The Island Project

-Lamuella-

Marcus..., Daniel Furedi, Ariadni Nikolaou, Siyu Zhang,

Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Email; sz9e14@soton.ac.uk; an1e14@soton.ac.uk; df2g14@soton.ac.uk

Contents

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Description of the study
1.2 The main goal
2. CONTEXT
2.1 Description of the island
3. DATA ANALYSIS
4. OPERATIONAL PLAN
4.1 Population definition
4.1.1 Increase of population
4.2 Architecture Design
4.2.1 Bioclimatic strategies
4.2.2 Envelope
4.2.3 Wind
4.2.4 Sun
4.2.5 Thermal mass
4.2.6 The village
4.2.7 Construction Materials
4.3 Sewage[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
4.4 Rainwater harvesting
4.5 Electricity generation
4.6 Water Supply
4.6.1 Water Resource
4.6.2 Water Storage
4.6.3 Reservoir Construction
4.6.4 Water Pipe
4.6.5 Irrigation System
4.6.6 Drinking Water Treatment
4.6.6.1 pH adjustment
4.6.6.2 Slow sand filter
4.6.7 Compost toilet system
4.7 Nutritional Plan
4.7.1 Agricultural sector
4.7.2 Fish
4.7.3 Meat, milk and eggs

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5. INITIAL STAGES
6. COST
6.1 Total cost
6.2 Trading
6.3 Extra costs per year
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERENCES
9. APPENDIXES

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 MAIN BODY OF THE REPORT

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Description of the study

In view of depleting resources and the climate change, the European Commission has set out to
conduct an experiment in an island to investigate the sustainable lifestyles that may help to inform how to
shape the world’s future society in a post consumerism age.
A team of 30 people from Northern Europe will be sent to Lamuella Island, an unnoticed place, to
test an off-grid lifestyle that is largely based on living from the local resources.
The journey will take place in the beginning of 2017 and the group will be staying in the island at
least for 15 years.

1.2 The main goal

The main goal is to develop a settlement concept for those 30 people, considering it in its general
meaning, this is, how that new society will structure in terms of social organisation, economy, financial
model, settlement design, energy solutions and food supply. Sustainability is the key driver of this
community.

2. CONTEXT

2.1 Description of the island

Characterisation
The Eastern Pacific Ocean has a large number of islands and seamounts, they are of volcanic origin,
which in most cases never reach high enough to emerge. In the area of Chile’s interest, there are two
alignments that rise into islands.
The largest of these is the alignment of Easter Island, which stretches from the island to reach the
continent, and in it are the Salas y Gómez, San Felix, San Ambrosio islands and a number of seamounts, in
a band of 200 km wide.
South of this alignment between 32º30' and 35ºS, a second alignment of smaller dimensions, which
extends from west to east in an area of 424 km long and 50 km wide, where Robinson Crusoe, Alejandro
Selkirk (http://www.profesorenlinea.cl/Chilegeografia/ LitoralChileno.htm) and Lamuella islands can be
seen.

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 Figure 1. Juan Fenrandez island (Imgkid.com, 2015)]

Lamuella’s geographical features are different from the continent and even from those areas at the
same latitude, for being west of the influence of the Humboldt Current.

Undisturbed indigenous vegetation

Lamuella’s vegetation is stratified, reaching its base, a floor of grass. At its higher altitudes (over
150m), there is a thicket of plants and shrubs of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis), blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius)
a kind of cherry and wild strawberries (Retamales, Caligari, Carrasco, & Saud, 2005).
There are parts of a rainforest as well. This vegetation is mainly composed by Canelo (Drimys
winteri), Luma (Amomyrtus luma) and Peralillo (Coprosma pyrifolium). The first species is used
medicinally as an anti-anemic.
The island is also very plentiful of rocks and woods. ((Corfo.cl, 2015))
The Sophora Microphylla Ait is one of these woods types, which exists in abundance in the island
and has good properties to be used as construction material. (Todoababor.es, 2015)

Animal life
The most common land animals, in the Pacific Islands close to Chile coast, are sheeps and goats.
This region has also a wide variety of marine living resources, including fishes (the majority),
molluscs, crustaceans and algae. Its annual production that concerns to the artisanal fishing sector, including
fishermen and shellfish gatherers, responds for approximately 530 thousands of tons.
The most important fisheries are lobsters (Fasus frontalis), corvinas (Cilus montti), mackerel
(Trachurus murphy), anchovy (Engraulis ringens), hake (Macruronus magellanicus), sardine (Sardinops
sagax) and salmonids. (Profesorenlinea.cl, 2015)
The underwater walls, full of cracks and indentations, allow the growth of crustaceans, some of
which are over a meter in length and are highly valued on the continent.

Location
Lamuella is an island with a surface of around 25 square kilometres. The exact location of Lamuella
island is :

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 ● Latitude: -35.0
● Longitude: -75.0
and as it can is evident from the figure below it is located very close to central Chile area which has the
climate as Csb. Figure EE1 shows the koppen climate map of South America. Csb is warm-summer
Mediterranean climate, and the summer is cool and dry (Peel, Finlayson and McMahon, 2007). This climate
is always appearing next to the ocean, and on islands.

Figure 2. EE1 - Location of Lamuella and its Koppen map (Peel, Finlayson and McMahon, 2007).

3. DATA ANALYSIS

Temperatures

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 Figure 3. EE2- Ecotect temperature and irradiation analysis for Lamuella (Ecotect software).

As it is apparent from Figure EE2, the island can be characterized for its relatively mild
temperatures, with a range from 5 and 30 °C during summer and 0 to 25 °C during winter. The direct solar
radiation is relatively high during summer, with around 0.4 kW/m2, while it declines during the colder
months by more than one-third.

Figure 4. EE3- Psychrometric chart and analysis of rainfall, prevailing winds and degree hours for
Lamuella island (Ecotect software).

As it is apparent from the Figure EE3 above, the comfort zone is around 20 to 25 °C, instead of
cooling, the psychrometric chart shows heating are required in the night through the whole year.
The rainfall in Lamuella is unbalanced with a total rainfall of 443 mm per year. Wet season is from
May to September, with a total precipitation of the order of 400mm. However, the rainfall in dry season

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(from October to April) is only 43mm. So, it is important to collect rain in wet season and store water
through the whole year in order to meet the demand of human and irrigation.

Humidity
Figure EE3 also shows the humidity in each month. Lamuella has limited rainfall, the total rainfall
through the whole year is 443 mm, with a maximum rainfall in winter just over 100 mm monthly and less
than 10 mm monthly during November to March. It has relatively humidity weather, which is over 70% in
average.

Winds

Figure 5. EE4- Prevailing analysis in different seasons (left: summer; right: winter) (Ecotect software).

The wind is not strong in Lamuella. Figure EE4 shows that in summer, the wind mostly comes
from southwest, with a speed ranging from 4 m/s and 7m/s. During the winter, winds tend to come from
north, with their speed decreasing from roughly 3 m/s to 6 m/s.

4. OPERATIONAL PLAN

4.1 Population definition

As it is already mentioned, 30 people will be brought to the island. In order to be able to create an
self dependant community, a number of people with different professions has been chosen and described
below:

30 people: (M=man; W=woman)

- Fishermans 3 (M1, M2, M3)
- Handicraft 2 (W1, W2, W3)
- Doctor 1 (W8)
- Teenagers/Young men and women 8 (can help on construction and handicraft; 1 is son of the
M8 and mechanic apprentice, 3 sons of M1-M3 and fisherman apprentice, 2 sons of mason);
(they are the main responsible for the growth of population)
- Doctor – General Practitioner (GP) 1 (W7)

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 - Tourism professional 1 (W4)
- PV and wind generation consultant 1 (M4)
- Mason / bricklayer 2 (M5, M6)
- Engineer / architect (environment expert) 2 (M7)
- Mechanic and excavator operator 1 (M8)
- Ecumenical religious leader 1 (M9)
- Farmer 4 (M and W10, M and W11)
- Electric engineer 1 (M12);
- Woodworker / carpenter 1 (M13);
- Carpenter assistant 1 (W12)

4.1.1 Increase of population

Due to the limited water resources of the island, a limit to the extent of the population increase. The
calculations for the increase of Lamuella‘s population were mainly based on the statistics of the Northern
Europe’s reproduction (Pordata.pt, 2015). As it is apparent in Table *, it is assumed that there is going to
be a newborn every 3 years and the first new member is added in the island’s population, after the first two
years of their stay. Thus, after 15 years the total population is predicted to account for 35 people.
Table 1. Increase of population per year
Year Women Men Young Total
people

2017 14 16 0 30

2018 14 16 0 30

2019 14 16 1 31

2020 14 16 1 31

2021 14 16 1 31

2022 14 16 2 32

2023 14 16 2 32

2024 14 16 2 32

2025 14 16 3 33

2026 14 16 3 33

2027 14 16 3 33

2028 14 16 4 34

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 2029 14 16 4 34

2030 14 16 4 34

2031 14 16 5 35

4.2 Architecture Design

After the arrival, people are going to work on building their dwellings. Accordingly, the engineer,
woodworker, mason and carpenter are supposed to arrange and train the other inhabitants to help on simple
services.
The mold of adobe bricks is the activity that will take more time to be done, because it requires
water and enough time to dry. It normally takes 30 days to be able to start the construction, considered all
activities, since sieving until drying the material in an uncovered area.
After these 30 days, all other materials, like woods, glazing, tiles will be ready to use, so the building
can be started. Less than 1 month later, all the village will be built, what means that dwellings will be ready
after 2 months from arrival. During this period, people will be distributed in 8 tents designed for 8 people
but in fact occupied for just 4 each tent, what means that there will be enough space and comfort while a
temporary solution is required.
The village is located in an area of the island which is protected from the direct winds, accessible
to the main routes to the ocean, in the valley, but a little bit above sea level (10m).

Table below shows relevant architectural features about each dwelling.

Table 2. Architectural features of the dwellings

Dwelling
dimensions

Height 2.30 m

Width 4.05 m

Length 6.25 m

Wall 0.40 m
thickness

Gross ground 25.31 m²

area

Net ground 17.71 m²

area

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Gross 58.22 m³
volume

Net volume 40.74 m³

Overhang 0.90 m

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 Figure 6. Dwellings design

Dwellings are disposed in 2 rows, spaced 24m apart. In the row, each dwelling is separated by a
9m distance, what is quiet enough to allow solar gains, wind blowing and good shadowing strategies.
Approximately 30m apart from the last dwellings of the row, on East side of the village, there are
two identical buildings, distanced 10m from each other, that will be used one as deposit of materials and
the other as animals stable. Both have 10m x 10m x 3m.

Figure 7. Village design

4.2.1 Bioclimatic strategies

According to what have been discussed in Data Analysis section, it can be inferred that the climate
is a little cooler than the comfort patterns for a human being. In spite of the fact that the 30 people chosen
to go to Lamuella are from Northern Europe (and then used to face a cold climate), some design strategies
should be applied in order to achieve the heating of the environment.

4.2.2 Envelope
The most important techniques concern to increase internal heat gains, heating and to use a high
mass construction to allow passive solar direct gains.
The compact form of the dwelling is a strategy to use less energy. It is also slightly elongated in the
direction of sun’s path, what “provides the best balance between heat losses and beneficial solar gains”
(Heywood, 2012).
The first strategy, increasing internal heat gains, are easily obtainable by a compact building, what
is even desirable for less energy use. Moreover, the high number of people in a single dwelling, the light
bulb point and the existence of plants inside the environment, together, reduce heating needs.
The second one is heating. Obviously, as they are experiencing a sustainable project, heating must
be preferably provided by the natural source - the sun. Thus, this strategy is hugely linked to the third one,
in terms of allowing passive solar direct gains.
Not only from the direct solar incidence through the openings, but also in storing the heat inside
high thermal mass materials, the best way to keep the inhabitation comfortable is to “capture the sun’s free
source of heat” (Heywood, 2012).
Another important climate features influencing Lamuella’s dwellings design is the harnessing of
passive solar heating by facing North the bigger opening areas, for the purpose of maximizing winter sun
incidence. As the sun is high in the sky during summer, the undesired solar exposure is prevented by the
horizontal overhangs.

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 The distances between dwellings were exactly designed to avoid overshadowing and to respect the
maximum admitted density (30 dwellings/ha) for a zero carbon society that relies on on-site sources of
renewable energy generation (Pelsmakers, 2012).
Windbreaks like trees, close to the dwellings, are not desirable. The prevailing winds are low and
the overhangs already play their role in respect to the heat gains.

4.2.3 Wind
As it could be seen in the Wind data analysis, Lamuella is not very windy. Even though, the
dwellings were designed considering the prevailing wind which is Southwest.
Accordingly, the dwelling openings were designed to allow the cross ventilation: they are
positioned almost in the same direction (45°) to ease the wind path through the house and the two openings
in the north façade (window and door) have, together, bigger area than the opening in the south one (the
other window); this is one of the requirements to achieve a better effect of cross ventilation.

4.2.4 Sun
The dwelling was designed to make the most about sun path.
There is a 90cm horizontal overhang along all North wall extent. This measure is the optimum size
to avoid overheating during the few hot period of the year, at the same time that it allows to harness the
power of the low sun in winter and cold months. The overhang calculation was based on Lamuella weather
file applied to Ecotect software.

4.2.5 Thermal mass

The double adobe wall (40cm) with a thin layer of air between the two rows is one of the best
solutions to achieve a high thermal mass besides insulation. The use of scrap wood in the adobe bricks
production is another good procedure in order to improve the insulation features of the envelope.
The climate data analysis led to the consideration that high thermal mass is a very important concern
to this architecture project. A temperate climate is characterised by hot days and cold nights. It means that
there is a substantial temperature range along the day, what can be tackled by heavy walls.
The high thermal mass envelope can absorb heat during the sunny hours, store it, and then transmit
it slowly from outer to inner layers. Thus, the highest indoor temperature could be achieved many hours
after the outdoor one, which means that during the cold nights of Lamuella Island, the double-brick adobe
walls will provide the stored heat from the sun to the indoor environment, Studies show that this buffer
effect of high thermal mass adobe walls can reach 6°C in the direction of human comfort. For example,
people in a dwelling where the outdoor temperature is 10°C during the night can experience a comfortable
temperature of 16°C only due to the heat storage capability of heavy adobe walls.
Conductive loss and gain through glazing must be minimized, what means that a low U-value is
recommended (Climate Consultant). It justifies the use of double-glazing, a strategy that reduces the U-
value by creating a full of air low-transmittance layer.
The cultural aspect related to comfort sensation will play a valuable role in Lamuella Island. The
temperate climate presents not too different temperatures from home conditions of the group. It is an
important consideration in order to not forecasting strategies that would lead to a hotter than expected
condition. Clothing will also be a valuable strategy in that case.

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 4.2.6 The village
Lamuella’s temperate climate was determinant to village’s configuration.
The 6.25m x 4.05m dwellings keep 9.00m of distance from each other in an horizontal row, what
is important for the best use of sun and to avoid the shadowing between two units.
The two unique rows (of five dwellings each) are separated by a 24.00m distance and have a 23.40m
x 9.70m communal area inside the perimeter they set up. It is located exactly in the middle of the village,
in order to ease people access, as long as it is designed for group activities and even as a cooking area for
all the inhabitants.
The paths and main ways through the village are going to be set up by rocks that the men will
extract from the coastal elevations. For this, there are shovels and pickaxes being transported from the
continent.
Below, there can be seen some of the results of sun-likely strategies, in order to try to get the best
from the natural heating source and the shadows, according to the season and the temperature pattern.
That is why in December, 21st, summer solstice, when days are hotter than any other, during the
period from 08:45 to 15:30, South walls are shadowed. North ones are also protected against the sun rays
throughout all the day. The maximum exposures (still low) are seen at 09:00 and 15:15.

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 Figure 8. Village design based on the sun position

In winter solstice, June, 21st, the technique is the opposite. The coldest days require heating in
indoor environments, what can be partially achieved from the natural source, if well oriented.
So, it can be seen in the pictures below that dwellings receive quite hours of sunlight - from 09:00
to 15:15, the hottest time of the day, North walls are completely exposed to the sun rays. An hour before
and an hour after this interval, sunlight also passes through part of openings,

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 Figure 9. Village design and sun position

4.2.7 Construction Materials

The construction materials to be used are linked to the climate and the natural resources of the
island.
Therefore, the dwellings are going to be built under a concept that mix adobe and wood.
The adobe is one of the oldest materials used for human dwellings along the centuries. It is only
raw land (clay) mixed with water and a little bit of scrap wood or straw.
Adobe bricks, unlike ceramic, do not go through the burning step in high temperature furnaces, then
do not throw carbon dioxide in the air. They dry in the shade or in the sun, avoiding, thus, deforestation.
Another technical quality is its thermal inertia, at the same time as its capability of allowing the walls to
“breath”, making the air changes possible and constant, avoiding mold as well.
The roofing and openings are to be made of wood.
Not only the roofing structure and the windows but also the tiles are going to be shaped from the
Sophora Microphylla Ait wood, which is abundant in the region and has good structural properties
(Members.tripod, 2015). Wooden linings serve as a reducer of dwelling volume, what eases the heating
demand.
There will be two woodworkers (carpenters) that are going to lead the efforts to prepare beams,
linings, tiles and windows for the dwellings, just after arriving in the island. In a week, all the basic materials
to be used in building the dwellings will be available.

4.3 Sewage[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
The sewage system adopted is the “Wetlands”. It is an appropriate solution for rural or low density
locations as Lamuella village, also known as Sewage by Root Zone or Max Planck Institute Process.

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 This system is is a self sustainable technology based on a filtering soil, which occupies little space
in the outer area of residence and may also be integrated in a non aggressive way to the environment.
In this system, the sewage must pass before through a septic tank and then it is released through
perforated pipes in the planted filter area, ie the area of roots planted on the top of a physical filter made of
materials like gravel or crushed stone and sand. It is analogous to the sand filter treatment.
In sum, the system passes through the septic tank and a grease trap, then follow through pipelines
to plant roots. Above a physical filter, plants that form the root zone are planted. Below that, there is a
gravel or shell layer (50cm depth). After this gravel layer there is another layer of the filter, comprising
sand, that occupies the space of 40 cm between the filter and the bottom of the gravel layer. A geosynthetic
liner can also be used, but it is not Lamuella case. The background are the pipes that capture the treated
effluent.
This system is greatly appreciated as it has a very beautiful landscaped potential, which is offered
by plants when they bloom and integrate to the village environment.
It stands by its low operating costs, ease of operation and management, satisfactory removal of
organic matter, suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus, besides considerable removal of pathogens.

Figure 10. Sewage system for grey water (Inc., 2015)

4.4 Rainwater harvesting

The rainwater harvesting system will be operated in a standard configuration that includes: the
catchment through rails, the conduction to a reservoir through pipes and the pumping to an upper reservoir,
using a manual pump.
Even though the manual pump requires an additional activity for the dwellers, studies shows that
an output of 14L/min is obtainable as a mean, which means that it would take less than 3 min/day, in a
cadence of 60 beats/min, of manual pumping to have the water available to use.
The physical effort on pumping the water according to that cadence can be considered from light
to moderate for an adult (20-60 years), what is perfectly acceptable.
The model is simple and works like this:

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 Figure 11. Rainfall harvesting system (Rainwindsun, 2015)

4.5 Electricity generation

Lamuella electricity generation relies on 100% solar power. Wind turbine have been considered as
an option as well, however, the disadvantages (installation, risk of breaking down, maintenance, etc) over
advantages (less solar panel, energy security) were much bigger, so focus was given only on solar panels.
Only exception is the dedicated biofuel generator for the Hospital area (one bed for medical emergency
cases), which is only operational if there is an emergency in the “Hospital” and there is a shortage of
capacity.
The total energy load has been divided to the categories below:

-No of 10 private dwellings

-No of 1 communal dwelling
-The power for using the electric hand tools, water heating and water pump from sea to toilets will come
from excess generated power.
-emergency backup generator for “Hospital”.

Private dwellings:

January – March, weekdays:

No heating required throughout the 3 months. During night from 23:00 to 5:00 there shouldn’t be
electricity load from the dwellings as everybody is asleep. From 5:00 to 7:00 there is 50W allowance for
each property for lights, music, electric razors etc. Lights will be LED lights.
From 8:00 till 17:00 everybody is working so there is no electricity usage in the properties. From
17:00 till 23:00 there are 50W allowances.

April-December, weekdays:
Heating is required. The worst-case scenario is in September when nearly 100W is required. So the
electricity system is designed for 100W, however there will be excess energy available that it is going to be

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used for heating the water, running and tools, etc. During the heating season this 100W is available 24/7,
however a thermostats will control the heatings.
As Lamuella is in a remote area, while choosing the heating system simplicity was one of the major
factors. Using air source heat pumps has been considered, as its power consumption would be advantageous
however; if it goes wrong it is difficult to fix it and the initial cost would be high too. The heating
requirement is low as 100W/ property so we choose a simple electric heater. It is cheap and there is not
much that can go wrong in it.

January-March, weekends:
Weekends are the same as weekdays during this 3 months period. During the day everybody is out
in the fresh air, playing, hiking, swimming etc.

April-December, weekends:
As the weather turns not as nice as before and the days are getting shorter everybody tends to stay
in longer. Therefore more electricity is allowed during weekends in this period. More specifically, 50W
from 6:00 to 22:00 and the 100W for the heating 24/7.

Concerning the Community hall, the electricity timetable is described below:

January – March, weekdays:

The community hall will be used for eating breakfast and dinner together. In this case the energy
requirement for cooking and keeping the necessary medicines and foods cold can be reduced.

Also, the community hall gives place to daily gatherings from 17:00 after the hard work. While
cooking dinner everyone can have a chat about day, what was good, what was not so good. Also discuss if
an improvement needs to be done somewhere, or just having a little fun before everyone goes home around
20:00.
On the weekends, the hall is open from 12:00 to midnight.
For the Community center 500W electricity is available 24/7 mainly for the fridges. From 7:00 1kw
is available at breakfast time for microwave warming up food, or for scrambled egg.
During the weekdays from 17:00 2.6kW is available for cooking dinner, having some music and
for the lights.
For the weekends music is available from 12:00, and the dinner can be cooked from 17:00. Because
it is weekend, we allow us to enjoy the cooking, therefore the available electricity for that is 5 kW.
For the electrical calculations Homer Legacy been used. During the calculation of electrical load it
was considered that in the winter period the sun sets earlier therefore the lights need to come on earlier.

Main electrical data

-Total energy demand: 13,858kWh/yr
-total installed capacity: 25 kW
-PV array: 36,122kWh/yr
-Unmet load:7.35 kWh/yr
-Excess electricity: 19,333 kWh/yr

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 Excess electricity periods usually occur from 11:00 to 17:00 and vary between 10-20kW hourly. In these
periods use can be made of the electric chainsaw, water pumps, electric water heaters.

Unmet load is 7.35 kWh/yr. These periods are in June.

The battery pack:

Hoppecke 24 OPzS 3000 Vented lead-acid, tubular-plate, deep-cycle battery. It is 3000Ah (Table
3) and up to 7,820 cycles to failure (Table 4).

Figure 12. Capacity curve

Table 3. Capacity of Hoppecke 24 OPzS 3000

Current (A) Capacity (Ah)

305 3,050.00

524.2 2,621.00

763 2,289.00

1,591.00 1,591.00

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 Figure 13. Lifetime curve

Table 4. Lifetime of Hoppecke 24 OPzS 3000

Depth of
Discharge Cycles to
(%) Failure

30 4,960

40 3,600

50 2,780

60 2,270

70 1,930

80 1,640

As the ambient temperature stays lower than the STC temperature which is 25 oC, there is no
concern about efficiency drop due to high ambient temperature (Table 5).

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 Table 5. Ambient temperature stays lower than 25 oC

The 25 kW PV system consists no of 91 Yingli Solar Panda YL275C-30b monocrystalline PV

panels, with peak power of 275Wp. The “brain” of the system is the 20 kW Hubei converter, which is
responsible for charging the 24 Hoppecke 24 POzS 3000 batteries.
The panels are mounted on the ground by RENUSOL Console ground mounting system which
helps in fast, precise and safe installation.
The power from the converter then distributed to the houses (200m), to the community hall (100m)
and the field (800m) using steel armoured ground cables. At the houses then, through a 6 A circuit breaker
the power caries on in flexible plastic conduits to the lights and sockets. In the community hall the power
is distributed through 5 16A circuit breaker. In this way the ovens, fridges and lights can be used safely.

4.6 Water Supply

4.6.1 Water Resource

The total area of Lamuella is around 25 square kilometres. The most important water source of
Lamuella comes from rainfalls, and considering the annual rainfall is just 443 mm, there will be around
11.1 billion liters rainwater arrives on the island every year. In order to get a scale, assuming that 10% of
the rainwater can be collected, there will be 11.1 billion liters water in each year.
Appendix === shows the water demand in each year, which covers three biggest sector: human
needs, irrigation and livestock needs. Appendix E2 shows the possible water flow in wet season.

4.6.2 Water Storage

Concerning the water supply, it was decided to excavate a round reservoir with a diameter of 64 m
and a depth of 5m (Figure EE5). The dimensions of the reservoir were chosen for covering the maximum
water demands by 2031. In order to construct the reservoir, an mini electric excavator will be brought to
the island. The power output of the electrical excavator is 37 kW requiring a large amount of energy,

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although due to the fact that the construction of the dwellings will not have been completed by then, thus
the energy demand will be lower, and the excess energy that is not stored in batteries will be taken advantage
(10-20 kW per hour) from the second month. Finally, the electrical excavator will demand much shorter
time for the completion of the construction and as the PV installation will start first, the water supply must
be quicker for keeping the time.

Figure 14. EE5- Water reservoir and sticks overview

The total volume of the water reservoir is:

π×(32m)2×5m=16,085m3
The water reservoir will be set in the south of the valley, which shown as the blue area in the Figure
15 (EE6), this area is around 90 meters, including the depth of the water reservoir, the height is over 80
meters above the irrigation land level. It is a reasonable situation for reservoir as there is a considerable
amount of water flow and has a higher position than our village and land.
Furthermore a layer will be added to the walls and the bottom of the reservoir. As the surface area
of the construction will be 3,215 m2 of the bottom and 1004 m2 of the surrounding walls, plastic membrane
can be used for waterproofing due to it has a lower cost and requires less man hours to construct. On the
surrounding ground where is shown as shadow area in the Figure 14 (EE5), 18 sticks (screws) are used for
fixating the plastic membrane equally.

4.6.3 Reservoir Construction

After arriving on Lamuella, the preparation of reservoir can not start due the lack of electricity.
After the electricity system finished, the reservoir construction can be started. Building time can be reduced
by the electric excavator, assume 15 people will work on the water reservoir for 10 hours per day and put
the PVC membrane in place, and in 90 days the water reservoir will be completed.

Figure 15. EE6- Water reservoir and water distribution

22
 4.6.4 Water Pipe
Water in the reservoir will be delivered through pipes to both village and irrigation land. As the
water reservoir is more than 40 and 80 meters higher than our village and irrigation land respectively, the
head will be enough for the water without using extra energy, which can give around 8 atm (8.1 bar)
pressure. 2 inch diameter PVC pipe will be set between the water reservoir and irrigation area, separate
pipes will be distributed to the slow sand filter and houses. There are about 1,400 meters main water pipe,
and sub-pipes to every houses, and main pipe (black line) is shown in Figure EE6.
The pressure drop calculation for 1,400 meters 2-inch plastic pipe is shown in the following Table
EE7.

Table 6. EE7- Details about pipe (Pressure-drop, 2015)

Diameter of pipe 2 inch

Length of pipe 1400 meter

Roughness of PVC pipe 0.0015 mm

Velocity of flow 1.48 m/s

Pressure drop 5.8 bar

The pressure drop for 1400m-pipe is 5.8 bar and the pressure difference the front and the end of
pipe is 8.1 bar, so the pressure difference is enough and there are extra pressure for irrigation system to
work.

4.6.5 Irrigation System

In agriculture sector, there are wheat, carrot and grapes in about 2.8 hectare land. Considering the
limited water situation in Lamuella, drip irrigation system will be the best choice. There several advantages
of drip irrigation that fit our needs: First, it can reduce the water use, drip irrigation can water the plant at
the root area and avoid the water lose at most; second, drip system is easy to install, and material needed
are easy to assemble; third, drip irrigation system can be easily managed and applied, which needs less
labor; finally, it just requires low pumping needs to work (Simonne, E. et al, 2008).
In the drip irrigation system, several disposable parts are used, so the total cost composed of a
primer capital investment which will last for years, and the annual cost of parts needed replacement
(Simonne, E. et al, 2008). For our 2.8 hectare land, £3,080 are required for the first year and from the second
year £1,230 will be required annually (adapted from Appendix E3). Figure EE8 indicates the sample
components of drip irrigation system. Appendix E3 shows the details about the cost of the drip irrigation.

23
 Figure 16. EE8- Drip irrigation system (adapted from Simonne, E. et al, 2008)

4.6.6 Drinking Water Treatment

4.6.6.1 pH adjustment
According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the pH value of drinking water must
between 6.5 and 8.5, and water which is overly acidic or alkaline is harmful to human and animal health
(Ohrel and Register, 2006). Therefore, the first step of drinking water treatment is pH adjustment.
A simple pH test will be given before the processes by pH test paper, and for each situation,
different measures will be taken. If pH is too high, moderate acid (carbonic acid or hydrochloric) can be
added to drop the pH, on the other hand, lime or soda ash can be used when the water is overly acidic
(Department of environment and conservation, 2009).

4.6.6.2 Slow sand filter

For filtration process, slow sand filter has been chosen. It has several advantages which fit the need
of our situation, it requires low energy consumption, maintenance and cleaning, and it can remove almost
all viruses and Giardia lamblia (EPA, 1997).
The structure and height of sand filter are shown in Figure EE9. There a control valve and a water
tank in this system, and there are three parts in the filter, which are schmutzdech, filter bed and support
gravel (height have been shown in Figure EE9) (Ludwig, A., 2015). The rainwater will enter the filter, as
the water flows through the sand from top to bottom, large particles will be left on the topper layers. The
filter bed contains appropriate sand and particle with different size. Sand, which has diameter between 0.15
and 0.35 mm, is used in filter bed. Water flow rate is an important factor for choosing the size of slow sand
filter, slow flow rate of 100L-200L per hour per m2 of the surface area can be controlled by the control
valve to have a better preference to control viruses (Ludwig, A., 2015).

24
 As there is no filtering need for irrigation water, one slow sand filter is enough for drinking water
including human and livestocks, which are 1-meter-long, 2-meter-wide and 1.65-meter-high. The volumes
that can be filtered per day are as follows:
1m×1m×100L/m2×24=2400L

Figure 17. EE9- Slow sand filter configuration (adapted from Ludwig, A., 2015).

4.6.7 Compost toilet system

The average volume of toilet waste (feces) generated by one person is 0.2L/day, with the largest
population of 35 people, it will have 0.2×35×365/2=1277.5 Liter every six month (WPI., 2010).
In order to use the composting feces for plantation, two compost toilet systems will be built, and
each one will be used for half year. After using for 6 months, the toilet system will be blocked for
composting and then the compost will be removed for the land while using the other system. In each system,
there will have 6 toilet for all people, which mean around 5-6 people will share one toilet.
For using this system for composting, the waste volume should be around one-fourth of the total container,
in order to have an extra space. Therefore, the total volume will be:
1277.5L/0.75=1703.3L≈1.7m3
The container of compost size is designed to be:
2.1×1.0×0.8=1.68m3
Figure EE10 shows side view of the compost toilet system. In the vertical direction of the graph,
in which direction the container will be 2.1-meter-long, there are 3 toilet on both sides, 6 toilet in total, and
in the front of the container there will be a 0.4m×0.4m compost access door. The container is under ground
level, which is around 1 meter, including the bottom construction. The vert extends above the level of the
roof, which will be 0.5 meter higher than the roof.

25
 Figure 18. EE10- Compost toilet system.

For the construction of the system, electrical excavator is needed to dig the pit for container and as
the excavator is fully charged at the beginning, it will be used for compost toilet construction first, in order
for people to use. Wall thickness will be 0.15 meter constructed by concrete board under the ground, and
gaps for liquid outflow will be set at the bottom . For the house above the ground which is 2.1m×2m×2m,
will be built with wood walls and wood roof. Therefore, total material needed for two compost toilet
systems will be 9.2m2 concrete board and 45m2 wood. In order to guarantee air quality, toilets should
located at the backward wind position of our village. Two different positions (red spots) are chosen for the
compost toilet in Figure EE6, in winter and spring, system 1 will be used when the wind blows from the
north, while in summer and autumn, system 1 will be closed and turn to system 2 when the wind comes
from southwest.

4.7 Nutritional Plan

As far as nutrition is concerned, especially during the first years, the residents are going to be under
a heavy activity. Thus, in order to cover their caloric needs, a suitable nutritional plan for a hard working
person was designed (Figure *).

26
 Figure 19. Distribution of caloric needs per type of food (Passmore, Nicol, & Rao, 1974)

Table 7. Caloric needs per day for a heavy activity (Who, 2000)
Gender Caloric needs for heavy activity
(kcal/day)

Man 4000

Woman 3000

Young people 2000

The variety of the food is not going to be wide, in order to reduce the complexity in the agricultural
sector. The local resources of the island are going to be exploited, as through this strategy the energy and
the water demands are minimized. In addition, it is assumed that people that are planned to live there, are
willing to adjust to the circumstances.
During the inhabitation in Lamuella, people’s nutrition is going to be based on:
● Agricultural products (Crops, vegetables, fruits)
● Fish
● Meat, milk and eggs

4.7.1 Agricultural sector

In the agriculture sector, four out of thirty people will be responsible for various activities, with the
help of mules and horses, as described below. Concerning the nutrition needs, the fruits, vegetables and
flour will be provided from cultivating the land. The decision of what type of product will be cultivated,
was made according to five main factors:

❖ Water needs
❖ Conservation
❖ By-products utility

27
 ❖ Seeding and harvesting season
❖ Local production/Yield

It should be mentioned that reducing the water demand was the highest priority when designing the
agricultural sector as the water resources are relatively limited .

Flour
Wheat
For producing the flour, it was decided that wheat is the most suitable choice. First, it demands the
minimum irrigation compared to the other crops (corn,oats) (Appendix Table). Furthermore, wheat seeds
can be used for feeding animals like chicken and goats and wheat straw for feeding horses and mules. In
order to produce flour from wheat, each house will have a small manual mill, for covering its needs. In
addition, it should be mentioned that in the final calculations an extra 20% production of actual needs has
been included in order to be able to cover the needs in case of an emergency.
Finally, concerning seeding, the calculations about the annual production includes the appropriate
proportion of new seeds needed for the next year.

Vegetables
Carrots
Carrots were chosen as they have relatively high yield and they can be conserved easily by pickling
them. Vinegar will be brought to the island for this purpose. Furthermore, as carrots will need new seeds
every year, an extra annual expense has been taken into account.

Fruits
For covering the need in vitamins, a 20% fruit nutrition is going to be based on local fruits and the
rest 80%, are covered from cultivating grapes .

Grapes
Grapes were chosen to be cultivated, as they can be sun dried and consumed throughout the whole
year (raisins). Furthermore, they are relatively high in calorie content and their production starts much
quicker than other fruit (trees). In the final production of grapes, there is also an extra 20% production over
the standard needs, in order to be safe in case of an emergency.

Local fruits
Except from cultivating grapes, the needs are planned to be covered by local fruits, too. As it is
already mentioned, the Pacific Islands are rich in local resources. In Table** available local fruits and their
season are shown.

Table 8. Island’s local fruits (Maquinewlife, 2015), (Pod Gardening, 2015),(Retamales et al., 2014),
(Retamales, Caligari, Carrasco, & Saud, 2005)

Local fruits Season

28
 Maqui aristotelia December to March

Chilean guava September to November

Wild strawberries November to December

Rubus November to January

4.7.2 Fish
Fish will be one of the most important parts of people’s nutrition. As it is aforementioned, the
surrounding sea is rich in lobsters and a number of types of fish. It was decided that lobsters, due to their
low caloric value, are going to be trapped and used for trading and as a resource of money.

Figure 20. Lobster yield (lobsters per trap) per month and lobster traps used (Ir.library.oregonstate, 2015)

Fish
Concerning the fishing boats, there will be two of them. The boats will be powered with the use of
paddles and sails. The one boat will be used for capturing the lobsters in the big natural port and the second
one will be used for fishing in the open sea, leaving from a small natural port next to the biggest one (image).
This is due to the fact that the boat used for catching fish will not need to traverse a long distance in order
to be in the deep sea and having the yield that it is mentioned above. The boat that will be used for catching
the lobsters will have one of the three fishermen (Boat 1) and the other boat the rest (Boat 2). Concerning
the fishing yield, it was found that around 29 fish per 100 hooks can be caught in the surrounding area
(Ir.library.oregonstate, 2015). Thus in order to cover the caloric needs, an average of 15 to 17 kg per day is
estimated to be caught. The fishing method used will be longline fishing.

29
Lobsters
For catching the lobster, 100 lobster traps will be used, during the time period from January until
May. The lobsters will be caught and maintained in fish farms (2 fish farms) that will be placed in the big
natural port of the island. The lobsters will be fed with plankton that will be gathered with a special plankton
net from Boat 1. The total yield from these months is estimated to be 37 lobsters per trap per year according
to Figure… in 1971. Although due to the circumstances under which these lobsters will need to survive, it
is assumed that a 20% of the 37 lobsters/trap will not survive. These 20% of lobsters will be locally
consumed.

4.7.3 Meat, milk and eggs

Goats
Concerning the feedstock, goats and chickens are going to be brought to the island. For producing
milk, cows, sheep and goats were the main options. Sheep don’t have a high milk production thus focus
was given on goats and cows. It was concluded that goats were the best option, as they can produce less
milk per day compared to cows but they need less water per kilo of milk produced. Furthermore, they can
provide milk for a longer period of the year (10 months) in a row in comparison to cows and they are more
flexible concerning their nutrition. Finally, their lifespan is higher than the cow’s. Concerning the meat,
only the newborns are going to be used as a food, as a constant number of goats is going to be preserved,
mainly for reducing the water demand. In particular for covering the milk needs, 4 female goats and one
male are going to be brought to the island. The only newborns that are going to be kept, will be the ones
that will replace the elder one’s. For their nutrition, goat will be fed by 50 % from grass and by 50% by
wheat that is cultivated.

Poultry
Chicken are going to be used only for their egg production. The only case that poultry is going to
be used for their meat is when they are going to be replaced with younger ones. In the number of chicken
to be kept, one hen, one rooster for every ten chicken and an extra chicken have been included. Concerning
their nutrition, chicken will be fed from the cultivated wheat.

Horses and mule

Except from goats and chickens, two horses and one mule will be brought to the island. Horses are
going to be used for helping in the cultivation of the farms and the mule can transfer heavy loads to rocky
and uphill areas. Concerning horses, it has been chosen to bring one male and one female, in order to have
the option of mating them in case of more help is needed. Finally concerning their nutrition, the horses and
the mule will exclusively be fed with the straw from the cultivated wheat. The horses except from helping
for cultivating the land will be used for moving 3 carts that will be brought to the island. Through that way
the transportation of the goods will be much more quicker and easier.
Finally, it should be mentioned that animal’s manure will be used as a fertilizer in the cultivated
land.

30
Figure 21. Vegetation map and agriculture sector

31
 Table 9. Annual nutritional plan
Jan Feb Mar Apr
May June July
Aug
Sept Oct NovDec

Flour flour (wheat)

28.6%

Vegetable pickled carrots fresh carrots

pickled
s carrots
23.8%

Fruits raisins grapes raisins

19%
local fruits (wild strawberries, maqui, guava, rubus)

fish, chicken
Meat,
dairy,eggs milk
29.6% eggs

5. INITIAL STAGES
With the arrival of the people in the island there should be an organization of their steps. The most
important needs will have priority such as sorting out:
● energy
● water
● residence
● nutrition

It was decided that the arrival in the island will take place in early March. The main reason for that
decision was the fact that March is a dry month
As there are going to be a lot of goods that will be brought to the island, it is not possible to carry
them to the place that the village will be constructed at once. For that reason it was decided to bring 3 big
containers in order to store and protect the most sensitive goods.
Concerning the nutrition, it is apparent that people will not be able to feed themselves with the
aforementioned nutritional plan since the grapes, the carrots and the wheat will not be available. Thus
raisins, flour and canned vegetables will be brought to the island in order to cover the caloric needs at first.
The rest of the foods will be almost immediately available as it is planned to bring goats that already produce
milk, chickens that can produce at the same time the eggs and fish and local fruits will be available from
the island.
Concerning water, as the ship is arriving at Lamuella in March, the first 2 months are lack of rainfall,
and the construction of water reservoir needs 3 months to be finished. Therefore, in the initial period, 3-

32
month water demand will be taken at first. As in this period, there is no need for irrigation, and the water
requirement for human as well as livestocks is 13.8 m3. Considering the amount of water, trailers can be
used to transport it to the position for the tents people will live in the first few months.
From the arrival to the complete built of the village, it will take around 2 months. Soon after arrival,
people will start to mold the bricks: 5 inhabitants are going to work on this activity and can fabric 100
bricks each one. So, in 20 days all the bricks for the dwellings and communal area will be molded, and 31
to 35 days since arriving, the first walls will be able to be built. As long as the bricks get dried, during the
next 20 days, the mason and his team will raise the buildings (Duarte, 2013).
The bricks must be dried in a place protected from the weather, so as the mold phase is being
completed, the bricks will be carried to the inside of the containers.
While the bricks are being produced, the woodworker and his team of 4 are supposed to be
preparing all the wood necessary to the roofing structure and the windowsills. In 1 month, all the wood
must be prepared to be used as beams, tiles and protection to the openings (doors and windows).
As the goals on first bricks production are met, the deposit and animal stable are going to be built.
Probably, in the ending of the third month, all the facilities related to the dwellings, such as the buildings
and their systems themselves and sewage and water scheme, should be available and operable.

6. COST

6.1 Total cost

After the analysis of the organisation and the design of the community in Lamuella, the description
of the economical sector takes place:

Table 10. Total cost analysis

Sector Total (£)

Construction dwellings

Agriculture

Fishery

Energy (PV)

Water

Sewage

Toilets

33
 SUM

6.2 Trading
In order for the island to have an income once every year, it was decided to export lobsters. The island as
it is aforementioned is rich in lobsters and based on the Figure…### the amounts that can be gathered have
been calculated. Lobsters will be sold and from the usage of 100 traps per month, a total of £5564.8 can
collected each year. The market price was found to be

6.3 Extra costs per year

Below the table with the total cost per year is apparent. As it is estimated that annually, through
trading, an amount of 5500 pounds will be gathered, it seems to be a feasible project.

Table 11. Costs per year covered from trading lobsters

carrot seeds 23
house needs 300
medicines 500
paper 229
vinegar 945
replacement PV 200
irrigation 1230
salt 8
sugar 115
extras 1500
(unpredicted
expenses)
total 5050

7. CONCLUSION

34
 8. REFERENCES

Alliance for Sustainable Energy, 2003, Homer Legacy v.2.68 Beta, USA

Autodesk, Inc. (2011) Ecotect Analysis (Version 2011) [Computer program] Available at:
<http://www.autodesk.com/education/free-software/ecotect-analysis> [Accessed on 30 Nov 2014].

Gobernacion Provincial de Valparaiso (2011). Sustainable Tourism Development and Innovation Plan for
the Reconstruction of Juan Fernandez Islands (in Spanish). Available at:
<http://www.comunajuanfernandez.cl/plan_maestro.htm#zonas> Accessed on 5 Dec 2014.

Heywood, H. (2012) 101 Rules of Thumb for Low Energy Architecture. London: RIBA Publishing.

Pelsmakers, S (2012). The Environmental Design Pocketbook. London: RIBA Publishing.

Rubel, F. and M. Kottek (2010) Observed and projected climate shifts 1901-2100 depicted by world maps
of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. [Online] DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2010/0430. Available at:
<http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/shifts.htm> [Accessed on 30 Nov 2014].

Santa Catarina State University (UFSC) Projeteee (2014). What are the solutions to an efficient building
project in your city? (in Portuguese) [online] Available at: <http://projeteee.ufsc.br> [Accessed on 30 Dec
2014].

UCLA Energy Design Tools Group (2014) Climate Consultant (Version 5.5) [Computer program].
Available at: <http://www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu> [Accessed on 27 Oct 2014].

9. APPENDIXES

Appendix A. Calculations, and characteristics of the operational plan

Appendix A.1: E.1 Solar position (Stereographic diagram in July to December with average temperature)

35
 Figure ===

Appendix A.2: Dwelling and sanitary sewer construction calculations

36
37
Appendix A3: PV installation characteristics

PV panels Yingli Solar Panda

YL275C-30b

Converter: Hubei TLS-20kVA

Battery Hoppecke 24 POzS 3000

Ground mount RENUSOL Console

Ground cable SWA3 2.5 sqmm to field

and houses
SWA3 10 sqmm to
community hall

Glands for SWA cables

Connection boxes for SWA cables

Circuit breakers no of 20 MCB 6 A for for

houses + spare
no of 10 MCB 16 A for
community hall + spare

LED lights including no of 20 in houses,

fixing no of 10 in communal area,
with 3 years warranty for 15
years: no of 5x30=150:

Light fittings no of 30

Conduit plastic, flexy

Conduit wire Brown 1sqmm: 500m

Blue 1sqmm: 500m

Appendix A.4: Maximum water demand per month

38
Appendix A.5: Natural water flow in the island

39
Appendix A.6: Irrigation needs per crop in Chile [reference]

40
 Appendix A.7: Yield per product (Factfish.com, 2015)

Yield
(kg/he)

Grape 12500

Carrots 22058

Wheat 5900

41
Appendix A.8: Cultivation area per year

Cultivation area (he)

Year
Carrots Grapes Wheat Total

2017 1.018 0.877 0.666 2.562

2018 1.018 0.877 0.679 2.574
2019 1.037 0.894 0.679 2.610
2020 1.037 0.894 0.679 2.610
2021 1.037 0.894 0.691 2.623
2022 1.056 0.910 0.691 2.659
2023 1.056 0.910 0.691 2.659
2024 1.056 0.910 0.704 2.671
2025 1.075 0.927 0.704 2.707
2026 1.075 0.927 0.704 2.707
2027 1.075 0.927 0.716 2.719
2028 1.095 0.943 0.716 2.755
2029 1.095 0.943 0.716 2.755
2030 1.095 0.943 0.729 2.768
2031 1.114 0.960 0.729 2.804

Appendix A.9: Seeding and harvesting periods

Seeding period Harvesting period

Carrots August November

Wheat June-September November-January

Grapes September- mid-March to mid-

December May

Appendix A.10: Animals per year

Year Chicken Goats Horses Mules

(plus: 1 hen, 1 (4 female, (1 male,1
backup 1 male) female)
chichen,2 males)

42
 2017 24 5 2 1

2018 24 5 2 1

2019 24 5 2 1

2020 24 5 2 1

2021 25 5 2 1

2022 25 5 2 1

2023 25 5 2 1

2024 25 5 2 1

2025 26 5 2 1

2026 26 5 2 1

2027 27 5 2 1

2028 27 5 2 1

2029 27 5 2 1

2030 27 5 2 1

2031 28 5 2 1

Appendix A.11: Milk, egg and fish production

(assumption: chicken produce 6 eggs per week, goat can produce 3kgmilk per day)

Year Milk Eggs Fish

production (per (kg/day)
(kg/day) week)

2017 10.5 120 15.841

2018 10.5 120 15.841
2019 10.5 120 16.102
2020 10.5 120 16.102
2021 10.5 126 16.102
2022 10.5 126 16.364
2023 10.5 126 16.364
2024 10.5 126 16.364
2025 10.5 132 16.625

43
 2026 10.5 132 16.625
2027 10.5 138 16.625
2028 10.5 138 16.886
2029 10.5 138 16.886
2030 10.5 138 16.886
2031 10.5 144 17.148

Appendix A.12: Wheat and wheat straw production

(assumption: seeds 20% and straw 80% of the total, 0,2 extra production for safety)

Year Wheat seed Wheat Carrot Grapes

production straw (kg/year) (kg/year)
(kg/year) (kg/year)

2017 3932 15728 22459 10971

2018 4006 16025 22459 10971
2019 4006 16025 22882 11178
2020 4006 16025 22882 11178
2021 4080 16321 22882 11178
2022 4080 16321 23306 11385
2023 4080 16321 23306 11385
2024 4154 16618 23306 11385
2025 4154 16618 23730 11592
2026 4154 16618 23730 11592
2027 4228 16915 23730 11592
2028 4228 16915 24154 11799
2029 4228 16915 24154 11799
2030 4303 17212 24154 11799
2031 4303 17212 24577 12006

Appendix A.13: Water demand per sector per year

Year Goats Chicken Horses Irrigation People Total

(m3/year) (m3/year) and mules (m3/year) (m3/year) (m3/year)
(m3/year)

2017 21 3.5 32.9 14807 76 14863

44
 2018 21 3.5 32.9 14868 76 14924

2019 21 3.5 32.9 15086 79 15143

2020 21 3.5 32.9 15086 79 15143

2021 21 3.6 32.9 15147 79 15204

2022 21 3.6 32.9 15365 81 15422

2023 21 3.6 32.9 15365 81 15422

2024 21 3.6 32.9 15427 81 15484

2025 21 3.8 32.9 15645 84 15702

2026 21 3.8 32.9 15645 84 15702

2027 21 3.9 32.9 15706 84 15763

2028 21 3.9 32.9 15924 86 15982

2029 21 3.9 32.9 15924 86 15982

2030 21 3.9 32.9 15985 86 16043

2031 21 4 32.9 16204 89 16262

Appendix B. Costs

Appendix B.1: Dwelling construction cost

Dwelling construction

Material Quantity P T Link

r o
i t
c a
e l
p p
e r
r i
u c
n e
i (

45
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G P
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kw=chainsaw&_sacat=0

wood lining 25m² 1 3 http://produto.mercadolivre.com.br/

5 7 MLB-617852376-forro-de-
5 madeirapinus-tratado-em-autoclave-
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saw 5 3 1 http://www.ebay.com/itm/spear-
0 5 jackson-predator-X2-hand-saws-
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double glazing windows 22 2 4 http://multi-janela.com/preco.php

0 ,
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tents (8 people) 8 2 1 http://www.ebay.com/itm/8-Person-

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46
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septic tank up to 5 people 11 6 6 http://produto.mercadolivre.com.br/

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5 , E-M-DEVOY-NY-TOOL-COAL-
0 2 HAMMER-MINING-SILVER-
0 GOLD-PROSPECTING-PICK-
0 AXE-HO

shovel 8 6 4 http://www.ebay.com/itm/Chinese-
0 8 Military-Universal-Multi-function-
0 Folding-Shovel-Emergency-Tools-
WJQ-308-
/310984617396?pt=LH_DefaultDom
ain_0&hash=item486820adb4

woodwork table (complete) 1 2 2 http://produto.mercadolivre.com.br/

, , MLB-610825181-mesa-de-
5 5 marceneiro-antiga-com-parafusos-
0 0 de-madeira-_JM
0 0

TOTAL (GBP)
32,905

Appendix B.2: PV and electricity generation cost

Electricity

47
 Material Quantity Pr T Link
ice ot
pe al
r pr
un ic
it e
(G (
B G
P) B
P)
PV 128 14 17 http://pvshop.eu/yingli
0 ,9
20
Converter 1 2. 2, http://www.alibaba.com/product-
07 07 detail/20KW-PV-off-grid-inverters-
0 0 with_573182538.html
Battery 24 91 21 http://www.ecosolarspain.com/#!rolls
6 ,9 -hoppecke-and-sunlight/c1tw7
84
PV mount 133 70 9, http://www.alternergy.co.uk/
31
0
Armoured Cable 2.5 1000 1. 1, www.mr-resistor.co.uk/
9 90
0
Armoured Cable10 100 3. 31 www.mr-resistor.co.uk/
12 2
Glands for Cable 2 1. 2. http://www.toolsandelectrical.com/in
45 90 dex.php/cable-accessories/bw32-
swa-gland-pack.html
Connection boxes 3 8. 25 http://www.amazon.com/Wiremold-
5 .5 Legrand-BW32-Raceway-2-
Gang/dp/B000NCYRZY
Circuit breaker 6A 20 5. 10 http://www.screwfix.com/c/electrical
17 4 -lighting/mcbs/cat7230022
Circuit breaker 16A 10 3. 35 http://www.screwfix.com/c/electrical
54 .4 -lighting/mcbs/cat7230022
LED lights 150 3 45 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
0 detail/low-MOQ-and-can-be-
customized_1219895583.html
Light fittings 30 10 30
0

48
 Conduit 500 92 1, http://www.screwfix.com/p/adaptafle
/2 84 x-standard-weight-nylon-conduit-
5 0 21mm-x-25m-
m black/71682?cm_sp=Search-_-
SearchRec-_-
Area3&_requestid=156546#_=p
Conduit wire Brown 500 13 13 http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/50M-
.5 5 Roll-16-5-AMP-Rated-1mm2-Thin-
Wall-Single-Core-Cable-Car-Wire-
LED-Lights-
/111294620481?pt=UK_BOI_Electri
cal_Components_Supplies_ET&var=
&hash=item19e9ad2341
Conduit wire Blue 500 13 13 http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/50M-
.5 5 Roll-16-5-AMP-Rated-1mm2-Thin-
Wall-Single-Core-Cable-Car-Wire-
LED-Lights-
/111294620481?pt=UK_BOI_Electri
cal_Components_Supplies_ET&var=
&hash=item19e9ad2341
Sundry 1 10 10 -
00 00
Total 57,524

Appendix B.3: Water Reservoir construction cost (Appendix E.4)

Water

Material Quant T Link

ity o
t
a
l
P
r
i
c
e
(
G
B

49
 P
)

Primer cost

Water for the first 3-months 13.8 2 https://www.dwrcymru.com/_library/lea

m3 0 flets_publications_english/your_metere
d_supply.pdf

Water for dwelling construction 10 m3 1 https://www.dwrcymru.com/_library/lea

5 flets_publications_english/your_metere
d_supply.pdf

Container 3 4 http://uk.alibaba.com/product/18679018
9 61-20ft-40ft-iso-shipping-containers-
0 with.html?s=p
0

Trailer 10 1 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
3 detail/trailer_803079273.html?s=p
0
0

2 4 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
0 detail/rotary-hammer-model-
Rotary hammer 2415_60146212007.html?s=p

5 1 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
0 detail/Stainless-steel-multi-function-
Hammer with screwdriver and nails hammer-with_533763622.html;
http://www.alibaba.com/product-
detail/Nails-and-Steel-
Nails_203104261.html

Adjustable spanner 5 1 http://www.alibaba.com/product-

0 detail/High-quality-black-handler-
adjustable-monkey_254078805.html

Toilet pipe 14 1 http://www.alibaba.com/product-

0 detail/Top-Selling-Toilet-Pipe-
0 Fittings_1471573700.html

Shovel 14 3 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
0 detail/pala-types-of-south-american-
wooden_1846126415.html?s=p

Electric excavator 1 2 http://m.alibaba.com/product/17685757

2 43/electric-mini-excavator.html?s=p
0

50
 0
0

PVC sheet 4500m 9 http://www.alibaba.com/product-

2
5 detail/PVC-waterproof-plastic-
0 sheet_60093392077.html
0

PVC pipe 1600m 1 http://www.alibaba.com/product-

6 detail/2014-Factory-Wholesale-Whiite-
0 2-Inch_1739062982.html

Irrigation system 1 3 (Simonne, E. et al, 2008)

0
8
0

PH adjustment - 1 -
0
0

Slow sand filter 1 4 -

0
0

Compost toilet material Concre 3 http://www.alibaba.com/product-

te 6 detail/fiber-cement-board-
board, 0 flooring_895965126.html?s=p;
wood, http://www.alibaba.com/product-
etc. detail/insulated-Wooden-Grooved-
Acoustic-Wall-
panel_60070582648.html?s=p

Toilet seats 14 4 http://www.alibaba.com/product-

0 detail/M26-Toilet-
Seat_603774427.html

Total
42020

Annual replacement cost

Irrigation system 1 1 (Simonne, E. et al, 2008)

2
3
0

51
Appendix B.4: Break down cost for irrigation system (Startup fixed costs and annual operating costs for a 2-inch-
[1]
diameter drip-irrigation system for 10 acres ) (Appendix E.3)

Drip irrigation system componentsv

Material Price Quanti Total Comments

per ty Price
unit (GBP)
(GBP)

Installation Costs

Mazzei injector 99 1 99

Dosatron injector 1386 1 1386 2-inch-pipe diameter,

5 - 100 gpm, 2 - 120
PSI, 1:500 - 1:50
dilution ratio

Pressure gauge 10 5 40 Actual number may

vary, and range of
pressure needs to
match the placement
in the system; one
should be portable

Water meter 272 1 272 2-inch-wide water

meter

Water meter fittings 7 2 15

Water filter 57 1 57 Complete unit 2-inch

250-mesh polyester
element

Backflow prevention system 267 1 267 Mandated by Florida

law for fertigation

Ball valves 8 4 32 Mandated by Florida

law

52
 Irrigation water main line 0.34/ft 660 ft 222 Schedule 40, 2-inch-
diameter PVC pipe.
Price may vary
depending on
supplier.

PVC fittingsy 2 10 21 Fittings here refers to

crossesand tees.

Solenoids valve 20 10 205

Irrigation controller 165 2 330 Most controllers may

control six zones

Pressure regulators 21 10 211 Pressure depends on

position in the
system; check that
unit does not restrict
flow.

Total fixed cost 1771 Calculated using a

mazzei injector.

Annual Costs

Irrigation water sub main line 46 1200 ft 165 1-inch-diameter vinyl

tube (lay-flat type);
may be reused based
on state of repair

Drip tape 69 10 roll 693 5/8" diameter 8-mil

thickness 12-inch-
spacing tape

Poly-to-drip tape connectorsz 33 3 bags 99 May be re-used if

of 100 collected and cleaned
at end of season

Tape-to-tape connectors 33 2 bags 66 May be re-used if

of 100 collected and cleaned
at end of season

Flush caps 50 3 bags 149 Recommended to

of 100 have. May be re-used

53
 if collected and
cleaned at end of
season

Replacement filters (screen only) 10 1 10 Frequency of

replacement depends
on maintenance

Total annual costs 1181

10-acre field divided into 10 irrigation zones; each zone measures 330 x 130 square feet; shape of zones and type of
crop will affect the number of rows, and thereby the number of connectors needed; Annual costs should also
include pumping station maintenance, gas and oil for pumping station, and chlorination kit
v
Shipping cost of parts not included

w
Prices may vary depending on supplier

x
Costs of well and pump installation and maintenance are not included.

y
PVP pipe connection requires saw and PVC cement

z
Drip tape connection also requires knife and whole punchers

Appendix B.5: Agriculture cost

Agriculture
Material quantity Pri To Link
ce tal
per pri
uni ce
t (G
(G BP
BP )
)

animals

horse/mule 3 50 15 http://www.dragondriving.co.uk/s
0 00 tallionatstud.php#id59401

54
 chickens 24 2 48 http://www.efowl.com/Chickens_
for_Sale_s/41.htm
goats 5 50 25 http://www.sevenhillstallarook.co
0 m.au/webuygoats
seeds

carrots (kg) 2.87 8 23 http://www.alibaba.com/product-

detail/JCA02-uniform-shape-five-
inch-carrot_1751345368.html
grapes in trees 1740 1.5 26 https://www.doubleavineyards.co
11 m/p-636-america.aspx
wheat (kg) 20 0.3 7 http://ganymede.meccahosting.co
7 m/~a000133f/gpage4.html
equipment

cart 3 20 60 http://www.dragondriving.co.uk/
00 00 horse-carriages.php
plow 2 26 52 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
detail/animal-ox-donkey-horse-
drawn-
plough_586706902.html?s=p
hand flour mill 10 53 53 http://www.amazon.com/Victorio
0 -VKP1024-Deluxe-Operated-
Grain/dp/B006P2KG0Q/ref=sr_1
_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1420994558&
sr=8-
1&keywords=manual+flour+mill
farm gloves 100 0.1 15 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
5 detail/knit-farm-industrial-cotton-
gloves_1730523681.html?s=p
austrian scythe 4 13 52 http://scytheworks.com/catalogue
0 0 .html
harrow 1 17 17
5 5 http://www.chainharrows.co.uk
sacks 300 0.5 15 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
0 detail/woven-PP-sack-25kg-
grain-
packaging_60027696960.html?s=
p

Total
11881

Appendix B.6: Fishing materials cost

55
 Fishing
Material quantity Pric Tot Link
e al
per pric
unit e
(GB (GB
P) P)
hooks 1000 0.1 100 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/39975-Stainless-
Steel-Long-Line-
Hooks_1429814430.html
traps for lobsters 100 26 265 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
4 uct-detail/popular-Lobster-
Trap_622784609.html?s=p
boats 2 350 700 http://www.gumtree.com/p/b
oats-kayaks-jet-skis/jack-
holt-vagabond-sailing-
dinghy/1095552868
net cage lobsters 2 663 132 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
6 uct-detail/Hot-Sale-HDPE-
Circle-floating-
aquaculture_60142261425.ht
ml
buckets 20 1 20 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/Thick-Stainless-
Steel-Bucket-with-
Big_60064475172.html?s=p
plankton net 2 10 20 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/2014-Direct-
Factory-plankton-
net_1812925162.html
fishing tool set 5 8.5 42.5 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/Fishing-Tool-
Set_1301973293.html?s=p
wellington boots 4 4 16 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/Safety-waterproof-
work-gum-insulated-
rubber_1976505669.html
taking the boat out for repair 1 217 217 http://www.shoredocker.com
/us/shoredocker-small-boat-
ramp-kit-sd1200

56
 paints for boat 2 20 40 http://www.paints4trade.com
/boat--barge-enamel-paint-
785-p.asp
crates 30 5 150 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/Solid-stackable-
plastic-
crate_1428939651.html
Total
5285

Appendix B.7: Food costs

Food
Material Quantity Price Total price (GBP)
per
unit
(GBP)
Food’s extras
salt (kg) (6gr/d/pp) 76 0.1 7
sugar (kg) (30 gr/d/pp) 383 0.3 114
vinegar (lt) 3781 0.25 945
jars 4159 0.1 415
First year’s food
raisings 4388 6583 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/2013-new-crop-
hot-sale-
dried_1527092189.html
flour 3932 1321 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/Wheat-flour-
Superior-I-class-
quality_50003505549.html
carrots pickled 22459 7860 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/New-Crop-
Chinese-High-Quality-
Fresh_60054971837.html
wheat seeds 2831 1048 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/2013-new-crop-
hot-sale-
dried_1527092189.html
hay 0.2 3570 http://www.alibaba.com/prod
uct-detail/horse-feed-meal-

57
 alfalfa-hay-
price_1918041153.html
Total
20,817

Appendix B.8: Furnishing the dwelling cost

Furnish dwellings
Material q P T Material
u r o
a i t
n c a
ti e l
t p p
y e r
r i
u c
n e
it (
( G
G B
B P
P )
)
tables and chairs 1 9 9 http://www.amazon.co.uk/Julian-Bowen-
0 5 5 Rufford-Extending-
0 Dining/dp/B008D5G986/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8
&qid=1420995916&sr=8-
1&keywords=tables+and+chairs
fridges 4 5 2 http://www.amazon.co.uk/Bosch-
0 0 KSV36VL30G-Energy-Efficient-
0 0 Upright/dp/B0098JGN28/ref=sr_1_7?s=applian
0 ces&ie=UTF8&qid=1421603268&sr=1-
7&keywords=fridge+A%2B%2B
sofabeds 3 6 1 http://www.ikea.com/gb/en/catalog/products/50
0 5 9 184841/
5
0
showers 1 9 9 http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/semi-
0 9 9 frameless-Sliding-big-Roller-
0 Shower_1629201642.html

58
 hot water cylinders 1 1 1 http://www.cnmonline.co.uk/zip-aquapoint-lll-
0 9 9 10-litre-water-heater-2-
4 4 2kw.html?gclid=COCVjqTbncMCFWf3wgodr
0 10APg
ovens and stove (community hall) 1 2 2 http://ao.com/product/bdc5422as-beko-electric-
0 6 6 cooker-silver-25281-
9 9 1.aspx?disableredirect=1&?&wt.z_pt=mda&wt
0 .z_mt=search&wt.z_rtm=pla&wt.z_dt=c&wt.z
_at=cookers&wt.z_mat=beko&wt.z_ft=free%2
0standing&wt.z_pc=bdc5422as_si&wt.srch=1
&wt.z_cn=na
sinks 1 1 1 http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/hot-
0 0 0 sales-colord-basin-bathroom-
0 sinks_1823765589.html
closets 1 1 1 http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/products/70
0 0 0 245853/
0 0
0

Total 1
1
,
6
6
7

Appendix B.9: Cost of every day needs

Every day needs
Material quant P T Material
ity r o
i t
c a
e l
pp
e r
r i
u c
n e
i (
t G
( B
GP
B)

59
 P
)
dishes 1 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
0 detail/chinese-porcelain-dish-for-home-
200 1 0 hotel_1992666708.html
forks,spoons, http://www.alibaba.com/product-
knifes 8 detail/2014-Stocked-Stainless-Steel-forks-
40 2 0 for_1571398482.html
sponge http://www.alibaba.com/product-
detail/High-quality-Cellulose-
35 0 0 Sponge_60095143619.html
cleaners 1 http://www.tesco.com/groceries/product/deta
9 ils/?id=261537000
96 2 2
matches http://www.amazon.com/Bushcraft-CN325-
Waterproof-
3 Matches/dp/B000BT8PHU/ref=sr_1_15?s=i
0 ndustrial&ie=UTF8&qid=1420996305&sr=
300 1 0 1-15&keywords=matches
candles 1 http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Soy-
0 Scented-Candle-in-glass-
50 2 0 jar_1856090685.html
instruments http://www.argos.co.uk/static/Product/partN
umber/5408085.htm?CMPID=GS001&_$ja
3 =cgid:18091975045|tsid:59156|cid:1899495
3 0 25|lid:96719820205|nw:g|crid:61293027445|
10 0 0 rnd:18232870966638935764|dvc:c|adp:1o1
balls (volley and football) http://www.amazon.co.uk/Mitre-Ace-
Recreational-Football-
Yellow/dp/B00J9CHXBO/ref=sr_1_7?ie=U
5 TF8&qid=1420996075&sr=8-
10 5 0 7&keywords=football+ball
cards http://www.amazon.co.uk/Bicycle-Standard-
Index-Playing-
Cards/dp/B00001QHVP/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UT
2 F8&qid=1420996138&sr=8-
5 4 0 1&keywords=cards
board games http://www.amazon.co.uk/Paul-Lamond-
Games-5012822002402-
Game/dp/B0002PRIY4/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF
1 5 8&qid=1420996168&sr=8-
5 0 0 6&keywords=board+games

60
 rope (200kg) 2 http://www.alibaba.com/product-
0 detail/40mm-sisal-rope-thick-sisal-
200 1 0 rope_1800583419.html

clothes 5
0
- - 0

paint and paint equipment 1 1 http://www.paints4trade.com/boat--barge-

1 9 9 enamel-paint-785-p.asp
gun 1 1 http://www.firearms4u.com/guns/rifles/marli
5 5 n-70783-xt-22mr-bolt-22-mag-22-4-1-7-1-
1 5 5 black-synthetic-stock-blued/
towels 35 1 5 http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/products/
. 2 40163556/
5 .
5
pillows 35 1 3 http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/products/
0 5 70269924/
0
sheets 35 1 4 http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/products/
2 2 80211070/
0
toilet paper 0 2 http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Maxima-Toilet-
. 2 Roll-320-Sheets-Pack-of-36-KMAX320-
750 3 9 /161085719599
medicines 7
0
- - 0

Total
3,818

Appendix B.10: Income from trading the lobsters

Trading price Total income Link
Lobster (pound/kg) per year
(kg) (pounds)
1110 6.26 6,956 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-
edward-island/maritime-lobster-
888 (20% 6.26 5,564
industry-hurt-by-p-e-i-prices-
losses)
fishermen-1.2640465

61
[1]
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/HS/HS38800.pdf

Euna is preparing a new sewage system with compost toilets

_Marked as resolved_
_Re-opened_
I have considered our extremely low rate of water consumption and according to Brazilian standards we
can consider a volume of 0.8 x water consumption, this is 5.6L/day or, approximately 6L/day
Source:
https://www.abrh.org.br/sgcv3/UserFiles/Sumarios/fa9ee5b20b6f15fc8a3bc185fba1ea87_c89679a2f1566
df2c421d4fa7b3e7dc1.pdf
it is in Portuguese
since we have already do the calculations with 7 we can use this 1 more litre for a little bit more
showering
*done
Yes, the 6L are of sewage
Euna is preparing a new sewage system with compost toilets
_Marked as resolved_
_Re-opened_
I have considered our extremely low rate of water consumption and according to Brazilian standards we
can consider a volume of 0.8 x water consumption, this is 5.6L/day or, approximately 6L/day
Source:
https://www.abrh.org.br/sgcv3/UserFiles/Sumarios/fa9ee5b20b6f15fc8a3bc185fba1ea87_c89679a2f1566
df2c421d4fa7b3e7dc1.pdf
it is in Portuguese
since we have already do the calculations with 7 we can use this 1 more litre for a little bit more
showering
*done
Yes, the 6L are of sewage

62