + 1 1 + 1 2
∴ Range of f (x) is R.
ii. f(x) = (x − 1)(2x + 1)
2. Find the range of each of the following f(1) = (1 − 1)[2(1) + 1] = 0
functions: f(2) = (2 − 1)[2(2) + 1] = 5
i. f(x) = 3x − 4, for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
f(−3) = (−3 −1)[2 (− 3) + 1] = 20
ii. f(x) = 9 − 2x2, for − 5 ≤ x ≤ 3
iii. f(x) = x2 − 6x + 11, for all x ∈ R. iii. f(x) = 2x2 − 3x − 1
Solution: ∴ f(x + 2) = 2(x + 2)2 − 3(x + 2) − 1
i. f(x) = 3x − 4 for −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 = 2(x2 + 4x + 4) − 3x − 6 − 1
As – 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 = 2x2 + 8x + 8 − 3x − 7
∴ –3 ≤ 3x ≤ 9 ∴ f(x + 2) = 2x2 + 5x + 1
∴ –3 – 4 ≤ 3x – 4 ≤ 9 – 4
∴ –7 ≤ 3x – 4 ≤ 5
4. Which of the following relations are
∴ Range of f is [−7, 5].
functions? Justify your answer. If it is a
ii. f(x) = 9 – 2x2, for –5 ≤ x ≤ 3
function, determine its domain and range.
As – 5 ≤ x ≤ 3
Also state the function by formula.
∴ 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 25
i. {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5),
∴ 0 ≤ 2x2 ≤ 50
∴ 0 ≥ –2x2 ≥ –50 (12, 6), (14, 7)}
∴ 0 + 9 ≥ 9 – 2x2 ≥ 9 – 50 ii. {(2, 1), (3, 1), (5, 2)}
∴ 9 ≥ 9 – 2x2 ≥ –41 iii. {(2, 3), (3, 2), (2, 5), (5, 2)}
∴ 9 ≥ f(x) ≥ –41 iv. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, −1), (4, 2), (4,−2),
∴ Range of f is [–41, 9] (9, 3), (9, −3), (16, 4), (16, −4}}
22
Solution: iv. Let f = {(0,0), (1, 1), (1, −1), (4, 2), (4, −2),
i. Let f = {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5), (9, 3), (9, −3), (16, 4), (16, −4)}
(12, 6), (14, 7)} A B
B −4
A 0
1 −3
2 1 −2
2
4 4 −1
3
6 0
4 9
8 5 1
10 16
6 2
12 7 3
14
4
From fig. every element of set A is associated ∴ ‘1’, ‘4’, ‘9’, ‘16’ have two images
with unique element of set B ∴ It is not a function
∴ It is a function
5. Find a, if f(x) = ax + 5 and f(1) = 8.
Domain = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} Solution:
Range = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} f(x) = ax + 5 and f(1) = 8
Also, each element of domain is half of the ∴ f(1) = a(1) + 5
corresponding element of co-domain. ∴ 8=a+5
∴ a=3
x
∴ Function is y =
2 6. If f(x) = f(3x − 1), for f(x) = x2 − 4x + 11,
find x.
ii. Let f = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (5, 2)} Solution:
f(x) = x2 − 4x + 11
A B
Also, f(x) = f(3x − 1)
2 1 ∴ x2 − 4x + 11 = (3x − 1)2 − 4(3x − 1) + 11
∴ x2 − 4x = 9x2 − 6x + 1 − 12x + 4
3
2 ∴ 8x2 − 14x + 5 = 0
5 ∴ 8x2 − 4x − 10x + 5 = 0
∴ 4x(2x − 1) − 5(2x − 1) = 0
∴ (2x − 1)(4x − 5) = 0
From fig. every element of set A is associated
1 5
with unique element of set B ∴ x = or x =
2 4
∴ It is a function
Domain = {2, 3, 5} and Range = {1, 2} 7. If f(x) = x2 − 3x + 4, then find the value of x
satisfying f(x) = f(2x + 1).
Solution:
iii. Let f = {(2, 3), (3, 2), (2, 5), (5, 2)}
f(x) = x2 − 3x + 4
A B Also, f(x) = f(2x + 1)
∴ x2 − 3x + 4 = (2x + 1)2 − 3(2x + 1) + 4
2 2 ∴ x2 − 3x + 4 = 4x2 + 4x + 1 − 6x − 3 + 4
3 3 ∴ 3x2 + x − 2 = 0
5 5 ∴ 3x2 + 3x − 2x − 2 = 0
∴ 3x(x + 1) − 2(x + 1) = 0
∴ (x + 1)(3x − 2) = 0
Since ‘2’ has 2 images i.e. 3 and 5, therefore it 2
∴ x = −1 or x =
is not a function 3
23
8. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Z be the set of ii. Let f : Z → Z given by f(x) = x2 + 4 for all x ∈ Z
integers. Define f: A → Z by f(x) = 3x + 7. Let x1, x2 ∈ R be such that f(x1) = f(x2)
Show that f is a function from A to Z. Also ∴ x12 + 4 = x22 + 4
find the range of f. ∴ x12 = x22
Solution: ∴ x1 = ± x2
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∴ f is not one-one function.
f(x) = 3x + 7 Here 0 ∈ co-domain Z, but there does not
when x = 1, f(1) = 3(1) + 7 = 10 exist x ∈ domain Z such that f(x) = 0
when x = 2, f(2) = 3(2) + 7 = 13 ∴ f is not onto function.
when x = 3, f(3) = 3(3) + 7 = 16
when x = 4, f(4) = 3(4) + 7 = 19
10. Find which of the functions are one-one
∴ f = {(1, 10), (2, 13), (3, 16), (4, 19)} onto, many-one onto, one-one into, many-
It is a function because each element in A has one into. Justify your answer.
one and only one image in Z i. f:R→R given as f(x) = 3x + 7 for all
∴ Range of f = {10, 13, 16, 19} x∈R
ii. f: R→R given as f(x) = x2 for all x ∈ R
9. Find whether following functions are iii. f = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)} defined
one-one, onto or not: from A to B where A = {1, 2, 3, 4},
i. f: R→R given by f(x) = x3 + 5 for all B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}.
x∈R Solution:
ii. f: Z→Z given by f(x) = x2 +4 for all i. f: R→R given as f(x) = 3x + 7 for all x ∈ R
x∈Z First we have to show that f is one−one
Solution: For this we have to show that
i. Let f: R → R given as f(x) = x3 + 5 for all if f(x1) = f(x2) then x1 = x2
x ∈ R. Here, f(x) = 3x + 7
First we have to show that f is one-one Let f(x1) = f(x2)
function ∴ 3x1 + 7 = 3x2 + 7
For this we have to show that ∴ x1 = x2
if f(x1) = f(x2), then x1 = x2 ∴ f is one-one function.
Here, f(x) = x3 + 5 Now we have to show that f is onto function.
Let f(x1) = f(x2) For that we have to prove that for any
∴ x13 + 5 = x23 + 5 y ∈ co-domain R, there exist an element
∴ x13 = x23 x ∈ domain R such that f(x) = y.
Let y ∈ R be such that
∴ x1 = x2
y = f(x)
∴ f is one-one function
∴ y = 3x + 7
Now we have to show that f is onto.
∴ y − 7 = 3x
For that we have to prove that for any
y−7
y ∈ co-domain R, there exist an element ∴ x= ∈R
x ∈ domain R such that f(x) = y. 3
Let y ∈ R be such that ∴ for any y ∈ co-domain R, there exist an element
y = f(x) y−7
x= ∈ R such that f(x) = y.
∴ y = x3 + 5 3
∴ x3 = y − 5 ∴ f is onto function.
∴ x = 3 y − 5 ∈R ∴ f(x) is one-one onto function.
∴ for any y ∈ co-domain R, there exist an ii. f: R→R given as f(x) = x2 for all x ∈ R
element x = 3 y − 5 ∈ domain R such f(x) = y. To find whether it is one-one or many-one
Let f(x1) = f(x2)
∴ f is onto function. ∴ x12 = x22
∴ f is one-one onto function. ∴ x1 = ± x2
24
∴ f is not one-one function. (fog)x = f[g(x)] = f(x2 + 3x + 1)

∴ f is many one function = x2 + 3x + 1 − 2
Now we have to show that f is onto function. = x2 + 3x − 1
For that we have to prove that for any 1 x−2
y ∈ co-domain R, there exist an element ii. f(x) = and g(x) =
x x+2
x ∈ domain R such that f(x) = y. 1
Let y ∈ R be such that −2
⎛1⎞ 1 − 2x
y = f(x) (gof) = g[f(x)] = g ⎜ ⎟ = x =
1
∴ y = x2
⎝ x⎠ + 2 1 + 2x
x
∴ x = ± y ∉ R if y < 0
⎛ x−2⎞ 1 x+2
∴ for any y ∈ co-domain R, there does not exist (fog)x = f[g(x)] = f ⎜ ⎟= x−2 =
⎝ x+2 ⎠ x−2
an element x ∈domain R such that f(x) = y.
x+2
∴ f is into function
Hence f is many-one into function. 2x + 3
13. If f(x) = , prove that fof is an identity
3x − 2
iii. f = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}
function.
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15}
Solution:
f is defined from A to B
2x + 3
f: A → B f(x) =
Here each and every element of A have their 3x − 2
distinct images in B (fof)(x) = f[f(x)]
∴ f is one-one function. ⎛ 2x + 3 ⎞
⎛ 2x + 3 ⎞
2⎜ ⎟+3
Also element 15 in the co-domain B don’t 3x − 2 ⎠
= f⎜ ⎟ = ⎝
have any pre-image in the domain A. ⎝ 3x − 2 ⎠ ⎛ 2x + 3 ⎞
∴ f is into function.
3⎜ ⎟−2
⎝ 3x − 2 ⎠
∴ f it is one-one into function. 4 x + 6 + 9 x − 6 13 x
= = =x
6x + 9 − 6x + 4 13
11. Let f and g be two real valued functions
defined by f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x − 3. ∴ (fof)(x) = x
Find ∴ fof is an identity function.
f
i. f+g ii. f−g iii. . 3x + 2 x+2
g 14. If f(x) = and g(x) = , prove
4x − 1 4x − 3
Solution: that (gof) (x) = (fog) (x) = x.
f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x − 3 Solution:
i. (f + g) x = f(x) + g(x) = x + 1 + 2x − 3 = 3x − 2 3x + 2 x+2
ii. (f − g) x = f(x) − g(x) = x + 1 − (2x − 3) = 4 − x f(x) = , g(x) =
4x −1 4x − 3
⎛f ⎞ f ( x) x +1 3x + 2
iii. ⎜ ⎟x = = +2
⎝g⎠ g( x) 2 x − 3 ⎛ 3x + 2 ⎞ 4x −1
(gof)(x) = g[f(x)] = g ⎜ ⎟ = ⎛ 3x + 2 ⎞
⎝ 4x −1 ⎠ 4⎜ ⎟−3
12. Find gof and fog, where ⎝ 4x −1 ⎠
i. f(x) = x − 2, g(x) = x2 + 3x + 1 3x + 2 + 8 x − 2 11x
1 x−2 = = =x
ii. f(x) = , g(x) = . 12 x + 8 − 12 x + 3 11
x x+2 ⎛ x+2 ⎞
Solution: 3⎜ ⎟+2
⎛ x+2 ⎞ ⎝ 4x − 3 ⎠
i. f(x) = x − 2 and g(x) = x2 + 3x + 1 (fog)(x) = f[g(x)] = f ⎜ ⎟=
(gof)(x) = g[f(x)] ⎝ 4x − 3 ⎠ 4⎛ x + 2 ⎞ −1
⎜ ⎟
= g(x – 2) ⎝ 4x − 3 ⎠
= (x − 2)2 + 3(x − 2) + 1 3x + 6 + 8 x − 6 11x
= = =x
= x2 − 4x + 4 + 3x − 6 + 1 4x + 8 − 4x + 3 11
= x2 − x − 1 ∴ (gof)(x) = (fog)(x) = x
25
15. If f = {(2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)}, Miscellaneous Exercise - 1
g = {(4, 13), (6, 19), (8, 25), (10, 31),
1. Write down the following sets in set-builder
(12, 37)}, find (gof).
form:
Solution:
i. {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}
f = {(2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)}
ii. {a, e, i, o, u}
g ={(4, 13), (6, 19), (8, 25), (10, 31), (12, 37)}
iii. {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday,
Let A = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12} and
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
C = {13, 19, 25, 31, 37}
Saturday}
∴ f(x) = 2x and g(x) = 3x+1
Solution:
∴ (gof)(x) = g[f(x)] = 9(2x)
i. Let A = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}
= 3(2x) + 1 = 6x+1
∴ A = {x/x = 10n, n ∈ N and n ≤ 5}
∴ (gof)(2) = 6(2) + 1 = 13
(gof)(3) = 6(3) + 1 = 19 ii. Let B = {a, e, i, o, u}
(gof)(4) = 6(4) + 1 = 25 ∴ B = {x/x is a vowel of alphabets}
(gof)(5) = 6(5) + 1 = 31
iii. Let C = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
(gof)(6) = 6(6) + 1 = 37
Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
∴ (gof) = {(2, 13), (3, 19), (4, 25), (5, 31), (6, 37)}
∴ C = {x/x represents days of a week}
16. Show that f:R → R given by f(x) = 3x − 4 is
one-one and onto. Find its inverse function. 2. If U = {x/x ∈ N, 1 ≤ x ≤ 12}
Also find f−1 (9) and f−1 (−2). A = {1, 4, 7, 10}, B = {2, 4, 6, 7, 11}
Solution: C = {3, 5, 8, 9, 12}
f: R→ R given by f(x) = 3x − 4 Write down the sets
Let x1, x2 ∈ R be such that i. A∪B ii. B∩C
f(x1) = f(x2) iii. A – B iv. B ∩ C′
∴ 3x1 − 4 = 3x2 −4 v. A∪B∪C vi. A ∩ (B ∪ C)
∴ 3x1 = 3x2 Solution:
∴ x1 = x2 U = {x / x ∈ N, 1 ≤ x ≤ 12} = {1, 2, 3, …., 12}
∴ f is one-one function. A = {1, 4, 7, 10}, B = {2, 4, 6, 7, 11},
Now we have to show that f is onto function. C ={3, 5, 8, 9, 12}
Let y ∈ R be such that i. A ∪ B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11}
y = f(x) ii. B∩C={}=φ
∴ y = 3x − 4 iii. A − B = {1, 10}
y+4 iv. C′ = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11}
∴ x= ∈R ∴ B ∩ C′ = {2, 4, 6, 7, 11}
3
∴ for any y ∈ co-domain R, there exist an element v. A ∪ B ∪ C ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11, 12}
y+4 vi. B ∪ C = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12}
x= ∈ R such that f(x) = y. ∴ A ∩ (B ∪ C) = {4, 7}
3
∴ f is onto function.
3. In a survey of 425 students in a school, it
∴ f is a one-one onto function.
was found that 115 drink apple juice, 160
∴ f−1 exists drink orange juice and 80 drink both apple
y+4 as well as orange juice. How many drink
∴ f −1(y) =
3 neither apple juice nor orange juice?
−1 x+4 Solution:
∴ f (x) =
3 Let A = set of students who drink apple juice
9 + 4 13 B = set of students who drink orange juice
f −1(9) = =
3 3 X = set of all students
−2 + 4 2 ∴ n(X) = 425, n(A) = 115, n(B) = 160,
f −1(−2) = =
3 3 n(A ∩ B) = 80
26
No. of students who neither drink apple juice nor i. R1 = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)}
orange juice = n(A′ ∩ B′) = n(A ∪ B)′ Since, R1 ⊆ A × B
= n(X) − n(A ∪ B) ∴ R1 is a relation from A to B
= 425 − [n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)]
ii. R2 = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 6)}
= 425 − (115 + 160 − 80)
= 230 Since, R2 ⊆ A × B
∴ R2 is a relation from A to B
4. In a school there are 20 teachers who teach iii. R3 = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (3, 6), (2, 6), (3, 4)}
mathematics or physics. Of these, 12 teach Since, R3 ⊆ A × B
mathematics and 4 teach both physics and
∴ R3 is a relation from A to B
mathematics. How many teachers teach
physics? iv. R4 = {(4, 2), (2, 6), (5, 1), (2, 4)}
Solution: Since, (4, 2) ∈ R4, but (4, 2) ∉ A × B
Let A = set of teachers who teach mathematics ∴ R4 ⊄ A × B
B = set of teachers who teach physics ∴ R4 is not a relation from A to B
∴ n(A ∪ B) = 20, n(A) = 12, n(A ∩ B) = 4
But n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
7. Determine the domain and range of the
∴ 20 = 12 + n(B) − 4 following relations:
∴ 12 = n(B)
i. R = {(a, b) / a ∈ N, a < 5, b = 4}
∴ No. of teachers who teach physics = 12
ii. S = {(a, b) / b = | a – 1|, a ∈ Z, | a | < 3}.
Solution:
5. i. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4}, state the
i. R = {(a, b) / a ∈ N, a < 5, b = 4}
elements of A × A, A × B, B × A,
B × B, (A × B) ∩ (B × A) ∴ Domain (R) = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range (R) = {4}
ii. If A = {−1, 1}, find A × A × A.
Solution: ii. S = {(a, b) / b = |a − 1|, a ∈ Z, |a| < 3}
i. A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4} Since, a ∈ Z and |a| < 3
A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), ∴ a < 3 and a > −3
(2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)} ∴ −3 < a < 3
A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 2), ∴ a = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2
(3, 4)} When a = −2, b = 3
B × A = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (4, 1), (4, 2), When a = −1, b = 2
(4, 3)} When a = 0, b = 1
B × B = {(2, 2), (2, 4), (4, 2), (4, 4)} When a = 1, b = 0
(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = {(2, 2)} When a = 2, b = 1
∴ Domain (S) = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
ii. A = {−1, 1} Range (S) = {3, 2, 1, 0}
∴ A×A×A
= {(−1, −1, −1), (−1, −1, 1), (−1, 1, −1), (−1, 1, 1), 8. Which of the following relations are
(1, −1, −1), (1, −1, 1), (1, 1, −1), (1, 1, 1)} functions? If it is a function, determine its
domain and range:
6. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6}, which of the i. {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5),
following are relations from A to B: (12, 6), (14, 7)}
i. R1 = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)} ii. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, −1), (4, 2), (4, −2),
ii. R2 = {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 6)} (9, 3), (9, −3), (16, 4), (16, −4)}
iii. R3 = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (3, 6), (2, 6), (3, 4)}
iii. {(2, 1), (3, 1), (5, 2)}.
iv. R4 = {(4, 2), (2, 6), (5, 1), (2, 4)}.
Solution: Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} i. Refer Solution Ex. 1.3 Q. 4 - i
∴ A × B = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), ii. Refer Solution Ex. 1.3 Q. 4 – iv
(2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)} iii. Refer Solution Ex. 1.3 Q. 4 - ii
27
9. Find whether following functions are one- 10. Find whether following functions are onto
or not:
one or not :
i. f: Z → Z defined by f(x) = 6x − 7 for
i. f: R → R defined by f (x) = x2 + 5 all x ∈ Z.
ii. f: R → R defined by f(x) = x2 + 3 for
ii. f: R − {3} → R defined by all x ∈ R.
Solution:
5x + 7
f (x) = for x ∈ R – {3}. i. f: Z → Z defined by f(x) = 6x − 7 for all x ∈ Z
x−3
We want to find whether f is a onto function
Solution: For that we have to prove that for any
y ∈ co-domain Z, there exist an element
i. f: R → R defined by f(x) = x2 + 5 x ∈ domain Z such that f(x) = y
Let y ∈ Z be such that
To prove that f is one-one we have to prove y = f(x)
that if f(x1) = f(x2) then x1 = x2 ∴ y = 6x − 7
y+7
Here f(x) = x2 + 5 ∴ 6x = y + 7 ∴ x= ∉Z
6
Let f(x1) = f(x2) ∴ for any y ∈ co-domain Z, there does not exist
an element x ∈ domain Z such that f(x) = y
∴ x12 + 5 = x22 + 5 ∴ f is not onto function.
ii. f : R → R defined by f(x) = x2 + 3 for all x ∈ R
∴ x12 = x22
As x ∈ R, x2 ≥ 0
∴ x1 = ± x2 ∴ x2 + 3 ≥ 3 ∴ f(x) ≥ 3
∴ Value of all element of domain R is greater
∴ f is not one-one function. than or equal to 3
This means that in co-domain for all the
5x + 7 elements which are less than 3 will not have
ii. f: R − {3} → R defined by f(x) = their pre-image in the domain.
x−3
∴ f is not onto function.
To prove that f is one-one we have to prove 11. Let f: R→R be a function defined by
that if f(x1) = f(x2) then x1 = x2 f(x) = 5x3 − 8 for all x ∈ R, show that f is
one-one and onto. Hence find f −1.
5x + 7 Solution:
Here, f(x) =
x−3 f: R → R defined by f(x) = 5x3 − 8
First, we have to prove that f one-one function
Let f(x1) = f(x2) For that we have to prove that if f(x1) = f(x2) then
x1 = x2
5 x1 + 7 5 x 2 + 7
∴ = Here f(x) = 5x3 − 8
x1 − 3 x2 − 3
Let f(x1) = f(x2)
∴ 5x13 − 8 = 5x23 − 8
∴ (5x1 + 7)(x2 − 3) = (5x2 + 7)(x1 − 3)
∴ x13 = x23 ∴ x1 = x2
∴ 5x1x2 − 15x1 + 7x2 − 21 = 5x1x2 − 15x2 + 7x1 − 21 ∴ f is one-one function
Now we have to show that f is onto function.
∴ −15x1 + 7x2 = −15x2 + 7x1 Let y ∈ R be such that
y = f(x)
∴ 22x2 = 22x1 ∴ y = 5x3 − 8
∴ 5x3 = y + 8
∴ x1 = x2
y +8
∴ x= 3 ∈R
∴ f is one-one function. 5
28
∴ for any y ∈ co-domain R, there exist an element 13. A function f is defined as follows:
y +8 f(x) = 4x + 5, for −4 ≤ x < 0, find the values
x= 3 ∈ domain R such that f(x) = y of f(−1), f(−2), f(0), if they exist.
5
Solution:
∴ f is onto function.
f(x) = 4x + 5, for x ∈ [−4, 0)
∴ f is one-one onto function − 1 ∈ [−4, 0)
∴ f−1 exists ∴ f(−1) = 4(−1) + 5 = 1
y +8 x+8 − 2 ∈ [−4, 0)
∴ f−1(y) = 3 ∴ f−1(x) = 3 .
5 5 ∴ f(−2) = 4(−2) + 5 = − 3
But 0 ∉ [−4, 0)
3x ∴ f(0) does not exist.
12. A function f: R → R defined by f(x) = + 2,
5
x ∈ R. Show that f is one-one and onto. 14. A function f is defined as follows:
Hence find f −1. f(x) = 5 − x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
Solution: Find the value of x such that
3x f(x) = 3 and f(x) = 5.
f: R → R defined by f(x) = + 2 Solution:
5
First we have to prove that f is one-one function for f(x) = 5 − x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
that we have to prove if f(x1) = f(x2) then x1 = x2 When f(x) = 3,
3x 5−x=3
Here f(x) = + 2 ∴ x=2
5
When f(x) = 5,
Let f(x1) = f(x2)
5−x=5
3 x1 3x ∴ x=0
∴ +2= 2 +2
5 5
3x1 3x2 15. If f(x) = 3x4 − 5x2 + 7, find f(x − 1).
∴ =
5 5 Solution:
∴ x1 = x2 f(x) = 3x4 − 5x2 + 7
∴ f is one-one function ∴ f(x − 1) = 3(x − 1)4 − 5(x − 1)2 + 7
Now, we have to that f is onto function = 3(x4 − 4x3 + 6x2 − 4x + 1) − 5(x2 − 2x + 1) + 7
Let y ∈ R be such that = 3x4 − 12x3 + 18x2 −12x + 3 − 5x2 + 10x − 5 + 7
y = f(x) = 3x4 − 12x3 + 13x2 − 2x + 5
3x
∴ y= +2
5 16. If f(x) = 3x + a and f(1) = 7, find a and f(4).
3x Solution:
∴ y−2= f(x) = 3x + a and f(1) = 7
5
∴ f(1) = 3(1) + a
5( y − 2)
∴ x= ∈R ∴ 7=3+a
3 ∴ a=4
∴ for any y ∈ co-domain R, the exist an element ∴ f(x) = 3x + 4
5( y − 2) ∴ f(4) = 3(4) + 4 = 16
x= ∈ domain R such that f(x) = y
3
∴ f is onto function. 17. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + 2 and f(1) = 3, f(4) = 42,
∴ f is one-one onto function. find a and b.
∴ f−1 exists Solution:
5( y − 2) f(x) = ax2 + bx + 2
∴ f−1(y) =
3 f(1) = 3
5( x − 2) ∴ a(1)2 + b(1) + 2 = 3
∴ f −1 (x) =
3 ∴ a+b+2=3
29
∴ a=1−b ….(i) Solution:

and f(4) = 42 i. f(x) = x2 + 5, g(x) = x − 8
∴ a(4)2 + b(4) + 2 = 42 fog(x) = f[g(x)]
∴ 16a + 4b = 40 = f(x – 8)
∴ 4a + b = 10 = (x − 8)2 + 5
∴ 4(1 − b) + b = 10 ….[From (i)] = x2 − 16x + 64 + 5
∴ 4 − 4b + b = 10 = x2 − 16x + 69
gof(x) = g[f(x)]
∴ −3b = 6
= g(x2 + 5)
∴ b=−2 = x2 + 5 − 8 = x2 − 3
Putting the value of b in (i), we get
a = 1− (−2) = 3 ii. f(x) = 3x − 2, g(x) = x2
fog(x) = f[g(x)]
∴ a = 3, b = − 2
= f(x2)
18. Find composite of f and g = 3x2 − 2
i. f = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)} gof(x) = g[f(x)] = [f(x)]2
g = {(3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)} = (3x − 2)2 = 9x2 − 12x + 4
ii. f = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
g = {(1, 1), (2, 8), (3, 27), (4, 64)} iii. f(x) = 256 x4, g(x) = x
Solution: fog(x) = f[g(x)]
i. f = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6)}
g = {(3, 6), (4, 8), (5, 10), (6, 12)}
=f ( x)
= 256 ( x )
4
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6} and
C = {6, 8, 10, 12}
= 256 x2
∴ f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 2x gof(x) = g[f(x)]
∴ (gof) (x) = g[f(x)] = g(x + 2) = 2(x + 2) = 2x + 4 = g(256 x4)
∴ (gof) (1) = 2(1) + 4 = 6
= 256 x 4 = 16x2
(gof) (2) = 2(2) + 4 = 8
(gof) (3) = 2(3) + 4 = 10
2x + 1 2
(gof) (4) = 2(4) + 4 = 12 20. If f(x) = ,x≠ ,
5x − 2 5
∴ gof = {(1, 6), (2, 8), (3, 10), (4, 12)}
show that (fof)(x) = x.
ii. f = {(1,1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)} Solution:
g = {(1, 1), (2, 8), (3, 27), (4, 64)} 2x + 1
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and f(x) =
5x − 2
C = {1, 8, 27, 64} (fof)x = f[f(x)]
∴ f(x) = x and g(x) = x3
⎛ 2x + 1 ⎞
∴ (gof) (x) = g[f(x)] = g(x) = x3 = f⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5x − 2 ⎠
∴ (gof) (1) = (1)3 = 1
⎛ 2x + 1 ⎞
(gof) (2) = (2)3 = 8 2⎜ ⎟ +1
⎝ 5x − 2 ⎠
(gof) (3) = (3)3 = 27 =
⎛ 2x + 1 ⎞
(gof) (4) = (4)3 = 64 5⎜ ⎟−2
⎝ 5x − 2 ⎠
gof = {(1, 1), (2, 8), (3, 27), (4, 64)}
4x + 2 + 5x − 2
=
19. Find fog and gof 10 x + 5 − 10 x + 4
i. f(x) = x2 + 5, g(x) = x − 8 9x
ii. f(x) = 3x − 2, g(x) = x2 =
9
iii. f(x) = 256x4, g(x) = x . =x
30
x+3 3 + 5x Y y = f(x)
21. If f(x) = , g(x) = ,
4x − 5 4x − 1
then show that (fog)(x) = x. 6 (1, 6)
Solution: 5 (0, 5)
x+3 3 + 5x 4
f(x) = , g(x) =
4x − 5 4x −1 3
∴ (fog) x = f[g(x)]
2
3 + 5x
+3 1
⎛ 3 + 5x ⎞ 4 x − 1 (−5, 0)
=f ⎜ ⎟= X
⎝ 4 x − 1 ⎠ 4 ⎛ 3 + 5x ⎞ − 5 X′
⎜ ⎟ −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O1 2 3 4
⎝ 4x −1 ⎠ (−6, −1) −1
3 + 5 x + 12 x − 3 −2
4x −1 17 x
= = =x
12 + 20 x − 20 x + 5 17 Y′
4x −1
24. Let f: R → R be defined by f(x) = x3 for all x
22. Let f: R − {2} → R be defined by
∈ R. Find its domain and range. Also draw its
x2 − 4 graph.
f(x) = and g: R → R be defined by
x−2 Solution:
g(x) = x + 2. Find whether f ≡ g or not. f (x) = x3
Solution: Domain of f is R
x2 − 4 Range of f is R
f: R − {2} → R be defined by f(x) = Let y = f(x) i.e., y = x3
x−2
We have
g: R → R be defined by g(x) = x + 2
x2 − 4 x 2 1 0 −1 −2
f(x) = is not defined by when x − 2 = 0
x−2 y = x3 8 1 0 −1 −8
i.e., x = 2 Y
Here domain of f is R − {2}
8 (2, 8)
But 2 ∉ domain of f
∴ f(2) does not exist 7
But 2 ∈ domain of g 6
∴ g(2) exist 5 y = x3
and g(2) = 2 + 2 = 4 4
∴ f(x) ≠ g(x) ∀ x 3
∴ f≠g
2
23. Let f: R → R be defined by f(x) = x + 5 for 1 (1, 1)
all x ∈ R. Find its domain and range. Also X′ X
draw its graph. −3 −2 −1 O1 2 3
Solution: (−1, −1) −1
f(x) = x + 5 −2
Domain of f is R −3
range of f is R −4
Let y = f(x) −5
i.e., y = x + 5 −6
We have −7
(−2, −8) −8
x 1 0 −5 −6
y=x+5 6 5 0 −1 Y′
31
Additional Problems for Practice 8. From amongst 800 individuals using internet,
55% use Facebook, 40% use Whatsapp and
Based on Exercise 1.1 35% use both sites. Find the number of
1. Describe the following sets in Roster form: individuals who use
i. {x / x is a letter of the word ‘APPLE’} i. at least one of the sites.
⎧ 3⎫ ii. neither Facebook nor Whatsapp.
ii. ⎨ x / x is an integer and − 2 < x < ⎬ . iii. only one of the sites.
⎩ 2⎭
iii. {x / x = 2n − 1, n ∈ N} 9. In a class, 50 students study Marathi, 40
students study English, 30 students study
2. Describe the following sets in set-builder
Hindi, 20 students study both English and
form: Marathi, 16 students study both English and
i. {0, 1, 2, 3, ….} Hindi. None of them study Marathi and Hindi
ii. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} both. If every student study at least one
⎧ 1 1 1 1⎫ subject, find the number of students in the
iii. ⎨1, , , , ⎬
⎩ 3 5 7 9⎭ class.
3. If A = {x / 2x2 + x − 6 = 0}, 10. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, write down the set of all
B = {x / x2 − 4 = 0}, possible subsets of A, i.e., the power set of A.
C = {x / x2 − 3x − 10 = 0}, 11. Write the following intervals in set-builder form:
then find
i. (−2, 0) ii. (2, 6]
i. A∪B∪C ii. A∩B∩C
iii. [−2, 5) iv. [−1, 1]
4. If A, B, C are the sets of the letters in the
words ‘language’, ‘luggage’ and ‘drainage’ 12. Using Venn diagrams represent:
respectively, then verify that i. (A ∪ B ∪ C)′ ii. A ∩ (B ∪ C)
[A − (B ∪ C)] = [(A − B) ∩ (A − C)].
Based on Exercise 1.2
5. If A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {c, d, e, f}, C = {f, g, h, i}
and universal set U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}, 1. If (x + 3, y − 1) = (4, 1), find the values of x
then verify the following: and y.
i. A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
ii. A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) ⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛1 5⎞
2. If ⎜ x + , y − ⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟ , find x and y.
iii. (A ∪ C)′ = A′ ∩ C′ ⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝2 2⎠
iv. (B ∩ C)′ = B′ ∪ C′
v. C = (A ∩ C) ∪ (A′ ∩ C) 3. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {x, y}, then find A × B,
vi. n (B ∪ C) = n(B) + n(C) − n(B ∩ C) B × A, A × A and B × B.
6. If A and B are subsets of the universal set U 4. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5}, then
and n (U) = 100, n (A) = 80, n (B) = 40, find i. (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
n (A′ ∩ B′) = 10, then find ii. (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
i. n (A ∪ B) ii. n (A ∩ B)
5. Express A = {(x, y) / x2 + y2 = 25, where x, y ∈ W}
iii. n (A′ ∩ B) iv. n (A ∩ B′)
as a set of ordered pairs.
7. In a survey of 75 students of a class, 40 like
apple juice, 35 like orange juice, 30 like 6. Write the domain and range of the following
pineapple juice, 15 like both apple and orange relations:
juices, 12 like both apple and pineapple juices, i. {(a, b) / a, b ∈ N, a < 3 and b < 2}
10 like both orange and pineapple juices and 4 ii {(a, b) / a, b ∈ N, a + b = 5}
like all three juices. Find the number of
students who 7. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 10} and
i. did not like any juice. R = {(a, b) / a ∈ A, b ∈ B, a.b is odd}. Show
ii. like orange juice or pineapple juice. that R is an empty relation from A to B.
32
8. Write the following relation in Roster form 11. Let f and g be two real valued functions
and hence find its domain and range: defined by f(x) = 3x − 1 and g(x) = x − 2. Find
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫ i. f+g ii. f−g
R = ⎨⎜ a, ⎟ a ∈ N,0 < a < 4 ⎬ f
⎩⎝ a + 1 ⎠ ⎭ iii.
g
9. Write the following relations as sets of
ordered pairs: x
12. Find gof and fog, where f(x) = and
i. {(x, y) / x + y = 5, x, y ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}} 2
ii. {(x, y) / x > y + 1, x = 4, 6, 8 and y = 1, 3} x +1
g(x) = .
x −1
Based on Exercise 1.3
5x + 1
1. Find the domain and range of the following 13. If f(x) = , then prove that fof is an
functions: x −5
identity function.
i. f (x) = ( x − 2)(4 − x)
7x + 4 3x + 4
ii. f (x) = 25 − x 2 14. If f(x) = and g(x) = , then show
5x − 3 5x − 7
2. Find the range of each of the following that (fog) (x) = (gof) (x) = x.
functions: 15. If f = {(1, 3), (2, 4), (3, 5), (4, 6), (5, 7)},
i. f (x) = x2 − 8x + 19, for all x ∈ R g = {(3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25), (6, 36), (7, 49)},
ii. f (x) = 5x + 4, −2 ≤ x ≤ 3 find (gof).
3. If f(x) = (x + 5) (3x − 1), then find f(1), f (−2). 16. Show that f : R → R given by f(x) = 4x + 7 is
4. 2
If f(x) = 3x + 2x + 5, then find f (x + 1). one-one onto. Find its inverse function. Also
find f −1 (19) and f −1 (−5).
5. Which of the following relations are
functions? If it is a function, determine its Based on Miscellaneous Exercise − 1
domain and range. Also find the function by
formula (if possible). 1. Write down the following sets in set-builder
i. {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)} form:
ii. {(1, 2), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 6)} i. {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36}
ii. {0, ±2, ±4, ±6}
6. If f(x) = ax − 10 and f (1) = 6, then find a.
2. If U = {x / x ∈ I, −2 ≤ x ≤ 10},
7. If f(x) = f(2x + 1) for f(x) = x2 − 5x + 7, then
A = {−2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {1, 2, 3, 9, 10},
find x.
C = {3, 6, 9}, write down the following sets:
8. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Z be the set of i. A∪C ii. A∩B
integers. If f : A → Z is defined by f(x) = 2x + 1, iii. A′ ∩ C iv. (A ∩ B) ∩ C′
then show that f is a function from A to Z. Also
find the range of f. 3. In a class of 180 students, 95 like English, 110
like Hindi and 30 like both subjects. How many
9. Find whether the following functions are one- students neither like English nor like Hindi?
one, onto or not:
i. f : R → R given by f(x) = x2 4. Out of 40 players participating in Cricket and
Football, 18 play Cricket and 9 play both
ii. f : R → R given by f(x) = 2x + 3.
Cricket and Football. How many players play
10. Find which of the following functions are one- Football?
one onto, many-one onto, one-one into, many-
one into. 5. If A = {1, 3, 4} and B = {3, 5}, find A × B,
i. f = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 11), (4, 18)} defined B × B, B × A, (A × B) ∩ (B × A).
from A to B, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and 6. If X = {a, b, c} and Y = {p, q}, which of the
B = {3, 6, 11, 18, 27} following are relations from X to Y:
ii. f : R → R given as f(x) = 2x2 + 7 for all i. R1 = {(a, p), (a, q), (b, p), (c, q)}
x ∈ R. ii. R2 = {(p, a), (a, p), (a, q), (b, q), (q, c)}
33
7. Determine the domain and range of the x+2 2 + 7x

following relation: 20. If f(x) = and g(x) = , then show
3x − 7 3x − 1
R = {(a, b) / |a| < 2, b = |a + 1|, a ∈ Z} that (fog) (x) = x.
8. Which of the following relations are 21. Let f : R → R be defined by f(x) = x + 3 and
functions? If it is a function, determine its x2 − 9
domain and range: g : R − {3} → R be defined by g(x) = .
x−3
i. {(1, 1) (2, 8) (3, 27) (4, 64)}
Find whether f ≡ g or not.
ii. {(1, 1), (1, −1), (2, 2), (2, −2)}
9. Find whether the following function is one- Multiple Choice Questions
one or not:
1. The set of intelligent students in a class is
f : R−{−2} → R defined by
(A) A null set
4x + 3
f(x) = for x ∈ R − {−2} (B) A singleton set
x+2 (C) A finite set
10. Find whether the following functions are onto (D) Not a well defined collection.
or not: 2. Which of the following is the empty set?
i. f : R → R defined by f(x) = 5x + 11 for (A) {x / x is a real number and x2 − 1 = 0}
all x ∈ R (B) {x / x is a real number and x2 + 1 = 0}
ii. f : Z → Z defined by f(x) = 5x − 11 for (C) {x / x is a real number and x2 − 9 = 0}
all x ∈ Z. (D) {x / x is a real number and x2 = x + 2}
x 3. If a set A has n elements, then the total
11. A function f : R → R defined by f(x) = 5 + ,
6 number of subsets of A is
x ∈ R. Show that f is one-one and onto. Hence (A) n (B) n2
n
find f −1 . (C) 2 (D) 2n
12. A function f is defined as follows: 4. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4} C = {4, 5, 6}, then
A ∪ (B ∩ C) is
f(x) = 3x + 7, for − 3 ≤ x ≤ 1.
(A) {3}
Find the values of f(−2), f(1), f(2), if they
(B) {1, 2, 3, 4}
exist.
(C) {1, 2, 4, 5C}
13. A function f is defined as follows: (D) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
f(x) = 3 + x for −2 < x < 2. Find the values of
5. If A and B are any two sets, then A ∪ (A ∩ B)
x such that f(x) = 2 and f(x) = 4.
is equal to
14. If f(x) = 2x3 − 3x + 11, find f (x + 1). (A) A (B) B
(C) Ac (D) Bc
15. If f(x) = 2x + a and f(2) = 9, find a and f(3).
6. If the sets A and B are defined as
16. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + 5 and f(1) = 12, f(2) = 21, 1
find a and b. A = {(x, y) / y = , 0 ≠ x ∈ R}
x
17. Find composite of f and g and express it by B = {(x, y) / y = −x, x ∈ R}, then
formula: (A) A ∩ B = A
f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7)} (B) A ∩ B = B
g = {(4, 9), (5, 11), (6, 13), (7, 15)} (C) A ∩ B =
(D) None of these
18. If f(x) = 16x2 and g(x) = x , find fog and gof.
7. Let n (U) = 700, n(A) = 200, n (B) = 300 and
3x + 1 3 n (A ∩ B) = 100, then n (Ac ∩ Bc) =
19. If f(x) = , x ≠ , then show that
5x − 3 5 (A) 400 (B) 600
(fof)(x) = x. (C) 300 (D) 200
34
8. In a city 20 percent of the population travels 16. If A, B, C are three sets, then A ∩ (B ∪ C) is
by car, 50 percent travels by bus and 10 equal to
percent travels by both car and bus. Then (A) (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
persons travelling by car or bus is (B) (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
(A) 80 percent (C) (A ∪ B) ∪ (A ∪ C)
(B) 40 percent (D) None of these
(C) 60 percent 17. If A = {2, 3, 5}, B = {2, 5, 6}, then
(D) 70 percent
(A – B) × (A ∩ B) is
9. If A, B and C are any three sets, then (A) {(3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5)}
A × (B ∪ C) is equal to (B) {(3, 2), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
(A) (A × B) ∪ (A × C) (C) {(3, 2), (3, 5)}
(B) (A ∪ B) × (A ∪ C) (D) None of these
(C) (A × B) ∩ (A × C) 18. If n(A) = 4, n(B) = 3, n(A × B × C) = 24, then
(D) None of these n(C) =
(A) 288 (B) 1
10. If A = {2, 4, 5}, B = {7, 8, 9}, then n(A × B) is (C) 12 (D) 2
equal to
19. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}; B = {a, b} and f is a
(A) 6 (B) 9
mapping such that f : A → B, then A × B is
(C) 3 (D) 0
(A) {(a, 1), (3, b)}
11. Which set is the subset of all given sets (B) {(a, 2), (4, b)}
(A) {1, 2, 3, 4,......} (B) {1} (C) {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a), (2, b), (3, a), (3, b),
(C) {0} (D) {}. (4, a), (4, b)}
(D) None of these
12. The smallest set A such that
20. If A = {x, y}, then the power set of A is
A ∪ {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9} is
(A) {xx, yy}
(A) {2, 3, 5}
(B) {φ, x, y}
(B) {3, 5, 9}
(C) {φ, {x}, {2y}}
(C) {1, 2, 5, 9}
(D) {φ, {x}, {y}, {x, y}}
(D) None of these
21. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and Y = {1,3, 5, 7, 9}.
13. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, Which of the following is/are not relations
A = {1, 2, 5}, B = {6, 7}, then A ∩ B′ is from X to Y?
(A) B′ (B) A (A) R1 = {(x, y)| y = 2 + x, x ∈ X, y ∈ Y}
(C) A′ (D) B (B) R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 5)}
(C) R3 = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7)}
14. The shaded region in the given figure is (D) R4 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (2, 4), (7, 9)}
A 22. Given two finite sets A and B such that
(A) A ∩ (B ∪ C)
n(A) = 2, n(B) = 3. Then total number of
(B) A ∪ (B ∩ C) relations from A to B is
(C) A ∩ (B – C) C B (A) 4 (B) 8
(D) A – (B ∪ C) (C) 64 (D) None of these
15. Of the members of three athletic teams in a 23. Since every subset of A × B defines a relation
school 21 are in the cricket team, 26 are in the from A to B, number of relation from A to B is
hockey team and 29 are in the football team. equal to number of subsets of A × B = 26 = 64.
Among them, 14 play hockey and cricket, 15 The relation R defined on the set of natural
play hockey and football, and 12 play football numbers as {(a, b) / a differs from b by 3}, is
and cricket. Eight play all the three games. given by
The total number of members in the three (A) {(1, 4, (2, 5), (3, 6),.....}
athletic teams is (B) {(4, 1), (5, 2), (6, 3),.....}
(A) 43 (B) 76 (C) {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9),..}
(C) 49 (D) None of these (D) None of these
35
24. The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), 31. Let A = { 1,2,3,4} and B = {1,6,8,11,15} which
(2, 3), (1, 3)} on set A = {1, 2, 3} is of the following are functions from A to B
(A) Reflexive but not symmetric i. f: A → B defined by
f(1) = 1, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 8, f(4) = 8
(B) Reflexive but not transitive
ii. f(1) = 1, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 15
(C) Symmetric and Transitive iii. f(1) = 6, f(2) = 6, f(3) = 6, f(4) = 6
(D) Neither symmetric nor transitive (A) (ii) & (iii) (B) (i) & (ii)
(C) (ii) (D) (i) &(iii)
25. The relation “less than” in the set of natural
32. If f: R → R is defined by f(x) = x2 − 3x + 2,
numbers is
then the value of f[f(5)] is
(A) Only symmetric (A) 111 (B) 110
(B) Only transitive (C) 109 (D) 101
(C) Only reflexive 33. The domain of the function:
(D) Equivalence relation 1
is
26. Let X be a family of sets and R be a relation ( 2 x − 3 )( x + 1)
on X defined by ‘A is disjoint from B’. Then ⎧3⎫
(A) R − {− 1} (B) R− ⎨ ⎬
R is ⎩2⎭
(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric 3
(C) R {−1, } (D) R
(C) Anti-symmetric (D) Transitive 2
27. Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2}. Consider a 34. If f(x) = 3x − 5, then f−1(x) is
1 x+5
relation R defined from set A to set B. Then R (A) (B)
is equal to set 3x − 5 3
y+3
(A) A (B) B (C) (D) does not exist
5
(C) A × B (D) B × A
3x + 2 3
28. A relation R is defined from {2, 3, 4, 5} to 35. If f(x) = for x ≠ , then fof (x) is
4x − 3 4
{3, 6, 7, 10} by xRy x is relatively prime (A) 17 x (B) 3x
to y. Then domain of R is (C) 4x (D) x
(A) {2, 3, 5} (B) {3, 5} 36. If f(x) = x2 + 5x + 7, then the value of x for
(C) {2, 3, 4} (D) {2, 3, 4, 5} which f(x) = f(x + 1) is
(A) 3 (B) −6
29. Let R be a relation on N defined by x + 2y = 8. (C) −3 (D) 6
The domain of R is
x
(A) {2, 4, 8} (B) {2, 4, 6, 8} 37. The domain of the function is
2 + x2
(C) {2, 4, 6} (D) {1, 2, 3, 4} (A) (1, ∞) (B) (−∞, 1)
30. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R be a relation in A (C) (1,1) (D) (−∞, ∞)
given by 38. The range of the function 4 − x 2 is
R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (1, 2), (2, 1), (A) [−3, 2] (B) [0, 2]
(3, 1), (1, 3)}. (C) (0, 2) (D) (−2, 2)
Then R is
1
(A) Reflexive 39. If f(x) = x2 + , x ≠ 0, then the value of f(−1) is
x
(B) Symmetric 9
(A) (B) 1
(C) Transitive 2
(D) Both (A) and (B) (C) 0 (D) 2
36
Answers to Additional Practice Problems Based on Exercise 1.2

Based on Exercise 1.1 1. x = 1, y = 2
1. i. {A, P, L, E} 1
2. x= ,y=3
ii. {−1, 0, 1} 4
iii. {1, 3, 5, 7, ….}
3. A × B = {(1, x), (1, y), (2, x), (2, y), (3, x), (3, y)}
2. i. {x / x ∈ W} B × A = {(x, 1), (x, 2), (x, 3), (y, 1), (y, 2), (y, 3)}
ii. {x / x is a prime number, x < 14} A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2),
⎧ 1 ⎫ (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)}
iii. ⎨x / x = , n ∈ N, 1≤ n ≤ 5 ⎬ B × B = {(x, x), (x, y), (y, x), (y, y)}
⎩ 2n − 1 ⎭
4. i. {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1,5), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5),
⎧ 3 ⎫ (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)}
3. i. ⎨−2, , 2, 5⎬ ii. {− 2}
⎩ 2 ⎭ ii. {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
6. i. 90 ii. 30 5. A = {(0, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 0)}

iii. 10 iv. 50 6. i. Domain = {1, 2}, Range = {1}
7. i. 3 ii. 55 ii. Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}, Range = {4, 3, 2, 1}
8. i. 480 ii. 320 ⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫

8. R = ⎨⎜1, ⎟ , ⎜ 2, ⎟ , ⎜ 3, ⎟ ⎬ ,
iii. 200 ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎭
9. 84 ⎧1 1 1 ⎫
Domain = {1, 2, 3}, Range = ⎨ , , ⎬
⎩2 3 4⎭
10. P(A) = {φ, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1, 3},
{1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, 9. i. {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)}
{1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4}} ii. {(4, 1), (6, 1), (8, 1), (6, 3), (8,3)}
11. i. (−2, 0) = {x / x ∈ R, −2 < x < 0} Based on Exercise 1.3

ii. (2, 6] = {x / x ∈ R, 2 < x ≤ 6}
1. i. Domain = [2, 4]
iii. [−2, 5) = {x / x ∈ R, −2 ≤ x < 5}
Range = [−1, 1]
iv. [−1, 1] = {x / x ∈ R, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1}
ii. Domain = [−5, 5]
Range = [−5, 5]
12. i.
A B
2. i. Range = [3, ∞)
ii. Range = [− 6, 19]
3. f(1) = 12, f(−2) = −21
4. 3x2 + 8x + 10
C X 5. i. It is a function.
(A ∪ B ∪ C)′ Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range = {2, 3, 4, 5}
ii. f(x) = x + 1
ii. Not a function.
A B
6. 16
C 4
7. −1,
3
X
8. f = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (3, 7), (4, 9), (5, 11)}
A ∩ (B ∪ C) Range of f = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
37
9. i. Not one-one, not onto 16. a = 1, b = 6

ii. One-one, onto
17. gof = {(1, 9), (2, 11), (3, 13), (4, 15)}
10. i. One-one into ii. Many-one into gof (x) = 2x + 7
11. i. 4x − 3 ii. 2x + 1 18. fog(x) = 16x, gof(x) = 4x
3x − 1 21. f≠g
iii.
x−2
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
x+2 x +1
12. (gof)(x) = , (fog)(x) =
x−2 2( x − 1) 1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (B)
15. (gof) = {(1, 9), (2, 16), (3, 25), (4, 36), (5, 49)} 5. (A) 6. (C) 7. (C) 8. (C)
x − 7 −1 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (B)
16. f −1(x) = , f (19) = 3, f −1 (−5) = −3
4 13. (B) 14. (D) 15. (A) 16. (B)
Based on Miscellaneous Exercise − 1 17. (C) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (D)
21. (D) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (A)
1. i. {x / x = n2, n ∈ N, n ≤ 6}
ii. {x / x = 2n, n ∈ Z, −3 ≤ n ≤ 3} 25. (B) 26. (B) 27. (C) 28. (D)
2. i. {−2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9} 29. (C) 30. (D) 31. (D) 32. (B)
ii. {2} 33. (C) 34. (B) 35. (D) 36. (C)
iii. {3, 9}
iv. {2} 37. (D) 38. (B) 39. (C)
3. 5
4. 31
5. A × B = {(1,3), (1,5), (3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 3), (4, 5)}
B × B = {(3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
B × A = {(3,1), (3,3), (3, 4), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 4)}
(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = {(3, 3)}
6. i. R1 is a relation.
ii. R2 is not a relation.
7. Domain = {−1, 0, 1}
Range = {0, 1, 2}
8. i. It is a function.
Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range = {1, 8, 27, 64}
ii. Not a function.
9. one-one
10. i. Onto ii. Not onto
11. f −1 ( x) = 6(x − 5)
12. f(−2) = 1, f(1) = 10, f(2) does not exist.

13. −1, 1
14. 2x3 + 6x2 + 3x + 10
15. a = 5, f(3) = 11
38

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No. Topic Name Page No.

01 Sets, relations and functions

Example: Set of all real numbers ≥ p

∴ (p, q) = {x/x∈R, p < x < q} R = (−∞, ∞) = {x/x ∈ R, − ∞ < x < ∞}

Infinite set: Operations on sets

De-Morgan’s laws Exercise 1.1

2. Describe the following sets in Set-Builder

∴ 2x(3x + 5) − 3(3x + 5) = 0 5. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6},

iv. Consider the following statements:

Equivalence Relation: A relation R on a set A is 4. If P = {1, 2, 3} and Q = {4},

3. If A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}, 6. Express {(x, y)/ x2 + y2 = 100, where

Solution: The set of all values of function f is {2, 4, 6, 8}.

5. Onto function: 7. Even function:

Y Let f: R → R, the function f(x) = |x| such that

(−2, 5) 5 (4, 5) ⎧ x, for x ≥ 0

g(x) are polynomial functions of x, defined in X′ −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 X

a domain, where g (x) ≠ 0 is called a rational

Y 14. Exponential Function

For example, [4] = 4, [−1] = −1, [−3. 8] = 4

corresponding to different intervals. For example, f(x) = 2x is an exponential

Operations on functions Inverse function

x−2 iii. f(x) = x2 − 6x + 11, for all x ∈ R

∴ f is not one-one function. (fog)x = f[g(x)] = f(x2 + 3x + 1)

∴ a=1−b ….(i) Solution:

7. Determine the domain and range of the x+2 2 + 7x

Answers to Additional Practice Problems Based on Exercise 1.2

6. i. 90 ii. 30 5. A = {(0, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 0)}

8. i. 480 ii. 320 ⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫

11. i. (−2, 0) = {x / x ∈ R, −2 < x < 0} Based on Exercise 1.3

9. i. Not one-one, not onto 16. a = 1, b = 6

12. f(−2) = 1, f(1) = 10, f(2) does not exist.

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