REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL FIELD WORK

NAME SUMAN ADHIKARI

ROLL NUMBER PUR074BCE084

FACULTY CIVIL

IOE PURWANCHAL CAMPUS,DHARAN

PREVIEW OF THE TOUR:

Basantapur is a hilly village of Tehrathum district lies 2300m above the sea level. It is
famous for its natural beauty, diverse culture, beautiful landscape and cool climate.
Tinjure, Milke and Jaljale areas are home to one of largest rhododendron forests in Nepal.

We had visited tinjure basantapur under our respected teacher champak sir on 4th
of shrawan. The field visit gave us the wider knowledge about rock slope
stability,geological structures and their engineering significance.We about 44
students along with CR visited the site in Basantapur-guphapokhari highway.

Task-1

1)TITLE

Field visit of under construction deurali-gupha pokhari highway.

2)OBJECTIVE

(a) To understand different types of geological structure found in rocks (i.e fault,joint,fold,trust etc)

(b) To be familiar with stereographic projection and how to draw it.

(c)To understand different type of failure occur in rock mass(i.e plane ,wedge and toppeling failure etc).

(d)To study about slope stability along under construction highway..etc

3)STUDY AREA

Basantapur-Guphapokhari highway

4)METHODOLOGY
In this we learn about stereographic projection and different type of failure plane.Stereographic
projecton is a power full method for studying geometrical problems in structural geology by projecting
the lines and planes features for the determinatiom of the angular realtionship between the line as well
as the planes in geotechnical engineering and tools for the estimation of cut of slope angle for the
prepartion of hazard maps.

KINEMATICS METHOD

Kinematic methods are based on the principle of kinematics which deals with the geometric condition
that is required for the movement of the rock block over the discontinuity plane, without considering
any responsible for the sliding. There are basically three types of failures occruing in the rocks which
are given below:-

a)plane failure: when the joints ,bedding or foliation planes dip parallel to the slope with an angle eqaul
or less than the hill slope, plane fauler occurs.

b)wedges failure: slope angle >plunge angle of the block>angle of friction along failure plane,than
wedge failure occurs.

c)toppling failure: Steep dipping of discontinutesis parallel to the slope face and dips into it steepy,than
toppling occurs.

EMPIRICAL METHOD

Empirical methods can be applied over large area to investigate slope stability condition, in general. For
simple cases such as uniform planar discontinuities these methods can be applied directly. However, for
complex cases, involving variable slope geometric and geologic conditions, these empirical methods
cannot be applied.

5)FIELD OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Joint number Strike Dip direction Dip amount Remarks

1 S75°E/N75°W N15°E 39° J1

2 N25°W/S25°E N65°E 82° J2

3 N50°E/S50°W S40°W 60° J3

Hill slope N50°E/S50°W S40°W 60° H

 RESULT

From above stereonet, we obtained following results:

Dip of J1 and H are in same direction, so may be

plane failure.

Strike difference between J1 and H is 25° which is

greater than(>) 20°, so no plane failure.

J2 and H are also in same direction, so toppling

failure.

Strike difference between J2 and H is 15° which is

less than(<) 20°, so may be plane failure.

Dip amount of J2 is greater than(>) dip of hill slope,

so plane failure.

Intersection of joint doesnot lie in the critical region.

So, there is no wedge failure.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, from the two day geological tour to the way of Gupha Pokhari, we realized that
the engineering geology has wide scope in civil engineering field and is very much important in
both theoretical and practical point of view. We are now able to identify different type of mass
movement activities,its cause and nature, slope
stability measurement for stability analysis through
stereonet analysis.

Task-2
# Write an essay about any one of the Geological hazard and their mitigation measures in
Context of Nepal.(600 words)

Geologic Hazards are naturally occurring (or man-made) geologic conditions

capable of causing damage or loss of property and/or life. Geologic Hazards Mitigation is the
application of geologic engineering principles to minimize or prevent the effects of naturally
occurring geologic hazards.

Geologic hazards phenomena can occur suddenly, or slowly. Sudden phenomena include:

Earthquakes – Tsunamis

Volcanic Eruptions – Lava Flows, Ash Fall

Landslides – Rock Falls or Slides

Floods – Erosion

Snow Avalanches

Sand Blasting (Windblown)

Flood is one of the major geological hazard. Flood is simply defined as the overflow of
a very huge quantity of water that covers a very large area of land and leads to the destruction
of land and properties and sometimes lives in the areas that are affected.

A lot of regions in the world experience flooding every year. A flood basically occurs
when there is excessive rain and there is no proper or good drainage system. The amount of
flood is different from place to place and the extent of destruction also varies. For the overflow
of water to be classified as flood, the area of land affected has to be mostly dry. Flooding can
also happen as a result of water overflowing from bodies of water like lakes, oceans and rivers.
Floods cause mass destruction. The effects and destruction caused by flood can take many years
to fix and repair.Nepal has been suffering from floods every year.

The reasons for floods can be natural and unnatural caused due to human activities.
When there is excessive rainfall in river banks and coastal areas, there is an increase in water
level which leads to overflow of water into the nearby dry land. Also, natural calamities like
earthquakes cause Tsunami in oceans which leads to flooding of lands close to beaches. In
heavily populated cities, due to congested buildings and roadways, flooding happens as there is
not enough room for water to drain. In such cases clogged drainages lead to even more flooding
of the area.Global warming has resulted in the melting of glaciers which increase water levels of
rivers and flooding of river banks. Deforestation also plays a major role in flooding.
There are a lot of causes of flood; a few of them are:

1.Heavy rain

2.Global warming/Snow melting

3.Dam breaking

4.Water bodies (like river, lake,pond ) flowing

5.Coastal region winds

6.Bad drainage system

Foods are destructive in nature and have negative impacts on the environment and the
ecosystem. Floods cause death of living things and humans. Destruction of property and
infrastructure negatively affects the economy of the region affected and economic activities are
at a standstill due to disrupted livelihoods. Migrations from areas that are prone to floods is
common, which results in overpopulation in urban areas.Floods cause large scale destruction to
life and property. Buildings, roads and bridges are heavily damaged. Vast acres of crops are
destroyed. Arable lands turn barren and clogged with salts. Countless homes and cattle get
washed away. All electronic and digital communication seizes. Many lives are lost. And it does
not stop there. Post flood, there is a huge risk in the spreading of water borne diseases. Scarcity
of food and basic necessities arises. On the whole, floods cause multiple hardships and turn the
livelihood of affected people upside-down.Financial constraints are experienced due to the
rehabilitations from flood destructions. Prevention of floods that result from natural causes is a
challenge.

Governments around the world can reduce the risk of flooding by building a solid drainage
system. We as individuals could also help by stopping drainage blockage.To survive from floods
we have to Introduce better flood warning systems. Government should modify homes and
businesses to help them withstand floods.Everyone should construct buildings above flood
levels.Different organizations and group of people have to tackle climate change(i.e forestation
programs should be organized).Government have to Increase spending on flood defences and
protect wetlands and introduce plant trees.We should restore rivers to their natural courses.To
preventing floods soil conditions should be improved and more flood barriers shoul be
constructed.

In conclusion, it is evident that floods are destructive. The adverse effects of floods affects
normal livelihood and the environment.But it has some good effects too. It makes soil
fertile.Effective weather forecasting systems are to be maintained by the Government for timely
intimation and evacuation of flood prone areas which will greatly help in keeping the many
losses due to floods in check.

Flood in nepal 2019

Task-3

# Discuss briefly on Geomechanical classification of the rock mass(RMR) (250 words).

Rock Mass Classification is the process of placing a rock mass into groups or classes on defined
relationships and assigning a unique description (or number) to it on the basis of similar
properties/characteristics such that the behavior of the rock mass can be predicted. Rock mass
is referred to an assemblage of rock material separated by rock discontinuities, mostly by joints,
bedding planes, dyke intrusions and faults etc. Bedding planes, dyke intrusions, and faults are
not so common as compared to joints and are dealt individually.Rock mass classification systems
allow the user to follow a guideline and place the object in an appropriate class.

The rock mass characterization and classification is a mean to properly communicate the
estimated rock mass characteristics and should not be taken as an alternative to detailed
engineering design procedures. According to Bieniawski (1989), the classifica-tion systems are
not suitable for use in the elaborated and final design, particularly for complex underground
openings. Such use of classification needs further development of these systems. The rock mass
classification systems were designed to act as an en-gineering design aid and were not intended
to substitute field observations, analytical considerations, measurements, and engineering
judgment.

These systems form an essential part of foremost design approaches (the empirical and the
numerical design methods) and are increasingly used in both design approaches as computing
power improves. It should be used in conjunction with other design schemes to devise an
overall rationale compatible with the design objectives and site geology. In practice, rock mass
classification systems have provided a varground constructions, tunneling and mining projects.

According to Bieniawski (1993), the objectives of rock mass characterization and classi-fication
are:

i) to identify the most significant parameters influencing the behavior of a rock mass;

ii) to divide a particular rock mass formation into a

number of rock mass classes of varying quality;
iii) to provide a basis for understanding the characteristics of each rock mass class; iv) to derive
quantitative data for engineering design;

iv) to derive quantitative data for engineering design;

v) to recommend support guidelines for tunnels and mines;

vi) to relate the experience on rock conditions at one site to the conditions encoun-tered and
experience gained at other.

Advantages of rock mass classification system

*It results quantitative information for design purpose and enables better engineering
judgement and more effective communication on a project*It assists proper and effective
communication as a foundation for sound engineering judgement on a given project.

*Correlations between rock mass quality and mechanical properties of the rock mass have
been established and are us ed to determine and estimate its mechanical properties and its
squeezing or swelling behavior.

Disadvantages of rock mass classification system

i) using rock mass classifications as the ultimate empirical ‘cook book’, i.e. ignoring analytical
and observational design methods;

ii) using one rock mass classification system only, i.e. without cross-checking the results with
at least one other system;

iii) using rock mass classifications without enough input data;

iv) using rock mass classifications without full realization of their conservative nature and their
limits arising from the database on which they were developed

RMR classification for support in rock tunnel

Classification parameters and their
ratings