Related References

Rule 1940 – Fire Protection and Control Amended

Occupational Safety and Health
Standards, DOLE

Republic Act #9514 – 2008 Fire Code of the

Philippines

NFPA Standards: NFPA-10, NFPA-13, NFPA-70,

NFPA-72, other standards
Other Related References
 Dangers of Fire

Characteristics of Fire:
Spreads very fast

Very hot

Produces very dark and toxic smoke

 Dangers of Fire

Most deaths and injuries are not caused by

flames, but due to the following:
Excessive heat
(Temperature can reach 500⁰F in less than 3 minutes)
Inhalation of smoke
Lack of oxygen (suffocation)
 Fire Incidents

MANILA, Philippines - A total of 12 fires were recorded from Dec. 31, 2012 to Jan. 2, 2013. (Courtesy of Phil Star)
 Fire Incidents
Residential Fires

A firefighter directs a stream of water on a conflagration that consumed 50 homes in a residential area in
Manila, Philippines, on January 19, 2013.. (Courtesy of: Hungeree)
A man looks for reuseable materials at his charred home after a fire hit a residential area in Valenzuela City, the Philippines, Feb.
19, 2013. Around 500 houses were razed in the fire, leaving 2,000 residents homeless. (Xinhua/Rouelle Umali)
 Commercial Building Fires

Fire at Divisoria Mall, Binondo, Manila, broke out at 12:02a.m., Thursday, May 16, 2013. (Courtesy of Phil Daily Inquirer)
Tutuban Mall Fire, Sept. 6, 2012 – Sept. 7, 2012 (Courtesy of DZMM.com.ph).
OLONGAPO CITY, Philippines – Seven people died in a blaze that swept through two adjacent
commercial buildings in the city’s red light district on January 12, 2013. (Courtesy of Phil Star).
 Manufacturing Fires

On February 7, 2008, a huge explosion and fire occurred at the Imperial Sugar refinery northwest of Savannah, Georgia, causing
14 deaths and injuring 38 others, including 14 with serious and life-threatening burns. The explosion was fueled by massive
accumulations of combustible sugar dust throughout the packaging building. (Photo: Courtesy of KVAL.com)
 Manufacturing Fires

On the evening of October 29, 2003, a series of explosions severely burned two workers, injured a third, and caused property
damage to the Hayes Lemmerz manufacturing plant in Huntington, Indiana. One of the severely burned men subsequently died.
The Hayes Lemmerz plant manufactures cast aluminum automotive wheels, and the explosions were fueled by accumulated
aluminum dust, a flammable byproduct of the wheel production process. (Photo: Courtesy of US Chemical Safety Board)
 Power Plant Fires

Recent Japan earthquake and tsunami devastation power plant on fire in Ishihara. (Photo: Courtesy of Examiner.com)
 Power Plant Fires

A transformer at the Krümmel nuclear power plant caught fire. The fire took place at a nuclear reactor in
Krümmel near Hamburg, Germany. (Photo: Courtesy of Spiegel Online International)
 Oil Rig Fire

Piper Alpha Oil Rig. On July 6, 1988, as part of routine maintenance, technicians removed and checked safety valves which were
essential in preventing dangerous build-up of liquid gas. There were 100 identical safety valves which were checked.
Unfortunately, the technicians made a mistake and forgot to replace one of them. At 10 PM that same night, a technician
pressed a start button for the liquid gas pumps and the world's most expensive oil rig accident was set in motion. Within 2 hours,
the 300 foot platform was engulfed in flames. It eventually collapsed, killing 167 workers and resulting in $3.4 Billion in damages.
(Photo: Courtesy of dailyinternationalfacts.com
 Waste Facility Fire

Burning hazardous waste facility in Apex, North Carolina, October 6, 2006. (Photo: Courtesy of Fox News.com)
 Butuan City Fire Incident

Firefighters try to extinguish a fire that gutted a department store in Butuan City, Agusan del Norte province, on
the southern island of Mindanao, Philippines, early on May 9, 2012. (AFP/Getty Images)
 Fire Statistics
Source: BFP Report (January – November 2012)

Cause of Fire Nbr % Cause of Fire Nbr %

Electrical Origin 3,077 38.78 LPG Explosion Due to Direct Flame 84 1.06
Contact or Static Electricity
Electrical Connections 2,651 33.41 Incendiary Device/Mechanism or 75 0.95
Ignited Flammable Liquids
Electrical Appliances 364 4.59 Chemicals 68 0.86
Electrical Machineries 62 0.78 Pyrotechnics 35 0.44
Unattended Cooking/Stove 505 6.37 Open Flame Due to Direct Flame 13 0.16
Contact or Static Electricity
Lighted Cigarette Butt 503 6.34 Lightning 11 0.14
Open Flame Due to Lighted 412 5.19 Bomb Explosion 7 0.09
Candle or Gasera
Open Flame Due to Torch/Sulo 240 3.02 Under Investigation 2,116 26.67
Lighted Matchstick or Lighter 210 2.65 Others 427 5.38
Spontaneous Combustion 151 1.91 TOTAL (2012) 7,934 100.00
TOTAL (2011) 8,167 2.85
Classification of Fire Cases (January – November 2012)
Classification of Fire Case
Region Total
Intentional Accidental Undetermined Under Investigation
NCR 19 2,617 41 421 3,098
R – 1 (Ilocos Region) 6 99 7 129 241
R – 2 (Cagayan Valley) 14 80 0 25 119
R – 3 (Central Luzon) 13 280 10 172 475
R – 4A (Calabarzon) 2 79 37 355 473
R – 4B (MIMAROPA) 7 48 0 88 143
R – 5 (Bicol Region) 10 98 18 77 203
Fire Statistics
R – 6 (Western Visayas)(BFP 1996-1998)
23 626 15 200 864

R – 7 (Central Visayas) 35 482 14 77 608

R – 8 (Eastern Visayas) 6 55 0 88 149
R – 9 (Zam Pen) 15 104 4 50 173
R – 10 (Northern Min) 16 169 2 109 296
R – 11 (Davao Region) 21 329 16 65 431
R – 12 (SOCSARGEN) 12 189 0 124 325
CARAGA 2 8 0 85 95
CAR 3 149 0 27 179
ARMM 3 36 1 22 62
TOTAL 207 5,448 165 2,114 7,934
Occupancy Involved & Amount of Damage (January – November 2012)
Occupancy Involved Amount of
Region
Structure Vehicle Total Damage (Peso)
NCR 2,930 168 3,098 430,959,130.00
R – 1 (Ilocos Region) 223 18 241 500,718,120.00
R – 2 (Cagayan Valley) 102 17 119 89,184,960.00
R – 3 (Central Luzon) 429 46 475 442,300,642.58
R – 4A (Calabarzon) 437 36 473 236,337,100.00
R – 4B (MIMAROPA) 136 7 143 102,034,868.75
R – 5 (Bicol Region) 186
Fire Statistics 17 203 116,147,073.00
R – 6 (Western Visayas) (BFP 1996-1998)
830 34 864 162,470,686.48
R – 7 (Central Visayas) 572 36 608 119,499,700.00
R – 8 (Eastern Visayas) 140 9 149 108,857,530.00
R – 9 (Zam Pen) 161 12 173 77,633,464.45
R – 10 (Northern Min) 276 20 296 123,609,000.00
R – 11 (Davao Region) 390 41 431 335,773,920.00
R – 12 (SOCSARGEN) 297 28 325 96,875,764.00
CARAGA 89 6 95 173,123,250.00
CAR 164 15 179 63,174,640.00
ARMM 61 1 62 106,326,000.00
TOTAL 7,423 511 7,934 3,285,025,849.26
Number of Casualties (January – November 2012)
Number of Casualties
Region Firefighters Civilian
Fatalities Injured TOTAL Fatalities Injured TOTAL
NCR 2 44 46 62 198 260
R – 1 (Ilocos Region) 0 1 1 4 14 18
R – 2 (Cagayan Valley) 0 2 2 1 5 6
R – 3 (Central Luzon) 0 1 1 17 31 48
R – 4A (Calabarzon) 0 3 3 14 33 47
R – 4B (MIMAROPA) 0 1 1 8 8 16
R – 5 (Bicol Region) Fire Statistics
0 0 0 0 0 0
R – 6 (Western Visayas) (BFP 1996-1998)
0 9 9 10 36 46
R – 7 (Central Visayas) 0 4 4 13 49 62
R – 8 (Eastern Visayas) 0 5 5 3 24 27
R – 9 (Zam Pen) 0 5 5 7 !6 23
R – 10 (Northern Min) 0 0 0 13 48 61
R – 11 (Davao Region) 0 1 1 9 20 29
R – 12 (SOCSARGEN) 0 4 4 8 17 25
CARAGA 0 6 6 23 4 27
CAR 0 1 1 9 9 18
ARMM 0 2 2 9 46 55
TOTAL 2 89 91 210 558 768
 Objectives

At the conclusion of this session, the participants

will be able to:

1. describe the chemistry and behavior of fire

2. enumerate and explain the principles of fire

prevention and control
 What is Fire?

Fire
is a chemical reaction between a flammable or
combustible material and oxygen.

It is frequently referred to as “rapid oxidation with

the evolution of light and heat.”
The Fire Triangle

HEAT
Fire Tetrahedron / Fire Pyramid

4
Fire Tetrahedron / Fire Pyramid

FUEL

Fuel is a material that will burn.

 Fuel

Flash point
- is the lowest temperature at w/c fuel gives off
flammable vapors.
Flammable material
- a material having a flashpoint below 100F (37.8C).
Flammable Flashpoint
Material/Substances °Fahrenheit °Centigrade
Gasoline -45 -42.8
Ether -49 -45
Acetone 0 -17.8
Alcohol 55 12.8
 Fuel

Combustible material
- a material having a flashpoint at or above 100F
(37.8C).
Flashpoint
Combustible Material / Substance
°Fahrenheit °Centigrade

Fuel Oil 100 37.8

Kerosene 100 37.8
Quenching Oil 365 185.0
Mineral Oil 380 193.3
 Which is More Dangerous

A substance with low flashpoint or a substance with

a high flashpoint?

Answer: In terms of fire and explosion, the lower

the flashpoint, the more dangerous the
materials.
 Heat

HEAT

Heat is the temperature at which the substance

gives off vapors or gases in sufficient quantity to be
ignited.
 Effects of Heat in the Human Body

450
T 400
E
M 350
P
E 300
R 250
A
T 200
U 150
R
E 100
50
⁰F
0
possible heat stroke rapid skin burn difficulty in temperature limit for rapid unbearable respiratory system
breathing, nose & escape skin burn threshold
mouth
 Effects of Heat on Equipment

Temperature, ⁰F Effects

100 Damage to Magnetic Tapes

150 Damage to Disk Media
175 Damage to Functioning Computer
Equipment

350 Damage to Paper Records

 Oxygen

Oxygen is normally drawn from the air.

 Effects of Oxygen in the Human Body

O 25

21% , Normal
condition
X 20

Y
15 17%, Some muscle
impaired, increased
G breathing 12%, Dizziness, head
ache, fatigue

E 10

9%, Unconciousness
N
5 6%, Death w/in a few
minutes
%
0
 Oxygen

 The air is roughly 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen and

1% other gases.
 Fire normally goes out when oxygen is below 16%.
 In an atmosphere of pure oxygen, many substances
not normally considered combustible will burn
rapidly.
 Atmosphere of pure oxygen or even oxygen
enriched air will produce fire of great intensity.
 The Chain Reaction

The propagation of fire causing it to continue to burn

until there is no more any of the fuel, heat and oxygen.
Fire Tetrahedron / Fire Pyramid

FUEL

CHAIN
OXYGEN REACTION

HEAT
 Extinguishments of Fire

 Removal of Fuel

 Cooling

 Excluding or Limiting Oxygen

 By Interrupting the Chain Reaction

 Classes of Fire

Class A
- Ordinary Combustibles

wood
cloth
paper
rubber
many plastics
 Classes of Fire

Class B
- Surface Fire / Flammable Liquids

Gasoline
kerosene
thinner
oil
grease
lacquer
flammable gases
 Classes of Fire
Class C
- Electrical Fire

energized electrical/
electronic equipment
 Classes of Fire
Class D
- Combustible Metals
magnesium
sodium
potassium
titanium
zirconium
other flammable
metals
lithium
 Classes of Fire

Class K
- Cooking Media (Kitchen Fires)

Recently recognized by NFPA 10.

Fires involving combustible
vegetable or animal non-saturated
cooking fats in commercial cooking
equipment.
 Stopping Fire In Its Initial Stage

For Class A fire

- water is the best extinguisher.
For Class B fire
- a metal cover, wet sack, towel, cloth, or blanket
will do. Sand and soil are very useful.
For Class C fire
- the main switch is the first consideration. Pull it
down to cut off the current. What is useful on A
& B can also be useful here.
 Sources of Heat

Electrical Heat Energy

Resistance Heating
Arcing
 Sources of Heat

Mechanical Heat (friction heat)

– Slipping belt against pulley

 Friction Spark
– Dropping steel tools on a
concrete floor
 Sources of Heat

Open Flames
– Cigarettes, matches,
welding torch, internal
combustion engines
 Sources of Heat
Spontaneous Heat (auto-
ignition)
– Use of ingredients
sensitive to shock, heat
or moisture. (Potassium
Chlorate)
– Improper use of
chemicals
– Improper storage of
chemicals
Materials Liable to Spontaneous Heating
Materials Liable to Spontaneous Heating
 Sources of Heat

Welding and Cutting Sparks

 Sources of Heat

Travel of Welding Flux

 Sources of Heat

Static Charge (Electrostatic Charge)

Static electricity is electricity produced when you

rub two dissimilar insulating materials.
 Sources of Heat
Static Charge (Electrostatic Charge)
Fire from Static Charge
 Stages of Fire

Incipient Stage. There is no visible smoke or flame.

 Stages of Fire

Smoldering Stage. There is smoke but no flame.

 Stages of Fire

Flame Stage. There is smoke and flame.

 Stages of Fire
Heat Stage. There is uncontrolled spread of
superheated air.
 Heat Transfer - Conduction
Conduction – transfer of heat from molecule to
molecule or the transmission of heat from one
body to another.

M
M
E
E
T
T
A
A
L
L
 Heat Transfer - Convection

Convection – it is caused
by movement of heat
gasses produced by any
burning material. It is the
diffusion of heat in liquid
or gas form through the
motion of its parts
 Heat Transfer - Radiation

Radiation – transfer of heat in straight rays.

Control of Smoke
 The Danger of Smoke:

Gets thick and black that one cannot see

the way out
Cause irritation when inhaled that can
further cause choking and difficulty in
breathing
Cause confusion
Fire consumes oxygen
Principles of Fire Prevention and Control

1) Prevent the Outbreak of Fire

2) Provide for Early Detection
3) Prevent the Spread of Fire
4) Provide for Prompt Extinguishment
5) Provide for Prompt and Early Evacuation
 Fire Detection
Smoke Detectors
(Optical & Ionizations Types)
- Monitor changes within the
area
- Provide early warning
- Changing stages in the
development of fire
- When smoke is produced Courtesy: Wikipedia
Smoke Detector

Courtesy: Wikipedia
How Smoke Detector Works

Optical Smoke
Detector
1: Optical chamber
2: Cover
3: Case moulding
4: Photodiode (detector)
Courtesy: Wikipedia

5: Infrared LED
Smoke Detector
 Fire Detection

Heat Detectors
- Fixed temperature type
50°C – 90°C (122°F to 194°F) in 1°C (1.8°F).
- Rate-of-rise type
 7°C (12.6°F) / minute and 13°C (23.4°F)/minute.
The fixed temperature threshold is
60°C (140°F).
Heat Detectors

Courtesy: Telefire’s TFH-220

 Fire Detection

Flame Detectors
- Infra-red / Ultra-violet
sensing elements
responsive to radiant
energy outside the range
of human vision.
useful in detecting fire in
large areas. e.g. storage
areas, auditoriums
Courtesy: General Monitors’ Model FL3101
 Permanent Fire Extinguishers

Standpipe And Hose

Automatic Sprinkler System
Fire Hydrant
Fire Pump
Fire Truck
Automatic Extinguishing System
Standpipe and Hose
Automatic Sprinkler System
 Automatic Sprinkler System
Parts of Sprinkler Heads
 Automatic Sprinkler System
Types of Sprinkler Heads
 Automatic Sprinkler System
Sprinkler Head Ratings
Pressure Conversion Table
Fire Hydrant
Fire Truck
Automatic Extinguishing System
Portable Fire Extinguishers

Dry
Chemical
 Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Type ABC

HCFC (Hydrochlorofluorocarbon)
123 Fire Extinguisher.
-is a clean extinguishing agent
that removes heat and displaces
oxygen.
-it effectively extinguishes Class
A, B and C fires by cooling.
 Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Type ABC

Dry Chemical Fire

Extinguisher (Mono-
Ammonium
Phosphate, MAP).

- it is a multipurpose fire
extinguisher suitable for
class A, B and C fires.
 Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Type BC

Carbon Dioxide. (CO2) Fire

Extinguisher.
- primarily intended for use on
Class B and C fires.
 Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Type AB
Aqueous Film Forming Foam
(AFFF) Fire Extinguisher.
- it is suitable for class A and B fires
only.
 Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Type D (Dry Powder Fire

Extinguishers)

Sodium Chloride metal fire

extinguisher.

- it is designed for use on fires

involving magnesium, sodium, and
potassium, uranium, and waste or
powdered aluminum
 Types of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Type D (Dry Powder Fire

Extinguishers)

Copper powder metal fire

extinguisher.

- it is designed for use on fires

involving lithium.
 Fire Extinguisher Anatomy

DISCHARGE LEVER PRESSURE GAUGE

(not found on CO2
extinguishers)

DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN

AND SEAL CARRYING
HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE

DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE

BODY
DISCHARGE ORIFICE
 Fire Extinguisher Requirements

Of the Approved Type

The Right Type for the Class of Fire

Sufficient Quantity

Accessibly Located

Maintained in Operating Condition

Operable by Trained Personnel

 Maximum Travel Distance

Extinguishers shall be distributed so that

maximum travel distances apply:
 Class A 75 feet
 Class B 50 feet
 Class C Based on appropriate pattern
 Class D 75 feet
How to Use Portable Fire Extinguisher
How to Use Portable Fire Extinguisher

P P ull the pin

A A im low at the base of flames

S S queeze the lever / handle

S S weep side to side

 Exit Safety

Travel Distance

Clear,
Unobstructed &
Lighted
At least 2 ways
out

Correct Exit
Design
Regular Exit
Drills
 Summary and Conclusion
Class A
A fire extinguisher labeled with letter "A" is for use on Class A
fires. Class A fires are fires that involve ordinary combustible
materials such as cloth, wood, paper, rubber, and many
plastics.

Class B
A fire extinguisher labeled with letter "B" is for use on Class B
fires. Class B fires are fires that involve flammable and
combustible liquids such as gasoline, alcohol, diesel oil, oil-
based paints, lacquers, etc., and flammable gases.

Class C
A fire extinguisher labeled with letter "C" is for use on Class C
fires. Class C fires are fires that involve energized electrical
equipment.
 Summary and Conclusion

Class D
A fire extinguisher labeled with letter "D" is for use on Class D
fires. Class D fires are fires that involve combustible metals
such as magnesium, titanium, sodium and lithium.
Class K
A fire extinguisher labeled with letter "K" is for use on Class K
fires. Class K fires are fires that involve vegetable oils, animal
oils, or fats in cooking appliances. This is for commercial
kitchens, including those found in restaurants, cafeterias, and
caterers.
 Summary and Conclusion

HEAT

“Better understanding of fire will lead us to a

prompt and correct extinguishments of fire.”