Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-018-1268-1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

A high-performance, disposable screen-printed carbon electrode

modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes/graphene for ultratrace
level electrochemical sensors
Patiya Pasakon1 · Johannes Philipp Mensing1 · Ditsayut Phokaratkul2 · Chanpen Karuwan1 · Tanom Lomas1 ·
Anurat Wisitsoraat2 · Adisorn Tuantranont1

Received: 20 May 2018 / Accepted: 8 November 2018

© Springer Nature B.V. 2018

Abstract
In this work, a screen-printed carbon paste electrode (SPCE) combined with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MCNT) and
graphene (GP) in different mixing ratios was fabricated. Electrode materials were characterized by scanning electron micros-
copy as well as Raman spectroscopy and their performance as electrochemical sensors was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry.
Results showed that SPCEs composited with 1 w% MCNT and 1 w% graphene achieved the most promising sensing perfor-
mance for ­K4FeCN6 with a sensitivity of 0.0054 µA µM−1 and limit of detection (LOD) (3S/N) at 3.1 µM. The so-prepared
electrode was then employed to detect ­H2O2 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ­(NAD+/NADH) achieving sensitivity
and LOD of 0.0027 µA µM−1 and 7.1 µM for H ­ 2O2, and 0.0075 µA µM−1 and 3.6 µM for NADH, respectively. Therefore, it
was found that the addition of MCNT and graphene to commercial carbon paste for screen printable electrochemical sensor
is feasible for fabrication of sensing electrodes for electrochemical detection.
Graphical abstract 

Keywords  Screen-printed carbon paste electrode (SPCE) · Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MCNT) · Graphene (GP) ·
Electrochemical detection

1 Introduction

Recently, there have been several research works describing

the application of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) to detect
analytes at ultratrace level in samples using electrochemical
* Adisorn Tuantranont
methods [1–4]. Some of the advantages of SPEs are portabil-
adisorn.tuantranont@nectec.or.th ity, ease of manufacture, low consumption of reagents com-
Extended author information available on the last page of the article
pared to conventional electrodes, and disposability [5–7]. In

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addition, they can be modified conveniently with sensitive
membranes [8, 9], redox mediators, [10, 11] or enzymes
[12, 13] to enhance specificity and sensitivity in detection
systems. Moreover, their low cost and, thus, disposability
make time-consuming cleaning processes for reuse obsolete.
One variety of SPEs used to detect analytes in sam-
ples is carbon paste electrodes (CPE) [14–16]. Recently,
some researchers, including our group in this work, have
attempted to increase the sensitivity and the limit of detec-
tion (LOD) of CPEs by introducing conductive materials
in the carbon paste to fabricate as SPEs instead of using
sensitive membranes, redox mediators, or enzymes to avoid
inconstant properties and fouling of electrode surface. For
instance, carbon paste can be easily mixed with graphene
powder and printed on plastic sheets to obtain screen-printed
graphene electrode (SPGE) as was previously reported by us
and other groups [17–20].
Nowadays, graphene is one of the most frequently used
carbon nanomaterials due to its high electrical conductiv-
ity and large surface area compared to carbon nanotubes
and graphite [21, 22]. Although graphene can be utilized to
improve electrical conductivity of composite materials, it
also causes a very high capacitive current of SPEs (> 1 µA).
This limits the applicability of graphene-based electrodes for
monitoring analytes at ultratrace amount and with faradaic
current to less than 1 µA. Previous reports [17–20] showed
that electrolyte solutions, measured using graphene-based
electrodes, showed a very high capacitive current. This
resulted in a significant decrease of faradaic current of the
redox species. Therefore, analytes at ultratrace level could
not be detected if the capacitive current of the graphene-
based electrodes is not properly reduced.
In this work, a new sensing electrode was fabricated by
mixing carbon paste with quantities of MCNT and oxide-
free graphene to increase the electrical conductivity and to
decrease the peak potential of analytes. K­ 4FeCN6, ­H2O2 and
NADH (dissolved in 0.1 M pH 7 phosphate buffer solution)
were used to test the efficiency of the developed electrodes
and compare them with SPGE performance reported in our
previous work. MCNT was chosen to be blended with the
graphene containing carbon paste, due to its excellent elec-
trical conductivity, large surface area, and chemical stability
[23–25]. Furthermore, the excellent electron transfer ability
of MCNT plays an important role for electrochemical detec-
tion as confirmed by many other research works [26–29].
This article demonstrates the promising ways to utilize
both MCNT and graphene in the fabrication of sensing elec-
trodes which offer high electrical conductivity and which
can also detect analytes with higher sensitivity, lower LOD,
and lower peak potential than SPGE. Even though, MCNT
and GP have both been widely applied as electrochemical
sensing materials, there is, to the best of our knowledge, no
work that explores the combined addition of MCNT and GP
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Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
with proper quantity to the carbon paste to fabricate screen-
printed electrodes. To do this, MCNT was added to the car-
bon paste to determine its optimum amount that achieved
satisfactory electrical conductivity at the lowest capacitive
current. Following this, a small amount of GP was added to
accelerate the charge transfer at the electrode surface. Over-
all, the developed electrode provides clear faradaic currents
for each analyte compared to its background current due to
its decreased capacitive current [30] which is beneficial for
detection of analytes at ultratrace level.
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials and methods
Carbon rods (1/4″ diameter, Electron Microscopy Science)
were purchased from Becthai Company. Carbon paste and
silver/silver chloride paste were bought from Gwent Com-
pany, UK. Insulating ink was purchased from Chaiyaboon
Brother Company, Pathumthani, Thailand. MCNT was
obtained from Chiangmai University, Thailand. Sodium
polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), ­K4FeCN6, β-nicotinamide ade-
nine dinucleotide, reduced dipotassium salt ­(NAD+/NADH),
­H2O2, ­NaH2PO4, and ­Na2HPO4 were purchased from Sigma
Aldrich. All chemicals were analytical grade and were used
without purification. Deionized water (18 MΩ∙cm) was used
to prepare stock solutions. A MK Mini printer (Minami,
Japan) was employed to fabricate SPEs. Electrochemical
sensing experiments were performed using a µ-Autolab Type
III, Metrohm, Switzerland. A Hitachi model S-4700 scan-
ning electron microscope was employed to investigate the
surface morphology of each SPE. Additionally, Raman spec-
troscopy (NT-MDT model Ntegra spectra) was performed
to characterize the electrodes.
2.2 Preparation of printing pastes and electrodes
Graphene was prepared by electrolytic exfoliation. For this,
two carbon rods were immersed in a 3% (w/w) sodium poly-
styrene sulfonate (PSS) solution. A potential of 8 V was then
applied between them for 15 h leading to exfoliation of gra-
phene sheets from the graphite. PSS stabilizes the dispersion
and prevents restacking of graphene sheets. The graphene/
PSS dispersion was filtered with filter paper and washed
with ethanol and DI water several times. The collected sol-
ids were dried at 100 °C for 15 h and stored in a desiccator.
Figure 1 shows SEM micrographs of MCNT (Fig. 1a) and
oxide-free graphene (Fig. 1b) which were blended with the
carbon paste for the fabrication of sensing electrode shown
in Fig. 2. As can be seen, MCNT features a fibrous structure
with variation of outer diameter sizes from 10 to 20 nm. The
oxide-free graphene exhibits a two-dimensional structure
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

Fig. 1  SEM micrographs of a
MCNT and b oxide-free gra-
phene synthesized by electro-
lytic exfoliation

Fig. 2  Components of fabricated electrode and electrical connectors

with sizes from 300 to 400 nm in width and length which is

in agreement with our previous work [17].
Printable paste was prepared by mixing commercial car-
bon paste with MCNT and graphene/PSS in different quanti-
ties and dispersed homogeneously in a mortar. The pastes
were screen printed onto polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets
through a silk-screen printing mesh (mesh size 120 µm) over
2 cycles. After that, Ag/AgCl ink was printed on the PVC
sheet for 2 cycles. Finally, insulating ink was printed on PVC
sheet for 2 cycles. PVC sheet was baked at 60 °C for 1 h to
remove any solvent.
Electrodes, as depicted in Fig. 2, consist of three screen-
printed parts, two carbon elements functioning as working
electrode (WE) and counter electrode (CE) as well as an Ag/
AgCl element as reference electrode (RE). The sensing area
of the electrode is defined by insulating ink screen printed
on the PVC sheet in the final step. The surface area of the
WE is 7.68 m ­ m2. In this study, MCNT was first added to the
carbon paste in different quantities, i.e., 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and
2% (w/w), to choose the optimal amount for mixing with GP
in the next step. The GP content was specifically defined
to be 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 3% (w/w) to composite with the
MCNT-containing carbon paste. These amounts of GP were
used in this work in order to decrease its content from 10%
(w/w) which we previously reported in [17]. This leads to
a drop in capacitive current of the sensing electrode that
enhances the sensitivity and decreases the detection limit
for electrochemical analysis.
Fig. 3  Voltammograms of 0.1 M PB solution at pH 7 measured using
a blank SPCE, and SPCE with MCNT at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%
(w/w)
2.3 Electrochemical sensing experiments
Each fabricated electrode was cleaned to remove any con-
tamination on the surface by dropping 50 µl of 0.1 M PB
solution at pH 7 on the sensing area. Cyclic voltammetry
was used to measure the electrochemical response of the
sensors, applying a potential window ranging from 0 to
1.0 V, with a scan rate of 0.1 V s−1 for 5 cycles. After the
cleaning step, only electrodes with identical voltammograms
were used for further testing to ensure reproducibility of the
experiments.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Optimization of MCNT content
The voltammograms of 0.1 M PB solution at pH 7 measured
by SPCE with MCNT contents of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% (w/w),
respectively, were investigated using cyclic voltammetry as
displayed in Fig. 3. Clearly, SPCEs containing excesses of
MCNT (1.5 and 2%) show a very high capacitive current. A

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very high capacitive current (> 1 µA) makes it impossible
to detect analyte quantities at ultratrace level. Thus, only
SPCE with 1% (w/w) MCNT was employed for compositing
with graphene/PSS since it exhibits the lowest capacitive
current compared to other modified SPCEs. In Fig. 4a, b,
SPCE with 1% MCNT and 1% GP was employed to detect
­K4FeCN6 to verify its performance. It was found that SPCE
with 1% MCNT gave the detection sensitivity of K ­ 4FeCN6
−1
at 0.0042 µA µM .
Subsequently, SPCE with 1% MCNT was composited
with GP in different amounts (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%
(w/w)). The electrodes were then used to detect ­K4FeCN6.
Fig. 4  a Voltammograms of K ­ 4FeCN6 between 10 and 1000 µM measured using SPCE with 1% MCNT and b the standard curve showing the
relation between the anodic current of ­K4FeCN6 and concentration range
Fig. 5  SEM micrographs of a a
blank SPCE, b SPCE with 1%
MCNT, and c SPCE with 1%
MCNT + 1% GP, respectively
13
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
The modified SPCE with the best detection performance was
selected to detect ­H2O2 and NADH in the next step. Addi-
tionally, the detection performance of our developed elec-
trode was compared to that of SPCE with 10% GP (SPGE) as
reported in our previous work [17] including other relevant
works.
Figure 5 shows the surface morphologies of pure SPCE,
SPCE with 1% MCNT, and SPCE with 1% MCNT and
1% GP characterized by SEM to observe the filler disper-
sion in the carbon paste. The surface of a pure SPCE in
Fig. 5a shows large roughness after treating at 60 °C for 1 h.
However, the fibrous structure of MCNT of SPCE with 1%
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
MCNT in Fig. 5b could not be observed in comparison to
a pristine MCNT as shown in Fig. 1a because it was fully
covered with carbon paste. Overall, the surface morphology
of the electrode presents higher roughness due to agglomera-
tion between MCNT particle and the carbon paste. Further-
more, MCNT also causes higher roughness of the electrode
surface; thus, it should not be added to the carbon paste with
a greater amount than 1%. For SPCE with 1% MCNT and
1% GP, MCNT and GP particles evidently do not appear
in the SEM micrograph displayed in Fig. 5c. However, its
surface roughness is not as large as in SPCE samples with
1% MCNT. This is probably due to presence of oxygen-
containing functional groups on GP, which results in lower
roughness of composited ink.
In addition, Raman spectra of pure SPCE, SPCE with
1% MCNT, and SPCE with 1% MCNT and 1% GP were
investigated and are displayed in Fig. 6. Results confirm
Fig. 6  Raman spectrum of (a) a blank SPCE, (b) SPCE with 1%
MCNT, and (c) SPCE with 1% MCNT and 1% GP, respectively
Fig. 7  a Comparing the anodic current signal (S) of 1000 µM ­K4FeCN6 measured by SPCE with 1% MCNT after mixing GP at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%,
and 2% (w/w) and b the ratio of S/B of each electrode
the dispersion of MCNT and GP in the carbon paste by
the raised intensity of the 2D band. For all of the elec-
trodes, the D band appeared at Raman shift between 1305
and 1310 cm−1, at 1577–1578 cm−1 for the G band and at
2625–2630 cm−1 for the 2D band. However, a pure SPCE
showed the highest intensity of D and G bands among
all electrodes while its 2D band had the lowest intensity.
When SPCE contained 1% MCNT and 1% GP, the inten-
sity of the 2D band was comparable to that of SPCE with
1% MCNT and pure SPCE.
The results shown in Fig. 7 suggest that SPCE with
1% MCNT and 1% GP was the most promising elec-
trode among all types due to its highest S/B ratio. As
the results shown in Fig. 7, SPCE with 1% MCNT and
1% GP presents the greatest efficiency in detection of
1000 µM ­K4FeCN6. The reason for this is probably that
GP has excellent electrical conductivity which will pro-
mote charge transfer at the electrode surface. Moreover,
only 1% MCNT and 1% GP can be well dispersed in the
carbon paste, which affects the highest value of S/B (20.4)
compared to other mixing ratios. In summary, SPCE with
1% MCNT and 0.5% GP is not sufficiently efficient for
electrochemical detection. Meanwhile, both 1.5% and 2%
GP may be an excessive amount, which causes the large
agglomeration of fillers in the carbon paste and higher
peak potential of analytes. Therefore, SPCE with 1%
MCNT and 1% GP (from here on denoted SPCE/CNT1%/
G1%) is the most promising electrode and was also applied
for detection of H
­ 2O2 and NADH in the following study to
verify its detection performance.
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 Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

3.2 Electrochemical performance of developed

electrode

The detection performance of SPCE/CNT1%/G1% compared

to SPCE with 1% MCNT, and a pure SPCE was tested
with 1000 µM analytes of K ­ 4FeCN6, ­H2O2, and NADH as
illustrated by their voltammograms in Figs. 8, 9, and 10.
It was found that SPCE/CNT1%/G1% can clearly increase
the anodic current of analytes (~ 6 µA for ­K4FeCN6 and
~ 7.5 µA for NADH) after background current subtrac-
tion in comparison to SPCE with 1% MCNT (~ 4  µA

Fig. 9  Voltammograms of 1000 µM ­H2O2 measured by a SPCE with

1% MNCT and 1% GP, b SPCE with 1% MCNT and c a blank SPCE

for ­K4FeCN6 and ~ 6.4 µA for NADH) and a pure SPCE

(~ 3 µA for ­K4FeCN6 and ~ 6 µA for NADH). For ­H2O2
detection, its voltammogram between 0.6 and 1.0 V rises
significantly for SPCE/CNT1%/G1% as compared to SPCE
with 1% MCNT, and a pure SPCE. This result indicates
that both MCNT and GP promote electron transfer ability
and electrical conductivity for detection of H ­ 2O2. How-
ever, the anodic current of ­H2O2 at 0.9 V after background
­ 4FeCN6 measured by a SPCE
Fig. 8  Voltammograms of 1000  µM K
with 1% MNCT and 1% GP, b SPCE with 1% MCNT, and c a blank subtraction using SPCE with 1% MCNT (~ 1.3 µA) and a
SPCE pure SPCE (~ 1.5 µA) is not obviously different. Therefore,

13
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
Fig. 10  Voltammograms of 1000  µM NADH measured by a SPCE
with 1% MNCT and 1% GP, b SPCE with 1% MCNT, and c a blank
SPCE, respectively
SPCE composited with both MCNT and GP materials is
required for electrode fabrication to detect ­H2O2. On the
other hand, SPCE/CNT1%/G1% can distinctly decrease the
peak potential of anodic current, namely 0.29–0.31 V for
­K4FeCN6 and 0.4–0.45 V for NADH, respectively, which
will be highly useful for electrochemical detection com-
pared to SPCE with 1% MCNT and a pure SPCE. Further-
­ 2O2 in biosensing
more, it can also be employed to detect H
systems which peroxide oxidase enzyme is coated on the
working electrode [31–33].
3.3 Effect of scan rate
The objective of this study is to estimate the dynamic prop-
erty of SPCE/CNT1%/G1% by measuring 1000 µM K ­ 4FeCN6,
­H2O2, and NADH at various scan rates of 20, 50, 80, 100,
120, 150, 180, 200, 220, and 250 mV/s. It was found that the
change of the anodic current amplitude of NADH depends
considerably on the scan rate as depicted in Fig. 11c. The
high anodic current change also meant the highest sensitivity
(0.6457 µA/(mV S−1)1/2) among all analytes (Fig. 11d). For
1000 µM ­K4FeCN6, its redox reaction moderately responses
towards an increment of the scan rate as the sensitivity
(0.4722 µA/(mV S−1)1/2) displayed in Fig. 11a and d. In con-
trast, a rise of scan rate affects the anodic current increased
slowly of ­H2O2 as shown in Fig. 11b from the sensitivity
(0.265 µA/(mV S−1)1/2) reported in Fig. 11d.
To conclude, an increase of the scan rate increased the
current linearly for all analytes. However, the scan rate of
100 mV/s was chosen for the following studies because this
scan rate the standard curve plotted between the anodic cur-
rent of analytes and the scan rate ranging 20–250 mV/s. On
the other hand, the scan rate at very high speed (> 100 mV/s)
will also involve the higher peak potential of redox species.
Thus, an eligible scan rate should provide both a higher cur-
rent and lower peak potential of analytes.
3.4 Effect of analyte concentration
SPCE/CNT1%/G1% was utilized to detect K ­ 4FeCN6, ­H2O2,
and ­NAD+/NADH in a wide dynamic range (10–1000 µM)
and resulting voltammograms are shown in Fig. 12a–c. The
experiments achieved satisfying results since the developed
electrode clearly proved the detection of these analytes.
The results showed that the developed electrode could be
successfully applied to monitor analytes. Finally, the per-
formance of this electrode with regard to the detection
of ­K4FeCN6, ­H2O2, and NADH was compared to that of
SPGE as summarized in Table 1. The detection sensitivity
of ­K4FeCN6, ­H2O2, and NADH, as reported in Fig. 12d, is
0.0054 µA µM−1, 0.0027 µA µM−1, and 0.0075 µA µM−1,
respectively.
Overall, SPCE/CNT1%/G1% gives the greater analytical
performance in comparison to SPGE due to lower peak
potential, higher sensitivity, and lower detection limit for
­K4FeCN6 (3.1 µM), H ­ 2O2 (7.1 µM), and NADH (3.6 µM) as
summarized in Table 1. A proper decrease of GP content in
the carbon paste resulted in reducing the capacitive current
of sensing electrode and affects a rise of the faradaic cur-
rent of redox species. Furthermore, the linear range of ­H2O2
(10–1000 µM) and NADH (10–1000 µM) measured by the
developed electrode was significantly less than the results
obtained with SPGE, namely 3650–6150 µM for ­H2O2 and
70–7700 µM for NADH.
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 Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

Fig. 11  Voltammograms of a 1000 µM ­K4FeCN6, b 1000 µM ­H2O2, and c 1000 µM NADH measured by different scan rates (20–250 mV/s), as
well as d the standard curve plotted between the anodic current (µA) of each analyte and the scan r­ ate1/2 (mV S−1)1/2

In addition, the developed electrode promoted the elec-
tron transfer ability of analytes. This result is affirmed by
the peak potential decreased of ­K4FeCN6 (0.29–0.31 V),
­H2O2 (0.8–0.85  V), and NADH (0.45–0.5  V) compared
to inkjet-printed GP-PEDOT:PSS electrode employed to
detect ­K4FeCN6 (0.3–0.42 V), ­H2O2 (0.8–1.0 V), and NADH
(0.6–0.65 V) as studied from another previous work of our
group [34].
Overall, ­K4FeCN6, ­H2O2, and NADH are common ana-
lytes that can be detected using our developed electrode. The
results suggest that this electrode could be also employed
to monitor other analytes. However, the performance of
this developed electrode on the detection of real samples
will have to be further studied by sample pretreatment or
by electrode modification to increase the selectivity to ana-
lytes of interest.
3.5 Repeatability and reproducibility study
The repeatability of SPCE/CNT1%/G1% was evaluated by
recording cyclic voltammogram for 10 successive cycles.
From the results, our electrode still reserved the stability
towards the oxidation of each analyte up to 10 successive
cycles with relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 10), such
as 5.25% for ­K4FeCN6, 7.26% for ­H2O2, and 3.70% for
NADH. Moreover, the reproducibility for electrochemical
detection was estimated from 10 electrodes. It was found
that the developed electrode exhibited a good reproducibility

13
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

Fig. 12  Voltammograms of a ­K4FeCN6, b ­H2O2, and c NADH measured using SPCE with 1% MCNT and 1% GP, and d their standard curve
plotted between the anodic current and concentration range between 10 and 1000 µM

(RSD, n = 10), namely 10.39% for ­K4FeCN6, 8.71% for
­H2O2, and 3.39% for NADH, respectively.
4 Conclusions
In this work, SPCE/CNT1%/G1% exhibited a very good per-
formance towards electrochemical detection for K
­ 4FeCN6,
­ AD+/NADH among all electrodes. Interestingly,
­H2O2, and N
only SPCE/CNT1%/G1% is greatly useful to increase sensi-
tivity and to decrease LOD (3S/N) of analyte detection.
Most importantly, the developed electrode is able to detect
­K4FeCN6, ­H2O2, and NADH with lower peak potential and
lower linear range (10–1000 µM). Therefore, our work is a
beneficial guidance to apply the advantages of both MCNT
and GP materials in the fabrication of screen-printed elec-
trode for electrochemical detection.

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 Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

Table 1  Data from comparing the performance of SPCE with 1% MCNT and 1% GP, and the previous works

SPCE with 1% MCNT and 1% GP K4FeCN6 CV 10–1000 3.1 µm This work

NADH 10–1000 3.6 µm
H2O2 10–1000 7.1 µm
Screen-printed graphene electrode (SPGE) K4FeCN6 CV 5–320 µm 4.2 µm [17]
NADH 70–7700 µm 26 µm
H2O2 3650–6150 µm 379.28 µm
Graphene-PEDOT:PSS-modified SPCE K4FeCN6 CV 0.5–320 µm 0.36 µm [34]
NADH 50–1500 µm 17.28 µm
H2O2 1.3–7.6 mM 194.37 µm
Inkjet-Printed Carbon Nanotube ink on paper Fe2+ Potential step voltammetry 10 µm–0.2 mM 10 µm [35]
Al2O3-GO nanocomposite-modified electrode NADH DPV 30–330 µm 4.5 µm [36]
CV
Reduced graphene oxide and poly (allylamine hydrochloride) NADH DPV 0.05–5 mM 6.6 µm [37]
on SPCE
MWCNTs/AuNPs/poly-neutral red (PNR) film-modified NADH Amperometry 12.4–150 µm 3.72 µm [38]
SPCE
Inkjet-printed Prussian blue (PB) film-modified SPCE H2O2 Chronoamperometry 0.02–0.7 mM 0.02 mM [39]
Pt-MWCNT-modified SPCE H2O2 Chronoamperometry 1–15 mM 10 µM [40]
0.1–1 mM
10–100 µM

Acknowledgements  The authors are grateful for the research grant for
project (P1851485) from National Electronics and Computer Technol-
ogy Center (NECTEC), National Science and Technology Develop-
ment Agency (NSTDA), and from Thailand Research Fund for TRF
Research Team Promotion Grant (RTA6180004).
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Anurat Wisitsoraat2 · Adisorn Tuantranont1
1 2
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Opto‑Electrochemical Sensing Research Team (OEC),
National Electronics and Computer Technology Center
(NECTEC), 112 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road,
Khlong Neung, Khlongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
13