ASSORTED

BRAIN-TEASERS

Kundan Pangtey
ISBN: 978 - 81 - 905947- 0 - 7

Published by:
K. S. Pangtey
B-5/11
Green Tower (ONGC)
Golf Green
Kolkata-700095
West Bengal, India
Phone: 033 24296972
e-mail: kundanpangtey@gmail.co

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 CONTENTS

01. BEAUTY CONTEST 07

02. MAP ENLARGEMTN 10
03. COVER ON COVER 15
04. THE WALL 18
05. POINT OR PERIOD 23
06. TOUCHING BALLS 28
07. CLOSING-IN V/S ZOOMING-IN 30
08. PLOTS & SUB-PLOTS 34
09. PLANTS HATE GREEN 40
10. KILO CASE 41
11. HOUSE CATEGORY 43
12. DEGREE OF DISTANCE 46
13. HEAD MASTER 51
14. LAT-X 54
15. TELESCOPIC EFFECT 58
16. NEW DELHI OR NEWDELHI 61
17. WHOSE SIDE IS IT ANYWAY 64
18. LOOSER CAN BE WINNER 68
19. SERVING FIRST 75
20. CURSE OF CURVE 81
21. WHITE ALWAYS WINS 91
22. HONEY COMB 94

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4
TEASER - 01
BEAUTY CONTEST
Imagine a contest of beauty pageant. Participants come onto
stage one by one in front of Judges for each event. The
participants and Judges do not know each other. The Judges
are asked to award points on a scale from 1 to 10 (no fractions)
to each candidate.

If you are made one of the judge and is asked to choose one
out of following choices for the first participant in first event
which one would you choose ?

(a) 01 (b) 05
(c) 02 (d) 10
(e) 09

THE EXPLANATION:

The contests are generally conducted to select a winner from among

a group of contestants. In a contest, it is not important how much
marks or points (absolute) an individual gets, rather the whole
process is to make a proper sorting from among a chaotic group
through a comparative analysis. Sorting cannot be done in isolation,
it can only be done if there are more than one candidates put
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together and compared together. If the winner candidate gets 5 point
on a scale of 1 to 10, it does not mean that she or he is not worth 10,
it merely indicates that all other candidates have points less than 5.

When 1st candidate comes onto stage, judges may find it difficult to
award a point as they would not know whether she is best or worst
among all candidates. Judges would normally rely on their own past
experience to make an imaginary benchmark or standard and
attempt a comparison with that. Therefore the whole process would
be highly influenced by an individual’s experience which would
amount to biased judgment, especially during initial stage.

If 1st candidate is awarded 1 point, for example, it would mean that

an assumption has been made that all remaining candidates are
better than her and would get either one or more than 1 point. Now if
all remaining participants turn out to be worst than 1st candidate then
there would be a big dilemma as no numbers are available less than
one hence all shall end up having 1 point each. Similarly if 1st
candidate is given 10 points same situation would arise in reverse
order

Let us compare beauty contest (crude comparison) to a “ball game”

where participants are replaced by balls of various sizes chaotically
placed in a cluster. These balls are required to be sorted out based
on their sizes.

CHAOTIC CLUSTER OF BALLS

OF DIFFERENT SIZES

The balls are ten in numbers and named as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J

& K and judges award points on the basis of their sizes on a scale of

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1 to 10 (no fractions). The smallest one gets 1 and largest one gets
10 points. The sizes of balls are not known to judges prior to contest.

BALLS SORTED AS PER SIZES

The name and diameter of balls are shown in a table below:

SN ITEMS BALL CHARACTARISTICS

1 Ball Name D B I G E H A J C F

Ball Size 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
(Dia) (cm)

Let us imagine that D is the first one paraded in front of judges.

• If D is awarded 1 or 2 (minimum marks), the result would be

correct up to 99%.

• However, if D is awarded 10 or 9 marks (maximum) the result

will be 99% wrong.

• In case D is awarded 5 marks (mid point of scale), at least

half of the remaining candidates would get correct markings.

• Suppose E is the first candidate paraded in front of judges

and is awarded 1 or 2 marks (minimum), the result of contest
would be 50% correct and if awarded 10 or 9 marks
(maximum) still result would be 50% correct, however, if E
gets 5 point (middle), the result would be 100% correct.
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Awarding of marks at extreme end is a total gamble and there is
every danger of going wrong by 99% and candidates may end up
getting incorrect marks.

To be on safe side the correct way would be to choose the mid-

point, i.e.5 so that a fair amount of points are available on either side
and a dead end is avoided.

Following conclusion can be drawn from the analysis;

(a) If points are picked up from extreme ends of a scale (1, 2 or

9, 10) there is a danger of going 100% wrong or right by 0%.
So the probability of choosing points correctly would always
vary from 0% to 100%.

(b) However, if points are chosen from middle of the scale (5)
the answer would always be 50% to 100% right and will
never be 100% wrong. The probability of choosing points
correctly would always vary from 50% to 100% and will never
be less than 50%.

(c) Therefore the correct way would be to choose the mid-point

for initial participants so that the danger of going wrong by
100% is avoided and a fair amount of points are made
available on either side for awarding later participants and a
dead end is averted.

********

TEASER - 02
MAP ENLARGEMENT
If a map (A), having a size equal to A4 paper and scale of 1:100
is enlarged by 200% (2 times) (B), what will be the scale of
enlarged map?

(a) 1:50
(b) 1:71 (approx)
(c) 1:75

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 A: MAP OF AN AREA WITH SCALE

B: MAP SHOWN AT ‘A’ ABOVE IS ENLARGED

THE EXPLANATION:

We know that a scale or ratio of 1:100 means 1m on map equal to

100 m on ground.

Distance on map 1
____________________________ ____________
1 : 100 = =
Distance on ground 100

When a map is enlarged or compressed, two things change, (i) scale

of map (ii) size or dimension (length & width) of map. Both are linked
in such a way that size is inversely proportional to scale (ratio).
Larger the map narrower the ratio of a unit distance on map to unit
distance on ground.
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A map is a kind of a scaled down model of an area (2D) where an
actual surface area is represented on a paper (media) suitable for
human use. Three types of similar relationship (between actual and
model) can be envisaged;

1. Line (length - one dimensional)

2. Area (length & width - two dimensional)
3. Volume (length, width& depth - three dimensional)

1) If a scaled down model of an actual line (one dimensional), having

a ratio of 1:100, is enlarged by 200% (2 times) in same way as a
map is enlarged, the ratio of model (enlarged) to that of actual
one would become 1:50 (exactly half).

ENLARGEMENT OF A LINE (1D)

2) If a map (scale down model) of an area (earth surface), having a

scale of 1:100 is enlarged by 200% (2 times) the scale of
enlarged map would become 1:71 (approx) and not half as in
case of a line.

ENLARGEMENT OF AN AREA (2D)

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3) Now if we want to change the scale of same map from 1:100 to
1:50 (half), the map shall have to be enlarged by 400% (4 times)
and not 200% (2 times) as would be in case of one dimensional
objects such as a line. The area being a 2 dimensional entity,
enlargement will have to be done twice along X and Y direction
(length and width).

Area = X x Y
= 2(X) x 2(Y)
= 4 (X x Y)
or = 200% x 200%
= 400%

CHANGING SCALE OF AN AREA (2D)

4) On same analogy, if a scale down model (similar to map) of a 3D

solid object or volume (having a ratio / scale of 1:100) is enlarged
200% the ratio would be 1:79 and not 1:50 as in case of a line
and neither 1:71 as in the case of an area.

ENLARGEMENT OF A SCALE MODEL (SOLID: 3D)

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5) Now if scale of same 3D model is changed from 1:100 to 1:50, it
would be enlarged by 800% (8 times) and not 400% (4 times) as
would be in case of a map. The solid model being 3 dimensional,
the enlargement will have to be done volume wise, along X, Y and
Z axis.

Volume = XxYxZ
= 2(X) x 2(Y) x 2(Z)
= 8 (X x Y x Z)

Or

= 200% x 200% x 200%

= 800%

CHANGING SCALE OF 3D MODEL (VOLUME: 3D)

The solid objects have two elements which can be compared for
map to ground type relationship. One is the surface of the object,
similar to earths surface (2D) & second is volume contained within
its body (3D). Therefore the ratio or scale would depend upon which
aspect is being considered while doing enlargement. For example
the ratio of surface area would be governed by 2D conversion like
that of map to ground, where as ratio for volume would be governed
by 3D conversion formula.

********
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TEASER - 03
COVER ON COVER
Consider that there is a book with a specific cover design which
is named here as K. Now a stamp size (medium size)
photograph (named as M) of cover of K is to be printed on the
left bottom corner of same cover (as is done for the cover of
this book). Whether it is possible to do so?

(a) Yes
(b) No

THE EXPLANATION:

1) We have a book cover design named as K and its exact

photograph M of smaller size (stamp size). The smaller one M is
to be placed or printed on bigger one K.

Name of Book cover design = K

Name of Stamp size photograph of K = M

Barring size difference, M is identical to K in all respect.

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 A BOOK (M) AND STAMP SIZE
IMAGE OF ITS COVER (M)

When M is printed on K (bottom left corner), it is an action of

‘adding’ or introducing new things to the original cover K.

Any alternation or changes made on the K would amount to

changing the original design therefore K would become KM.

STAMP SIZE IMAGE OF BOOK COVER (M)

IS PUT ON ITS COVER (K)

2) Now as K has become KM, the M (the stamp size exact image of
K) will get automatically cancelled and invalid and a new stamp

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 size image, with new name, shall have to be made all over again
and put on the new book cover KM.

Name of new book cover design = KM

Name of Stamp size photograph of KM = S

Now as soon the stamp size image S is placed / printed on the

new book cover (KM), the process, as indicated at (1) above will
get repeated once again and KM will become KMS.

NEW STAMP SIZE IMAGE (S) IS

PUT ON BOOK COVER (KM)

3) Now KM has become KMS, the S (the stamp size exact image of
KM) will get automatically cancelled and a new stamp size image
shall have to be put on the new book cover KMS

Name of new book cover design = KMS

Name of Stamp size photograph of KMS = Y

Now as soon Y is placed on KMS, the cover gets altered and the
whole process is repeated again.

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 NEW STAMP SIZE IMAGE (Y) IS
PUT ON BOOK COVER (KMS)

The process continues till infinity. Therefore every time a stamp size
image or photograph of a book cover is printed (placed) on itself it
gets altered which in turn invalidates its stamp size image. So the
process of placing or printing stamp size image on itself triggers
another action and creates new cover.

********

TEASER - 04
THE WALL
The dimension of a wall is measured by its length (Y), width (X)
and thickness or depth (Z). The width (X) of a wall can also be
equated to its Height (H).

Now, a wall of exact 5 m height (H), not more & not less, is to be
erected across an undulating earth’s surface, similar to that of
China wall. Indicate whether the width (X) of the wall, shall
remain constant throughout its length over an undulating earth
surface?

(a) Yes
(b) No

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 GREAT WALL OF CHINA
CRISS-CROSSING MOUNTAINS

THE EXPLANATION:

When a wall is standing on a flat ground its dimension is defined by

three elements, they are - width (X), length (Y) and thickness (Z).
However, when same wall is build over an inclined ground surface, a
fourth element or fourth dimension - height (H) comes into play. This
fourth element is same as width (X) when on flat ground.

GEOMETRICAL ELEMENTS OF A WALL

The width of a wall (X) is measured along a line normal to ground

surface which may not be parallel to equi-potential gravity field. On
the other hand the height of a wall (H) is measured along a vertical
line (plumb line) which is perpendicular to the equi-potential surface
of earth’s gravity field. Normally, sea surface can be considered to
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be parallel to equi-potential gravity field and plumb line is always
perpendicular (normal) to sea surface. However, ground surface is
not always parallel to equi-potential surface and is highly undulating.
On an average, trees are always perpendicular to equi-potential
surface, irrespective of ground slope on which it grows, therefore
can be considered to be parallel to Plumb Line.

TREES GROWING VERTICAL (PARALLEL TO PLUMB LINE)

(OBLIQUE TO STEEP SLOPE)

If height (H) of a wall (measured along plumb line) is kept constant

throughout its length over an undulating ground, the width (X) will not
remain same every where. Width (X) would be maximum on a flat
ground and would decrease proportionately along sloppy ground.

HEIGHT OF A WALL IS INDICATED BY ARROWS

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Alternatively if width (X) is kept constant, the height (H) of wall would
not remain same everywhere. Wall would have maximum height
along slopes and minimum on flat surface.

WIDTH OF A WALL IS INDICATED BY ARROWS

There can be varying degree of ground slopes. For example a stair

case type slope can be likened to combination of vertical and flat
surfaces. Over flat part of staircase both plumb-line and width of
wall would be parallel, therefore H and X would be same. However,
over vertical part, the width (X) would be zero while height (H) would
be 100%. Geometrically it would amount to putting a new staircase
over the ground surface.

VARIOUS SHAPES OF WALL RESULTING DUE TO

COMBINATION OF WIDTH & HEIGHT OF THE WALL

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Over a slopping ground, the width (X) of wall can vary from 0% to
100%. The relationship between H and X can be roughly established
as follows:

Q
________
X = H x
90
Where:

X = Wall Width

H = Wall Height

Q = Angle between Plumb-line

and ground slop

ANGLE (Q) BETWEEN GROUND

SLOPE AND PLUMB LINE

If Q is 90 degree (in case of flat ground) X would be equal to H. The

X would progressively decrease with decreasing Q and eventually
become zero if Q is zero (in case of vertical ground).

********

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TEASER - 05
POINT OR PERIOD

If, Year 2001 to year 2005 is equal to 5 years, January (01) to

May (05) is equal to 5 months and Monday to Friday is equal to
5 days, then, 10 AM (10 Hrs) to 02 PM (14 Hrs) is equal to how
many hours?

(a) 4 hrs
(b) 5 hrs
(c) Both

THE EXPLANATION:

Time is a continuum phenomenon however humans have

segmented them for their convenience and daily uses. Time
segments are designated by various names such as hours, days,
months, years etc which represent a specific time interval / period.

When we say 01 year, we actually mean a period of 12 months

starting from January to December. Similarly January month means
a time period having 31 days starting from day 1 and ending at 31st
day of the month. Same thing applies to each week (Monday to
Sunday) and each day which encompasses a time period of 24 hrs,
starting from 00 hours to 24 hours.

Generally, when one says 2000 to 2001, it means 2 years

comprising whole of year 2000 (12 months) and whole of year 2001
(12 months) and no fractions. On same line January to February
implies whole of January and whole of February (a total of 59 days).

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Any segment of a time period (say a day) has a starting point and
ending point, therefore a day can not be called a day unless entire
period of 24 hours is completed, similarly a year should have 12
months, else it may not be called a year.

Therefore each segment of time will qualify to be called by its name

only at the end of its specified period. A decade has 10 full years,
(1st to 10th year), a month has full 30 days (1st to 30th days) and a
week has seven full days (1st to 7th day).

LARGE TIME INTERVAL / DIVISIONS (PERIOD)

A watch, used for day to day work, has full 12 hours (00 to 12 hrs).

DIVISIONS OF TIME INTERVAL (PERIOD) OF A DAY

(01 PM to 05 PM)

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When we say a match or a game will start at 01 PM or 01 hours and
finish at 05 PM or 05 hours (or will last from 01 to 05 hours) it can
have following meaning;

1. 01 PM (hrs) to 05 PM (hrs) = 4 hours

(00 - 01 hour not included)

SHORT TIME PERIOD (01 to 05 HRS)

2. 01 PM (hrs) to 05 PM (hrs) = 5 hours

(00 - 01 hour included)

SHORT TIME PERIOD (01 to 05 HRS)

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As per prevailing convention, 01 hours or 01 0’ Clock’ meant end of
01 hour (or beginning of 02 hours). It never means beginning of 01
hrs hence does not include 00 to 01 hour. However, same
convention is not applied when we refer in terms of years or months.
When we say that ‘so and so was a number one player from 01 year
to 05 year it invariably means 5 years and includes year from 00 to
01 also.
Similar to time, space is also a continuum phenomenon and space
has also been segmented for convenience and daily uses. On
human scale, space is generally segmented into kilometers, meters,
centimeters, feet, inches etc, horizontally as well as vertically.

For example, on a horizontal scale, whenever we say 02 inch to 06

inch it can have two meanings;

1. 02 inch to 06 inch = 04 inches (2nd inch not included)

SHORT DISTANCE (SPACE) INTERVAL (02 to 06 INCH)

2. 02 inch to 06 inch = 05 inches (2nd inch included)

SHORT DISTANCE (SPACE) INTERVAL ( 01 to 06 INCH)

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On a vertical scale, measurement of a depth interval can also create
similar anomaly. For example, in petroleum exploration industry, oil,
which occur in rock layers, is extracted by drilling a well (8 to 10 inch
diameter) deep into earth. The properties of rock layer containing oil
and its depth from surface is recorded and measured by wire line
logs (as shown below).

DEPTH INTERVAL OF AN OIL WELL

(00 to 1000 m & 390 to 420 m)

Now, imagine that a rock layer containing oil has been found to
occur between 400 m to 410 m in a well. Its thickness would be
measured as 10 m (as shown above).

The depth interval of oil layer can be written in two options:

i. 400 m to 410 m = 10 m (400th m not included)

ii. 400 m to 410 m = 11 m (400th m is included)

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However, in petroleum industry practice, the depth interval is
generally demarcated from a point on top of layer to a point at
bottom of layer. The well path is measured and marked continuously
so that a point will always fall on some numeral. So if top of layer
falls exactly at 400 m, its depth interval would start from a point at
400 m and downward to 410 m, hence thickness of interval, as per
industry practice would be taken as 10 m and not 11 m.

Depending upon the convention and practice, one of the options can
be followed provided it is qualified with a definition or explanation.

********

TEASER - 06
TOUCHING BALLS
How many balls of same size can remain in touch with each
other at the same time?

(a) Four
(b) Three
(c) Six
(d) Nine

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THE EXPLANATION:

On a two dimensional plane (2D), a maximum of three balls can

remain in touch with each other at a time.

THREE BALLS OF EQUAL SIZE

ON A FLAT SURFACE (2D)

In three dimension (3D), a maximum number of four balls can

remain in touch with each other at a time and form a tetrahedron.
Three balls together forming each face of a tetrahedron.

FOUR BALLS OF EQUAL SIZE IN A BOX (3D)

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On a plane (2D), a single central ball can remain in touch with a
maximum of six balls of same size at a time, making an hexagonal
shape.

SIX BALLS OF EQUAL SIZE ON

A FLAT SURFACE (2D)

In three dimension (3D) a single central ball can remain in touch with
12 balls of same size at a time.

TWELVE BALLS OF EQUAL

SIZE IN A BOX (3D)

********
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TEASER - 07
CLOSING-IN V/S ZOOMING-IN
Zooming-in is defined here as a simulation of an act of moving
closer to an object-in-view with the help of a magnifier such as
telescope or binoculars. Closing-in is defined here as an act of
physically moving closer to an object-in-view.

One aspect which is common in both processes is that things

get magnified and look bigger to the viewer. The process of
magnification is identical in both cases?

(a) True
(b) Falls

THE EXPLANATION:

Zooming-in

Zooming-in is a simulation of an act of movement toward or away

from an object and not the actual act of movement. This is
performed with the help of a magnifier such as zoom lens. In motion
picture or television, zooming-in is a process of changing rapidly
from a long shot to a close-up while maintaining the subject or scene
in focus or vice-versa.

The observer and object do not move physically towards or away

and remain fixed at their places and the relationship with regard to
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angle and depth between observer and object remain unchanged.
The process of zooming-in can be equated simply to the process of
enlargement of a 2D picture where only X and Y (length and width)
is stretched and 3rd axis Z (depth) does not play any role.

Geometrically following things happen in zooming-in process;

• All objects seen within view-field progressively appear

bigger.

• All objects, near or farther within view-field magnify at

same rate, hence the viewer’s relation with object, with
respect to depth and angle does not change while
zooming-in or zooming-out. The process can be likened
to enlargement or stretching of a photograph on a paper
(2D).

IMAGE OF AN OBJECT SEEN BY NAKED EYE

ZOOMIN-IN: IMAGE OF AN OBJECT SEEN

WITH THE HELP OF A MAGNIFIER
(OBJECT IS ENLARGED)
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Closing-in:

The closing-in process involves both viewer and object and they
come closer progressively to each other and eventually come into
physical contact.

In real world the three dimensional (3D) objects have three axis, X,
Y and Z (length, width and depth) and each point on an object is at a
different depth and at different angle at a given time and space
with respect to viewer. When viewer moves toward an object, the
depth and angle of object keep changing and become pronounced at
close range.

The image on our retina forms in 2D format (length & width) however
as viewer moves toward an object, 3rd dimension (Z-axis) comes into
play as a result of movement of the viewer.

The image of each objects seen within the view-field magnify at

different rate depending on its depth and angularity. The nearer one
magnifies at much higher rate than the farther one.

Geometrically following things happen in closing-in process:

• All objects within a view-field progressively appear bigger.

• All objects, seen within view-field magnify at different rate.

• The nearer objects magnify at much higher rate then the

farther objects, hence the viewer’s relation with object, with
respect to depth and angle constantly change while closing-
in or closing-out.

IMAGE OF AN OBJECT SEEN BY NAKED EYE

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 CLOSING-IN: IMAGE OF AN OBJECT SEEN
AT CLOSE RANGE BY NAKED EYE
(OBJECT IS ENLARGED)

Conclusion:

In both processes objects within view-field magnify and appear

progressively bigger, however similarity ends here. The major
difference between two, with regard to magnification, is that in case
of closing-in nearer object magnify at much higher rate than the
farther one where as in case of zooming-in all objects within view-
field magnify at same rate.

********

TEASER - 08
PLOTS & SUB-PLOTS
A square piece of plot / land (green) with open space and road
(brown) on all side is to be divided into many sub-plots (parts).
With following conditions,

1) All sub-plots should be equal in size

2) All sub-plots should be equal in shape
3) All sub-plots should have equal accessibility to road and
open space present on all sides

Under aforementioned conditions, this piece of land can be

divided into how many maximum sub-plots (parts)
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 (a) 4
(b) 8
(c) 12
(d) 2

SQUARE PLOT WITH ROADS ON ALL SIDES

THE EXPLANATION:

Division of a square plot of land:

The land being an areal quantity, it can have only two dimensions
(2D), therefore individual sides or individual corners can be divided 2
times only to make them symmetrical on either side of a line. The
square plot of a land has 4 corners (4C) and 4 sides (4S) and each
side has fixed length and each corner has fixed angle, hence the
sum total of length of sides and angle of corners when divided
should remain constant (4C + 4S).

Corners (C) =4
Sides (S) =4

SQUARE PLOT WITH 4 SIDES & 4 CORN

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(1) When divided into 2 sub-plots:

2 Plots = 2 x (2C+1S+½S+½S) = (4C + 4S)

Or = 2 x (2S+1C+½C+½C) = (4S + 4C)

SQUARE PLOT DIVIDED INTO 2 EQUAL PARTS

(2) When divided into 4 sub-plots:

4 Plots = 4 x (1C+½S+½S) = (4C + 4S)

Or = 4 x (1S+½C+½C) = (4S + 4C)

SQUARE PLOT DIVIDED INTO 4 EQUAL PARTS

(3) When divided into 8 sub-plots:

8 Plots = 8 x (½C +½S) = (4C + 4S)

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 SQUARE PLOT DIVIDED
INTO 8 EQUAL PARTS

Keeping in focus the conditions laid down above, it is observed that

a square land can be divided into 2, 4 and 8 equitable sub-plots only
and cannot be divided into 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 or more number of sub-plots.

The shape of a piece of land can be trigonal, pentagonal, hexagonal,

circular and so on.

The sub-divisions or sub-plots are in a way symmetrical divisions

and their number is dependant on the shape of a plot. The corners
and sides of a square or a hexagonal shaped land have fixed
number of corners and sides and are linked together in a definite
pattern. To make identical sub-divisions (sub-plots) corners and
sides would have to be equally shared without changing their original
positions.

The relationship between the number of corners or sides and the

maximum possible sub-divisions or sub-plots equal in all respect can
be established in following manner:

P = Cx 2

Where;

P = Maximum number of sub-plots

C = number of corners or sides

Square plot (4 sided)

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 C = 4
P = Cx2
= 4x2
= 8

8 EQUAL DIVISIONS

Trigonal plot (3 sided)

C = 3
P = Cx2
= 3x2
= 6

6 EQUAL DIVISIONS

Pentagonal plot (5 sided)

C = 5
P = Cx2
= 5x2
= 10

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 10 EQUAL DIVISIONS

Hexagonal plot (6 sided)

C = 6
P = Cx2
= 6x2
= 12

12 EQUAL DIVISIONS

Round plot (infinite sided)

C = infinite
P = Cx2
= infinite x 2
= infinite

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 INFINITE EQUAL DIVISIONS

An infinite number of radial rays can be drawn from the center of a

circle (round plot) outward. A circle can have any number of sides
and corners hence it can be divided into an infinite number of equal
parts or sub-plots.

********

TEASER - 09
PLANTS HATE GREEN

We talk of greening our earth, but plants hate green color?

(a) True
(b) Falls

THE EXPLANATION:

The color of any object is due to its inherent quality of dislike for that
color. In other words all colors are consumed by the object except
the one that is reflected and reaches to the eyes of viewer.

We love green color and want to green whole earth but what we do
not realize is that had plants liked it we would not have seen green
as we see it today. Therefore green color is the enemy of plants. But
38
why plants hate it and we love it. May be it’s a deliberate ploy used
by plants so that animals are befriended for their own survival.

This principal is used universally by all kinds of creature, like colors

of flowers.

Therefore when we say let us green earth, it’s a misnomer, its a

selfish way of seeing through the eyes of humans and not plants.

If sun suddenly starts beaming only green color it would be soothing

to our eyes but it will be an end to the majority of plant life.

********

TEASER - 10
KILO CASE

If Y2K stands for year 2000, then indicate which of the

following is correct ?

(a) 1 KM2 = 1000 M2

(b) 1 KM2 = 1000000 M2
(c) Both

THE EXPLANATION:

In day to day life, the long words are frequently squeezed or

compressed and are represented by a single alphabet, especially in
written form, may be perhaps to save time, space and energy. Such
short forms, when used in combination with other similar short forms
or numerals, for deriving equations or formula, has the potential of
creating confusion, especially in the minds of students not
conversant with such usage.

The K is one of the most used single alphabet in modern times

which is a short form for Kilo. The K symbol is used extensively as
independent entity or in combination with other alphabets or
numerals. For example in metric system K is commonly used in
39
combination with other alphabets such as KG or Kg (Kilo-gram), KM
or Km (Kilo-meter), KL or Kl (Kilo-liter), Y2K (Year 2000) and so on.

When K is used in combinations:

i The equations, where K, used in combination with other

alphabets such as M as a single dimensional entity, the
confusion level is zero because K and M, whether allowed
independently or together, the end result will remain same.

1 KM = 1xKxM
= 1 x 1000 x M

ii Problems may start cropping up when KM is squared (multi

dimensional) as this involves multiplication of itself. Since K
and M also represent independent entity confusion may be
created that whether both are part of same unit or not? There
is a possibility that K would be perceived as an independent
alphabet separate from M and only M is squared (M2) and not
K. This scenario is very much possible on the assumption by
an individual that K being a dominant alphabet is separate
even when combined with alphabet like M.

1KM2 = 1xKx MxM

= 1 x 1000 x M x M
= 1000 x M x M
= 1000 M2

iii However since general convention provides that both K and

M must be written together as KM or Km for Kilometer, hence
must be squared together as KM2 or as K2 M2. This is similar
to a numerical quantity squared, such as 1232 which would
be red as 123 x 123 and not as 1, 2, 32 or 1 x 2 x 32.

40
 1KM2 = 1 x KM x KM
= 1xKx KxMxM
= 1 x 1000 x 1000 x M x M
= 1000000 x M x M
= 1000000 M2

To avoid confusion or any other anomalous perception once for all,

Kilometer or any similar quantity or entity should better be either
denoted by one alphabet, such as T or R or if two alphabets are
essential then it could be placed within a bracket (KM)2 then
squared.

********

TEASER - 11
HOUSE CATEGORY

In a particular locality, large number of residential houses were

to be constructed in different sizes. Due to certain problems
only few houses of different sizes, scattered haphazardly, could
be constructed initially. While making allotment, the completed
houses were graded and grouped in A, B, C and D category as
per their sizes in ascending order, where A is smallest and D is
largest house. Whether the categorization of houses in A, B, C
& D pattern was a full proof method?

(a) Yes
(b) No
41
THE EXPLANATION:

The grading of houses are generally done either in ascending order,

where A is at bottom or in descending order where A is at top. But
there is an anomaly in this system, especially if more houses of
different sizes are yet to be constructed.

Unidirectional (one way expansion) growth pattern:

In A, B, C and D grading system, A is a starting point or dead end.

As alphabets are not available prior to A, growth is not assumed
prior to A. Alphabets are available only beyond D hence growth is
assumed beyond D only. Therefore this type of grading or
categorization is unidirectional or one way expandable.

If houses are required to be constructed in sizes smaller than A (in

case of ascending order) or bigger than A (in case of descending
order) it will not be possible to assign category in same series,
therefore unidirectional pattern has the danger of running out of
alphabets for new houses and bidirectional pattern would be
preferred.

HOUSES NAMED (NUMBERED) FROM BEGINNING OF A

SERIES LEAVING NO NUMBERS AT BEGINNING
42
Bi-directional (two way expansion) growth pattern:

In a bidirectional grading nomenclature (categories), the grading is

done with no dead end. For example house categories can be
named as J, K, L and M so that plenty of alphabets are made
available at either end for future expansion of houses at both end.

However, if houses are required to be constructed in the middle (in-

between) of the series, say between K and L we will again run out of
alphabets, as no gap is left in-between, therefore a multi-directional
pattern would be most suitable to accommodate all possibility of
future expansion.

HOUSES NAMED (NUMBERED) FROM MIDDLE OF

SEIRES LEAVING NUMBERS AT BOTH ENDS

Multi-expansion growth pattern:

In uni-directional or bi-directional pattern, middle (in-between)

expansion is not possible. What would happen if houses are
required to be constructed in the middle of series say between J and
K? Two things can be done to accommodate middle expansion:

(i) Sufficient gaps can be created in bi-directional

series such as D, F, K and P or

(ii) A second series can be added to the first series.

Like J(1), J(2), K(1), K(2) and so on.

43
 HOUSES NAMED (NUMBERED) WITH GAPS LEAVING
NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO HOUSES

Since more houses are yet to be constructed and also because

original plan of construction of new houses may change in terms of
size depending on requirement, the nomenclature of the categories
of houses (already completed) shall have to be in such a way to
accommodate future houses without disturbing the existing series of
categories, otherwise we will end up having multiple series with
confusing and chaotic house addresses within same locality.

********

TEASER - 12
DEGREE OF DISTANCE
A contour map, by definition, is a map of a surface showing
undulations with the help of lines joining equal elevation, also
called topographic map.

On a regional scale, the ratio of a unit distance on a contour

map at any point to that on ground is always same.

(a) True
(b) Falls

44
THE EXPLANATION:

A map or any drawing made on a flat sheet of paper are 2D

transformation of 3D objects. Even the image formed on our retina
(eye) is in 2D format. The 3D perception in our brain is caused due
to 2D image received from two different eyes set at an angle with
respect to center of an object.
During earlier days relief on a map used to be shown with the help of
variations of light and shade to give effect of 3D objects in 2D
images. As the use of shading became systematized the contour
lines, visually representing different elevations of land came into
general use. Contour map is a graphical conventional method for
showing changes in height or depth on a 2D map with the help of
lines that connect points of equal elevation called contour lines.

CONTOUR MAP WITH VARIABLE SHADING

The pattern of contour lines can depict landforms. Areas of tightly

spaced contour lines describe steep changes in elevation and
sparse contours depict flat areas. The Mean Sea Level (MSL) is
generally taken as “base” or datum surface, on which contours are
45
referenced or plotted. With each contour line representing a
standard distance above or below the base line, one can accurately
calculate height or depth simply by counting the lines from the base
line.

Theoretically, the distance measured on a contour map, in

accordance with its scale should match to that on ground. However
earth, being a spheroid, making a regional contour map is a tricky
one.

Two things can happen while making contour maps (especially on a

regional scale) of earth surface;

i. The globe surface is curved along two directions X & Y

axis. When flattened or stretched it cracks vertically (when
one axis is curved) and also horizontally when both axis are
curved.

RIGID CAKE CURVED AND FLATTENED

RIGID HEMI-SPHEROID (EARTH)

CURVED AND FLATTENED

46
 ii. The tall mountain (vertical component: height or depth) is
squashed onto a 2D flat base or datum surface.

TALL OBJECT SQUASHED ON A FLAT SURFACE

While making contour maps, the plumb lines (or longitude lines) that
converge downward towards center of earth are made parallel with
constant distance between longitudes, irrespective of undulations.

LONGITUDE LINES BECOME PARALLEL ON FLATTENING

The earth surface can be likened to a curved rubber sheet over

which cones (similar to mountains) are placed. When rubber sheet is
flattened the distance between summits (S1 – S2 – S3) of cones
progressively decreases where as distance between base (root) of
cones (R1 – R2 – R3) does not change.

47
 RUBBER SHEET WITH CONES (CURVED & FLATTENED)

CONTOURES OF CONES PLOTTED ON RUBBER SHEET

Where as the distance between summits of cone (S1, S2, S3) in a

contour map, does not change, irrespective of bending or flattening
of rubber sheet. The contour map assumes that the distances
between S1 to S2 to S3 is same as that between R1 to R2 to R3.

In a regional contour map, the bigger area of a mountain, such as

Himalaya or Tibetan Plateau, are squeezed on to a smaller area on
a datum plane, such as Mean Sea Level (MSL). Conversely, the
depths of oceans are brought-up and stretched. Therefore one
(single) scale may not be applicable to measure a ratio between a
unit distance on map to that on the ground at all points in a regional
map.

CONTOUR MAP OF AN UNDULATING SURFACE (2D)

48
Although a single scale has been provided for above contour map,
the ratio (map to ground) may be different for depths (dark region)
and different for high ground (light region).

RELIEF MAP OF TIBETAN PLATEAU AND INDIAN PLAIN

(ONE SCALE MAY NOT BE APPLICABLE)

Similarly a single scale may not be applicable for a map or a

photograph of large area depicting Himalayas, Tibetan plateau and
Indian Planes together. There may be huge elevation difference
between them.
********

TEASER - 13
HEAD MASTER

Ramayan is one of the greatest epic of Hindu (Indian)

Mythology. It is a saga of victory of god Ram, with the help of
god Hanuman over the evil Ravan. The saga is entwined with
multiple kings and warriors. One out of following kings had an
asymmetrical body, which one was that?

(a) Ravan, the demon king

(b) Sugreev, the monkey king
(c) Jatayu, the vulture king
49
THE EXPLANATION:

Symmetry is the preservation of form and configuration across a

point, a line, or a plane where shape on one side match exactly to
the shape on another side.

There can be several different types of symmetry and in each type,

characteristics such as angles, side lengths, distances, shapes, and
sizes are maintained. The main types of symmetry include: a)
rotation, b) translation, c) glide-translation and d) reflection etc.

The rotational symmetry results from the transformation called

rotation, which is the turning of a shape around a center point or the
center of rotation. The distance to the center of rotation is kept
constant and the amount of turning called the angle, is measured in
degrees.

The translational symmetry results from the transformation called

translation, which is just another term for "movement" with specific
direction and magnitude. Translation is making a copy and then
moving it.

The glide reflective symmetry results from the transformation called

glide reflection and is actually a combination of a reflection and a
translation.

The Reflection symmetry is the most familiar type of symmetry which

is also known as line or bilateral symmetry. This result from the
transformation called reflection occurring across a line or the axis.
The corresponding point is at same distance from the axis as is the
original point. Reflection may happen first or second but the figure
that results after a reflection and translation is called glide reflection
of the original figure.
50
 SYMMETRICAL IMAGE ON EITHER SIDE OF A VERTICAL LINE
(Reflection symmetry)

Human and animal bodies are bilateral symmetries because one half
(right side) is exact correspondence of other half (left side) on
opposite side of a dividing plane passing through the center of the
body.

In the Hindu epic Ramayan, Ravan was the demon king and he had
ten heads on his solder. The Ravan had tormented god Ram and
had abducted his wife Sita. God Ram killed the demon king Ravan
over a long battle with the help of Hanuman, the monkey god, the
Sugreev, the monkey king, Jatayu, the vulture king and Jamvant, the
bear king among others.

Ten heads of Ravan was arranged in ‘T’ shaped pattern. The central
head, attached to a single neck, was flanked by four heads on one
side and five heads on other side making total ten.

TEN HEADED RAVAN WITH SINGLE NECK

51
Therefore the unequal number of heads on either side of central
head created an imbalance and assymetricity in the body of Ravan,
the demon king.

In terms of assymetricity, Ravan had inherited a defective body. It is

possible that he was constantly troubled by the assymetricity of his
body manifesting in his violent behavior and hot headedness.

To create a perfect symmetrical body for Ravan with ten heads, the
heads must have to be arranged in a ‘Y’ shaped pattern with two
central heads attached to a ‘Y’ shaped neck. The neck would be
branching so that five (5) heads are equally divided on either side
and are balanced.

TEN HEADED RAVAN WITH TWO NECKS

********

TEASER - 14
LAT- X

52
The latitude reading / value (Degrees) on the summit of a
mountain, (say Everest, Chomolungma or Sagarmatha) and at
its root is always same:

(a) True
(b) Falls

THE EXPLANATION:

The earth's surface is divided by an imaginary set of grid lines, the

longitude and the parallels of latitude, which are referred as
geographic coordinate system. These coordinates appear on all
standard maps and on some they may be the only way of locating
and referencing a specific point.

(a) Latitude lines

Latitude lines on the earth's surface are drawn connecting all

points equidistant (parallel of latitude) from the equator and
form a set of rings around the globe. The latitude value is
measured from the equator, with positive values going north
and negative values going south. The equator is 0° latitude and
the North Pole and South Pole are 90°N and 90°S latitudes,
respectively. The length of one degree of latitude averages
about 69 mile (110 km), it increases slightly from the equator to
the poles as a result of the earth's polar flattening.

53
(b) Longitude lines:

Longitude lines are a set of north-south rings crossing the

equator at right angle and converging at poles. These lines
form great circles and always divide earth into two. By
international agreement, the meridian passing through the
original site of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Greenwich,
England, is designated the prime meridian, and all points
along it are at 0° longitude. All other points on the earth have
longitudes ranging from 0° to 180°E or from 0° to 180° W.

The Angle ‘LAT-X’

The height of an elevation or depression on earth is measured along

the plumb line. A plumb line is defined, as a line from which if a
weight is suspended it is directed exactly toward the earth’s center of
gravity.
54
The longitude plane and plumb line pass through the center of earth,
and fall on same plane and do not cut each other. On the other
hand, barring equator, the latitude plane does not pass through
earth’s center hence both plumb line and latitude line do not fall on
same plane and cut each other therefore are oblique to each other.
The crux of the anomaly lies in the phenomenon of obliqueness of
latitude plane with respect to plumb line.

The plumb line cuts latitude at an angle which increases from zero
degree at equator, to 90 degrees at poles. This angle is referred to
as “LAT-X” here.

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SHOWING ANGLE LAT-X

As we know, contour maps are generally made on a base or

reference plane, so that height or depth are calculated by counting
contours up or down from the reference or base plane. While making
a contour map, the location of a point on earth surface, such as a
mountain top, is transferred straight down onto a base plane along
plumb line and not along latitude line. Except along equator, the
Latitude lines and plumb lines (S - R line) are always oblique to each
other, hence the location of S and R would not be at same point with
respect to latitude values. However, on a contour map both S and R
would be located exactly at same place, irrespective of height hence
would have same latitude value.
55
 CROSS SECTION (X-Y) SHOWING S-R LINE (PLUMB LINE)
OBLIQUELY CUTTING LATITUDE LINES

The summit (S) and root (R) of a mountain can be likened to two
floors of a building with S being first floor and R being ground floor.
The floors are linked by a stair case which is parallel to latitude
plane. Walking along the staircase from ground floor to first floor is
like walking along a latitude plane. The staircase is always diagonal
cutting ground and 1st floors at different points. The slope of
staircase would depend on angle ‘X’ and gap between two floors.

LATITUDE LINES CUTTING A BUILDING DIAGONALLY

Therefore, the summit (S), like first floor, shall not have same
latitude (staircase) as that at root (R) or ground floor, contrary to a
contour map where both S and R are placed at same point.

********
56
TEASER - 15
TELESCOPIC EFFECT

On a local scale, compare an aerial photograph (seen from top)

of a mountain with contour map of same mountain or an aerial
photograph of a tall building with contour map of same
building.
The shape of the mountain, or the tall building would be exactly
same in both aerial photograph and contour map:

(a) Falls
(b) True

THE EXPLANATION:

The aerial photograph is a method of creating 2D image of relief of

an undulating surface by means of variations of light and shade. The
contour maps are systematized form of showing same variations of
light and shade by means of lines connecting equal elevation or
depth.

The most important thing in determining shape and size of 3D

objects in contour map or aerial photograph is whether relative
position of each point, with respect to each other, have been
maintained taking into account the element of height, length and
width.

The contour map (especially on a local scale) maintains the relative

position of each points with respect to each other as seen in ground
57
at all level. However, even though aerial photographs do not hide
anything, it deforms the feature and distorts the relative position of
points seen in ground. The nearer objects appear bigger and farther
one becomes smaller telescopically. The objects seen within the
‘view finder’ have to be adjusted for depth element because
photographs or image in 2D formats lack depth.

One scale would not be applicable for all the objects seen within
same photo-frame and shall vary according to depth. Therefore
shape of object get distorted proportionately with depth in an aerial
photograph.

Take for example a pyramid shaped structure with staircase type

slopes as shown in figure below (A).

• In the map view (contour map) of the structure (B), the

relationship between each step with respect to their size and
position remain constant irrespective of relative distance of
each step from top to bottom. The ratio of an area between
top step and bottom step would remain same as would be in
reality.

• Single map scale would be applicable for each step,

irrespective of their depth or height from reference level
(datum level) on which map is made.

• In an aerial photograph (C), taken from very close range from

top, the step closer to the viewer would appear bigger than
the step away from viewer (towards bottom). The ratio
between top and bottom steps with respect to size and
position would not be same as would be in reality. The ratio
would depend on how close the photograph is taken from.

• Single scale would not be applicable for all steps in the aerial
photograph (C). Each step shall have to have its own scale
depending upon its depth from the level on which photograph
is referenced.

58
 SHADED CONTOURS (B) & PHOTOGRPH (C) OF
A PYRAMID (A) SEEN FROM TOP

• In an extreme case (D), only the top stair would be visible in

the aerial photograph and all below would be hidden behind.
It may appear like an inverted pyramid, like a tall building
seen from above (E).

D: A PYRAMID SEEN FROM TOP AT CLOSE RANGE

E; TALL BUILDING SEEN FROM ABOVE

ROOF IS MUCH BIGGER THAN BASE

********
59
TEASER - 16
NEW DELHI OR NEWDELHI

New Delhi is the capital city of India. In 1912, during British Raj
the Delhi (which was the capital city of India during Moghul
Raj), was expanded and the expanded part of city was named
as New Delhi, probably to reflect the new development and to
distinguish it from old city of Delhi at that point of time.

Let us assume that another expansion of New-Delhi on same

style is again undertaken today and expanded part of city is
proposed to be renamed in same manner as was done earlier
so that it reflects new development. If that happens New Delhi
would be called as?

(a) New New Delhi

(b) New Newdelhi
(c) Brand New New Delhi

THE EXPLANATION:

During Moghul raj, Delhi was the capital city of India. In 1912, British
Raj moved the capital of India from Calcutta to metropolis of Delhi.
They constructed a new city adjacent to Delhi which was completed
in 1931 and was named as New Delhi, because this side of city was
new at that time. The New, prefixed to the name of Delhi was
adopted, perhaps to reflect the new development and also keeping
in line the new trend prevailing during those days.

60
Literally, new means recent but how recent cannot be known, it can
only be sensed relatively. Like new year becomes old within few
weeks and new baby becomes old within few months. Time does not
stop for any one, today’s new is tomorrow’s old, therefore New
added by British raj to Delhi may not convey same meaning today,
as it would have conveyed at the time of its naming.

Since its formation, New Delhi has expanded in all direction, virtually
adding several new city to it. If new regime decides to name the
expanded part of the city in same way as was done earlier why it
can’t be re-named as New New Delhi (or New Newdelhi) again?
With the passage of time, New and Delhi may not remain separate
words in same sense as it was thought initially but both may merge
and become a single word Newdelhi in same way as Newton or
Newman are single words, having no relation with the literal meaning
of new

Imagine that if an old city, named after Newton, is to be renamed in

same way as that of Delhi to reflect new expansion, it would be
called New Newton and old part of the city would always be called
as old Newton.

NEW CITY AND OLD CITY SIDE BY SIDE

61
If New Delhi becomes Newdelhi, (a new word) with no relation with
its literal meaning, the expanded and new part of the city can be
easily renamed again as New Newdelhi and old part can continued
to be called Old Newdelhi.

CLUSTER OF NEW & OLD CITY SIDE BY SIDE

This process can continue till big cities stop growing and adding new
cities.

********

TEASER - 17
WHOSE SIDE IS IT ANY WAY
Every object such as, cars, houses, dogs, humans, planes,
books, watches or TVs, have their own right, left, front and back
sides.

62
When we refer left or right side of a book or a watch or a TV or a
road, we refer left or right side in same way as it would be in
case of a car or a plane or a dog or a human?

Similarly when we say clockwise or anticlockwise we refer to it

from watch’s own side?

(a) Falls
(b) True

THE EXPLANATION:

When humans are driving cars, both car and driver face in same
direction, hence left hand side of driver is also left hand side of the
car.

CARS AND HUMANS FACE SAME DIRECTION WHEN DRIVING

HENCE BOTH HAVE SAME SENSE OF RIGHT AND LEFT
63
When a woman looks into a mirror everything gets reversed. Her left
hand becomes right hand of her image in mirror because both of
them are facing each other and the image behaves as if she is an
another person looking at her.

RIGHT IS LEFT (AND VICE VERSA) WHEN

LOOKING INTO MIRROR

However, when a man is reading a book, even though both book

and man are facing each other in same way as he would be facing
his image in the mirror, the left and right side of book does not get
reversed.

The left side of the man (reader) is also the left side of book and his
right side is the right side of the book. Book itself does not have its
own left or right side. Had it been so our right would have been left
side of the book.

RIGHT IS RIGHT (NOT LEFT) WHEN REFERRING TO BOOKS

64
Similarly when we are facing a watch and referring to a direction
called ‘clockwise’ or anticlockwise’ movement, we are explicitly
referring to the direction from viewer / user point of view.

The circularity of clockwise movement would be from top to right, (in

same way as car’s steering is moved when turning to right). The
opposite sense of rotation would be ‘counterclockwise’ or
‘anticlockwise’.

CLOCKWISE MOVEMENT (GENERALLY LEFT TO RIGHT)

Assume that a watch has grown its own hands and legs and is
behaving like a human being. What would be the ‘clockwise’
movement ?

WHAT IF CLOCKS HAD HANDS & LEGS AS WE HAVE

(CLOCKWISE MOVEMENT WOULD BE REVERESED)

65
Clockwise movement would be, from TOP to LEFT (in same way as
car’s steering is moved when turning to left) and not TOP to RIGHT
as is normally considered. (Anticlockwise movement would be
opposite to that):

In strictest sense, the “clockwise” movement is a misnomer because

we never consider watch having left / right side like us, but we refer it
from our own point of view. Hence it can be called ‘viewer-wise
clock-movement”. The left or right side of an object is dependant on
whether they face in same direction or opposite direction as that of
humans (user) while in use.

User centric world view:

1. As the reader and the book or the TV or the photograph or

the watch always face each other when in use, there was
perhaps no need to assign left or side to them but was
always referred from user’s point of view. On the other hand,
cars, buildings, trains, animals etc face in same direction as
humans while in use, they have left and right side similar to
humans.

2. All man made materials or even natural ones are referenced

from user (humans) point of view because we are the ones
who use them and we are the ones who require
communication in such languages which fundamentally is
based on naming of each and every possible aspect
perceived by humans.

********

TEASER - 18
LOOSER CAN BE WINNER

66
The scoring system in Lawn Tennis goes through a tortuous
four course steps. A player has to win first points, then games,
then set and only then he wins a match.
The winner always wins more games than the looser,

(a) True
(b) Fall

THE EXPLANATION:

Lawn Tennis is played with four tiers / steps of scoring system.

A player has to win five (5) points first with a gap of two to win one
game, then he has to win six (6) games first with a gap of two to win
one set and win maximum set out of five or three to win a match.

In this system each set is like an independent match and have to be

won separately. No weightage is given to the games won in previous
set and it does not matter whether previous set is won by 6 - 0 or 7-
6, both have same value.

In case of a score line of 0-6, 7-6, 7-6, 0-6, 7-6, the winner gets
away with 9 fewer games than the looser. Out of a total possible 51
games in the match, the looser have won 30 (58%) and winner only
21 (42%) thanks to rules framed to favor one with no breaks, barring
tie breakers.
67
 TENNIS MATCH: MOST TORTUOUS SCORING SYSTEM

Badminton is also played on same scoring system but with one tier
fewer than Tennis;

Here, a player has to win points first, then sets and only then a
match is won. Each set is like an independent match and have to be
won separately and no weightage is given to points won in previous
set whatever may be the margin.

BADMINTON: LITTLE LESS TORTUOUS SCORING THAN TENNIS

The scoring system in basket ball, on the other hand is the most
simplest one. No segments, no layering, no tier, you win more points
you win match. Entire match is one entity. First part is not forgotten
68
and points won from the start get full weightage and is carried
forward till the end of the match.

A great tempo and excitement is generated from the word go and

never a dull moment creeps throughout the match.

BASKET BALL: SIMPLE SCORING SYSTEM

Some Examples of Close Tennis Matches:

Women’s Events:

1. US Open Women’s Final 1985

Hana Mandlikova def. M. Navratilova: 7- 6, 1- 6, 7- 6.

Or
Martina Navratilova def. Hana Mandlikova : 18 - 15

Two-time US Open champion Martina Navratilova won a total of

18 games (6+6+6), where as Hana Mandlikova won 15 games
(7+1+7), 3 games less than the Martina, in the US Open final of
1985 but still Martina lost the match.

The result would have been just opposite, had basket ball type
scoring system was followed. Hana took her chance more
69
 carefully and reserved energy for the crucial set where it
mattered most. Had it been 5 setter Martina would have definitely
won the match as she showed consistency.

2. US Open Women’s Final 1994

Arantxa Sanchez def. Steffi Graf: 1- 6, 7- 6, 6 - 4.

Or
Steffi Graf def Arantxa Sanchez : 16 - 14

Steffi Graf won a total of 16 games (6+6+4), 2 games more than

the total of 14 games (1+7+6) won by Arantxa Sanchez Vicario
in US Open 1994 but still she lost the match. Had the points /
games scored in previous set been carried forward till the end of
the match Steffi would have been a clear winner (16 - 14).

3. Wimbledon Women’s Final, 1993:

Steffi Graf def. Jana Novotna: 7- 6, 1- 6, 6 - 4.

Or
Jana Novotna def Steffi Graf: 16 - 14

Steffi Graf won a total of 14 ( 7+1+6) games, 2 games less than

Jana Novotna, who won a total of 16 (6+6+4) games in the entire
match but still she lost match? The cumulative system would
have produced just opposite result.

Men’s Events:

1. Wimbledon Men’s Final, 2009:

Roger Federer def. Andy Roddick: 5-7, 7-6, 7-6, 3-6, 16-14
Or
Andy Roddick def. Roger Federer : 39 - 38

70
 One of the longest and keenly contested match ever played at
the Wimbledon. Inspite of winning more games (39) than Roger
(38), Andy lost the match, why? At least I am hugely
disappointed. I thought Andy had upper hand and looked more
sharp than the aging war horse Roger throughout the game.

2. Montreal Masters Men’s Final, August 2007

Novak Djokovic def. Roger Federer: 7- 6, 2- 6, 7- 6

Or
Roger Federer def. Novak Djokovic 18 - 16

The serb, Djokovic beat Roddick, Nadal and Federer, the top 3, 2
& 1 of tennis at that time in a row, a big feat indeed. However he
was very lucky in the final as he won title with a deficit of two
games. The king Federer could have easily won had it been five
setter, I am sure, as he had already collected more breaks and
more games than Novak. Tennis, curiously does not recognise
previous set. New set starts as a new match. Federer could not
do any thing but look to next event.

3. ATP/WTA Miami Masters Event, 4th Round, April 2007

Guillermo Canas def. Roger Federer: 7- 6, 2- 6, 7- 6.

Or
Roger Federer def. Guillermo Canas: 18 - 16

Roger Federer faced same situation here too. Guillermo Canas

of Argentina, had stunned him, 7-6, 6-2, 7-6 in the forth round of
ATP/WTA Miami Masters Series event in April 2007. Federer
had said then that it was one of those matches where he should
have never lost. But did he loose? In fact he won more games,
but thanks to weird rules that did him in.

4. US Open Men's Singles Fourth Round, 1987

71
 J. Connors def. M. Pernfors: 1- 6, 1- 6, 7- 5, 6 - 4, 6 - 2
Or
M. Pernfors def. J. Connors: 23 - 21

This is considered to be one of the greatest come back match of

the US Open tennis where Connors made it to quarterfinals in
spite of 2 set down. On a cumulative basis Pernfors won a total
of 23 games (6+6+5+4+2), 2 games more than Connors who
won a total of 21 games (1+1+7+6+6). Continuous scoring
system, without any break between sets would have made
Pernfor winner.

5. Wimbledon Men’s Final, 2007:

Roger Federer def. Rafael Nadal: 7-6, 4-6, 7-6, 2-6, 6 -2

Or
Rafael Nadal drew. Roger Federer: 26 – 26.

Locked in the toughest test, Roger Federer finally overcame

Rafael Nadal in a five-set epic final to win his fifth consecutive
championship at the All England Club. However, the match could
have gone either way. Both won equal number of games (26
each) but still Nadal was denied further chance.

At this stage the match was equally balanced and should have
ended in a draw. Nadal had more breaks and showed more
consistency and should have been given more chances to prove
his prowess, however, laws of the game, made by wise men had
other things up the sleeves.

6. Wimbledon Men’s Final 1992

A. Agassi def. G. Ivanisevic: 6 - 7, 6 - 4, 6 - 4, 1- 6, 6- 4.

Or
G. Ivanisevic drew. A. Agassi: 25 - 25.

Goran blasted 37 aces and won a total of 25 games

(7+4+4+6+4) equal to that won by Agassi (25 games) and still
lost. The dual was a photo finish and needed an extraneous and
crooked process of scoring system to decide the winner.

72
 Why this discrepancy?
In all above matches the looser has won more or equal number
of games and showed better consistency but they still lost the
match. The rules seem to favor the opportunistic, cunning and to
those who are conserving energy deliberately and ruthlessly
pouncing on few chances coming their way. Unlike basket ball
match, where tempo is maintained throughout the match, tennis
is played in hiccups. Each set is like a separate match and at
times players deliberately slowdown to come back in next set
and dullness creeps in. Had points been carried forward in a
seam less manner the boring moments would have been
minimized and consistency would have been rewarded. So it is
not necessary that winner always wins more games, it is the
looser, may win more games but still shown the door. It is a
shame !

We see a great ambiguity here. On one hand a lot of weightage

and importance is attached to the distant past performance of a
player while seeding them (so to give them unfair advantage),
but the performance in the immediate past (previous set) is
totally ignored and a new set begins afresh from scratch.

********

TEASER - 19
SERVING FIRST
Andy (A) and Sandy (S) are facing each other in a tennis match
where Andy (A) is serving first in first set;

i What will be the score if Andy retains his service and

breaks 1st service of Sandy (S) in the 1st set ?

(a) 6–4
(b) 6–3

ii What will be the score if Sandy retains his service and

breaks 1st service of Andy in the 1st set ?

(a) 4–6
(b) 3–6
73
THE EXPLANATION:

Andy (A) is serving first in 1st set.

(a) Andy (A) retains his service (

) and breaks (X) the 1st
service of Sandy (S) and wins first set,

Table – a

Service
Games Result Score
A S
1
1–0
2 X 2–0
3
3–0
4
3–1
5
4–1
6
4–2
7
5–2
8
5–3
9
6–3
TOTAL 5 4 9 9 (5+4)

(b) Sandy (S) retains his service (

) and breaks (X) the 1st
service of Andy (A) and wins first set,

74
 Table – b

Service
Games Result Score
A S
1 X 0–1
2
0–2
3
1–2
4
1–3
5
2–3
6
2–4
7
3–4
8
3–5
9
4–5
10
4–6
Total 5 5 10 10 ( 5+5 )

When A breaks 1st service of S (Table - a), the maximum gap

created between A and S is of the order of 3 games where as
when S breaks 1st service of A (Table-b) the maximum gap is
of the order 2 games only. Here A and S do exactly same
thing but A achieves a gap of 3 games to 2 of S without doing
any thing extra.

It can have a psychological impact on the performance of S.

When A breaks 1st service of S, he wins set at 6 – 3 and
plays a total of 9 games (Table-a) where as when S breaks
1st service of A, he wins set at 4 – 6 and plays a total of 10
games, one game more than A (Table-b). By breaking only
once in the whole set A gets away by playing only 9 games
(serves five time to four of S), where as for exactly same
number of break S is required to play 10 games for none of
his fault, why this discrimination ?

(c) Now, what happens if score line is:

6 – 1 in favor of A (Table-c) or
1 – 6 in favor of S (Table-d)

75
 Table - c

Service
Games Result Score
A S
1
1–0
2
1–1
3
2–1
4 X 3–1
5
4–1
6 X 5–1
7
6–1
Total 4 3 7 7 (4+3)

Table – d

Service
Games Result Score
A S
1
1–0
2
1–1
3 X 1–2
4
1–3
5 X 1–4
6
1–5
7 X 1–6
Total 4 3 7 7 (4+3)

The total number of games played (in both cases) (Table - a

& b) are seven (1 to 7) with 4 odd numbers (1st, 3rd & 5th) and
3 even numbers (2nd, 4th & 6th). By virtue of serving first, A
shall get an opportunity to serve odd numbers (4 times) and
S shall have opportunity to serve even numbers. So A gets 4
serves and S gets 3 serves. Therefore, for same score line (6
– 1) A is required to break serve of S only two times (Table-c)
where as S toils to break A three times (Table-d).
76
 Why this inequality ?

In all above cases, it is very obvious that A is enjoying a

certain amount of advantage over S only because he is
serving first. In today’s hyper sports and intense competitive
era even a hair line gap advantage may have impact on the
final result, especially if winner and loser are of same caliber.

What is the solution: Equality ?:

Each player must be given equal number of services in each

set and in each match, so that equal opportunity level is
achieved.

Each set / match can be played in two stages.

• 1st stage to be of 4 serves in total (2 each continuously).

Whosoever win maximum points with a gap of 4 wins the
set else set goes to 2nd stage.

• 2nd stage would consist of maximum of six Steps (S-1 to

S-6). Each player will be given one service alternatively at
each step. One who wins maximum points with a
difference of four (4) at any step wins the set.

• In case of a tie at the end of 6th step, either the set is

terminated, irrespective of points difference and points in
each set are added at the end of match and winner is
decided on the basis of maximum points won
cumulatively in a match.

• Alternatively set can continue till a difference of 4 points

is achieved. Set itself can be converted into a match
beyond a certain point.

1) 1st STAGE: Total: 4 services (2 each with no gap).

77
 SCORE/ RESULT
PLAYER
STAGE SERVICE Go to
WIN
A S 2nd STAGE
1
1st 2
4-0 3-1 2-2
STAGE
3
4

2) 2nd STAGE: 2nd stage consists of maximum 12 services

SCORE / RESULT
PLAYER
STAGE SERVICE Go to
WIN
A S 2nd STAGE
1
1st
2
STAGE
3 4-0 3-1 2-2
4
Go to NEXT
WIN
SERVE
5
S-1 5-1 4-2 3-3
6
7
S-2 6-2 5-3 4-4
8
9
2nd STAGE

S-3 7-3 6-4 5-5

10
11
S-4 8-4 7-5 6-6
12
13
S-5 9-5 8-6 7-7
14
15
S-6 10-6 9-7 8-8
16

78
 In each set there will be seven (7) opportunity (one in 1st
stage & six in 2nd stage) to win the set early. If each set ends
in 1st stage itself, match will be over very quickly. It would
indicate that the looser is not of equal caliber and match
deserves to end fast.

Alternatively, games or points won in each set can be added

together at the end of match and who so ever wins maximum
points, in whole match (cumulative) with a difference of 4
shall win the match.

********

TEASER - 20
CURSE OF CURVE
Consider there are two humanoid robots K1 and K2. Both have
exactly identical capabilities, both run at same speed from start
to finish. Now both are competing with each other for 800 m
race (cycle) together (pack running) in an indoor stadium with
circular / oval track. Who will win?

(a) One of them (K1 / K2)

(b) Both

79
THE EXPLANATION:

Game at micro-second scale:

In modern day sporting events, the electronic gadgets, like 3rd

umpire in cricket or stretched photographs in sprinting are used
extensively in order to extract the hair line gap to decide who is in or
who is out. This micro-second precision level is rigorously applied in
all games and even one hundredth (1/100) of a second or one tenth
of an inch is not spared in separating winner from looser.

CLOSE FINISH: REQUIRE MACHINE SCRUTINY

But what is startling is that same precision of microscopic level

analysis is seldom applied to the game in entirety to see whether
factors other than individual efforts are influencing the results.

There are many events where extraneous factors other than

individual effort appear to be influencing the result. One such area is
track & field event where tracks are designed in such a way that
each lane is different from other and each track is curved at every
turn. Although variation in lane qualities may appear miniscule at
human scale but can get magnified many time at sub-second
(microscopic) scale.

The lanes in 100 m sprint events are all straight and parallel hence
are exactly identical, however, in 400 m oval (circular) track, the
conditions are not exactly same for all lanes.

80
 FULL CIRCULAR AND SEMI-CIRCULAR TRACKS

The total length of an individual lane (circumference) in case of

round track (an extreme case) can be shown as follows:

L = PR2

Where:

L = Length of individual lane (say Lane-1)

P = 22 / 7 (Constant)
R = Radius of individual lane

Or in case of an oval track (semi circular track) the formula for total
track length would be as follows;

L = Z + PR2

Where:

L = Length of individual lane (Lane-1)

P = 22 / 7 (Constant)
R = Radius of individual lane
Z = Straight part of the track

Now, take for example lane one (L-1) and lane two (L-2) are having
radius R1 & R2 of 50 feet & 54 feet respectively, (assuming a
81
minimum lane width of 5 feet) the length of individual lanes would be
as follows, (Z being constant for both lane):

L1 = P(R1)2
= 22/7 x 502
= 7857 feet

L2 = P(R2)2
= 22/7 x 542
= 9165 feet

The ratio:

L1 / L2 = 7857 / 9165
= 0.86
Or

(R1)2 / (R2)2 = 54 / 52
= 0.86

Therefore Lane-2 is dissimilar to Lane-1 (1: 0.86) in terms of total

distance (end to end). In case of 400 m or longer race, any
discrepancy due to this would get multiplied.

The degree of curvature or circularity for each lane can be

determined by the ratio between total length of lane (circumference)
and total length of maximum number of straight dashes one can
make within the limits of an individual lane.

C1 = D1 / L1

Where

C1 = Degree of curvature of Lane-1

D1 = Total length of straight dash in Lane-1
L1 = Total length / circumference of Lane-1
(PR12 )

82
 THE OUTER-MOST CIRCULAR TRACK
HAS THE LONGEST STRAIGHT DASHES

Lane-3 has 5 straight dashes (SD) of equal length (5SD)

Lane-2 has 4 straight dash of equal length and one is 1/3

(4SD+1/3SD).
Lane-1 has 3 straight dashes of equal length and one is ½
(3SD+1/2SD).

There are three areas of concern in case of oval / circular tracks;

1. The lanes are not 100% equal in terms of total lengths.

2. The lanes are not 100% equal in terms of curvature.

3. The ratio between curvature and straight portions of track are

not 100% equal between the lanes.

If two lanes are equal in terms of all characteristics, the ratio should
be always 1:1 (100%) between lanes as happens in case of 100 m
sprint event. Therefore anything less or more than 100% would
mean un-equality among lanes, which when subjected to
microscopic level would magnify many times.

Who would win K1 or K2

The races are generally run in packs or individually along single

lane. Pack or bunch running involves body touching and constant

83
fight for inner circle where as independent running does not involve
body touching.

PACK RUNNING AND SINGLE LANE RUNNING

In case of pack or bunch running, as long both, K1 and K2 run on

straight portion of the track, they will be running side-by-side without
body touching, however the moment they enter into curved portion,
the one on inside track (say K2), being nearer would occupy the
inner circle and would forge ahead of K1 simply because inner side
of the curve has less distance. K1, being towards outside, would
immediately fall back, as he has to cover longer distance and would
remain behind, thereafter till end and finish second. Therefore only
one (K1) would win the race.

RUNNING AROUND BENT PART OF A TRACK

On the other hand, independent running, although does not involve

body touching and fight for inner circle, one has to tackle the
curvature of the track to maintain the speed and body tilt.

84
The impact on races: the impact of circular track on results can be
summarized as follows:

(i) Body Tilt Effect:

The inner most lane has maximum curvature and outer most
the least. To overcome lane curvature athletes tilt their body
inside proportionate to their speed and curvature so as to
avoid falling out of lane due to centrifugal force. Since
curvature is variable for each lane the body tilt varies from
lane to lane, maximum in inside lane and vice versa. The
variable tilting affects the speed and momentum and
ultimately the result.

BODY TILTING WHILE NEGOTIATING A BEND

(ii) Cumulative Effect:

The tracks are generally laid in an oval shape where the ratio
of straight portion to curved portion of track varies from
stadium to stadium. The speed is maximum in straight
portion and minimum in curved portion. In case of small
indoor stadium, if one is allotted inner lane, he may have to
pass through curved portion more frequently than the one
allotted outer most lane.

Any amount of variations among lanes, however negligible it

may be, can turn into a ‘snow ball’ on a cumulative basis,
especially in events where participants are required to run
multiple times through same lane.

85
 (iii) Scale Effect:

The impact of curvature may appear miniscule at human

scale but can get magnified many times at micro-second
level. The impact can be seen more easily in the events such
as motorcycle / formula car race where participants need to
maintain high speed over a long and tortuous track.

BODY TILT AT BENDS INCREASES

WHEN HIGH SPEED IS MAINTAINED

It is evident wide from above that the participants are not provided
equal running conditions at same standard of precision as their
results are subjected to. Athletes have every right to demand
identical conditions on a microscopic scale.

The glaring examples:

The result of 400 m hurdle in 1984 Los Angeles Olympics for bronze
medal was subjected to a very high degree of magnification and
nothing was spared in denying PT Usha of India a bronze. It was
amazing that she was made to loose by one hundredth of a second
(1/100 second).

She literally lost by a whisker. The scale of stretching of time and

space was amazing and unbelievable. The time difference is so
small (1/100 second) that it still amazes even today and creates
86
doubt whether it was her deficiency or track design deficiency that
cost her bronze. There can be no doubt that the result would have
been definitely different (plus or minus) if she had been allotted
another lane than she was running in.

SPRINT QUEEN P.T. USHA OF INDIA

Similarly, Milkha Singh of India, was denied bronze medal in 400 m

race in 1960 Rome Olympics by a wafer thin margin of 1/10
seconds, although he had broken the Olympic records.

FLYING SIKH MILKHA SINGH OF INDIA

87
There may be hundreds of such close cases where doubts would
always remain in the minds whether failure was due to extraneous
causes. These cases should be put to modern tests involving
computer software analysis to see if results were influenced by
factors other than individual efforts, such as lane variation, especially
over long races.

What is the solution:

1. The dissimilarity among the lanes in a circular track is very

obvious, in terms of variable curvature, variable total distance
and variable straight to curved ratio.

2. The first and foremost requirement is to thoroughly analyse the

existing track & field design at microscopic level with respect to
its effect on the outcome of results so as to eliminate any doubt
in the minds of participants, especially those who loose by
whiskers.

3. In order to achieve identical lane properties, track designs as

indicated below can be tried:

a. ASHTAMIUM (8): 8 Shaped Track Design.

• In an ancient Hindu Sanskrit language eight (8) is

referred to as Ashtami, hence name Ashtamium.

• Each individual lane is curved at two ends and the

product of sum total impact of degree of curvature,
elevation, undulation or any other element is always
constant for each lane.

• Each lane is of same length of 200 m.

• The lanes do not cross on same level but cross one

over the other like an over bridge so as to avoid
clashing of athletes.

• The races are always run in 200 m or in multiple of 200

m.

88
 • There is no need to run in packs as several tracks can
be accommodated in a single stadium.

ASHTAMIUM: NEW TRACK DESIGN

b. SWIMMING POOL TYPE RACE TRACK

Another variation could be similar to that of ‘swimming pool

type’ where all tracks are parallel and straight. Each
individual runs in his own track to and fro (by touching the
end of each lane).

SWIMMING POOL TYPE TRACK DESIGN

TRACKS ARE ALL STARIGHT AND PARALLEL
*******

89
TEASER - 21
WHITE ALWAYS WINS
Two computers C1 & C2, with identical capabilities are pitted
against each other in a game of chess. If C1 starts with white
pieces first and both make no mistakes, who will win match in a
best of 5 (five) games ?

(a) C1
(b) C2
(c) End in a draw

THE EXPLANATION:

Theoretically, the game should end in a draw as both have equal

capabilities and both make no mistakes. However, simple
commonsense logic proves it otherwise.

The game of chess in its present form is highly complicated. There is

multiplicity of pieces and there are tens of moves and whole game
thrives on mistakes committed by opponents.

It is a well known fact that in the game of chess, the balance is tilted
in favor of white. This aspect is very difficult to see in complicated
and long winding moves. Therefore in order to analyse game of a
chess in a transparent and convincing manner, the chess board and
pieces can be scaled down to: a) 36 squares (6 x 6) with 24 pieces
or to b) 16 squares (4 x 4) with 8 pieces.

90
 36 SQUARES 16 SQUARES
24 PIECES 8 PIECES

The simplified version will have less complicated moves and will be
easily understandable even to a layman. This is required to see and
magnify the inherent flaws in a game of chess. In the strip down
version the positions and movements of each piece remain same.

As the number of moves become very less and short it becomes

easy to foresee future best moves. Any body can easily understand
the move and see himself whether game ends in a draw or in favor
of either of one. Let us imagine that C1 with white and C2 with black
pieces play the game:

(a) First move by white: White Queen to B3

(b) First move by black: Black Queen to B2.

91
 (c) Second move by white: White rook to D1 (Game is over)

In this simplified game, it is very evident that C1 (white) attacks from

the word go and is always one step ahead of C2 (black).

It is evident here that C1 (white), getting the first opportunity to move

always goes for best move and inflicts maximum damage and if no
mistake is done, as would happen in case of competing machines,
C2 (black) would never win. C1 (white) would en-cash best move
and will go for a kill. C2 (black) is left with no option but to be content
with second best move and is always busy defending C1(white) and
never gets to attack

The game of chess is unique in the way that it is like a battle field
where every move kills pieces (soldiers) and reduces opponent’s
ability to fight from the word go. Unlike many other sports where both
opponents are allowed to fight at same time, in chess opponents are
allowed to hit alternatively and white getting first opportunity it
unleashes best move. Black is left with second best move and
always remains behind white. Black receives the first lethal blow and
never recovers thereafter.
92
For that matter any one who starts (attacks) first in any game has
some advantage, but in chess white starting first, has 100%
advantage.

********

TEASER - 22
HONEY COMB
Honey bees make hexagonal cells / combs, because?

(a) Round combs are out of fashion

(b) Bees know no other comb making
(c) For economy and geometric reasons

THE EXPLANATION:

The honeybee, one of man's oldest friend is a social insect living in

large colonies. The central feature of the bee hive is its nest the
honeycomb and this marvel of engineering consists of panels of six-
sided cells (cylindrical cells) made of beeswax. Beeswax is produced
93
from glands on the underside of the worker bees which they take
with their mouths into the honeycomb. The cells within the comb are
used to raise young ones and store honey and pollen.

There can be two classes of cylindrical cells:

(a) Class one are those types of cylindrical cells when packed
together fit perfectly with each other. They are hexagonal (six
sided), trigonal (three sided) and tetragonal (four sided) cells.

CLASS ONE TYPE OF CELLS

(b) Class Two are those types of cylindrical cells when packed
together do not fit with each other and leave gaps in between.
They can be pentagonal (five sided), octagonal (eight sided)
or round cells (infinite sided) and so on.

CLASS TWO TYPE OF CELLS

94
Why Hexagonal cylindrical cells:

1. When round cells or cylinders are packed together on a plane,

six cells remain in touch with the central one at a time.
Geometrically the best fit or the maximum cells that can be
packed in a minimum space would always produce a hexagonal
(six) mesh.

ROUND CELLS PACKED TOGETHER

2. Round cylindrical individual cells are most suitable for keeping

young ones, as larva and young ones also have round shape
and fit 100%. However, two deficiency occur when round cells
are packed together

 The round cells leave plenty of unused inter-cellular space.

This adds up to the total required area for a unit hive.

 The wall of individual cells have minimal contact with each

other hence separate and independent walls for each cell is
required to be made every time a new cell is made. This
adds up to the total wall length required to be constructed
in a unit hive.

ROUND CYLINDERS PACKED TOGETHER

95
3. The square and triangular shaped cells, although produce a
perfect fit, are also not favored because;

• Since, larvae are round in shape, plenty of intra-cellular

space are left unused at the corners within cells.

• The unused portions within cells add up to the total space

in a hive, hence less number of cells would fit in a unit
space.

• The unused intra-cellular space, increases the net volume

of individual cell and also increases the length of wall,
hence more material and more labor for bees.

ROUND AND TRIGONAL SHAPED CELLS

PACKED TOGETHER

4. The hexagonal cells (cylindrical) are favored as it minimizes the

above mentioned shortcomings in a bee hive:

• The hexagonal cylindrical cells, when packed together has

100% wall contact and leave no inter-cellular gaps
therefore cells occupy less space in unit hive.

• Hexagonal cells share cell wall equally, thereby minimizing

total length of wall in a unit hive.

• Round eggs or larvae closely fit in a hexagonal cell and

wastage of intra-cellular gaps are minimal.

96
 HEXAGONAL CELLS PACKED TOGETHER

5. Take for example a plateful of oranges of same sizes and round

shape. Maximum six (hexa) oranges can remain in contact with a
single central orange in a pack. When they are squeezed tightly
together, round shaped oranges convert to hexagonal oranges
automatically without any change in individual orange volume.
The inter-orange space vanishes and the walls (peels) become
common.

SPHERICAL OBJECTS (ORANGES) PLACED

TOGETHER AND WHEN SQUEEZED TIGHTLY

6. Similarly, when finger tips of both hands are joined opposite to

each other on a plane (left below) gaps remain between
finger tips as they are round shaped. However, when fingers are
pressed towards each other the gaps vanish and the finger tips
attain half hexagon shape.

97
 FINGERS PUT TOGETHER LEAVE GAPS BUT
WHEN SQUEEZED TIGHTLY GAPS VANISH
AND HAEXAGONAL OUTLINE EMERGES

These examples show that hexagonal honey combs are based on

fundamental geometric and economic reasons. Perhaps science of
geometry was inherent in nature before humans understood and
perfected it.

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TURN PAGE FOR
ANSWERS

100
THE TEASERS THE ANSWERS
01 b
02 b
03 b
04 b
05 c
06 a
07 b
08 b
09 a
10 c
11 b
12 b
13 a
14 b
15 a
16 b
17 a
18 b
(i) - b
19
(ii) - a
20 a
21 a
22 c

101