A Dictionary of Japanese Particles

A DICTIONARY OF JAPANESE PARTICLES Sue A. Kawashima KODANSHA INTERNATIONAL Tokyo © New York * LondonTo my studentsPREFACE Although there are many difficult grammatical points that a student must master in learning the Japanese language, particles belong in a class by themselves. Appearing in nearly every sentence, they are absolutely crucial to a proper understanding of the intended meaning, A student may possess a large vocabulary and a good grasp of verb conjugation, but without a firm command ot particles, he or she cannot hope to construct consistently cor- rect sentences. In choice and placement, particles can completely transform the meaning of two sentences that are otherwise exactly the same. Throughout my teaching career I have felt that particles were the key to learning Japanese. Though not a linguist, I have many years of teaching expe- tience and in this book I hope to have made good use ofthat experience by k dent benefits in any substantial way, I will feel my efforts have been rewarded. I wish to thank my students at Hunter College, who, by posing many thought-provoking questions, have contributed to the making of this book. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude t6 Tetsuo Kuramochi of Kodansha International, who helped to bring about this incarnation of the original edition, Particles Plus. Lastly, I am indebted for much of the translation herein to my daughter, a professor of Japanese literature, who has edited all of my work. Sue A. Kawashima Spring, 1999Previously published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Japan as Particles Plus, Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America, Inc., 575 Lexington ‘Avenue, New York N.Y. 10022, and in the United Kingdom and continental Europe by Kodansha Europe Ltd, 95 Aldwych, London WC2B 4JF. Published by Kodansha International Ltd., 17-14 Otowa I-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8652, and Kodanshe America, Ine. ‘Copyright © 1999 by Sue A. Kawashima All rights reserved. Printed in Japan First edition, 1999 99000102 10987654321 ISBN 4-7700-2352-9PREFACE INTRODUCTION - BA [é - BAKARI [<£2'0 5 DAKE #It- 10 DAKE-NI #IFIZ(CP.) 13 DANO K@--- 14 DAIIE 7EDC - 1D DE t- 17 DEMO 7. 26 DOKORO #zB 29 DOKOROKA &ZSP 29 Domo ¢& 30 FA 20 GA *# cones . 34 GA-NA(GA-NAA) — Di+fk (7'-1505) (CP.) a GATERA *#TSH - 42 HODO [ze- 43 HOKA [za 45 ru: 45 KA Dp 46 KAI ALCP.) + SI KA-NA(KA-NAA) —'-75(A'-7585) (C.P.) 52 33 65 66 KASHIRA DLS - Ke KoKEREDOMO(KEREDO,KEDO,KEDOMO) FHEBITMNE. FTE. FTES) KIRI #)- koso z2- KOTO Zé KURAI(GURAI) =< 5U.(¢ 511) KUSE-NI t” can also take the form “tatte £27.” English approximation: “whcthcr it’s (somcthing) or (somcthing) ...” A) oLt[#Hot), Hx oc[Hot], Hoses, »Ashita [date], ,, asatte [datte], kamai-masen yo. It’s fine with me, whether it’s tomorrow or the day after. R) ket oleoT], OR THOleoT], ABUL eet. e2t).Oosaka de ,, kat |tatte onaji da yo. Tookyoo de \, kat [tatte], nedan wa It’s the same price, whether you buy it in Osaka or Tokyo. 3. Follows an interrogative pronoun. 1) To qualify anything in its category as valid in the clause that follows. English approximation: “anyone” “anytime” “: A) bozo tone te. ‘anywhere” etc. — n.{tsu |datte} mirare-masu yo. You can see it anytime. B) eAnHare HoT |b >. ; 7 Son-na mono wa ,,,doko ni |datte| aru sa. That sort of thing can be found anywhere. ENC HVbHSLT TT. datte| sore kurai wakaru hazu desu. Anyone should be able to understand something like that. 2) Ina negative sentence, to show that nothing in the group specified by the interrogative pronoun wants to be something or does something. English approximation: “no one” “nothing” etc. 6089 A) Eh) Ko Tt|REIUOK, Dare [date] binboo wa iya da. No one likes being poor. (literally: Everyone doesn’t like being Poor.) B) eAum 2THTSAC EO. Don-na ,, tokoro [date] iki-taku-nai. 16C) FABLES, HWOWKOTILAC oY Son-na koto wa, ,,itsu |datte| shitaku-nai. I never want to do something like that. 4, Placed at the end of a sentence, expresses surprise (and sometimes disapproval) after quoting something someone else has said. English approximation: “he/she said that ...” A) RapSeroiy wsers[kot, BAO 5. a, Boku wa okane nanka karite i-masen yo [date]. Wasureta no kashira. He said to me, “I haven't borrowed any money.” I wonder if he forgot? ako B) Ame Res beolzot|, ECs BObH, BOMK a Konya mo kare to deeto na no |datte|. Yoku aki-nai wa ne, ano futari. She said, “I've got a date with him again tonight.” They’re not bored with each other, those two (i.e. it's a wonder that they're not). DE @ FUNDAMENTALS OF “DE Tt” 1. Placed after a noun of location, indicates it is where an action takes/ took place. It is static. Note that the particles “ni |=” or “e ~” indicate the direction of the action. Compare the following:A) BRE CMH. Gakkoo|de]benkyoo-suru. () study at school ©) 47+ a[cfebeos, Utusujde}denwa o kakeru. (I) make a call at the office. 7 [of } English approximation: “at” “in” 0 A) bALIELT]RY ELA Watashi wa ,,umi (de I swam in the occan. B) HDAOT|T oyogi-mashita. BEY ee xs a hayaku hashiri-masu Ms. Miyata is the fastest runner in our class. SLC] icuaciion iH e Ah At A/e08? (REY B) ca Kono ,, naka [de] dare ga neko no kubi ni Sy suzu 0 tsuke ni iku-n dai? 4 3) a Among us, who's going to go hang a bell on the cat's neck? 3. In the pattern “... de mo ... demo, ~t% ~T%," lists locations. English approximation: “in/at (location) and in/at (location) ...” Evens ae b. FRESHRA TOL, A) = ».Koko [de] mo, ,,asoko [de] mo, [k]t. bee kodomo-tachi ga asonde-iru. Here and over ihere children ae playing.pte et B) F¥oK 28] oll] sdo KE nr. Kotoshi no natsu wa ,,umi [de] mo, yama [de] mo jiko ga zokuhatsu-shita. This summer, accidents occurred one after another both at the ocean and in the mountains. 4. Indicates the time when an action or process happened or happens. 1) Shows the time period when something occurred/occurs, often found in “de wa Tli” and “de mo Tt” patterns. English approximation: “in” “at” thee rveczice rman, A) — 2 BO FRLT hayatta soo da. In the 1940's, this sort of song was supposedly popular. B) S| Clb, TOBRASHTON TOS, Ima |de| mo, sono shuukan wa nao okonawarete-iru. Even now (at present), that custom is still carried out. 2) Indicates the aye of a person. English approximation: “at” bn acvgo a — pote A) ISN +P | C]SBRRL Kare wa », rokujus-sai [de] taishoku-shita. He retired at age sixty. By) @= FERC LA Haha wa , nijuu-go-sai [de] kekkon-shita. My mother got married at age twenty-five. 3) Imposes a time limit on an action or occurrence. 20English approximation: “in (amount of time)” Let evnsuer— oe A) consul PS [cada te? Kono shigoto wa_,nijup-pun [de] deki-masu ka? Can you do this job in twenty minutes? tone CRASS. B) shuukan [de] natsu-yasumi ni nari-masu Summer vacation is coming in two weeks. bey veiareer— e809, eee wt OC) *i—-% fice ex #44. Hikari wa ,, ichi-byookan [de] chikyuu o nana-mawari-han suru. Light travels around the earth seven and a half times in one second. 5. Indicates what method or tool is/was employed for an action. English approximation: “do (something) by using (something)” B22 Sey A) bALBERAGHS[ Clo that, Watashi wa gakkoo e , jitensha [de] kayotte-i-masu. I commute ta school by bicycle. aC) D) E) F) G) H) br Liakith[e]oy bitte tas, Bast vt Like Watashi wa_,, hikooki {de] rondon ni itte kara, ,fune {de| supein ni iki-mashita. I went to London by plane, then went to Spain by boat. Be eh ue beELIARUSH| TBLALAL Watashi wa chichi to ,, denwa hanashi-mashita. I talked with my father on (literally: by using) the phone. Revo SBE[CBOT CHS. ».Enpitsu [do] kaite kudasai. Please write with a pencil. i st BVA[ CE FERGAL. »,Sekken [de] yoku te o arai-nasai yo. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap. Ravcpa-er[CarueRoess. Kare wa itsumo ,, yuumoa [de] min-na o warawase-masu. He always makes everyone laugh with his sense of humor. axe CHL < (Rah. »,Nihon-go [de] hanashite kudasai. Please spcak in Japanese. won ches Lot lalate n, Garasu |de} yubi 0 sukoshi kitte shimai-mashita.6. Gives the price of something. English approximation: “at” “for” ake eRe A) coke SFM ptoa ca Sono hon o ,, ni-sen en {de} kai-mashita. 1 bought the book for two thousand yen. B) 74nd [ea ta? Hawai e wa ,, ikura |de| ike-masu ka? How much would it cost for a trip to Hawaii? 7. Indicates time or quantity that makes a unit. English approximation: “by” “for” A) Bashers PEL COS. Boku wa ,,jikan [de] arubaito o shite-iru. I’m working part time by the hour, B) to) yat=o[e] RE ABATT. Sono ringo wa ,, futatsu [de] go-hyaku en desu. Those apples are two for five hundred yen. © brlfor—au- Belcher. Watashi-tachi no chiimu wa ,, it-ten-sa [de] katta. Our team won the game by only one point. 8. Indicates the composition of an object. English approximation: “from” “of” A) CMT IAF 2{C| TSAR TH. Kore wa ,, purasuchikku |de| dekita hako desu. This is a box made out of plastic. ba 6 Bp TAridwa| CIRO 23Sore wa ,,nendo [de] tsukutta utsuwa desu. It’s a vessel made of clay. O vx7-iaiva[clenat. Bataa wa ,,_miruku [de] tsukuri-masu. Butter is made from milk. 9. Indicates the manner of an action, or the condition/intention at the time of occurrence/action. English approximation: “(in this manner) ...” “(with intention to) ...” A) be LitBu[c]daut bt. Watashi wa ,isoi [de] dekake-mashita. ede wees s "on Tiett in a rush. Ly 4 B) HaFPEC]eoK. Kare wa ,, muchuu [de] hashitta. & He ran frantically. & es X alt BORO CLE. “ © Barssovo[k Boku wa shikaru ,,tsumori [do] ita no de wa nai. I didn’t say it with the intention to scold (you). 10. Indicates a reason or motive for an action or occurrence. English approximation: “duc to ...” “owing to ...” A) #utES[ CBRE. Bor, = Kare wa ,,fuchuui [de] kaidan kara ochita. ¢ He fell down the stairs due to carelessness. gaa eines or RB) BNA wal 1 RZ.Boku wa kyoo ,, kaze [de] gakkoo o yasunda. << Today, I was absent from school due to a cold, <> I I oO Rs[edeRecan. ».Samusa [de] te ga kogoe soo da. My hands are almost frozen from the cold. ae gouges? TBA B/S. Kono dezain no ,, ryuukoo [de] mise wa dai-hanjoo da. D) coryd OR Due to the popularity of this design, the store is doing very well. indicates the source of information, basis of a condition. English approximation: “by” “from” “on” “according to” A) #BMORAPRE] Rae, Shak eae Shinbun no ,, tenki-yohoo |de} miru to, kyoo wa kumori da soo da. According to the weather forecast in the paper. it will be cloudy today. B) bRaA Paty yeee PEST] TS ST CH A? Anata no ,, tokee |de] wa ima nan-ji desu ka? What time is it now according to your watch? 03 be we = C) RUE BATH BOIL, BE! CaS, Kare ga hidoku nayande-iru no wa, ,,kao-iro [de] wakaru I can tell from his face that he is very troubled. 12. Indicates the basis of evaluation.be ne A) Arroimiiars s[c]bos t Mikan no nedan wa_,, ookisa [de] chigai-masu The price of oranges varies depending on their size. Emme os aun ap B) 2seoiRik> cA oR 4 te Tochi no nedan wa ,, hirosa to benrisa [de] kawari-masu. The price of land changes according to the size and location. 13. Shows which party is/was responsible for an action. English approximation: in the sense of “(something) is/was done by (something).” A) enue cjaone cet. It was a decision made by (my) family. Lew foc3-—aosa B) € OarBlaFAR| TITS I. Sono shinbun wa ,,gakkoo [de] hakkoo-sareta. That newspaper was published by the school. DEMO Tt 1. Presents an extreme example to make the point that since something applies to such a case, it therefore certainly applies to more normal cases. English approximation: “even” A) RE[et]ba seuss. n, Sensee |demo| wakara-nai deshoo. Even the teacher probably won't be able to understand it. B) Sse [CEIREY Lath o CREEK, 26».Chotto [demo] mi-otoshi ga atte wa taihen da. If (we) miss even one thing, there'll be grave consequences. 2. In the pattern “don-na ... demo YA “~T."” English approximation: “no matter what/how (something) ...” or “regardless of the fact that...” A) bOLEACA CHL LCE JH 3, Ano sensee wa don-na muzukashii ,, mondai [demo] tokeru. That teacher can solve any problem, no mattcr how difficult it may be. B) DELLA TEN! to omoi-masu. Regardless of the type of food, I'd like to try eating it once. 3. After an interrogative pronoun, indicates an all-inclusiveness. English approximation: “whatever” “whenever ” etc. A) vo[ebjoumeBot (Hau. a, Doko |demo| ii kara suwatte kudasai. Please sit wherever you like. (more literally: “Please si ; anywhere is fine.”) bate B) GALCE Se EMEERL Cond. ».Nan [demo] suki na mono o chuumon-shite ii yo. You can order whatever you like. 4, Used in casually mentioning something as a suggestion. English approximation: in the sense of “something like ...” B) Hnisa-e—[chikaicitan? PaKaeri ni ,, koohii |demo| nomi ni ika-nai? Why don’t we go have coffee or something on the way home? Ch LUAUBEL ata. ».Koko [demo] yokere ba ohanashi-shi-masu ga. B) If it’s all right to talk somewhere like here, I will. 5. To express wishful thinking; sometimes in a “semete ... demo ... #4 ~~" pattern. English approximation: “if only there were (something), even just a little bit A) tocFL RY S: If only I had even just a little bit of savings ... Ress ti[ctlaokouores, Koshi 0 orosu ,,tokoro [demo] attara ii no ni naa. B) If only there were some place I could sit down ... 6. Often in a “manzara ...demo #4 ¥ 5~T%” pattern and/or a double negative, tu indicate that there are other attributes to something, besides the obvious. English approximation: examples are “not all bad” and “not unthinkable.” SICcI, SA FHIA| THB. A) HAD Ano hito no yuu koto wa, manzara ,,uso [demo] nai. ‘What that person says isn’t all untrue. we Conk a w 9: B) SoH, FRAT Reb Bie Kono keekaku wa, jitsugen fukanoo na ,, wake [demo] nai. This plan isn’t impossible to carry out. 28DOKORO €C4H Takes an extreme case of a certain situation and emphatically negates its possibility. English approximation: “not possible to do, (for example)” A) A) bau, ve ae 2 LIAME (TIA, Mo (NA EMNT S| LIS | Tita, Koo hito ga ooku te wa, yukkuri e o , kanshoo-suru |dokoro de wa nai. With this many people, it’s out of the question to, say, enjoy looking at the paintings. wee te2e-——_ a» we BCTSIL ( T, RBC A|OMS THE, Ima totemo isogashiku te, ,, kyuuka [dokoro] no sawagi de wa nai. I'm so busy now that it’s not even plausible to, for example, take a vacation. DOKOROKA ¢&c47 Serves to negate the clause it modifies, in order to emphasize the point made by the clause that follows. English approximation: A) the nuance is “never mind (something)...” boFum ey s[EoZa] “BPH A cans, Ano ko wa , benkyoo-suru |dokoroka], ichi-nichi-juu asonde bakari iru. 29. a B) palEcaapes cde, Oyu |dokoroka] mizu sac de-nai. Never mind hot water, there’s not even cold water. DOoMO ¢% Placed after a verb. English approximation: “(even) though” A) BRr va Esler 8), Hiotwohbsapsoen, Shinyuu to ,,i¢ [domo] (shinyuu to itte mo), kanojo no hontoo ne kimudi a wakara-tai. Though we are best friends, I don't know how she really feels. se » » te Ho nee B) fit ee lara eb|Gtot bits Tb), Wika 1 OKGRK oH. v.Ike |domo]y,ike [domo] (itte mo itte mo), suna bakari no dai-sabaku datta. Though we went on and on, we saw nothing but the sand in the vast desert. EN FUNDAMENTALS OF “E ~” First, note that the character “~,” used as a particle, is read “e.” even though it is normally read “he.” Placed after a noun, it indicates that the noun is the destination, direction or the goal of the action. Some frequently nsed verhs that fallaw “e \” are: 30ageru Eiyatto lift) aruku 3 ¢ (to walk) dekakeru 4-1} 4 (to go out) denwa o kakeru ¥# #17 4 (to telephone) denwa o suru €i& #4 4(to telephone) deru 2 2(to exit) hairu X24 (to enter) ireru A 4 (to put in ) iku #< (to go) kaeru ## 4 (to return) kaku # ¢ (to write) Kuru 2 (to come) modoru Jf 3 (to come back) mukau #444 (to head for) oku i ¢ (to place) okuru Bi 4 (to present) okuru £4 (to send) ryokoo-suru Hi} J (to travel) shuppatsu-suru 238+ 4 (to depart) taoreru iif 3 (to fall down) tegami o kaku 43k £ # ( (to write a letter) tenkin-suru 4285+ 4 (to be transferred) tsuku # ( (to arrive) It is interchangeable with the particle “ni |=” in most cases. Note, pply when the paiticte “eby the particle “no #”; “e \” then cannot be replaced by “ni {:.” Examples: A) brUa [A] 7eey pelea »Le[al7eey belinaca. Watashi wa haha [e] purezento o okuri-mashita. I sent my mother a present. beLIBB[E| 7 ey heRD ala. Watashi wa haha [ni] purezento o okuri-mashita. 1 sent my mother a present. B) cae jo7eey bet. Kore wa haha [e] no purezento desu. ‘This is a present tor my mother. Wrong: cane Klo7vey bet, Kore wa haha [}i{] no purezento desu. 1. Shows the direction where an action is headed. English approximation: “to” “toward” ee A) DALIGRMEA}PS 24. Watashi wa ,, oosaka iki-masu. T’m going to Osaka. on ae » S988 B) MIKMA|A|P CUTE LK. Kare wa eki no », hoo | ¢ | aruite iki mashita. He walked toward the station. Leos 23509 © Stacisa—oy [A] ees, Wa 9, yooroppa [| shuc 32Mr. Kitano is currently on a business trip to Europe. clk come azbe 3Us-— eee D) SE CAM Coma [A] Mor, Jishin de go-kai-date no tatemono ga _,. ushiro | e | katamuita. Because of the earthquake, the five-storied building leaned toward the back. 2. Shows the ending point or destination of an action. English approximation: “at” wecacy A) bALBSBAA]ES SL Watashi wa ima ,, kuukoo |e | tsuki-mashita. | arrived at the airport just now. SER ask aie BR BH Dis w@ Itsu_,.nihon | e | okaeri ni nari-mashita ka? When did you come back to Japan? ee ae ae , Mpoak Be aueens 2 OC) RisBi Rok ae(, SPT CHMG/A|ACIAOK. Boku wa michi ni mayotta ageku, sanjup-pun mo okurete ,, kaigi-joo [e | tadori-tsuita. After getting lost, I arrived at the meeting place thirty minutes late. 3. Indicates the person or thing to which an action is directed. English approximation: “to” “for” A) chiser[ajozLey bet. Kore wa , anata | e| no purezento desu. ‘This is a present for you. een B) cake Jos dkxe epee ca. Kore wa ... sense [e| no otegami dakara owatashi-shite ne. 3This is a letter to the teacher, so please hand it to (him/her). 4. In the pattern “.. tokoro c ~-&% = 4," describes a situation that exists when an action takes place. English approximation: “(this was the situation) when (something else happened).” bohtclAa|n|Re. A) Shukudai ga owatta ,, tokoro [e] tomodachi ga asobi ni kita. Thad just finished my homework when my friend came over. B) Bedhavidaure cals]. mato ar. Kasa 0 motazu ni dekaketa ,,tokoro [e], ame ga futte-kita. had just iefi without bringing an unbretia wien ii siaried to rain. GA * FUNDAMENTALS OF “GA 4°” A major function of the particle “ga 4°” is to emphasize the subject by following directly after it. However, other particles such as “wa (i” in particular (sce p. 235) also serve the same purpose. Deciding when to usc which may be one of the most difficult factors in constructing Japanese sentences; in fact, even native speakers sometimes have to stop and think about the choices. The following are some basic guidelines to help you with this task I. When to use “ga 2°" after the subject or topic: 1. “Ga A” appea 34in the sense of “there is/are/was/were ...” Note that in Japanese, you must differentiate between living things and non-living things by using separate verbs that both mean “to be in a place.” “Iru \. 4" is for the former group, and “aru 4 4” is for the latter. a RBOs at), B) ¥]537a4). n Hito [ga] iru (i-masu). » Hon {gal aru (ari-masu). ‘There is a person. ‘There is a book. Even in talking about the same thing, you must use different verbs depending on whether or not it is animate: © Aye wan, D) Mia]Hs (HD 44). 1» Sakana [ga] iru (i-masu). ». Sakana [ga] aru (ari-masu). “There is a fish.” (animate) “There is a fish.” (inanimate) 2. To express desire, need, ability or opinion, “ga” follows the topic. A) beLR Tt A79—“[H] ESAU Watashi wa imu [ga] tahe-tai wa , 9: 35I want to eat ice cream. B) bAL BRE Beas. Watashi wa ,, eego [ga] hanase-masu. I can speak English. pocs Beate C) Mai ER/ Ae act. Kanojo wa ,, ongaku |ga| suki desu. She likes music. “Ga 2" follows an interrogative pronoun or noun phrase. A) Kn[a]RE LAA? n. Dare |ga) ki-mashita ka? iw came? B) BRAICL DESH a es THE? Anata wa ».p, don-na tabemono |ga| suki desu ka? What kind of food do you like? © Ba ucgs? ».Nan-ji [gal ii desu ka? What time is good (for you)? “Ga 4°” often follows a noun that is modified by an adjective. A) Bla liB0. ». Nami [ga] takai. The waves are high. BR) prLGRS uct, Watashi wa ,, kibun [ga] ii desu. I feel good. o) malelBu, eyn.Heya [ga] atsui. The room is hot. 5. In describing one of the five senses, “ga 4°” often accompanies the noun. A) ooiBols]t a. Wi ,,nioi [ga] suru. (It) smells good. B) His[a|t a. Amai ,. aji |ga] suru. (It) tastes sweet. 6 Sentences with intransitive verhs nenally have snbjects that are followed by “ga 4*,” A) Pitas. «To [ga] shimaru. The door closes. ».Denki [ga] kieta. The lights went off. © Aer. »-Teuki [ga] deta. The moon has come out. II, Other uses of “ga 4” include the following: 1. Functions like a conjunction after “sore ga (ne) @#4*(4a)” and “tokoro ga (ne) & 2 44*(4a),” with a feeling of unexpected surprise. 0A) ene], Meant RACAL Sore [ga], nanto monosugoku konde ita-n da. But actually, it was really crowded. ee aes » B) Riser Boor, co4la]a, homonaAKd, He. Boku wa moo akiramete ita. Tokoro |ga] ne, mitsukatta-n da yo, nan to. I had already given up. But, it was actually found! 2. After a verb, in the patterns “ga gotoku 4°2'Y ¢” and “ga mamani 4° at” English approximation: with “gotoku “% ¢” = “as if”, with “mamani £ di - Me Regency kate not me A) WB Saa KMS aoe Be elador Chotunr. Sensoo-kinenhi wa, ningen no arasou saga o y, kanashimu [ga] gotoku tatte ita. ‘The war memorial stood, as if grieving over the nature of human- kind to fight against each other. B) Ria, #4 mala] tidkewor. Kare wa, haha no ,,susumeru [ga] mama ni, gishi ni natta. Following his mother's advice exactly, he became an engineer. 3. Makes an introductory clause before the main point. English approximati ‘as you've already “as” in the patterns “as for..., heard .. A) cokes [a bore RBIL CC KEM. etc. Sono ten .desu |ga|, motto kuwashiku setsumee-shite kudasai. 38As for that point, please explain it in more deta B) Tl: tt. WEED Sude ni ,, mooshi-age-mashita |ga|, kono keekaku no seekoo wa machigai-nai mono to omoi-masu. As I've said before, I think that this plan will undoubtedly succeed. 4. Functions like a conjunction. English approximation: “but” in the sense of “despite doing (something)” or “although.” A) Blaxa FEO LAA], Koko rh Raku wa hesuta 0, thst 8] al, dame datta I did the best I could, but I failed. t B) S97 bSESLILE|A |. bat Chikke Kinoo ,, odenwa-shi-mashita [ga], orusu deshita. I called yesterday, but (you/he/she) was/were not home. we veuacMreet nya 9 C) RII RPA A ||, SRIAMTEM Fe Boku wa hitoban-juu y,kangaeta [ga], mee-an wa ukaba- nakatta. 1 pondered all night, but couldn't come up with any great ideas. 5. In the patterns uga ~44*" and “... mai ga ~4\s4*,” English approximation: “no matter (something)” or “whether (you) do (something) or not, it doesn’t matter...” eas a), FotRBT LG. ae » A) Racist 3 Boku ga doko e ,,ikoo |ga|, zutto tomodachi de iyoo. No matter where I go, let’s stay friends. 39ae ae aon B) £44 |a*|, R624 |, MICSoankss, y.Hashiroo [ga], y, hashiru-mai [ga], mani-awa-nai daroo. (You) won't be on time whether (you) run or not. 6. Indicates wishful thinking in presenting an imaginary, desirable situation that is the opposite of the current, actual situation, Similar to “noni 4.” (See p.167) English approximation: “(if ..), can/would d ok A) SaFRAIL wa] wb. Yuki ga fure ba 44 ii naa It would be good if it were to snow (i.e. I wish it would snow). ee Be By) ee pe sataledag B) EV Usa oho THL Yaad. Takarakuji ga atattara ,y,ureshii [ga] naa. Td be happy if I were to win the lottery (ie. I wish I could win the lottery). 7. At the end of the sentence, serves to soften a request or opinion. Takes a straightforward statement that would sound too direct and transforms it into a more indirect approach. English approximation: somewhat akin to the English phrase “I’m wonder ing if I could..” or “(this is what I think), but..” A) BRA KBB ioe ROA THA in desu [ga]. Shachoo-san ni_y, omeni-kakari- T'd like to meet the president (compare: “shachoo-san ni omeni-kakari-tai-n desu” by itself tends to sound too forward and impolite.) weesense SH BRME YD ALMoo ichi-nichi kyuuka o ,, tori-tai-n desu [ga]. I'd like to take one more day of vacation ... CQ) br, CMe Eto Watashi wa, kono-mama de ii to ,, omou-n desu [ga]. I think it would be fine to leave it the way it is 8. Placed at the end of a sentence; exclamatory. Modifies nouns, and is said scornfully and disapprovingly. Men’s language. Not translatable. A) CDF F SHAY! Kono ,, usotsuki-me [ga]! You liar! B) foe] on xola]! Kono ,, gaki-me (gal! You little brat! (“Gaki” is slang for “little boy,” but it often has negative implications.) 9. Expresses uncertainty or puzzlement. English approximation: the nuance is “I'd thought (I)'d done (something) but. fu » A) Meise cteunact|s |e Tashika ni koko ni oite-oita-n .. desu |ga}. I had definitely put it here, but ... (ie. “I thought I had put it here ‘) Ehrsaot( BUFBAH Denwa ga kakatte kuru hazu na-n ., da [ga]. Dooshita-n daroo. B) [a]. ca LALHAS. I'm supposed to get a phone calll (i.e. he/she is supposed to call me) . rtination particle A combination of the particles “ga 4*” and “na(a) “(4).” Expresses wishful thinking, which is rather unlikely to happen in reality. English approximation: “I hope ..., though ....” A) BARDBL BLADE TZ A77RUUBRAEZ OU i-dashita. Ashita no pikunikku wa ii otenki da to agi [ga na(ga naa) |. It has started to rain. I hope it’s going to be a nice day for the picnic tomorrow, though. BR) AOA LRT STB Hon, BAHT CBE RS at (4b) 0 Kinoo mo kanojo wa denwa o kakete konakatta. Kyoo wa kakete kuru to ,,omou [ga na(ga naa) She didn’t call again yesterday. I think she will call today, though. GATERA ATS Indicates that while one action is being carried out, another related action is also carried out; much like “killing two birds with one stone.” English approximation: “while doing ..., on the way, do ... " ore sf ee A) $e ¥ RK [aco], RoBrtotl as. Kodomo 0 gakkoo ni ,, okuri [gatera], kaimono ni itte-koyoo. While I'm ont taking the kids to school, I'll ga shopping (an the 42B) way). BEBE LTS), BRELO 7 Bio TEAS Otera ni, omairi-shi (gatera], ojisan no uchi ni yotte-kita While I was out worshiping at the temple, I went to visit my uncle (on the way). HODO [&é 1. After a quantity, indicates that the amount is an approximation. Interchangeable with the particle “kurai(gurai) ¢ 5++(¢ 5'+).” (See p.79) Engiish A) B) approximation: “about” “approximateiy’ ‘HM[ieleniabd ban as a eee. ° kan {hodo| are ba dekiagari- Lee LOKFILE LE Kono shigoto wa ato _, is-sht masu. This job will be done in about a week. bea Aliac| Hace. Ato ,,,ik-ka-getsu [hodo] de natsu-yasumi ni naru. It'll be summer vacation in about a month. 2. Takes a specific situation and evaluates its extent. English approximation: “to the extent that ...” A) noes : on ee i, RECON AC SOVRAMHG[MC]L UTS. Kare wa, kanojo ni furarete, mite-iru no ga .4kinodoku_na hodo] shogete-iru. She broke up with him, and he’s depressed to the extent that just d awauay B) bALIZIY 7—IRBL C, “Rares [BE] INL HO. Watashi wa konkuuru ni yuushoo-shite, namida ga ,,deru hodo] ureshikatta. Winning the competition, I was so happy I cried. 3. Followed by a negation, establishes a standard for comparison. English approximation: “(not) as much/little as ..’ A) F¥ om, WERT me CaO. Kotoshi no tsuyu wa, »,itsume [hodo] ame ga ooku-nai. During this year’s rainy season, there hasn’t heen as much rain as usual. a, OMA oiwua B) RAAT PORL VEDIO. n.Natsu-yasumi |hodo} machi-dooshii mono wa nai. There’s nothing that (I) look forward to more than summer vacation. 4. Often in the patterns “... suru hodo ~$ 213%" and “.. ba ... hodo ~li~liv, ” shows that as one thing increases, the other increases as well. English approximation: “the more ..., the more ....” red A) acct, RBsaasalee] epee, Na-n demo, renshuu sure ba , suru |hodo} joozu ni naru. With everything, the more (you) practice, the better (you) will get. DB) Feo Sa, Saws [eliotn s, Kottoohin wa, furukere ba .,furui [hodo] kachi ga aru As for antiques, the older it is, the more value it has.HOKA [kA Followed by a negative, it serves to exclude all possibilities other than the one mentioned. English approximation: The implication is “nothing except for the meaning is similar to “only.” Interchangeable with “shika L 4.” (See p.182) bens. Deh b A) bOABIA, BTEC E COTE FOTOS, BT 4 [lta] Faw We Ano hito-tachi wa, moo soko made itte-shimatte ite wa, — y, Hikon-suru |hoka| shikata ga nal. For those people, since they've already gone that far, therc’s nothing left to do but to get a divorce. fe kak eae ap B) CAGUCUMTIL, SAORSLPLS 2 [lia] oun, Kon-ne-ni hidoi ame de wa, kyoo no shiai wa ,, chuushi-suru hoka] nai ne. nna} Since it’s raining so heavily, we can do nothing but cancel today's match. Io Used mostly in men’s language. Not translatable. 1, At the end of a sentence, serves to emphasize it. A) éabbbe, KOKO]. s. 4sThat toy is mine! B) bLbFeconn[y]. Washi mo toshi o totta », wali]. (Oh,) I’ve grown old (sigh)! C) wasters [iO]? Ika wa tabeta », kal Did you eat the squid? 2. Reinforces the interrogative. sate A) See y yr ebavs[o]? Konban maajan yara-nai , ka) i |? Why don’t we play mahjong tonight? Be hones]? Ima sugu korare-nai ,, kal i |? B) Can't you come right now? KA >» 1. Expresses uncertainty of the topic it marks. English approximation: “if” “whether” A) ola, Worms [a] EK baba, Nihon ni iku no wa, itsu ni ,.naru [ka] mattaku wakara-nai. Ihave no idea when I'll be going to Japan. (literally: As for going to Japan, when it will be, I have no idea.) bb ak 2 B) lMANA, KAKU TI, BEAK] A - bebe csKono kawa wa, mita dake de wa, umi nan . da [kal kawa nan ¢.da [ka] wakara-nai kurai ookii ne. This river is so big, you can’t tell if it’s an ocean or a river just by looking (at it). (literally: As for this river, just by looking (at it), whether it’s an ocean or a river, one can’t tell—that’s the extent of its size, isn’t it?) 2. Expresses a conjecture with an implied sense of doubt. English A) B) 3. In the pattern “... English approximation: “... or A) B) approximation: “perhaps because of ..” LIke E. HeBanunlalhetteaion. Moo kon-na jikan ka. Soto ga akarui ,, see [ka] ki ga tsuka- nakatta. It’s so late already. Maybe it’s because it’s light outside, I hadn't noticed. wInahadsrole) Seed. Yuube wa nomi-sugita , no |ka|, kesa wa atama ga itai. Perhaps I had too much to drink last night; this morning I have a headache. ka ... ka ~4*~2," lists a number of choices. FolalEola), Fc aoce, Migi »,no [ka] hidari ,, no [ka], hayaku kimete yo. ‘The one on the right or the one on the left?) Make up your mind quickly! fale fimevole] Lobno? iku ,.no [kaj ika-nai 5 no [kaj, docchi na no? 7Are you going or not going. which is it? 4, In the pattern“... ka ... ~*~,” gives an approximate number. English approximation: “(numbcr) or (number)” A 2eplEaFoser€k LAUT. GFKon. n. Nido |ka} sando kimi no uchi ni denwa-shita kedo, rusu datta. I called you at home two or three times, but no one answered. B) be Laz Als] Watashi-tachi wa ,, mikka [ka] yokka ryokoo ni dekake-masu. amit halts tT. We're going on a trip for three or four days. ° PfobeLIDb BETH. Sono kyandee, ,, hitotsu [ka] futatsu watashi ni mo choodai. Give me one or two of those candies, tov. 5. Placed at the end of a sentence. 1) Makes the sentence into an interrogative or a rhetorical question. Not translatable. A) O35 aL CRED oKOTHD]? Kinoo wa dooshite konakatta no .. desu |ka|? Why didn’t you come yesterday? ar B) KF edu sont theors 3 [b]? Sensoo o sakeru no wa fukanoo na no .. daroo |ka|? Is it impossible to avoid war? © vsslicosolenat[2]? Dochira-sama de ,, irasshai-masu [ka]? May I ask who this is? 2) indicates a confirmation. Not transiatabie. 483) 4) A) bmot[e), BIER T SEAL OBOL v Wakatta [ka]. Moo nido to suru-n ja nai yo. Do you understand? Don’t ever do this again. B) R8SLART Hat [H]? Hontoo ni ashita ,, kite-kure-masu |ka|? Are you really going to come (on my behalf) tomorrow? Rhetorical question. Not translatable. A) CALC EAC EME ONES I [De Dooshite son-na koto ga shinji-rareru ¢, daroo [ka]. How can (I) believe something like that? 29[]. Kon-na koto ni naru to wa, dare ga soozoo-shita ¢, daroo [ka]. 2985 B) CARIBE LIL, ENARIRL Who would have imagined that this wonld happen? (literally: As for this happening, who would have imagined?) kay ve se C) CARRPIAD ATC BEM EAF Kon-na yonaka ni hito ga tazunete kuru kato ga ,, aroo [ka] Is it possible that someone has come to visit at such a late hour? Expresses a rebuttal or objection to a previous sentence. Nol translatable A) FABLE DTHEATL FA }0 Son-na koto-tte aru-n ., deshoo [ka]. Can something like that really happen? B) FHRRACL 2 34] Hontoo ni daijoobu .. deshoo [ka]. to be all righ 495) Adds a critical, scolding tone. Not translatable. A) cAweMMS CHAT Bas 1S T[F]o B) Kon-na jikan made asonde-kuru hito ga ,, ari-masu [ka] You're out playing so late! (literally: “Is there anyone who'd stay out playing until this hour? ") to eae ey BARUMLKOL, DFE OLEH HOLA, An-na ni tanonda no ni, kono tegami dasu no o wasureta ,.no|ka]. 1 asked you so many times, and still you forgot to mail this letter! 6) Often in the pattern “... de wa/ja nai ka ~TIZ&td-/U @ Bt ds,” asks a rhetorical question for emphasis. English approximation: “wasn’t it so that ...” A) B) ae ae PAS 3 HicMo THU TLL oA TABS Akarui uchi ni kaette oide to ita de wa , nai {kal Didn't | tell you to come home while it was still light outside? SHKB, SDFTETSAL UD] Sakadachi, kinoo wa dekita ja nai [ka]. Weren't you able to do a handstand yesterday? 7) Makes a casual suggestion. English approximation: “why don't we ...” “ do you want to ...” “ let’s ... A) $0 B) fy waat i eS 3 [a], 5 ni iopai ial Kaeri ni ippai ,, yaroo (ka). Do you want to have a drink on our way home? Li Thien cara lenny Moo ichido tashikamete miyoo ja y, nai [ka].8) Often ina“... tara doo ka ~# 5 & 4 4°” pattern, makes a roundabout, softened command. English approximation: “why don't you do ...” A) ZABIATR ROR, fo takers Son-na ni iki-tai no nara, itte-mitara y4,doo {ka}. If you want to go that badly, why don’t you go? B) BY COREL TOBLD, OAABALMO TAA EES [Be Hitori de shinpai-shite-iru yori, iron-na hito ni kiite-mitara say doo {ka}. Instead of worrying all by yourself, why don’t you ask lots of people (tor advice)? 9) Asa sort of sclf-uttcrance, often with a reminiscent or some emotional overtone. Not translatable. A) 5i-i4," expresses a determination or a resolution. English approximation: “since’ A) B) Cc) 64 ‘now that” SHUR BL Aolcd, Soc SRL CRESS. Kore dake , benkyoo shita |kara| ni wa, kitto gookaku-shite miseru zo. Now that I've studied this hard, | will pass the entrance exam without fail! Mt [ob )icid, ZO REL Se MIE SEO. Gaikoku e ,,iku [kara] ni wa, soko no bunka o yoku shira- nakere-ba-nara-nai. Now that you are going to a foreign country, you must got to know its culture very well. bole eats CO BARIA HL 72[ 95 JIL,ganbaroo. Now that I've been accepted by this company, | will do my best. 5. Inthe pattern “.. kara ni ~4+ ts.” English approximation: pots» A) BHILLS [D> Kanojo wa ,,miru [kara ‘just by doing ...” es oe SIERLEIBATT AS. ni yasashi-soo na hito desu ne. Just by looking at her, you can tell that she’s prohably a very kind person. B) enigma [a 5 Sore wa ,. kiku [kara wee MEETS e ni kowai hanashi da Just by listening to it, the story sends a chill up my spine. KARA-SHITE ‘5-LiT Combination particle A combination of the particles “kara 4°45” and “shite L ~ 1. Cites one characteristic of something/someone in order to make an emphatic statement about the whole thing/person. English approximation: “starting with es ut ae A) bOBOARBOS aoLT ba oeBK Ano otoko no hito wa ,, kaotsuki |kara shite] chotto hen da. Starting with his face, he is a little strange. nots eb B) xiade¥| wot Wor (Ke Kanojo wa ,,mochimono [kara shite zeetaku da. Starting with her possessions, she is extravagant. 2. A imure empiiiic form of “kara 4-5” used in the sense of “because/ 65since”; similar to “node 9 T. English approximation: “consequently” Bek test ak A) Aeoitiuthcos s[ee Us], REaeA aR Pcl es. Kotoshi no shuushi wa akaji ..de-aru {kara shite|, rainen wa nantoka kuroji ni shiyoo. Our balance sheet is in the red this year; consequently, let's try to somehow come out on top next year. AED beeing sce B) ZI07 THI MSLT., SOAALM BMT ES I6 Soo-yuu uwasa da [kara shite], ano futari wa chikajika kekkon-suru daroo. Since that sort of rumor is going around, consequently, it’s likely that those two will get married soon. KASHIRA US Found in women’s language 1. Following an interrogative pronoun, poses a question. English approximation: “(I) wonder ...” uase A) Kn[>lo|, SAR EAA (Ol Dare [kashira], imagoro to o tataku no wa. 1 wonder who is knocking on my door at this hour. B) ByiccoAaseY, wen. velecole Tashika ni koko ni oita hazu da kedo, nai wa. , Doko |kashira|. 1 thought | had definitely put it here, but it’s not here. I wonder 6610) Raven, wi[F5]. Ookina tsutsumi ne. ,, Nani |kashira} . That's a big package. I wonder what it is? EA) 2 8 2. Casually softens a question or a sense of doubt addressed to oneself or another party. Not translatable. A) B) LOREM DEAD, HOKOK|AL S|. Kono hon o katta no, itsu . datta |kashira]. When was it that I bought this book? bl, FAR cForlace). Betoun. Watashi, son-na koto , itta [kashira] . Oboete-i-nai kedo. Did I say something like that? I don’t remember it. 3. Softens an interrogative sentence. Not translatable. A) BR boL OUST Kondo wa itsu ,, irasshai-masu |kashira]. When will (you) he coming hy again? FBGBISAY TSA 5 Io Kyoo mise wa ,, I wonder, is the store open today? 4, Makes a casual suggestion to oneself or another party. English approximation: “should (I/we) do A) spiteny at ow FRRG I TS Lb Konban eega ni , ikoo |kashira]. Should | go to the movies tonight? 6B) 7-4 eho cs a [elo]. Keeki o katte , kaeroo |kashira}. Should T buy a cake on the way home? 5. Following a negation: 1) Indicates wishful thinking or softens a statement asking someone for a favor. English approximation: “I wish ...” “could (you) do ... A) Fé SHB sa RoU HLS], Hayaku gookaku-tsuuchi ga ,,. ko-nai |kashira]. I wish the acceptance ietter would arrive soon. oe B) a+¢ RT CME LG kashira Could you come right away? Ima sugu , kite kure- 2) Expresses concern over an uncertain or potentially negative situation. English approximation: “I wonder ...” wre oe bus A) Phase, FHOAR IMS 5 [45]. Ima dekake te mo, juu-ji no kisha ni ,, mani-au [kashira]. Even if you were to leave now, I wonder if you could make it in time to catch the ten o'clock train. B) tMA-7VI—-A, EF XEN el]. Sono suutsu-keesu, ,,omo-sugi-nai |kashira 1 wonder if that suitcase isn’t too heavy. 68Colloquial. Usually placed at the end of the sentence after the copula “da 72,” which is the informal form of “desu C7,” to form patterns such as “dakke #217” and “dattakke Ho# lt.” 1. Used in reminiscing about a past event. English approximation: “((I) remember)” be A) Paves, RED eA bo(eaye~ DD). Chiisai toki, yoku ki-nobori o shita mono (mo-n) .. da-k|ke}. When (1) was little, (I) used to climb trees all the time, (I remember). Soo ie ba, son-na tokoro e ,, itta-k{ke] nee. That's right, we did go somewhere like that, (I remember) (didn’t we). 2. In an interrogative, actively solicits an answer from the party addressed. English approximation: “when is/was it A) W202 ¢kok>[9] “what is/was it 8a wesimw BLES TOROS. ” ete. Itsu no koto .. datta-k|ke}, kimi to ongak-kai ni itta no wa. When was it now, that I went with you to the concert? Mb eASs ehite B) boAor2408HEs, Hx [7], Ano hito no tokoro no denwa-bangoo, nan-ban . da-k{ke]. ‘That person’s phone number, what is it now? C)KEREDOMO (KEREDO, KEDO, KEDOMO) [t71¢% (IFN, IFC, IFC) Colloquial forms: “keredo |}# ¥,” “kedo |+ ¥,” and “kedomo |} ¥t.” 1. A conjunctive particle. 1) After one statement, functions as an adversative conjunction leading into the next clause/phrase. English approximation: “even though” “but” A) oRRupo Lule), Beondeh Kono ryoori wa 4g,0ishii [keredomo], tsukuru no ni tema ga DB. kakaru. Even though this dish is delicious, it’s a hassle to make. es ——— xe B) Ss ot smALK| HEE), SRO-—F 4-421. 4. Chotto jimi ., da [keredomo], kon-ya no paatii ni wa kore o kite ikoo. Even though it’s a bit subdued, I'll wear this to the party tonight 2) Following an apologetic remark, connects it to the main point that follows. English approximation: “though” “but” A) ch, ULOF LTH RE SE). BLES TC KA Kore, hon no sukoshi ..desu [keredomo], meshi-agatte kudasai. Though there’s only a little bit here, please have it (to eat). 7 tous B) R&cs[Gnet], Shehosecor 70kimasu. I know it’s sudden, but I wish to quit the company. 3) Simply connects two unrelated statements. English approximation: (like a comma) A) Ratzactos [Fars], Kastner ewe? iru |keredomo}, dare ka soto ni iru-n ja nai? ‘The dog’s barking, isn’t there someone out there? B) cokFaRormor(pace|, Ree Kono chihoo wa samui to ,, kiita |keredomo|, hontoo ni maini- Inu ga , hoete-iru RBA, chi hie-komu ne. Thad heard thai it was cuid in this region, and it’s truly quite chiliy every day. 2. At the end of a sentence or clause. 1) Expresses wishful thinking; a hope that the situation at hand will be reversed. English approximation: “if .), but.” ts eae A) LIF LB Rio (Cm SEW NINE BI, Moo sukoshi Nihon-go ga yoku wakaru to ii no ..da keredomo}. It would be better if I could understand Japanese a little more, but .... B) £94 LHSaHN. AOATLAAHZ 20r[HHZ I], Moo sukoshi okane ga are ba, ano sutereo ga kaeru no ¢.da keredomo}. If Thad a hit more money, I'd he able to hny that stereo, but n2) 3) Often in the pattern “doose ... keredomo (4 4#~11# Xt,” gives the sentence an overtone of hopelessness, cynicism, or scorn. Not translatable. A) Rorotesemicsoay Ware]. Hashitta-tte doose y, mani-awa-nai [keredomo]. Even if (I) were to run, there’s no way (I) would make it on time. B) cAeED, Roceraedccpnsess [WAZ b]. Kon-na yasumono, katte mo doose sugu kowareru ..daroo keredamo This is so cheap, even if I were to buy it, it would surely break right away. Used in making an indirect suggestion or statement. English approximation: “(excuse me, but)” 3. A) FboAR clan, ene oho sities [nes]. Juu-ji no kisha deshita ne. Soro-soro dekakeru jikan desu keredomo|. Your train is at ten, right? (Excuse me, but) | think it's about time to Icave. B) oom Ass 03+ Ware Botsu-botsu koogi ga ,, hajimari-masu [keredomo]. (Excuse me, but) the lecture should be starting pretty soon. A conjunction which is different from the usage of the above particle “keredomo It %.” Placed after a complete sentence: yy Introduces another statement that conflicts with it.A) B) ure hota amemncces® BReUBLO. [Ret] “PMeR RT nu, Epes & Nihon-go wa muzukashii. |Keredomo], isshoo-kenmee benkyoo-sure ba, kanarazu wakaru yoo ni naru. Japanese is difficult. However, if you study hard, you will definitely be able to understand it. ae ken daa or fall, MOIARSLOMMWTT. [NEE MIT LA -— CT ah, MRELL Neko wa, tashika ni kawairashii doobutsu desu. [Keredomo], watashi wa arerugii desu kara, kae-masen. can't keep one. 2) Expresses agreement with the first sentence, then offers another related alternative. English approximation: “however' A) KIRI ‘yet” tet sey a RAIL, iT Ovo, (Fae b], BLsAOUA, Natsu-yasumi ni wa, yama ni iku no mo ii. [Keredomo], umi mo mata ii ne. It’s nice to go to the mountains during summer break. However, it would be nice to go to the beach, too. #0 1. Establishes a limit for a topic. 1) In referring to quantity: BEnglish approximation: “only” “just” LaeMPo TL EME. de dokoka e itte-shimai-tai. I want to go away somewhere, just the two of us. B) bALISa—Oy silt, —Ritoh[ Ss 1] tT. Watashi wa yooroppa ni wa, ichido , itta {kiri] desu. Thave been to Europe only once (so far). 2) In referring to a state or condition, shows that it has been unchanged. English approximation: “continuously only doing ..” A) #R0n Ra, AED icaon. chi oita chichi wa, , neta [Liri] ni natta Tashi oita chichi wa, , neta [ki atta My aged father became bed-ridden. (literally: My aged father has become confined to continuously lying down.) Lee os B) Bn o[s9] cee Ru Ao ~, Bae ote v. Suwari-k|kiri] de shigoto o tsuzuketa node, kata ga kotta. Since I have been working sitting down continuously, my shoulders have gotten tense. 3) Often followed later in the sentence by a negative. shows that there is a limit that has not yet been surpassed. English approximation: “after doing ..., (not once done ...)” A) aera car[e a], Phamen sen, Kare wa ichi-do denwa o kakete , kita |kiri], yukue ga wakari- masen. He called just once, and after that, (I) don’t know where he went. wens pee B) Reva, EFAoAI]), FRedecos, ”Kanojo to wa, kyonen y, atta tegami mo dashite i-nai. As for her, after I saw her last year, I haven't even sent her (a single) letter. 2. In the pattern “marukkiri #2 > 8,” followed by a negative or negative situation. English approximation: “at all” A) a, pass Bohan, Boku wa, osake wa maruk{kiri] dame da. Kiri I can’t drink at all. B) HAL, £30[S0ReEA CH Watashi wa, maruklkiri] ayage nai-n desu . vag Tcan’t swim at all. KOSO Zé i, Emphasizes what is preceded. English approximation: “(indeed)” A) bowlsz], c( aAoebea he Be LAK, Ano ,.yama [koso], takusan no tozan-sha ga inochi o otoshita yama da. That mountain is (indeed) one on which many mountain climbers have lost their lives. Sune eae B) RF Ct |BRNTO TALI. ».Rainen {koso] nihon e itte mi yoo. Next year, (finally, indeed), let's go to Japan. 82. Often in the “... kara koso ~4*5 < or “... ba koso ~id'< 2” pattern, emphasizes a reason for an action. English approximatio A) B) a syee CIESELEMbMOUURG S| CE], DELIGERL EAD TH. Koo naru koto ga wakatte ita , kara |koso}, watashi wa sansee shinakatta no desu. It's precisely because I knew things were going to work out this way that I didn’t agree (before). ome By burore eh en[ce], Ritekorrsonoe, Toso! 50}, todomatta no yo It's precisely because I thought about you that I stopped short of making a decision. 3. In the pattern “koso sure = +h,” shows that the statement that precedes it is true or acceptable, but another opinion or additional com- ments are to follow. English approximation: “do (something), but ..” A) boAld, UL ERHEE TA, VELACUUa. Ano hito wa, hito o home |koso] sure, kenashita koto wa nai. That person docs make encouraging remarks about others, but has never made pejorative ones. 4, In the pattern “sore koso %# = £,” emphatic. English approximation: “that (would ...) ..” A) FAROMIAY TTY Tha moh, Zale eleEK 16B) xe Tesuto no mae ni infuruenza ni demo kakattara, sore |koso taihen da yo If you were to catch the flu or something before your exam, that would be disastrous. noes SABI LERELERILOES, Eh de Son-na koto 0 kanojo ni ioo mono nara, sore [koso] tada de wa suma-nai yo. If you were to say something like that to her, that would get you into trouble. KOTO ce Women’s language (except No. 6). 1. Serves to soften the impact of an opinion that is expressed. Not translatable. A) B) TAM DETELANTOZEAT SASL (BOSE i. Son-na ni itsu made mo shogete-iru nante, anata xq ras! koto} yo. It’s not like you to be so down for so long. CHES ot bs Kb OROORS, Bako EY ould. Kore dake itte mo mada wakara-nai no nara, moo ,, shira-nai 1If you still don’t understand after all I've said, then I just give up. 2. Expresses a mild surprise or a positive impression. Not translatable. A) be. BLowavalez]. B) Oya, mezurashii tori ga ,, iru [koto]. Look, there's a rare bird! Bh tcRak az. Maa, suteki nae da [koto] nee. My goodness, what a wonderful painting! 3. Placed at the end of a sentence, accompanies a casual question. Not translatable. Aj B) 4. Makes a rhetorical question that is exclamatory. English approximation: A) B) a ~ap hi cad =, Cimber se Tomy cel? Kore kara ojama-shite mo .y,ji [koto]? Would it be all right to come over now? BALE I Foe aE wor[ee]? Kaze wa moo sukkari y, yokunatta [koto]? Are you completely over your cold? “isn’t it amends Oy TH 9T? FCRA[CU. Shinkon-ryokoo wa yooroppa desu-tte? Suteki , da T've heard that (your) honeymoon will be in Europe. wonderful! ROR, FRABMTH OT THRkPELWY koto]. Tsu't that Kanojo no kaisha, nenkyuu go-shuukan desu-tte. .4 urayama-Her company has five weeks vacation per year, I hear. Isn't it enviable! 5. Expresses a casual suggestion for action, following a negative form of a verb. English approximation: “how about ..?" “why don't we ..2” A) chaste co saer[ez]? i-masen [koto]? How about going to a movie now? Kore kara eega ni demo \, B) B(gokas, 97y—-ceBpavn ee Osoku natta kara, takushii demo ,, hirowa-nai | koto}? It’s got! 6. Transforms a statement into a strict command. Not translatable. aco ae eles A) Moan T LR bee hy a[oe]. Kijitsu ni okurezu repooto o ,, tesshutsu-suru [koto]. Hand in the report without missing the deadline. be ous ee B) HURBILTAT| oe] eho Karita kane wa kanarazu y, kaesu [koto]. Make sure (yon) pay hack the money (you) horrow. KURAI (GURAI) <5L\(<51)) 1, Indicates that a given quantity is approximate. English approximati LA A) b3 WC Sa] Hak clad, Moo , is-shuukan [kurai] de hana ga saku deshoo. “about” “approximately” 192. ‘The flowers will probably bloom in about a week. FORK SC] ese. Mizu o gurasu ni, hanbun [gurai] kudasai ae B) REF FAL Please give me about half a glass of water. Belittles something, in showing that it is simple or elementary. English approximation: (something like) 3. English approximation: “to the extent that 80 A) CHE SulbAL Ko thks b, Kantan na ,, ryoori |kurai] watashi datte dekiru wa. Even I can cook (something like) a simple meal. B) REC oU|aRTLOESY, sentaky faunal », Sentaku |kuraij jibun de shinasai. Do (something like) your laundry yourself. In citing one situation, indicates its extent. sousme gg ace A) Bek om as[(Solo, AEP R LAL Sora ichimen makka ni ,.naru |kurai] no, migotona yuuyake deshita. The sunset was splendid, to the extent that the whole sky turned crimson. B) Ekaccark 3 Cho cos[auleme, Lave Leste. Shujin wa kon-na ni osoku made ,, hataraite-iru |kurai| dakara, yohodo shigoto ga isogashii rashii. Since it’s to the extent that my husband is working this late, he4. Following a noun, a nominal, or a pronoun, establishes it as a basis for comparison. Not translatable. A) 28m Cou »_Jishin |kurai] kowai mono wa nai. EEO, There’s nothing more scary than an earthquake. B) BREA Bolter oheouoiey, n, Otoosan |kurai| se ga taka-kattara ii no ni naa. I wish I were as tall as my father. 5. Indicates that what precedes it is something undesirable or unlikable. English approximation: “rather than doing ...” ny tha Honmoekvaleoolan Ba d-cacrgedi A) TAGEIV ETERS OVIES, MERA MEL He Son-na mazui mono o ,, taberu |kurai] nara, nani mo tabe-nai hoo ga mashi da. Rather than eating something that gross, I prefer not to eat anything at all. aco x we ot B) MBIHNS| COUGH, MRELTAMICKIIOELK Kijitsu ni, okureru |kurai] nara, tetsuya o shite kansee-saseta hoo ga mashi da. Rather than being late for the deadline, (I) prefer to finish it by staying up all night. KUSE-NI << tE-[C Combination particle and the particle “ni 811. As a conjunctive particle, indicating that the actual situation is the reverse of the “norm” that is given in the preceding clause. Implies a criticism of that “norm.” English approximation: “even though” “but” A) B) be uate use een MILABAD| (Ui |, SKARMEABL TES UV TOZAK UT Kare wa daigakusee ,,no [kuse ni], mada hahaoya ni sentaku shite-moratte-iru-n datte. Even though he’s a college student, he still has his mother do his laundry, nodes er), Fdasusn BR eara, itsumo ,, neboo-suru [kuse ni}, kyoo wa zuibun nayaku okita ne. (You) usually get up late, but you got up so early today. 2. At the end of a sentence or phrase, expresses a slight resentment. English approximation: Not readily translatable, the implication is “(you) A) B) 82 did ..., remember?” said in a slightly resentful tone of voice. see es Lao, Hlodasceig acon te] IMP tnr Miruku mata nokoshita no. Kodomo no toki wa an-na ni suki «data [kuse ni]. You didn't finish your milk again? You liked it so much when you were a child PHBE TARA SARNSOIL, COME BEDE IHL fe] Ctthe]. Y:onaka © ,, kowashita |kuse nil. Stop eating so much. You got an upset stomach the other day. MADE &T FUNDAMENTALS OF “MADE 3-0” Generally, this particle establishes a temporal or spatial limit. Its most common meaning is “until,” or “up to a certain point.” Make sure you distinguish between this particle and the particle “made ni 2 C17,” which means “by.” i. Indicates a iimit or destination. Often in the pattern ~... Kara ... made bw eT 1) Temporal limits. “till” “until” English approximatio A) béL ASSL ESE EEE LET. Watashi wa ku-ji kara , go-ji |made | shigoto 0 shi-masu. I work from nine to five. B) Reishee es clar— hoe e. Kanojo wa asa kara ,, ban [made] sukeeto no renshuu o shita. She practiced skating from morning till night. veoaa. ©) Ronxalac]e Sess. Tsugi no ,,basu [made] sanjup-pun mo aru. We have to wait for another thirty minutes 36 vecaey D) Rise Ra ESA. Chichi wa ,,, hyaku-sai | made| ikita My father lived to be a hundred years old. ae nena BE) uca[a cle—~ Hor. Boku wa ,, kyuu-sai [made] rooma de sodatta. I was raised in Rome until I was nine years old. F) Abi aromas o[2 eee, SEV Sutoraiki ga ,,kaiketsu-suru [made] densha wa ugoka-nai. There will be no train service until the strike is over. ay @ FEcerconm? What have you been doing until now? 2) Spatial limits. English approximation: “to” “as far as” A) “hia, 456, SRB Cae Ho coat. Watashi wa, uchi kara ,,gakkoo |made| jitensha de kayotte i-masu. T commute from my house to school by bicycle B coda, Pala citaas. Kono kisha wa, ,,a0mori |made| iki-masu. This train will go to Aomori.©) D) E) 3) Limits of quantity, range, or scope. English approximation: “up to’ A) B) “Pir. roma kyo ek[a cer Chuukan-tesuto no han-i wa ik-ka kara ,, yon-ka |made| desu. The mid term exam will cover lessons one to four. CLEC SOL VET? ».Doko [made] irasshaimasu ka? Where are you going? (literally: To which place are you going?) RR obit clk x ».Nara [made] no kippu o ni-mai kudasai. Two tickets to Nara, please. > “within” Bar vpceas Bakokmise FAL chic cca. Kekkon-shiki no hiyoo wa ,,hyaku-man en [made] ni shite- okoo. Let's keep the budget for our wedding within one million yen. 22475 37 Fab oRmSe RR ae, BB PER atitt. Misu sakura kontesuto no sanka-sha o boshuu shi-masu. Nenree wa ,, nijuu-go sai |made| desu. We are looking for contestants for the Miss Sakura pageant. You must be under twenty-five years old. (literally: As for the age (limit), it’s up to twenty-five.) 85Hon no kashi-dashi wa ik-kai ,, San-satsu |made| desu. You may borrow up to three books at a time. 2. Shows the extent to which a situation or action can/has already reach(ed). English approximation: “until” “to” “as far as” “to the extent of” TR ORAROE| tC) JRtce Koozui de mizu ga »,yuka no ue [made] kita. The water from the flood reached (as far as) above floor level. B) chiakko “Ala texas. Gohan wa ,, saigo no hito-tsubu |made| tabenasai. Eai even ihe fast grain uf rice iu your Lowi. Lapaces C) REALL ZALILTA $C a, Shoogakukin ga moraeru yoo ni naru [made] ganbaroo. T'll work hard until I qualify for a scholarship. eres no ts D) BARE CT. DALILRAHOES I 03[3 THELT a Mokuteki-chi ga mitsukara-nakute, watashi wa ashi ga boo no yoo ni naru [made] sagashite aruita. Unable to find my destination, I walked in search of it until I felt as if my legs were about to fall off. 3. Indicates that a situation has reached the extent that even an extreme example is now applicable. English approximation: “even” A) #i1-[EC]RRSn S55 Ue. BLEUE. Tamadachi , ni [made] mihana-sarerit yan ja, ashimai da 86If even your friends desert you, that’s the end. wee B) Bihan Rea Boozu nikukerya ,, kesa fits. Proverb) made} nikui. When (you) hate the monk, (you) even hate his surplice. 4. Indicates that an action is/was done by chance. English approximation: “just” “merely” A) ABER LAO, hana BobsB caskor [Ee de Kesa hayaoki shita no wa, tamatama kotori no nakigoe de me ga ,. sameta |made| da yo. i got up eariy this morning mereiy because i nappened to nave been woken up by the singing of birds. B) brLahuchikca nou, Hosoot[ECoce ct. Watashi ga kaisha de shusse dekita no wa, un ga .4yokatta made| C) ats no koto desu. It is just luck that I was able to climb up the corporate ladder. ad By we BRIO SLT HI aMEROT. SLOUBEBLE Kondo wa itsu irashite kudasaru ka to omotte .... Chotto v.odenwa-shita [made] yo. I was wondering when you'd be coming over again ... I just called (for that), that’s all D) ZABIBeL HET CRS. HKLIGKA ALS Ty] TH. So:koto oy, shita [made] desu. Please don’t thank me so much. I just did what I should have donc. MADE-MO = &C-% Combination particle A combination of the particles “made #T” and “mo &.” 1. Followed by a negation later in the sentence or clause, indicates that a situation or action preceding it is not necessary, and that it is the obvious or norm. English approximation: “it’s not necessary to ...” ay vanatti tingle clan ge Lae ee ee as A) WS SOPL ESS Cbd TL EAD, MARA ETB ROH Imasara , mooshi-ageru |made mo] ari-masen ga, watakushi wa raigetsu teenen-taishoku itashi-masu. (I know that) it’s not necessary to say it at this point (i.c. because everyone knows about it by now), but I will be retiring next month. ee we B) FRIBC STEVIE TH Hb, CHTHRAVKLIT. Tegami ni ,,kaku |made mo] nai koto desu kara, denwa de otsutae itashi-masu. Since it’s not necessary to write a letter, I'll Gust) tell you over the phone. As a conjunction, shows that although an extreme situation may not be true or possible, a lesser one is desirable or necessary. English approximation: “even though (it’s not to the extent that) ...” ts met cutilacel Poised sel 32 ut A) ldoe nes t z L ) See ate 2 u 88Hakkiri to ,, oboete-i-nai | made mo], sukoshi wa omoi-daseru deshoo? Even though you might not remember it very clearly, can’t you remember just a little bit of it? cate ceaek Bares vone B) ABLES TH). RPEHRARETT. v. Nyuuin-shi-nai [made mo]. juubun na kyuuyoo ga hitsuyoo desu. Even though it’s not necessary for (you) to be hospitalized, (you) need plenty of rest. MADE-NI &7@-(C Combination particle A combination of the particles “made 2” and “ni 1. Indicates that a situation or action is not to be taken as more than it is; has a belittling function, often in a gesture of humbling oneself. English approximation: “just for/to ...” eae ne ban A) brRUB, Sop Eom CE LEO CHua2 ee ECH|BAUL AL Watashi-tachi, kyoo otaku no tonari ni koshite mairi-mashita node, ,, goaisatsu [made ni_] oukagai-shi-mashita. Since we have moved in next door to you today, we're here just to introduce ourselves. B) Wb CL ICSF. ULOBROLSL[E THE OH Lele ashi iakakkan amedetan gazaimasu. Han no oiws 89made ni] sasayaka na shina o ookuri-shi-mashita. Congratulations on your marriage. We have scnt you this small token to express our congratulations. 2. Shows to what extent something has reached. English approximation: “(up to)” A) Smotbse 8H c Konki no rieki wa ,, hyaku-oku en |made ni tasshita. The profits this term reached (up to) ten Dillion yen. BLA. R) #toZHa, HROBZ(2 Te |wondA Kanojo no namae wa, sekai no _,,sumi-zumi |made ni] shire- waiaiia. Her name became known throughout the world. (i.e. Her fame reached (up to) the point where her name was known throughout the world.) 3. Sets a time limit. English approximation: “before” oe or A) ftITMA Hoa TIlE, SRAM CONES. Hikooki ga ,, deru |made ni} wa, mada ichi-jikan gurai aru. ‘There's still about an hour before the plane leaves. B) comemativa[ecilia, ae AH aRE cr, made ni] wa, ato ikka-getsu wa Kono e © ,, kaki-ageru hitsuyoo desu. I need at least a month before I can finish this painting.Mo FUNDAMENTALS OF “MO &” When this particle follows a noun, a nominal, or a particle, it usually indicates a similar quality between two things, which come before and after it. When “mo 4” is preceded by an adjective or a verb, it indicates that more than one action occurs. Note that “mo %” is usually not used after the particles “wa it” and “ga 4°" or before the particle “o @," since it replaces these particles. For example: cnfig]} so ct. snfale} sacs. x, ae i Are Sed Gd bara desi Kure fwd bara desu. Are Did] find bara desu, This is a rose ‘That is a rose, too. \ are es Ranke Lr bers. Pjha cn. Mizuno san |gaj ki-mashita. Sasaki-san Ms. Mizuno has come. mashita. Ms. Sasaki also came. noes : noes ® eka yys[elextlA, kaaodr [2] Rte Kanojo wa ringo [0] tabe Kanojo wa mikan fnd[x] mashita. tabe-mashita. She ate an apple. ‘She also ate an orange. a1Furthermore, below are the differences in usage of particles with similar functions, “to ¥” and “ya *?,” and “mo %.” A) Simple listing of nouns. yvalclarale| sar ringo [to] mikan [to] banana apples, oranges and bananas. B) Simple listing of nouns. Wr tel Aa Ap else ringo [ya] mikan |ya] banana anges, bananas and the like. 2 in top of” 1 top of ps4] ringo nd mikan fno banana fnd aes: o O: @ also apples, oranges and bananas. 1. Indicates that two subjects are the same or the same kind. English approximation: “also” “too” “(not)~.., either” A) BGABEE CH. BAL ERE. Anata wa gakusee desu. ,, Watashi [mo] gakusee desu. You are a student. I'm a student, too. B) Thiet oOst SH L TOs TT. Kore wa suika de, , are nd suika desu. This is a watermelon, and that is a watermelon, too. @ = 92C) bELUAERNA LA. DALIGA[B ANS LAL Watashi wa niku 0 tabe-mashita, Watashi wa ,, sakana ind tabe-mashita. Late meat. I ate fish, too. CED SD 7 bRLILI-L-ERALEA, bLII—F[b] KALLA. Watashi wa koohii 0 nomi-masen. Watashi wa ,,koora fnd D) nomi-masen. I don’t drink coffee. I don’t drink soda, either. b) REZ Sy 7S EEA TLR. MELBJEZ ZY 7: Melk Boku wa pikunikku niiki-masen deshita. ,, Kanojo fnd pikunikku ni iki-masen deshita. I didn’t go on the picnic. She didn’t go on the picnic, either. 2. In the pattern “.. mo. mo ~t~#,” lists additively two or more things in a similar category. English approximation: “too” “also” “both” “as well as” “either ... or’ Be ors ween A) See s|bAL|E]. MURROFATH, ».Anata [nd ,,watashi find onaji gakkoo no gakusee desu. Both you and I are students at the same school. pacianty[tje—a[t]erat. Watashi wa , wain fd, biiru ind nomi-masu. B I drink both wine and beer. OQ rodnalel#uole OQ toavolele. 93Sono shiroi ,,no [nd aoi ,, no fd hitotsu zutsu kudasai. I want to have one cach of that white one and that blue one. boFapkacr[blpescn[s eons, Ano ko wa otoosan ,,ni (ng okaasan , ni fnd shinareta. D That child has lost his father as well as his mother. BE) ame sob] off tur, Boku wa benkyoo-suru ,,no fnd hataraku ,,no fnd kirai da. IT don’t like to study or to work. F) Ere. <(e]ascBe <(eas. Kanojo wa .q.utsukushiku fno| arushi 4q,yasashiku [nd aru. She is beautiful as weii as kind. 3. In the pattern “.. mo .. mo ~£~+#,” often in the forms “. .. de mo ~Tb" or “.. te mo ~ B,” indicates that (1) there is barely any difference between the things/actions, and that (2) another action is done regardless of the given two conditions/actions. English approximation: “doesn’t make much difference” “doesn’t matter” “regardless ot” Mewes HESS Rs. Kenkin wa hyaku en , de Ind ni-hyaku en , de Ind kekkoo desu. A Any amount of contribution would be appreciated; it doesn’t matter if it’s one hundred or two hundred yen BAG cH [BRE CH ~t 2”, English approximation; “such as ... (and ... )” A) NBR BE] C4 Tay talteo TUE tT. sn Shoo-gakkoo ya chuu-gakkoo [nado] de infuruenza ga hayatte-imasu. ‘The flu is going around in (places such as) elementary schools and junior high schools. nee ees eS nee ILIA CC, RECA) SC How mL IL CL aed t Watashi wa isogashiku te, .,,sentaku ya sooji |nado} wa tsui B) ato-mawashi ni shite shimai-masu. I'm so busy, I tend to cnd up putting off things like laundry and house cleaning. 2. Belittles the préceding nominal or noun. English approximation: “something (like) ...” A) soko [aeitlicas tacts. Ano hito no ,, hanashi [nado] shinyoo dekiru mo-n desu ka. How could you trust something that person has said! RB) Khatnraler|tatotta. Dare ga ,,netami [nado] suru mono desu ka. Who wouid ever be (something ike) jeaiousiCc D) waned weet Fe HAIEL CT Rl wha tad, Benkyoo ga isogashiku te, ,,, kaimono [nanka] ike nai yo. I'm so busy with my studies, I couldn't do something like go shopping. Leaky 2 2 MBA ai ai, Kuraku te, ,, shinbun |nanka| yome-nai wa. It’s too dark, I can’t read something like the newspaper. 3. Makes a sentence morc indirect and vaguc by referring to a category rather than focusing on the specific thing mentioned. English approximation: “like” “say” a) Co D) poblbcl eeeekigucuse Sow[ee] ear k (ou Sia, Ano ,.¢ [nado], naka-naka yoku kakete-iru ne That painting, say, is done pretty well. aoeweg ‘ss Soa) Cb I FKOT Se ». Hokkaido [nado] wa moo yuki datte sa They say it’s already snowing in places like Hokkaido. Hud bhttey bane CORROREE) GAO), MI. fF 6 Kono daisuu no ,, mondai |nanka|, kantan ni tokeru yo. I can easily solve algebra problems like this. ECON BAD) WU L AIH EI Le Asoko no ,, mise [nankal, ii doresu ga ari soo yo. I think there will be nice dresses in a store like that one. 4. Indicates that the statement preceding it is an approximation of a statement made previously on another occasion. English approximation: “something like 109ers cua emeuee A) &tronFhi:, BR RA BLU SCCE Chokbe Musuko kara no tegami ni, 4 nihon-shoku ga koishii |nado} to kaite atta wa. In the letter from my son, (he) has written something like he missed Japanese food. B) $5RUtHaanfee]esotonon, FRLASHNILE ohkhL, bDAYTI, «Moo kesshite hanare-nai |nado} to itte ita noni, hantoshi shitara wakarete shimatta yo, ano kappuru. Even though they had said something like they would never part, NAGARA 7&5 1. Indicates that the action described by the verb it follows is being carried out at the same time another action is taking place. English approximation: “while doing ..., (also doing ...)" A) Bats bto 728k LeeRtus, Kare wa poteto-chippusu 0 , tabe |nagara} terebi o mite-iru. He is eating potato chips while watching T.V. ee ust B) Risk Rema [Barn] eo4 TELA. Boku wa ongaku o , kiki [nagara} doraibu o shita. 1 was listening to music while I drove. 2. Shows that the sccond phrasc describes an unexpected charactcristic, considering the norm of the situation which is given in the first phrase. 110English approximation: “even though” A B) Hdtole Lead, RaREboW'k [eas], votMoku ke, Kare wa dai-gaisha no ,, shachoo [nagara], itsumo koshi no hikui hito da. Even though he is the president of a large company, he's always humble. wpa 649 Rhus cw 8283 [eae], enedicccose, Kanojo wa an-na ni iro-iro ,, kuroo-shi [nagara], sore o ku ni shite-inai. Even though she’s been through a lot of hardships, she’s optimistic. NAGARA-MO = 7&2*-%5 Combination particle A combination of the particles “nagara #4°5” and “mo %.” i. Like “nagara %2°¢,” 1. above, but more emphatic. English approximation: “even while doing ...” A) bt B) i, WEL [waht] KOREN. ABH AL, Watashi wa ,, benkyoo-shi [nagara mo], ano jiken no koto ga atama kara hanare-nai. Even while I'm studying, I can’t stop thinking-about that incident Ba, Komik eae es], Aeesbur. Kanojo wa, yamai no toko ni y,fushi [nagara mo], hon o kaki-tsuzuketa. Even while she was bedridden and sick, she continued to write her book.2 See “nagara 4°” 2. above. English approximation: “even though” ng90 A) LOPE, BUL (aL wate gtk ak EOOURLE Le Kono ryoori wa, 44 dishiku-nai na-n da yo. nagara mo} kushin no saku Even though this dish isn’t very good, I did slave over it, you know. B) SOF hs olaset| BRoOkB Bat CbeotH Be Ano ko wa, 44,chiisai [nagara mo], ryooshin no kimochi ga yoku wakatte-iru. Even though that child is young, she understands her parents’ feelings quite well. NANTE AT Colloquial expression. Has a belittling affect on the preceding statement. English approximation: A) B .. or something” bules pee cee AMC HEAT aes oe AMIRT HSSLSE. BAC a.Raishuu wa kanarazu_ojama-shi-masu e me ¢ BOCUAIT, SOKLIA, nante| itte-ita kedo, ano daiku-san, hontoo ni kite kureru kashira. He said, “I will definitely come next week,” or something, but I wonder if that carpenter is really going to come? — ou BCR Revon cau, code 1 x[ee cee oe soNARI Shiken de warui ten o totta gurai de, 4 kono yo mo owari da nante} kangaeru na yo. Just because you got a bad grade on an exam, don’t think that it’s the end of the world or something. x0 1. Shows that the minute an action is completed, a change or another action occurs. English approximation: “as soon as” A) B ) oh usc oe Rid, MEAL ESET MUITOUL Oh. Kare wa, shukudai o ,,sumaseru [nari] asobi ni itte shimatta. He went out to play as soon as he was finished with his homework. aowenne #66 ia, See's [RT] tL a7. Boku wa, maiban atama o makura ni ,, tsukeru |nari] nemutte shimau. Every night, | fall asleep as soon as my head hits the pillow. 2. In the pattern “... ta nari ~A %,” shows that a stale or condition is continued while another action is taking place. English approximation: “while doing ... A ® ) ‘and” Ri, emer [B9) Bicksoc Laon. Kare wa, kutsu o ,, haita {nari}, tatami ni agatte shimatta. He stepped up onto the tatami mat with his shoes on. (literally: while keeping his shoes on) pote em Ee Pern 113Kanojo wa, arupusu tozan ni ,.. dekaketa [nari]. tsui ni madora nakatta. She had gone to climb the Alps, and in the end, she didn’t return. (ie. the state of her having gone to the Alps continued and did not change.) 3. Casually mentions an example. English approximatio A) B) “a ... or something” AanGBR~[EDfotaelad se Tama ni wa onsen ,,e [nari] itte-mi-mashoo yo. Why don’t we go to a hot spring or something once in a while? EDC RH BRESA[SD [BMY CARI AE, Sono koto nara, oisha-san_,,ni [nari] kiite mita hoo ga ii yo. I think it's better to ask a doctor or somcone about that. 4. Inthe pattern “... nari... nari ~29~% 9.” English approximation: “whether or not” A) B) c 14 S ae ATES DATS EO SD), RK ROSA, ..tku [nari] ,,ika-nai [nari], hayaku kime nasai. Whether you're going to go or not, decide quickly. * ‘ ° BmeMoc sd, ya—aleo|ea IAC eAKmECES + Kaze o hiita toki wa, ,, juusu [nari] ,, mizu [nari] takusan nomu koto desu. When you have a cold, whether it’s juice or water, drink plenty (of it). ae ew + fue BD oR CAIECO ED, ALB [P| LI OMI oFBie Machi kara tooi tokoro ni sumu no dakara, ,, dai |nari] ,, shoo nari! no fuben wa aru daroo. inary Since (we) are going to live far away from town, there will prob-* ably be inconveniences, whether they be major or minor. N-DE fy-C@ Combination particle A combination of the negative form “(mase)n (#++)A.” of the form “masu £+” and the particle “de €.” A colloquial, polite expression. i. ina negation. English approximation: “not having done ...” A) SRA Maa BRA t bon te[ee, RAOALAL tee Gobyooki to ukagai nagara omimai ni mo y, agari-mase[n de], shitsuree itashi-mashita. Please excuse me for not having paid a visit even though | had heard you were ill. BEBEVAKA BIST ORES LAAT]. PLETE BAT Odenwa o itadaki nagara sugu ni ohenji mo y, shi-mase(n de], B mooshiwake-arimasen deshita I'm sorry for not having returned your call immediately. 2. Similar to the function in 1. above, but with an implied apology. , but.” 8 11sA) B) ivael Zc LT Sekkaku irashite kudasai-mashita no ni, ocha mo ,, sashi-age- Hom COAL TORAUEL FOI, BE mase jn de}. Even though you had come (out of your way) for a visit, I didn’t even offer you tea Leth Lerszsses on SVE LAM, ZAHER PCH BLOOM bebEBET zu[az]. Waza-waza oide kudasai-mashita no ni, shujin wa shuccho- chuu de , ome ni kakare-mase |n de}. Despite the fact that you came all this way (from afar), my husband is on a business trip and you didn’t get to meet him ... NE(NEE) 4a(4a2) “Ne 4” and “nee #2” are used in almost the same way, but “nee 2” implies even more emotion. 1. Expresses a casual exclamation. Not translatable. A) B) EB NAH) yee SA 2 lala) Maa, baiorin ga joozu ni hikeru ,.no [ne(nee)]. My goodness, how well you play the violin! Hep phscosol entt[alaa))e Rippana otaku ni osumai de ,, irasshai-masu |ne(nee)|. What a nice house you live in! 2. Makes a casual gesture of confirmation. Engiish approximation: 116 night?”A) B) ue » POLS e, Lh py oamorArs| tal. Ima watashi ga itta koto, yoku wakara-nakatta ,, mitai [ne]. You don’t seem to have understood what I said just now, right? 100 crise Rca we act [a]. Kore wa yahari honmono de wa nai yoo ¢. desu [ne]. It indeed seems like this is not authentic, right? 3. Expresses a desire to elicit an agreement from the party addressed. English approximati A) B) okay?” brokhd, bikrnnc|zl. \ai_de |ne} . Wakatta kara, moo ,,naki x BEBHITL EAA. Bruce sufa] a.Yurushite kudasai [ne]. Moo nido to goshinpai 0 okake shi- masen kara. Please forgive me, (all right)? Pll never make you worry again 4. Often following a phrase with an interrogative pronoun, softens the posed question. Not translatable. A) B) PAU AUCRBL AOL, Wook ol[Alna)]. Amerika ni ryokoo-shita no wa, g,itsu datta-kke |ne(nee)|. ‘When was it that we went on a trip to the U.S? ers) ORM ID |, Kimi no kokyoo wa jx doko ka |ne| ? Where are you originally from? 5. Placed at the end of a phrase, as a meaningless particle used just to set a rhythm. Not translatable. 117oe cee ow sa9ees A) A882 CRIot, enao[n(na}, enka acHong. Gogoo-me made kuruma de itte. ..,; sore kara |ne(nee)|, sono saki wa aruite choojoo made nobotta yo. We drove to the half way point, and then after that, we walked all the way up to the peak of the mountain. B) SAL[AURA)), FA oc CLR wonoe, n.Atashi [ne(nee)], kyoo kakekko de it-too ni natta no yo. I came in first in a running race today. 6. Same as 5, but in the set phrases “anone 4 @ #2” and “da ne/desu ne + asvijiae English approximation: various translations, depending on the circum- stances. suutuite ue A) Ho[ta(aa)], FRROII DHS LEBTALS Ano |ne(nee)|, konban boku no hoo kara mata denwa-suru yo. Listen, I'll call you again this evening. weeeee B) 25x[alna)), to Fier, RRL AOI. aSoo_da |ne(nee)|, moo ichi-nen mae ni naru-n da, sotsugyoo-shita no wa. Yeah, you're right, it’s been a year already since I graduated. Nic FUNDAMENTALS OF “NI I>” 18.Pi verhs which indicate the existence of nennle ar things in a certain place, or which show direction, movement or action, In the latter case, it is interchangeable with the particle “e ~\" (see p. 30). 1. After a noun or a nominal. 1) Placed after a noun or a nominal, it shows that the noun/nominal is the place in which the subject of the sentence exists. English approximation: “at” “in” “on” Some of the verbs that often follow “ni 12” are: aru % & (to be, to be present, to exist)—used for inanimate objects. iru \»% (to be, to be present, to exist)—used for animate things. kurasu 5+ (to live, to get along) nezasu #27 (to stem from) nokoru %% (to remain, to stay behind) ochitsuku #4 « (to settle down) sumu f£ (to live) tomaru Az % (to stay over) tsutomeru #1 (to work at) ukabu 34> (to float) 2 yokotawaru ##/:%% (Lo lie down) A) fn e[ic|Rarn nat. i Tsukue no ,,ue [ni] hon ga ari-masu. There is a book on the desk. 19B OQ E) F) G) RS epezoee be + dT LIRR MOM ¢ [IEA THE TS Watashi-tachi wa tookyoo-eki no. » chikaku [ni] sunde-imasu. We live in a place near Tokyo Station. BCA Mite goran, kono ,, ike [ni] koi ga takusan iru yo. Look, there are many carp in this pond. aeege Peer ats RG, ARR HTI Oo-mukasti, ,, kasee [ni] mizu ga atta soo da IAC SASL. They say that a long time ago, there was water on Mars. buiacc(Elsiin cry? Anata wa ,,doko [ni] otsutome desu ka? Where do you work? (literally: Which place are you working at?) ay a TJBaR BA ROTHAT. Michi [ni] yuki ga takusan nokotte imasu. CYpo» £03 There is a lot of snow left on the street. bec[kJeocoswonwssncs, ».Asoko | ni| tatte-iru otoko no hito wa imagawa-san desu. The man standing over there (literally: at that pl: ) is Mr. Imagawa 2 MasH) boli[c]ono tush snncta, Ano ,, kabe [ni] kakatte-iru e wa kiree desu ne. The painting hanging on that wall is beautiful. 2) After a noun, indicates the direction or the destination of an action. English approximation: “to” “in into” ge ke pee A) RILBRAA/ IE FRMEBOK, ‘on’ Boku wa ,, otoosan tegami o kaita cl I wrote a letter to my father. br LRAT EV a[E ER Et. B Watashi wa raigetsu ,, igirisu [ni] iki-masu. Tam going to England next month, ge pl Jony a RR ac tocar, Boku ga ,,uchi | ni| kaetta toki, imooto mo gakkoo kara kaette- kita. When I got home, my sister was also coming home from school. D) kaSHfe|kos rz. Chichi wa ,,kaisha [ni] dekake-mashita. My father has left for his office. BE) Row RAT L Avda, Keshiki no ii ,, tokoro | ni] ryokoo-shi-tai ne. Duu't yuu waui iv iavel iv @ place wii vive scenes y? 12fun9 At. F) Taiyoo wa g, i] shizumi-masu. The sun sets in the west. Perera 2b. RATA] RM CTL, Saa, ,,hikooki [ni] noru jikan desu yo. G It’s time to get on the plane now. a Beez a 3) After an abstract condition or state, indicates that the action prescribed by a reiated verb is proceeding toward it. English approximation: “to” or not translatable. A) RAZA REtAD? Raigetsu_,, sukii [ni] iki-masen ka? Would you like to go skiing next month? on B) Wold bb Karera wa ,, koi |ni| ochita. They fell in love. ap Leon Rew AR E)X C) Morita-shi wa _,, seekai | ni| haitta Mr. Morita joined the political circle. zug D) oa Ab IRE [TS a Le?4) E) In the pattern “... ni naru (nari-masu) ~ Have you already gone to vote? bEL FRE A Watashi wa gogo ,, kaigi [ni] de-masu. I'm going to attend a meeting this afternoon. 23 (2744) or ni kawaru (kawari-masu) ~1232 (#9 47),” indicates a change in condition/state. English approximation: “(Lurn) into” A) B) Cc) D) E) oe de nari-mashita. Saa, watari-mashoo. Shingoo ga ,,a0 [ni ‘The traffic Py BTL ligt has turned green. Let's cross the street. B0tlhn, Moo ,, aki [ni] nari-mashita ne. It's become aura, hasn't it? aeavecty brlomeitne tml enslare Watashi no sobo wa ,, kyuujus-sai |ni| nari-mashita. My grandmother has turned ninety. ean LEELA Lo er[I]Boke Yamagami-kun wa _,, kameraman {ni natta. Yamagami became a Photographer. ag cys Hake Abobas vaB[E|Rboh Mae wa kusuri-ya datta ano mise wa ,,megane-ya [ni kawatta. That store which used to be a pharmacy is now an optician’s. took place 123English approximation: A B) D) E) 104 23) avasis ee, PRaRwAGE[e ws 045. Gakkoo wa mainichi_,, hachi-ji han | ni} hajimari-masu. School starts at eight thirty every morning. wpdeus ¢ pen DLILF A cml l- | DS To Watashi wa yuugata ,, shichi-ji [ni] kaeri-masu Til be going home/coming home at seven in the evening. tepne § 4 2... be Lah ea[ fot chad Ure Watashi wa ,, kyuukee-jikan | ni koohii 0 nomi-mashita. I had coffee during the break. XN ! betes 6 Risk Mo Se aia y4—b[Elraat. a Boku wa raishuu no kin-yoobi ni», konsaato [ni] iki-masu. I'm going to a concert next Friday. ky ee Bee HELMS TMOB| I [PHL Ke Watashi no haha wa hatachi no ,, toki [ni] kekkon-shita. My mother got married at age twenty.F bese oe tse ane BAD Cfo] eg| 12 | WHATL CZXELK Inazuma ga hikaru to ,, dooji [ni] raimee ga todoroki-mashita. Lightening flashed, and at the same time, there was a roll of thunder. 6) Indicates a rate, proportion, frequency or interval of time or space. English approximation: “at” “to” “in” “for” “per” ype ag A) bila, MOR, — HL] & Cc) a wim essai. Hk 56 Watashi wa, asa to ban, ,,ichi-nichi [ni] ni-kai ha 0 migaki- masu. - - uw # I brush my teeth twice a day in the 5 Oo S- )) o morning and in the evening. Yamanote-sen no densha wa ,,go-fun oki |ni} ki-masu. WEHoteust ys s[elkat. Yamanote line trains come every five minutes. pea coFhovt xa, WXers[e Kono shashin no saizu wa, tate ,, has-senchi [ni] yoko juusan- senchi desu. The size of this photograph is eight centimeters by thirteen centi- 18epee KT OTT. Tesuto-yooshi wa _,, hitori [ni] ichi-mai zutsu desu. Bau ven D) FAT AMRIA—AL ie The exam should be one page per person. wee tet ts * BE) —R[E]ER Ra FL FSB LIM ESO ».lchi-do [ni] zenbu tabe-nai de, sukoshi zutsu oagari nasai Don’t eat it all at one time; eat it a little bit at a time. ened sepoee 49029 F) TALI) OU CAT ADFK HOGI TS. ».Sen en [ni] tsuite go-juu en no tesuuryoo ga kakari-masu There is a fifty yen handling fee per every one thousand yen. 7) Shows that someone is involved in or influenced by an action or a English approximation: “from” “with” A) DRLEBIL, F2L7 HOAT AOU R[E|RIBA TOE T. Watashi-tachi wa, ima erekutoronikusu no ,,kenkyuu |ni tori-kunde-imasu. We are now working on a research in electronics. on es Bee Mast ouwclE|Fhes. Kare wa karate no ,, keeko [ni] muchuu desu. & He's obsessed with karate practice. ae 23 C) brALIARS t= |RR Ko Watashi wa ,, samusa | ni! furueta I shivered from the cold. D) fied Boku wa ,, koonetsu |ni| kurushinda. & LA Lz I suffered from a high fever. 1268) Shows the intention or purpose of the action. English approximation: “as a token of” A) B) Cc) 9) Placed after a noun, lists a number of thing: “for” “by way of” ares HFALbohk. eve ae RO EUEOK SASL E FE Boku, ojiichan kara , otoshidama [ni] ni-sen en moratta yo. I was given two thousand yen by grandpa as a New Year's gift. beLEB, nae—e [EP 71 nea lhe Watashi-tachi wa, ,. hanemuun [ni| hawai e iki-mashita. We went to Hawaii for our honeymoon. OB0b BREAD ELA. CLOBOEOTHAS LF EBL Lhe BEIRT CESO, 1 lro-iro osewa ni nari-mashita. Tsumaranai mono desu ga, doozo ,, oree [ni] kore 0 ouketori kudasai. Thank you for everything. This isn’t much, but please accept this as a token of my appreciation. Interchangeable with the particle “tox,” but “ni [-” implies an additive sense. English approximation: “and” “with” A) B) brLIAT 741 KF eY[E) 77 abe Watashi wa ,,furaidochikin [ni] hanbaagaa ga ii wa. I want some fried chicken and a hamburger. eee Erb be ve ea us ABE VIL, FREE BOAL |B FEC, RT Xbofe Mura-matsuri wa, ,,kodomo [ni] wakai ,, hito [ni] otoshiyori to, soode de nigiwatta. Everyone from the village gathered and enjoyed the festival, (in- cluding) childien, youngsters aud the elders. 127° 42> BEON-F4-, AN-} TIVATWUPDL be Kyoo no paatii, ,, sukaato [ni] burausu de ii kashira. For today’s party, do you think a blouse and a skirt are appropriate? 10) Shows the speaker’s respect toward the party addressed. Not translatable. A oy ) hat the a AMIE EBTATOHoLeSIELEOST. » Goshujin-sama [ni] mo ogenki de irassharu koto to omoi- masu I hope your husband, too, is well. beta eee Bk isfid, RATA BHETITTS »Shushoo [ni] wa, raigetsu amerika 0 hoomon-sareru soo desu. The Prime Minister is supposed to make a visit to the U.S. next month. 11) Shows that something is/was done by/through a measure described by the preceding noun. Often in the patterns ni yotte ~Iz bo (.. ni yori ~IZ£/... ni yore ba ~Ic kI¥/... ni yoranaide ~I ELE wD.” English approximation: “by” “at” “according to” “from” “due to” * ans. ae ee A) BIC ESA kad, MHL Da COM EMTS 128 Kiku_, tokoro [ni] yore ba, atarashii haiuee ga kono machi o tooru soo da. According to what I've heard, a new highway is supposed to be built througha.Fuchuui {ni} yori, tomodachi kara karita hon o yogoshite shimatta. Due to (my) carelessness, I’ve soiled the book I borrowed from my friend. Bye means) 8 sesux Ch MMMM Ri) L MIL, MPTP AT 7 y J R-MWAHS TE Fie. Saikin no , kenkyuu [ni] yore ba, ginga no chuushin ni wa burakku-hooru ga aru to yuu koto da. According to recent studies, there is a black hole in the very center of our Milky Way. 12) Placed between two nouns, creates a pair. English approximation: “and” “in addition” A) SRE A bridegroom and a bride rr Bs B) | noni {ni} »,kanaboo (proverb) A demon and a metal club. (i.e. the metal club gives the demon, already a strong being, additional strength.) 2. Placed after a verb. 1) Indicates the purpose of an action. Most frequently used before the verbs “iku #7 (to go)” and “kuru 3&3 (to come),” and related verbs such as “mukau 4°4 (to head for),” “shuppatsu-suru EHF 3 (to 129be depart),” “kaern 4 (to return)” and “modoru BA (to come hack).” English approximation: “to do ...” “in order to do ...” A) bELIILENBILERN[E}T Sad. Watashi wa sushi-ya e osushi o y,tabe [nil iki-masu. I go to a restaurant to eat sushi. asa B be on a PUREE AIC |EANTIILKAL O@aa— Watashi wa tomodachi o ,, mukae ni| kuukoo e iki-mashita. I went to the airport to pick up my friend. bec by © BieBnnroe, 16s (Bile) Shukudai o wasureta node, uchi e (shukudai o) ,,tori modotta. As I had forgotten to take my homework with me, I went b: home to get it. D) #S, pxEsHOE]RA LA. Toshio, otomodachi ga ,, asobi | ni ki-mashita yo. Toshio, your friends are here to play with you. 130 eo N(R ke ack2) In a pattern where the came verb is repeated intensifies the degree of the action. English approximation: “... and ...” wee ee A) Sats [E]A oA Zoa cr, Kyoo wa y,machi [ni] matta ensoku no hi desu. Today is the day of school trip that I've been really looking forward to. B) eos eEBT, HKALE |ok, Sono shirase o kiite, kanojo wa ,, naki [ni] naita. Hearing the news, she just cried and cried. 3) When the verb is in passive form, “reru 44” or “rarerus 44,” the particle “ni is placed after the agent of the action. English approximation: “by” A) bALIATO Watashi wa ,, suri H&etonn, saifu o su-rareta. I was robbed of my wallet by a pickpocket. Labnk, Boku wa , chichi |ni| shika-rareta. I was scolded by my father. 131D) br LiSK [|e abn t Watashi wa ,,kuruma [ni] doro o hane-rareta I was splashed with mud by a car. 3. Makes the preceding noun an indirect object. It is placed after the indirect object and before the direct object. English approximation: “to” A) (bAL[EDSaAOFKERET CHE. (,, Watashi [ni] ) anata no shasinn 0 misete kudasar. ideo vet Teck obpct Please show me your picture. Hibs [ic|ERAO7L ey be (nalhe Imooto wa ,,watashi [ni] tanjoobi no purezento o kure- iavectoet ecto B mashita. My sister gave me a birthday present. © bALARE[E]7 ov ate kn, Watashi wa », kanojo [ni] furansu-go 0 oshieta. Indirect obmet indact ob I taught her French 4. In relation to the verb form: In a sentence where the verb follows the pattern “.. te morau (... te morai-masu) ~Cb59(~T%SI44),” the particle “ni 12” identifies the preceding noun as the agent or the source of an action which was requested by the speaker. E; 132A) B) oO br ineet ery ee thavgl ee ely Watashi wa ,, umeda-sensee | ni| piano o oshiete-morai- oo mashita. I received piano lessons from Mrs. Umeda beELIGA[E]¥y FA y Fefo TE boK Watashi wa ,, haha | ni] sandoicchi © tsukutte-moratta. My mother made sandwiches for me (at my request). Leese spon 8 BB |TOMLOFMUIKRTE BOK n, Lomodachi | ni] hikkoshi no tetsudai ni kite-moratta. gent My friends came over to help me move (at my request). 5. Placed after mimesis, creates an adverb that modifies the verb in the predicate. Not translatable. A) B) Mer t ULEULs[E/At La ote Ame ga hidoku te, »,bisho-bisho | ni} nurete shimatta. As it was raining hard, I got thoroughly soaked. LOny, womd[E]EO tsa, Kono pan, »,kara-kara [ni] kawaite-iru ne. 1336. In the pattern “.. ni wa This bread is dried stiff. keredo(ga) ~I=1t~it# 2'(45),”_ placed after an adjcctive or a verb. Uscd in admitting somcthing with a certain degree of reservation. English approximation: “it is certain that ..., but” A) B) bOvabsvob@d, BOLO[E]BU LOWRY, 6208 Boa, Ano resutoran no ryoori wa, sq 0ishii [ni] wa oishii keredo, chotto takai ne. The food at that restaurant is good, all right, but it's a bit expensive, don't you think. BH FSFE b LAo Chas Henji, suru [ni wa surukedo, moo sukoshi matte ne? T'll give you the answer, certainly, but could you wait a little longer? 7. After a short introductory remark before the main sentence, makes the verb into a present participle (“ing”) form. English approximation: ~...-ing” wane ae ts gee A) F85[E], DALE OM IAY L BARN Boh. B) 134 Ima , omou. watashi wa ano toki wa sukoshi doryoku ga tari-nakatta. Thinking back on it now, I didn’t make enough of an effort at that time. Haas], cakko#'R & » BHAA. Karat TT + daroo Kangavie y,miru [nij, kore joo no yookyuu wa muri daru0.In thinking about it. I don’t think it's possible to make any further demands. 8. In the patterns “... deshoo ni ~TL a 312,” “.. de aroo ni ~CH 45 ‘. daroo ni ~AAt .. deshita deshoo ni ~TL ATL 44 “. datta deshoo ni ~H of: TL 412," “.. datta roo ni ~Kohk Expresses one's sympathy or regret. Often placed at the end of a sentence. English approximation: “I suppose ..” “I regret ...” “I sympathize A) BXb03H53[E) BORER rea, Koibito mo iru ¢ daroo [ni], wakai inochi o ushinau to wa. He must have a sweetheart, what a pity that he lost his life so young. ue ro ott B) UCWSARKOACL Ak). CHM T. Hidoi otenki data .,deshoo [ni]. Yoku kaereta koto. The weather must have been terrible. It's a wonder you managed to come home. tr its 2 © zherctad<, scknanes[E]. Son-na ni yasumazu hataraite, sazo tsukareta . daroo (nil. You have been working so hard without a break, how tired you must be. D) CAGERLaUAEdOnM boLBRL THU EH ORK BAlt=e Kon-na tensuu shika tore-nakatta ka. Motto benkyoo shite okeba yokatta .. daroo [ni]. You only managed to get a low grade. You should have worked harder. 135NI-MO_ {c-%6 Combination particle A combination of the particles “ni !<” and “mot.” 1. Indicates that there is something additional or surpassing the norm. English approximation: “even” “also A) nots osey Lee AIA, BAI bE REL TOSS Kanojo wa, ,, hiru-yasumi {ni mo] shigoto o shite-iru. She is doing work even during her lunch break. B) BALI T7VAlEb|onC UHH NST. Watashi wa, ,, afurika |ni mo] itta koto ga ari-masu. I have also been to Africa. © tobkt, Bt}e.3ee. Sono okashi, ,, boku |ni ma} choodai_ Please (can you) give me some of those candies, too? 2. In an honorific usage, follows the subject. Not translatable. A) EE[et]pthocer Roast, n.Sensee [ni mo| ogenki no koto to omoi-masu. I presume that you (sir) are fine. so auaey » B) BEOWM bl BR MLL OVSRAH? Otaku no ,,minasama |ni mo} okawari wa gozaimasen ka? How is your family? (literally: There are no changes concerning your family?) 3. In the pattern “(verb) ni mo t= & (verb) zu/nai 4/44,” where one verb is repeated twice and followed by a negation, indicates that the action described by the verb is 136English approximation: “cannot do ... even if (I) were to try” ap neo 8 ag ks aE A) HCC. MMEAKEEKICRMURA TLE, KO ATL. az bla Se Awatete kimono o kita mama mizu ni tobikonde shimai, v, oyogu |ni mo| oyoge-masen deshita. I jumped into the water in my clothes in a panic, and I couldn't swim even if I tried Che GOL. FEE U GO Le BOO, Kon-na ni heya o chirakashite, , aruku |ni mo] aruke-nai ja nai B no. Your room is such a mess, I couldn't walk in even if I were to try. NI-MO-KAKAWARA-ZU —[=-5-2'D5-F* Combination particle A combination of “ni |=, mo %, zu $“” and the verb “kakawaru 4.4.44 (to relate).” 1. Shows that an actual situation is the opposite of what is expected. English approximation: “even though” 2 8 ano sus : A) MESSI LIEREHOA bea OF], CHALICE S Maniau yoo ni eki ni ,, tsuita |ni mo kakawarazu|, densha wa moo dete shimatta ato datta. Even though I had gotten to the station so that I would be on time, it was after the train had already left. py Mae . a oebeyt B) PHN CSI bMPDSOT |, AtY 137Kyoo wa ,,harete-iru [ni mo kakawara zu], sumoggu de sora wa haiiro desu. Even though it’s a clear day today. the sky is gray because of smog. 2. A shortened form of “sore ni mo kakawara zu % hI bad 6." Placed at the beginning of a sentence as a conjunction, showing that despite the previous sentence, an unexpected situation exists/existed. English approximation: “despite that fact,” A) RB RU] F [o] F Raga asoko [no] hondana [no|ue(no|tana[no|migi[no] hoo [no] over there book shelves up_—shelf- right — toward —_big dictionary zen ay | B |O no|tonari|noj|hon next book The book next to the big dictionary on the right side of the upper shelf of the book shelves over there. ‘As you can see, all of the preceding words modify the last word, “hon.” In translating this phrase into English, you must begin with “hon %” and proceed backwards all the way to “asoko 4 =.” 1. Placed between two nouns. 1) Indicates the possessive. English approximation: “of” “belonging to” “with’ Examples: ans tek[D]A a person with beautiful eyes — kiree na me [noj hito 144Huet — a atte aye a college professor (literally: a profes: daigaku [no] kyooju sor of a college) Bit|o [aR president of the bank ginkoo [no] toodori 792 a class representative kurasu [no] Ro|8 the sound of waves nami |no] oto se [2 at my father's shoes chichi |no} kutsu FOF world peace (literally: peace of the sekai |no} heewa world) A) caaber[alect. Kore wa ,, anata |no| hon desu. ‘This is your book. B) bAL [DO] aie. [O]ismebard 1 at. » Watashi |no| kaban |no| naka ni chizu ga ari-masu. ‘There is a map in my briefcase. 2) Indicates the relative location/direction of the first noun. English approximation: “of” F—7 mole on the table ieeburu [nu] ue Hl HH]A) t-7n[o] oe B) ALI oO|e tsukue [no] shita 23a A 2 | BE under the desk a next to the school gakkoo [no] tonari no pausen¢-— ez BR A|O | aT yuubinkyoku in front of the post office ino] mae Fr blo] to the side of the department store depaato {no] yoko br laliin behind me watashi [no] ushiro BB e HORSVEN|O|H=2 7 beyond that big building ano ookii bint ».Teeburu [no There is a dog under the table. oy ». Nagashi {no u [no] mukoo 9} Pekowa s, shita ni inu ga i-masu. LTH TY DOBLE! naka ni gokiburi ga iru yo! There are cockroaches in the sink!English approximation: “(made of)” A Ae ABO] y 27 a cotton shirt momen [no] shatsu Hp) ARID} 2—F kegawa |no] kooto ki [no] hashi aL[o|7-7 gomu [no] buutsu bELILSDF Watashi wa kinoo ,, kawa |no| tebukuro © kai-mashita I bought a pail fu zonfalo> QC CTH? z ir of a fur coat a wooden bridge DFE LI f leather gloves yesterday. Sono ,, take no kago wa ikura desu ka? How much is that bamboo basket? 147© an7erzplRicnoteecta? Ano ,,buronzu |no} zoo wa dare no saku desu ka? Whose work is that bronze statue? 4) Shows that the second noun is the product of the first personal noun. English approximation: “of” “created by” A) cHahisae[a] Pier. Kore wa q,kawabata yasunari [no] shoosetsu desu This is a novel written by Kawabata Yasunari. sez rancnsite wees. Kono kyoku wa ,, maaraa {no] kookyookyoku ichi-ban desu. ex B) cwihiae—7 This is Mahler’s First Symphony. 5) Indicates the relationship between the two nouns. English approximation: “of” “by” “with” “between” “to” A) ankitbeLD)RRCT. Ano hito wa ,,watashi [no] oji desu. That person is my uncle. ee, Ria e leet. Kanojo wa _,,shachoo [no] hisho desu. B She is secretary to the president. AOAltbk LOS DER CT. c Ano hito wa watashi no ,, inochi [no] onjin desu. He saved my life. (liieraliy: Thai person is tie one who saved my6) English approximation: “of” 2 Establishes that the second noun is in the category of the first noun. on” “about” “at” foupents 9» —enen A) ®PAEIBH| OATH. Matsuoka-sensee wa ,,rika |no| sensee desu. Mr. Matsuoka is a science teacher. uk Senet B) CAMB RED) KAETT. Kore wa_,, nihongo [no] kyookasho desu This is a Japanese language textbook. Ama uin Es 340 tows C) BHI A|OlsRd, Ha-—brictot#RIHA, ».Banyuu-inryoku {no] hoosoku wa nyuuton ni yotte hakken- sareta. The law of gravity was discovered by Isaac Newton. Shows that the first noun is an attribute of the second noun. English approximation: “that which is” Examples: Lees — bance Bx[o| Ame my best friend Jiro (literally: Jiro who shinyuu |no|jiroo-kun _is my best friend) tesverte x FR[O] Bite 2A an old woman of age ninety kyuujus-sai [no] obaasan agenen Fido] ARES Mr. SI bengoshi [no} shimizu-sensee himizu, the attorney 149A) B) Baste — 49 BROS the great music hall ongaku [no] dendoo ev afl a pink flower (literally: the flower pinku [no] hana which is pink) xa[olt a rose (literally: the flower which is a bara [no] hana rose) mee spege—anes 4 HL, RER[DRRE PLAT. Watashi wa, ,, koochoo |no| bandoo to mooshi-masu. 1 am Bando, the principal ot this school. base eraatfp}iits cece Roavat. » Pianisuto |no| satoo-san 0 goshookai itashi-masu. Let me introduce Ms. Sato, the pianist. 8) Where the first noun is a place name. English approximation: “at” “in” “on” “over” “fram” “of” A) =2-3-7|9 Riser zipr. B) c) 150 ».Nyuuyooku [no] fuyu wa samui deshoo nee. Winter in N ae kai PB|O ae lew York must be very cold. amutt sd, Atami [no] kaigan wa kiree desu yo. The coastline of Atami is beautiful. RE Die oo FRR. ».Kyooto [no] itoko kara tegami ga kita.has entered. English approximation: “in’ Aieohe a Ke A) bOBUY ZALES Ano ojiisan wa _,, kookotsu |no| hito ni natta soo da. ‘They say that the old man has become senile. EUG RD] RR CT Kanojo wa , hakui (byakue) {no] tenshi desu. She is an angel in a white uniform (a nurse). kaee tas prliasis ol|+mowos t. 8 ©) Watashi wa ,, nihongo [no] tegami ga yome-masu. Ican read a letter written in Japanese. 2. Accompanies some names of colors in order to transform them into adjectives. English approximation: (the color of) AnD ws cee A) Anis (B)|O) HTT. Are wa 5, idori tt [no] kuruma desu. That is a green car. B) cO€' (B)[olfame wns ta? Kono ,, murasaki (iro) |no| hana wa nan to ii-masu ka? What is the name of this purple flower? © ¥duco7v—[la—bedcitcs. Kyoo wa kono ,, gure {no] koto o kite ikoo. Tl go out with this gray coat on today. Names of colors ending in “i 4.” such as “shiro-i 49,” and “aka-i #4.” 151.“shiro no @ 0” and “aka may drop the “i \.” and replace it with “no be, NO aR0).” 3. Placed after a noun, an adjective or a verb, functions as an indcfinite Pronoun. English approximation: “one” “the one” A) BRaAfDa, Leb sonR? » Otoosan |no} wa, doko ni aru no ka na? Where is Dad's? (literally: Where is the one which belongs to Dad?) B) cos[ajatoue, eoefo]iaFee, ». Kocchi |no} wa amai kedo, , socchi |no| wa karai yo. The one over here is sweet, but the one over there is salty. © beLfaiaes Be TLivki. ». Watashi [no] wa moo tabete shimatta yo I've already finished eating mine. sta ae D) BHF UHL Y[D]aBoOLO. Osashimi wa ,y,atarashii [no] ga ois! As for pieces of sashimi, fresh ones are good. E) 4~-21s,” expresses surprise at an unusual situation. English approximation : an emphatic “as for” eee ok A) SM Lok aoaes Ms oA b]ae ds San-jikan shika nete-nai-n da. ,Nemui t{tara]nai yo. T’ve only had three hours of sleep. I’m so sleepy! (literally: As for being sleepy, it’s like nothing else.) maz oe B) MANNHs|*S|SF TAC UY HoKOL. Yuube no ,,kaminari t|tara], ima made ni naku, hidokatta no yo. As for last night's thunderstorm, it was an unprecedentedly severe one. 2. indicates a tone of impatience. 1861) In getting the attention of the party addressed, marks the pronoun or the proper noun. Not translatable. A) BRR eK o[Aa], Be RRA ».Oniichan t[tara], hayaku gakkoo e ikoo yo. +. Oniichan (literally: older brother), let's hurry up and go to school. B) BHvtosHse, BRT BRaLo[AS]. Omoshiroi mono ga aru yo. Hayaku kite yo, ,, otoosan t[tara]. There's something interesting (here). Hurry over, Dad! 2) Placed after a verb, often in an imperative. English approximation: “(I said) ..., (do ... already!)” ay ae 8 8 2 ap os A) BARHOCODL, FCM OURE B95 0 Min-na matteru no yo. Hayaku y, kactte-kinasai t[tara]. Everyone is waiting, you know. Come home already! B) Br, HETLLOCRTO[AS]. Mada ni-ji yo. Oyatsu wa motto gp,ato de t{tara]. It’s only two o'clock. (I said) snacks are to be (eaten) later! 3. Placed at the end of a sentence or clause, expresses an emphatic exclamation. Not translatable. A) PHT 2|Fb) FARCE. v.Yamete t[tara], son-na koto. Stop doing that! (literally: Cut it out, (doing) something like that!) see B) SEGRE PST OAS, Kondo wa boku ni ,, yarasete t| tara]. Come on, let me do it this time! 187TARL 720 1. Describes simultaneous or consccutive action. Often ina“... tari .. tari ~hk~h” pattern. English approximation: “(doing verb) and/while then (doing verb)” A) gan ote, dole DRED] cor Kuma wa ori no naka de, ,. it [tari] ,. ki [tari] shite-ita. ‘The bear was walking back and forth in its cage. (literally: was repeating going then coming.) B) Parse, RATED snl] CHA COs, Shoojo-tachi ga, ,,ton [dari] ,,hane {tarij shite asonde-iru. The girls are playing, jumping up and down. (literally; The girls playing, leaping and jumping.) 2. Cites one action or condition as one example of others in the category. English approximation: “such a thing as” ge ae ag A) TABI RSS THTHATOLADIL Tl, BROL. Kon-na ni kuraku-naru made soto de , asonde-i |tari| shite wa, abunai yo. It's dangerous to (do such things as) playing outside until it’s this dark. . B) 44% m2 RATTLE SEAS Son-na tokoro ni gomi o ,, sute | tari] shite wa ike-masen. Don't (do such a thing as) throwing your trash in such a place. 188TATTE 729T 1. Following a verb or an adjective, indicatcs a hypothetical situation. English approximation: “even if (you) were to ...” wt 13s? tase A) SA RATIE #24 o[hot), ClobmReS. Ima goro ryokoo ni ,, ikoo t|tatte], doko mo man-in da yo. Even if (you) were to want to go on a trip now (ie. this late), it would be packed with people everywhere (you go). B) Ho Avewo[Aot} bi-sas Eke, Kaeri-tai to ,.omo t[tatte], moo basu mo densha mo nai yo. Even if you were to think that you want to go home, there are no more buses or trains running. 2. In an emphatic adversative usage. Usually in the form “ttatte 2%2 cw English approximation A) Fue uibhss 3 o[Rot, Ox eus mia bicdas Ae Sukoshi gurai chokin ga ,, aru t{tatte], iza to yuu toki ni wa yaku ni tata-nai no. Even though you have a little bit of savings, when you really need it (Le. in an emergency), it won’t be of any use (don’t you think ?) KE. sese ate fae DB) keo[Aox| Riucomte a v.Nomu t/tatte], sakazuki ni hon no yon-hai ka go-hai dake da yo. Even though (i) say (i) drink, i mean only four ut five servings 199a sakazuki cup. TE Tf Sometimes found in the “tte 2” form. 1. Indicates that two actions occur simultancously or successively. English approximation: “do (verb) and ...” A) B) feces BETS. a6AcKo[TJoavsouan, Okyakusama desu yo. Kichin to ,, suwa t[te] goaisatsu nasai. We have a guest. Sit up straight and say your greetings. Ao Beh bee tae BORAT], BRAWL Sakura no hana ga y.chi t{te], wakaba ga de-hajimeta. The cherry blossoms have scattered, and the leaves have begun to appear. 2. Indicates a reason or a cause. English approximation: “because” A) B) 190 boFit, KE Ld onde cus, Ano ko wa, sensee ni ,, shikarare |te| naite-iru. That child is crying because (he) was scolded by (his) teacher. be cER x bby bots Hajimete go-juu meetoru oyogeta, Okaasan ni y, homerare totemo ureshikatta. BesAcmooalK], ECEIAL [te I was able to swim fifty meters for the first time. I was very happy because ny Mum said sie was proud uf ue.3. Indicates a method for an action English approximation: “by” “with” A) bELIL soe bee nz edn jhkhasy. Watashi wa, koohii ni osatoo to miruku o ,, ire [te] nomi-masu. I drink coffee with milk and sugar. (literally: I put milk and sugar in my coffee (and that is the way I) drink coffee.) B) Hen ec[k Fe Toomawari o , shi |te| ikoo. Let's take the long way around. (literally: Let's go by taking a road out of our way.) 4, As a conjunction, lists items. English approximation: “and” A) Roa. BUC ERAS Ce Kaecedons. Kanojo wa, .,yasashiku | te] kisaku de, dare ni demo sukareru. She is nice and she is down-to-earth, so (she) is liked by everyone. aa ot B) COA ALL, ME | TRC TB Le Kono mikan wa, ,g,atarashiku | te] .,yasuku | te] oishii ‘These oranges are fresh and inexpensive, and very good. 5. After a verb, in the pattern “... (t)te (te ..makuru ~(>) T~(>) ‘T~d ¢ 4.” Emphasizes the action. English approximation: “... and ...” A) Rihoronn) baithut, iad [eo [eas Coe Genkoo no shimekiri-bi ga chikazuite, kare wa y,kai [te] y, kai [te] kaki makutta. As the deadline for the manuscript was approaching, he wrote and iiB Hbricka cpr Fhskboms av, Make [RL RLE( oe Hikidashi i irete-oita ic! i-man en ga mitsukara-nai. Boku wa .-sagashi [te] , sagashi |te] sagashi makutta. 1 couldn't find the ten thousand yen that | had put in the drawer. I looked and looked (like crazy). 6. In an adversative usage English approximation: “even though” A) B ) % L v B. Wi bs thot | TMSTORD EF BRAT, BURA HO? Kimi, sono uwasa 0 ,, shitte-i |te| shira-nai furi o suru nan te, naze na-n dai? Why was it that you pretended not to know about that rumor even though you did? Bork peak pots ay RMOMRI CECB CU), Ree RBCS TIA, DAL VCO Ud. Kekkon no yakusoku made , shite-oi [te], kanojo o misuteru to wa, anmari ja nai ka. Isn't it too (cruel) (for you) to abandon her even though (you) had promised to marry her? 7. In the pattern “ni tsuite |:2\\,” introduces the topic. English approximation: “concerning’ ‘about” A) Ra, BRB ou HBeveL at. 192 Honjitsu wa, nichibee-booeki ,»,ni tsui [te] tooron o itashi-) B) masu. Today, we will hold a debate concerning U.S.-Japan trade. nee 25 ue 23 sva989 Kilacs 238 eles Uk, EW Hic ou HAEBMA CHS. lkovtozra Kazan ga mata katusdoo 0 hajime-mashita. Dooro-jo0h00 yy, ni tsui [te] wa rajio no nyuusu o okiki kudasai. The volcano has become active again. Please listen to the news on the radio for (i.e. concerning ) road information. Transforms a verb into a gerund by following it. Creates the “te t” verb form. Not translatable. A) B) breeds oas. Watashi wa ima kao 0 ,,ara t[te] i-masu. I'm now washing (my) face. Lewy akse be BOBREBY| TILE SELES Watashi wa shukudai no ronbun o ,, kai | te I've finished writing the essay for homework. Tn women’s language. shimai-mashita. In the pattern “... (tte yo ~(>) Ct.” Asserts the speaker's opinion. Not translatable. A) B) bb, LORA-b, Vokbo[K]b. Ara, kono sukaato, pittari a t[te] yo. Look, this skirt fits me perfectly. bOF, tOKHRSE I HoTHSL[ CL. Ano kata, sono ohanashi nara moo ,, shit te irashi | te (i you are iaiking aboui) ihai sivry, that person al yo. 193about it. 2) Forms the interrogative. Not translatable. A) BaA, bALOSI ce bso[<]? Anata, watashi no yuu koto ,, waka t(te]? Do you understand what I’m saying? ne at B) tA @MHVeci#h| tC]? Son-na takai toko ni_,,nobore [te]? Can you climb (some place that is) that high up? 10. Indicates a command or a request. Sometimes in the “te yo ¢ £” or “te ne th” pattern. Not translatable. A) BESA, Bota rtasvad, HR Okaasan, mezurashii choocho ga iru yo. Hayaku , ki [te]. Mom, there's a rare butterfly. Come (here) quickly! B) Bc few[q]e, Bocark Hayaku ,, tabe [te] yo. Isoideru-n da kara. be Finish eating already! (literally: Eat quickly!) I'm in a rush. 11. Placed at the end of a sentence, in a casual tone. English approximation: “(I say, think, believe, etc.)” se uae wae ew A) BOMRILISS 2[<]. Kimi no byooki wa kanarazu ,,naoru t [te]. You will surely get well, (I believe). B) HEROPSLIE, HV sotboso[Te Anata no yasashisa o aitsu mo kitto , wakaru t [te]. That fellow will surely appreciate your kindness, (I am sure). 12. As a variant of “to %,” makes a quotation. Not translatable. 194A) coed th atten a. Koko wa ,,nan [te] yuu machi daroo. I wonder what this town is called. B) BRAeAL, Zhuo rd T othh. Oniichan wa, ,.son-na koto wa dekin | te] itteta yo. My brother said that he couldn't do something like that. TEBA TClé 1. Introduces the topic, with a feeling of familiarity or criticism. English approximation: “speaking of ...” bees aesaer A) RAB| CA], AY TVET CEEERARA TOKE LS ».Kimura-kun [teba], infuruenza de mada gakkoo yasunderu-n da yo. Speaking of Kimura, he is still not going to classes because of the flu, you know. B) BUObeA TE] FA FLEOR TABI THOSE, »-Ojiichan [teba], mata terebi no mae de inemuri shite-iru yo. Speaking of grandpa, (he) is dozing off in front of the TV again. 2. Placed at the end of a sentence, gives it a tone of impatience. English approximation: “(I said)” vegan A) BPR Cabs. Rod bENa CAH bed [CA Oyuuhan dekita wa yo. Atsui uchi ni tabe-nai to ,, samechau t teba}. Dinner’ ready! It you don't come quickiy, it wiii get coid, (i said). 195B) brokd. +647 o[ cla. Wakatta yo. sugu ,,iku t[teba]. All right, I'll be right there, (I said). TEMO(DEMO) T#(TS) “Temo T%” preceded by a word ending in “n A.”sound changes into “demo ~b.” See 4. B) below as an example. 1. Gives an extreme case and negates il. English approximation: “no matter ...” A) tami Pb eoketunn, Don-na ni 4,takaku [temo] sono e o kai-tai. No matter how expensive the painting is, I want to buy it. BiacaeiWe (FE) vow az 5ns kL B) Ima wa don-na ni .g,kanashiku |temo}, itsuka wa nori-koerareru yo. No matter how sad you might be now, someday you will be able to get over it. 2. Shows that regardless of a given condition or action, something occurs. English approximation: “despite” “regardless of” A) colli, cand evn [ee}y ck] Baca a. ii [temo] sugu i i 0 wasurete Kono tango, nanben jisho 0 y, shimau. Regardless of how many times I look up this word, I always forget its meaning right away.3. yun ty B) ork Tb), ROBVOAES EY, Jitto , nete-i |temo}, koshi no itai no ga naora-nai. Despite the fact that I'm lying still, my lower hack pain isn’t getting any better. In an emphatic usage, indicates the possible limit. English approximation: “at most” “at least” 4 A) coi Gant Kono kozutsumi wa 4g,omoku Css ous TL ss. temo] go-kiro wa nai deshoo. This package weighs at most five kilograms (and is probably less). B) coe [Ce]aFMUt 3 CL 25. Sono # > ; Sono jon wa 4g, yasuku |temo} go-sen en wa suru Geshoo. That book will cost at least five thousand yen. In a sentence granting permission. Not translatable. A) sopilekser xe $b, Ho eK EBV HS o[Tb]OWCT Moo ochichi 0 nomaseta kara, akachan o , daite kudasa t temo ii desu yo. I gave it some milk already, so it’s all right for you to hold the baby. B) cokes, ener THickalee sens. Kono kusuri nara, miruku to issho ni y, non |demo} kamaimasen yo It would be fine (for you) to take this medication with milk. 197TE-NE 7-42 Combination particle A combination of the particles “te ~” and “ne 4a.” Also used in the form of “de ne 4a.” Usually found in women’s and children’s language, it is used in making a request with a familiar tone. It is the informal variant of the gerund form of a verb plus “kudasai ¢ #/3\).” English approximation: “please” “would you ...2” ae Bete ge oe A) BIA, SLAMDAR, BEN >| Th Okaasan, ashita no ensoku, onigiri ,, tsuku t{te ne]. Mom, could you make rice balls for tomorrow's schoo! trip? B) Saa8 Hoc alchl, AFORE AKO, Konya wa hayaku , kaette-ki [te ne], mariko no tanjoobi dakara. Please come home early tonight, it’s Mariko’s birthday. TE-WA T-id Combination particie A combination of the particles “te t” and “wa [4.” Also in the form “de wa Td.” 1. Gives a hypothetical situation followed by its result. Often implies that the hypothetical situation is undesirable. English approximation: “if (I) were to ...” Mee sete 9 ac me ek A) AROTRIR) An) Tia], SHIMISH oH, Hachi-ji no densha ni ,,nori-okure [te wa], kaigi ni maniawa- nai. it (1) were to miss the eight o'clock train, (I) wouldn't make it in 198:time for the meeting. ue ae a B) Fo 5so[Cia], BCL s4. Ima kara ,, hajime {te wa], okurete shimau. If (I) were to start now, I would be late. 2. Links something that has already happened to another situation, condition or action. English approximation: (a comma) A) CAA AABEB Une L RS TEL. Kon-na ni takusan omiyage 0,,itadai [te wa] mooshiwake- arimasen. You brought so many souvenirs, you really shouldn’t have. B) eAuicHaalaprcuszcos, Son-na ni_,, tanomare [te wa] iya to wa ie-nai ne You beg me this much, I cannot say no. 3. Indicates a situation or a condition that is sure Lo give rise Lo the result described in the second clause. English approximation: “with” “when” A) Ba ofcal, Wes snun. v.Hayama t[te wa], son o suru dake da. When (you) rush into things, you will only lose out. ae sd 2a vast B) RAMAMEEH| Tl), SIU (Fon, Akanboo ga ,,umare [te wa], kimi mo isogashiku naru ne. With the baby born, you'll be busy, (won't you). 4, Indescribing a repeated combination of actions, links the first action to the second. 199English approximation: “keep doing ...” oe sau us 2 us 2 A) ld, be £3 3| Tt] MIB] TAR TOK. Kare wa, koishi o ,, hiro t[te wa] nage ,, hiro t[te wa] nagete- ita. He kept picking up a pebble and throwing it. a 24ae shh Bp as HLAURRAOI, FRA, ChSeAlL, FERL B) Ta }A wee, Ashita wa ensoku na noni, konya wa ame. Tomo-chan wa, sora oy, miage [te wa] tameiki o tsuite-iru. Tomorrow is the school trip, but it’s raining tonight. Tomo keeps looking up at the sky and sighing. To ¢ 1, The most basic function of “to &” is to list nouns, noun phrases and noun clauses. Note that another particle “ya *” has a similar function, but its usage is slightly different (see “ya ~?.” p. 241). 1) Lists concrete and abstract things. English approximation: “and” A) o4c[z]acasz-7ro banat. ».Ringo [to] , budoo ga teeburu no ue ni ari-masu. There are apple(s) and grape(s) on the table. B) #u0r2[z] eo 37-7 bien at. Akai ringo [to] ,, midori no budoo mo teeburu no ue ni ari mn rie, masu.There are also red apples and green grapes on the table. on CUATHTNOES © brLatton Ac[e]banattor nat ». Watashi ga katta ringo [to] ,, anata ga katta budoo wa ‘in se teeburu no ue ni ari-masu. 2) Often in the “(noun) to (noun) to ~¢~z” pattern, contrasts or compares the two nouns. English approximation: “and” “or” “between” A) 24429 [C] Hilo ea[e]ree emus ls ie? Sukimu_,, miruku [to] futsuu no ,, miruku [to] dochira o kai- mashoo ka? Which should I buy, skim milk or regular milk? ep mungt B) ¥RJE ER] cAwarRR at, a, Natsu |to} ,, fuyu |to| de wa kion wa taihen chigai-masu. Between summer and winter, there is a great difference in tempera- ture. REG sca —eeene ace : : C) SBMS C UN BOBORER| ClSehlseoooolsI + BAER TTA nok Tani-kun no kaita sakubun [to] ,. kitagawa-kun no kaita sakubun [to] anata wa dochira no hoo ga suki desu ka? Which do you like bettcr, the composition written by Tani or the one by Kitagawa? evpaee ae ogy foscen D) Sho otIAt Fa, COMLE|e |MARoKN. *zuibun kawatta ne. Twenty years have passed since then. This town has changed a lot (since then). + Note that although “to ¥” functions like the English “and,” it cannot connect two separate sentences, nor can it stand alone at the beginning of a sentence. “Soshite LC" must be used in these cases instead. a) The sentence: “I wrote a letter, and you wrote a letter (also)” must be translated as “Watashi wa tegami o kaki-mashita. Soshite, anata mo tegami o kaki-mashita. bf: LISFRES SFL. ELT. HUKEE eGs 2 UA.” It can never be: “Watashi wa tegami o kaki-mashita. To, anata mo tegami o kaki-mashita. b/: Lito # #53 LX bar eehedas ur b) The sentence: “And, after that, (shc) sat down.” must be translated as “Soshite, sono ato, suwatta. ZL, 20/8, Ho7:.” It can never be: . aE te “to, sono ato, suwatta. Xx, 204%, Hot.” ‘Therefore, do not get into the habit of always translating “and” as “to ¥.” Make sure that you think about its usage first 2. Indicates that the speaker carried out an action together with the subject who is marked off by this particle. English approximation: “with” “accompanied by” A) 80518 [EMA SIS ELA Kinoo wa, ,, otooto [to] kawa e oyogi ni iki-mashita. Yesterday, I went swimming in the river with my brother. Bapbr, Rapkar RZ] seen E|ny sv ebxt Lr 202Kyoo ohiru ni, boku wa ,,otoosan [to] ,, okaasan [to] hanbaagaa o tabe-mashita. Today for lunch, I had a hamburger with my father and my mother. © 28scakR hese ]Be Lat. Kitajima-san wa raigetsu ,, minamida-san [to] kekkon- shimasu. Kitajima is going to marry Minamida next month. 3. After a noun. 1) Indicates that an action which follows is performed in a struggle against something. English approximation: “against” fh 8234 eRe A) alee]. <, ooicthon. Kare wa ,, kyoofu [to] tatakatte, tsui ni katta He fought against his fears, and he finally conquered them. aro chee —eee npues B) RSPB AVA SARC] BoC, OVI MBL AS Mizuno -kun wa iro-iro na ,, kon Tol oon an |to} tatakatte, tsui ni yuushoo-shita. Mizuno, after struggling against many obstacles, finally won first place. 2) Precedes certain incomplete intransitive verb such as “call ... (..to 2 yobu ~% “become ... (..to naru ~% @ 4), “name ... (..to as nazukeru ~-¥ ttl¥%).” The noun preceding “to %” becomes the complement of the verb. Not translatable. RULER cee gee A) MTEILLFROFE Lote 2033 4) English approximation: “(not) as much as’ B) RBaKocve rr bedfeltuat. Tomodachi wa boku no koto o ,, tacchan [to] yobi-masu. ‘My friends call me Tacchan. OC) “HLH ED Sie Pr y—-2) ]ouacn. Atarashii kissaten no namae o “,, doriimu” |to| tsuke-mashita. We named the new coffee shop “Dream.” Indicates that something reaches/reached a goal or a new state. Not translatable. deeiee oo A) wd r8Heonlelarelr. lyo-iyo undoo-kai no ,, hi [to] nari-mashita. At last the field day has come. Boer ae the veces, B) 7VAVAOMRRS LSP CH TAL Soh. Kurisumasu no gaitoo-bokin wa zenbu de _,, hyaku-man en to natta. The total amount of donations collected on the streets during Christmas season reached one million yen. C) SOKBIF REO SAC |ZoKk. Ano hiroba wa kodomo-tachi no ,, kooen |to} natta. That field has now been made into a playground for children. the After a quantity or a number, indicates that something can be done in less than that quantity or number. Also, emphasizes the negative. ‘never (not even once)” A) eA nebuZalzjaon ser, Son-na shigoto wa_,, mik-ka |to| kakari-masen.B) oC 4 in the patterns “., it wouldn’t take more than three days to do that kind of work. be potesee Vib Nohetotes, aM tlh. Himawari no tane o maite kara, 9, ni me ga dete-kimashita. oe [e]AA GOs BiH o cs is-shuukan tata-nai uchi to| ‘The sunflower seeds sprouted in less than a week after I planted them. ee BK Moo ,, ni-do tsa ow bi CIDA RAHN A. to, an-na tokoro e wa ika-nai. I'm never again going to go to a place like that. {a verb) yoo to ... mai lom( LF E~EVT,” noun) Th%FU~(T) BAG Y," and“... (an adj.) 2% 5F¥~ RAAF” English approximation: “(whether) ... or not” A) B) D) Bawls zffusvfe). enn meey IRA IRC ORAKL. Kimi ga_,,shinji-yoo [to] ,, shinji-mai to| , sore wa hontoo ni okotta-n da yo. Believe it or not, that really happen ee geo EHMERTH DI wnsle, ed, you know. A LIGHD B Sore ga jijitsu .. de aroo |to es.nakaroo to], watashi wa kama- wanai. Whether it’s true or not, it doesn't 1 Rawns[epiraas[z matter Lo me. pez FURIE, 24, Q0kikaroo [to] 44,chiisakaroo to] aji sae yokere ba ii. Whether it’s big or small, I don't care as long as it tastes good. 2055. As a quotation particle, introduces a clause or a phrase. English approximation: “that” or a comma Some examples of verbs that introduce a quoted clause are: to hanasu ~e #7 (tell that ...) «. to yuu ~¥ 34 (say that mae .. to kangaeru ~¢ 42% (consider that ...) .. to omou ~x #4 (think that ...) 2385 .. to soozoo-suru ~~ e MRF % (imagine that ...) .. to wakaru ~¥% 44°4 (understand that ...) A) vomithias 3255 [Z] 25. jisuka wa daij ‘ col a. a atu daruu |iv) umuu. I think that someday, there will be a big earthquake. B) WAT AbA=W MEL ]Ron. ¢, Kimatsu-tesuto_wa ni-shuukan saki |to} kimatta. It’s been decided that the final exam is going to be in two weeks. © wits eleons, HokKe. a. Obake ka [to] omottara, yanagi no ki da yo. I thought that it was a ghost, but it’s (merely) a willow tree. D) av VaE Laon, Rigi sole | RHEE OK, Marason wa kurushikatta ga, 4,tomodachi ni okure-mai [to isshoo-kenmee hashitta. The marathon was very hard; determined that T wasn't going to fall behind my friends, I ran the best I could. ae gas n uacone sess F) BRGSRUMO Ted, 5, PRE R K! [E] cae 206Omise wa kyoo wa aite-inai yo. Hora, ,»,“honjitsu kyuugyoo” [to] dete-iru deshoo. The store isn’t open today. See, there is a sign that says “closed for today.” 6. Follows a mimesis, an onomatopoeic adverb. English approximation: “in the manner of” A) B) nD) ecco Rotors, Soko ni ji t[to] suwatte i-nasai. You sit still there. (literally: There, in the manner of stillness, keep sitting.) MT eva so[e ots tA. Rooka 0. bata-bata [to] hashitte wa ike-masen. You should not run down thc hall making lots of noise. (literally: Down the hall, in the manner of making lots of noise, you should ».Goro-goro [ta] kaminari ga natte-iru Thunder is rumbling. (literally: Ina rumbling manner, the thunder is making noise.) ra o[Z]iine. Ra wks Ookina ki ga ,. dosa t|to| taoreta. A huge tree fell down with a thud. (literally: A huge tree, in the manner of a “thud,” fell down.) 7. Placed after a verb, indicates that the action/condition described in the clause preceding it immediately initiated another action/condition. 201English approximation: “when” “as soon as” A) B) Cc) D) agen aaaL2 ae toe HERE Nock le], Phatiann ccmidunr, Sensee ga kyooshitsu ni , haitte-kuru |to|, seeto-tachi wa awatete seki ni tsuita. As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, the students took their seats in a hurry. nage gg ot 2 6 2 ROPER | . Ribas KEG oT RK Boku ga gakkoo ni y, tsuku [to], tomodachi ga vozee yotte-kita, As soon as I got to school, many of my friends came over to me. cat age phae 2 BOLNS LC) MSUKST ORL I Bou Boke Mahu yay ayaru [iv], Kankyaku wa mizu 0 utta yoo ni shizuka ni natta When the curtain went up, the audience became completely silent. ean Bate nikon se], Biro ei etns, Yuki ga ,, furi-hajimeru |to|, doobutsu-tachi wa toomin o hajimeru. When the snow starts to fall, animals go into hibernation. 8. Placed aftcr an adjective or a verb, creatcs a conditional. English approximation: “if” “when” A) 208 et cate BREVEWC | ZoTURK Anmari 4g yasui [to] kaette shinpai da. Tf it's too cheap, then that makes me worry. Rev[e]os oan Kimi ga ,, ko-nai |to| tsumaranai naa. Tell hekp en ask C) COGOR, ChhalClorttevnwoe( Blelste Kono furui to, mashoo. .kowareru [to] ikenai kara hayaku naoshi- Let’s fix this old door before it breaks. (literally: As for this door, it won't be good if it were to break, so let's fix it soon.) D) Masts [Ee], KARAM WS 3 OcTH, Ame ga ,.furu [to], mizu-busoku ga kaishoo-suru no desu ga. If it were to rain, the water shortage would be solved, but ... BE) bos camicit<(e], Bold vAsNb HS Ano udon-ya ni If you go t If you go t (noodles). i v.iku [to], oishii udon ga taberareru yo. 9. In the pattern “ari to arayuru.... 67 CH5D3~" English approximation: “every possible (thing/method)” uzun eo FR PLSD CH ODS BMAHA THOS. Depaato ni wa Everything that ari [to] arayuru shinamono ga narande-iru. you can think of is available in a department store. 10. In the pattern “.. to naku ... to naku ~¥% t ( ~¥ 4 ¢,” describes a ceaseless action. English approximation: “without ... or ...” aes Rakle]ecR[Z]e Br, Kare wa , hiru to] naku , yoru |to] naku hataraita. He worked all day long. (literally: without day or night) 209TO-AE-BA C-LIA-{£ combination particie A combination of the particles “to %” and “ba |” and the verb “ie 2," from “yuu +4 (to say).” Introduces the topic casually. English approximation: “speaking of ..” aoe aye 8 A) a. ZHB[r ORE], AoAMTCH ORE, Aa, ,, mitsui-kun |to ie ba], sakki rooka de atta yo. Oh, speaking of Mitsui, (I) saw him in the hallway awhile ago. B) [eEQau], earnocerinws n Taki|to ie ba} nan to itte mo naiagara da ne. Speaking of waterfaiis, it's definitely Niagara Falls (that’s the best), no question. TO-Il E-LVLY combination particle A combination of the particle “to ¢” and the verb “ii \.4»,” from “yuu \» 4 (to say).” In the pattern “... to ii... to ii ~Yiu~X i045,” lists two or more items and establishes them as the topic, tu be followed by a comment. English approximation: “as for .. and bee A) boBoas—4lt, REOulPaleonog cvgun, Ano mise no suteeki wa, », aji [to ii] ,, nedan [to ii] yuu koto nai ne. The steak at that restaurant, (as for its) taste and price, it’s perfect. anny B) RSM aK, BR Coulat—y[Euujvore by 7M 210Hasegawa-san wa, ,, benkyoo to ii] ,, supootsu to ii} itsu- demo toppu na no yo. Hasegawa, (in) studies and sports, is always the best one (in the group). TO-ITTA E-LIDZE Combination particle A combination of the particle “to ¥” and the verb “itta 4 3,” from “yuu 4.4 (to say).” Lists two or more items. English approximation: “such as” Nihon no omiyage nara, », Shinju ya shippoo |to itta] akusesarii mo ii deshoo. In terms of souvenirs from Japan, accessories such as pearls and cloisonne are probably suitable, too. ore t98¢ oe B) 3 Sosa, HA OIE A| thor Uchi no musume wa, ,»suugaku ya rika [to itta tokui desu. pee bey AB SHETT. kamoku ga Our daughter is good at subjects such as math and science. TO-ITTE €-lL\DT Combination particle A combination of the particle “to ¥” and the verb “itte tv,” from “yuu 4 (to sav).” In an adversative usage at the beginning of a sentence. aunEnglish approximation: “however” A) B) we veo ne of Bue bobo-cacmicdu2 se. [oot sonuen, & ORAL ES. Isoge ba juu-ji no basu ni mani-ai soo da. [To itte] hashiru no wa iya da. Tsugi no basu ni shi yoo. If (I) rush, it looks like I might be able to make the ten o'clock bus. However, I don’t want to run. I'll (catch) the next bus. eae ee gugvew stapoenves BA, Sec RAB: o/:, [Evo t), BRR Kos LAB sich okbu THB, Nihon wa, tashika ni keezai-taikoku ni natta. |To itte], kokumin hitori nitori no kurashi ga yutaka ni natta wake Ge wa nai. Japan has certainly become an “economic giant.” However, that doesn’t mean that the standard of living of each member of society has increased significantly. TO-IWA-ZU &-L\4)-S Combination particle A\ combination of the particles “to &” and “zu 4’,” and the verb “iwa(-nai) Wyo (220)),” from “yuu 614 (to say)” 1. A negative imperative that influences a quotation. English approximation: “don't say that ...” eit A) BINEALHEY Cob Ti oT. ES. BITCHES 212 Moo heto-heto da ,. nado |to iwazu] ni ganbatte. Hora, moo sugu da yo.B) Look, we're almost there. babar [eobd], ba REE COREL c2ASOULL ee Ww? v.Akirameta |to iwazu}, moo ichido sensee ni soodan shite mitara ii-n ja nai? Don't say that you've given up; why don't you (literally: wouldn't it be better if you) talk to your teacher about it again? 2. In the pattern “... to iwa zu ... to iwa zu ~¥bvdo FU dF,” indi cates an all-inclusiveness. English approximation: A) B) ‘not only all .... but Elecnsglelecndl, ‘Rk x sae FREE H A ead). He pRis sae n Te |to iwa zu] , ashi |to iwa zu], karada-juu ka ni sasareta. Not just all over my hands and feet, but I was bitten by mosquitoes all over my body. ha, Beet ]e obs], MazanuBmeascus, Kare wa, ,,asa |to iwa zu] ,, yoru |to iwa zu], hima sae are ba manga o yonde-iru. Not just in the morning and in the evening, but he reads comics whenever he has time. TOKA «2? 1. Lists several items. English approximation: “such as ... and ... (and ..., etc.)” A) Arbedd. ers[calalealpeecalA (SABO: 213MoT aL, Miyo-chan wa, .,piano [toka] ,,e [toka ».oshuuji [toka] takusan okeeko ni itte-iru no yo. Miyo is taking many lessons such as piano, drawing, and calligra- phy, you know. we see a ts weak meen ok B) FEES NATE TC, PLIGFOMBERS LA|, REA aka co ( [za] Laaod. Terebi bakari mite-inai de, sukoshi wa otooto no mendoo o ,, miru [toka] , inu o sanpo ni y, tsurete-iku [toka], shi-nasai yo. Instead of watching TV all the time, why don’t you at least do something like look after your little brother or take the dog out for a walk? 2. Conveys uncertainty, often due to its hearsay nature. English approximation: “something like ..., (I hear)” A) B) 24 thn rei £3 Gooru made ato hito-mawari da. Don-na ni 4g kurushiku veep THs THEO K, CAG tomo] ganbatte hashiru 70 One more lap until the finish line. No matter how hard it may be, T'll give it my best and run. ere yaa[FB 5 Bs, Doredake jikan ga , kakaroo |toma}, kono shigoto dake wa yatte shimawa-nakere ba nara nai. No matter how long it may take, I absolutely have to finish doing at least this job, 2. After an adjective, indicates an approximate limit. English approximatioi A) 8 BE bua nee (|e eR METH RRE CK ag. Osoku [tomo] raishuu made ni wa ohenji o kudasai. Please give me an answer by next week at the latest. 2 BEE CO ELTTS PE Heya © sagashite-iru-n desu ga, .«sukunaku |tomo| roku-joo wa hoshii to omoi-masu. I'm looking for a room, and I'd like one that has at least six-tatami mats. 3. At the end of a sentence, strongly and curtly expresses a decision or statement of fact. English approximation: A) all right.” (B E8curoeknon2) 1h [EB] “Kimi hontoo ni UFO o mita no ka?” “, Mita |tomo}. “You really saw a UFO?” “I saw it, all right.” Bowahoz Re]. Re e,ecvbs buwoes? Kimi no kiki-chigai_<.da [tomo]. Boku ga son-na koto yuu wake nai daro? You misheard me, all right. You know there’s no way I'd say 219something like that! TO-MO &- Combination particle A combination of the particles “to &” and “mot.” Emphasizes the preceding noun. Not translatable. eae A) HAT LUMA ET. HURL EMSed Loong era, ee CIPBAAT. Asu amerika ni tachi-masu. ,, Anata |to mo| toobun ome ni kakare-masen ga, dooka ogenki de. Yin leaving for the U.S. tomuriow. T won't be seeing you for a tong time, but please take care of yourself, B) Belet]asa kes Baewiorrviana, ».Keekan to mo aroo hito ga, nusumi o hataraita to wa nee. (Can you believe that) a policeman (literally: someone who is a policeman) committed a theft! TO-MO-ARE <-+-2571 Combination particle A combination of the particles “to &” and “mo t,” and “are 4h,” from the verb “aru % 2 (to be/exist).” 1, After a noun or a nominal followed by “wa (2,” plays down its impor- tance. English approximation: “putting aside .. ‘never mind ...” meaenzc? A) #a¥uly tan], ARs ca BOs bar. han] 220Ikisaki_ , wa |to mo are}, kotoshi koso wa kaigai-ryokoo o shi-yoo yo Putting aside the (issue of the) destination (for the time being), let's (agree to) finally yo on a Lip overseas this year. B) tukuleten), bor BRL och y FR Ragw ke liwake ,,wa [to mo are], motto benkyoo shi-nai to kiboo-suru gakkoo ni haire-nai yo. Never mind excuses; if you don’t study more, you won't be able to get into the school of your choice. English approximation: “in any case A) [9 b5, BUL ZIG HAI) PSURKOROS, Alt ztar) PkoAKas lei de I “Uwaa, oishi-soona keeki!” “Ima itadaita no yo. ,,Nani wa ito mo are], sassoku itadaki-mashoo yo.” “Wow, that cake looks good!” “(Someone) just gave it to us. In any case, let's go ahead and eat it now.” B) Hialzbaenl, Scishboceic <, Fdorcauaksce elLalste w».Nani wa [to mo are], subete wa asu no koto ni shite, kyoo no tokoro wa neru koto ni shi-mashoo. In any case, let’s leave everything for tomorrow, and go to bed for tonight. 21TO-SHI-TE C-U-T Combination particie A combination of the particles “to x" and “tet,” and “shi {.," from the verb “suru 4 (to do).” 1. Indicates a position or a circumstance. English approximation: “as” A) BRORRRE a, Bila La¥RR RMSE ern tv lee Kondo no suiee-taikai ni wa, hayakawa-san ga ,, gakkoo-dai- hyoo-senshu |to shi te| erabare-mashita. For the coming swim meet, Hayakawa was chosen as the athiete representing our school. B) Yar DRPBA, BRALLL TC MHT, TAY ATH HERA. Jon manjiroo wa, ,,nihonjin [to shi te] hajimete, amerika de kyooiku 0 uketa. John Maniiro was the first Japanese person (literally: the first person as a Japanese) to receive an education in the U.S. 2. Sets aside a topic for the time being. English approximation: “let’s leave the ...” A) “Bilis a[2U<]), av eS vals. Hanashi wa ato de , suru [to shi te), mazu shokuji ni shi- mashoo Let’s leave talking for later, and eat first. B) emi HsaSHLELT) MIDUCILELV BOSCH D BL 22Sono uwasa wa ,. sore |to shi te], kare ni tsuite wa mada iro-iro to hanashi ga aru-n da yo. ‘That rumor aside, | have many other stories about him, you know. 3. Followed by a negative in the sentence or clause, shows that there are no exceptions to a category. English approximation: “not even ... oe tats 2 agen A) - ALE LTS OPAL ITA EEL SUA TL AS ».Hitori [to shi te] kono mondai ga toketa gakusee wa i-masen deshita. There was not even one, among the students, who could solve this prahlem B) #2, “BEL ako eekpsvgaen, Boku wa, ,, i-nichi |to shi te) kanojo no koto 0 omowa-ni wa nai. There isn’t a single day that I don't think about her. TO-SHITE-MO &-UT-& Combination particle A combination of the particles “to ¢” and “mo 4,” and “shite L ¢,” from the verb “suru +% (to do).” 1. Indicates that a position or a circumstance is the same as that which was mentioned in a previous sentence. also/too ..." LOWRIE (bH DET. English approximation: “as for A) beL[Y UTE], oo KROEVETH SS it 9 ee 23» Watashi[to shite mo} anata no nayami wa yoku wakari-masu. Onaji-yoona keeken ga ari-masu kara As for me, too, I understand your worries. I've also had similar experiences. epezon2s oe tame B) pPTA[yL tt], BE Wo bina, Mier #2 a+. PTA [to shite mo], jugyoo-ryoo no ne-age wa, mondai da to kangae-masu. ‘As for the PTA, (we) too, think that the increase in tuition is a problem. 2. Establishes a hypothetical situation. A) bALReORaMAT 3[e Ue), BeUF dE EL, ‘Watashi wa sono an ni wa , sansee-suru |to shite mo}, okane wa ima wa dase-masen. Even if I were to agree to that proposal. I cannot give you any money now. B) ReRG22[EU HLEARNT([o TRS? «Ashita oosaka o iku [tte] hontoo? Isit true you're going to Osaka tomorrow? (literally: That you are going to Osaka tomorrow, is it true?) 4. In an interrogative sentence. 1) Repeats that which was said by the other party. English approximation: A) B) “(You) are asking/saying wee aaah WOBRISTIIS|3T]? LO sSe PEK, «.Itsu_ansen ni ikao ka [tte]? Isngashii kara tanhun dame da ne. You're asking when we should go to a hot spring? Not for a while because I'm busy. bikoeitsi bt 2? aio dekake yoo |tte|? Kimi nayai ne, shitaku-suru no. BRn, Xkt50, You're saying let's go already? You're quick at getting ready, aren't you? 1) Expresses a desire to confirm what was said by the other party. English approximation: “Is it truc that ... A) B) ReeBoitrlot|? wo voc? a. Kanojo o mikaketa [tte]? Itsu, doko de? Is it true that you saw her? When and where? wae scone RPMS SoFATH >t]? BHTLIONOSTt. algakubu_ni_gookaku_nasatta-n desu |tte/? | Omedetoo 233gozaimasu. Is it true that you got into medical school? Congratulations! 5. In talking about hearsay. English approximation: “(they) say” “I hear” bree A) R@arbn, K8EA9 -FLERAALD ee Watanabe-san chi ne, «.ookina karaaterebi katta-n da |tte|. Thear that the Watanabes bought a big color TV. eon) wee B) RROG cu, Fkow-y avsesn¥avar ee Kachoo no hanashi de wa, «kendo no boonasu itsumo yori sukunai-n da [tte]. According to what the seciion chief sai i, our bonuses this time wiii be less than usual. 6. In the pattern “datte >.” English approximation: “(he/she) says ...” A) BRB SABLA ane Abb BL, MEM seo LA[ >< a Oniichan ashita tesuto ga aru kara, boku to asobu jikan nai-n aa [re] My clder brother said that he has a test tomorrow, so he has no time to play with me. B) 97 7-1h, Hila na¥x[oe] 5. a Konkuuru ne, hayakawa-san ga it-too da | tte} sa. They said that Hayakawa has placed first in the competition 7. The casual version of “tote % €”; poses a hypothetical situation. $ English approximi “even if (I) were to ..." wots smumogenns wo fb A) “2RSe@ aL Alo] we 24Isshoo-kenmee ,, benkyoo-shita |tte|, iida-kun ni wa kanawa- nai. Even if | were to study very hard, I couldn't compete with lida. er B) WSs SRA Tals oar. Imasara .. nageita [tte] hajimara-nai. It wouldn’t do any good to grieve now. (literally: Even if I were to grieve now, it wouldn't do any good.) WA [é FIINDAMENTALS OF “WA 1+” First, note that the particle “|i” is read “wa,” even though it is normally read “ha.” Also, when reading a romanized sentence, you should note that “wa” has two hiragana possibilities: \4, which is the particle to be discus- sed here, and the particle . Generally speaking, you can apply the following ruie in deciding between the two chorces: (e) If “wa” appears in the middle of a sentence after the subject (a noun or a nominal), then it is the particle 13. (b) If “wa” appears at the end of a sentence or clause following a copula, verb, or adjective, the particle is 47. For example: an[it]} ee 4[H], Are jwa] inu desu [wal That is a dog. 2351. “Wa (i” as a topic marker in an affirmative sentence. “wa (3” marks the topic or the subject by directly following it. Thc structure that is established, then, is a topic followed by a comment on that topic, where “wa {3” functions like “as for ...,” or “in referring to .. Note that the particle “ga 4°” also serves as a topic/subject markcr, but is used differently (see p. 34). 13009 A) 7414 7[la]e RE » Raion [wa] moojuu da. As for lions, (they) are ferocious animals. B) co ¥é(a] HL. Kono ,, hon fa] muzukashii. As for this book, (it) is difficult. ere ©) soalia} tbsrortics, 5 , yamada-san no goshujin desu. Ano ,, hito As for that person, (he) is Mrs. Yamada’s husband. 2. “Wa 1” as a topic marker in a negative sentence. In a negative sentence, “wa (4” usually indicates a comparison, emphasis, or choice. A) baL assed. + Watashi {wal ikimasan 236As for me, I won't go./I'm not going to go. (ie. I will not go, but someone else probably will.) < p-erhalen 4 B) &-a-s7[a]en dude ».Boorupen {wal ari-masen There is no ball-point pen. (i.e. There is no ball-point pen, but there are other writing instruments } a \ * Note that when the subject is an interrogative pronoun, “ga 2°" is used instead of “wa [4" (see p. 34). 3. i) As an emphatic particle. ‘When the topic is the object of a verb, it is followed by “wa 14,” which emphasizes it. A) bBLafRods &, ».Okane [wa] boku ga harau yo. As for the money, I'll pay (it). (ic. but 1 may not be responsible for other things.) Ure 4 B) aala]es » Shukudai [wa] moo sun-da As for homework, (I) have already finished (it). (ie. but I 2372 ) haven't finished doing other things.) Follows a particle or an adverb A) wob[it} sa cisat. — as, ttsumo fwal Usually, (I) go by bus. B) soKe [iE Ano hito , I'm not going to as: basu de iki-masu. biftsduaen, to |wa| moo tsuki-ai-masen. ssociate with that person anymore. (litcrally: As for (relations) with that person, I'm not going to associate (with him/her) an} ymore,) Moo nido to y, tanomi {wal shi-nai kara sa. Look, I won't ever ask you (for this favor) again, so B) Bia, eek. c[it}oene, Kusuri wa, mada non ,.de jwa] i-nai yo. As for the medication, I haven't taken it yet. j2c[B}ouons. C) M5 bs, Sono uwasa, uso ,.de [wal nai no yo. That rumor isn’t a lie, you know. Indicates a contrast between two topics. A) BLa)F«, Rla)RO. ena o Hiru [wa atsuku, yoru al da. BOREL. samui. Sore ga sabaku no kikoo Days are hot. and nights are cold. That is the climate of the desert. 2385. aos B) chlls}orALO, ThA HAAM, MBLEOT ». Kore [wa] watashi no, ,, sore fwa] anata no. Machigae-nai de. This is mine, that is yours. Don’t get them mixed up. In the pattern “... le)wa ... (dajga ~(T) ld~(/) 4%,” indicates that the speaker is recognizing another view or giving way to something. English approximation: “.., (to be sure) ..” A) BED SI xe 8 [iajoiea, FR bL CBSO. Denwa o kakeru ,,ni fa] kaketa ga, tegami mo dashite okoo. I did telephone B) coh, these (to be sure), but I'll also send a letter. ge it SHEL CCHS EC bro, yoku wakara-nai. I've read through this book (to be sure), but it’s so difficult that 1 couldn't understand it well. WA 4 1) Found in women’s language Placed at the end of a sentence, serves to soften the statement. Not translatable. A) bb, Ara, hen ..da lb], ROR, Belt SEW THURAKUY, wa). Kuruma no kagi, tashika ni koko ni oite- cita-n da kedo. Hmm, this is strange. I’m certain I put the car keys here, but B) 5. TTA [bla bahOKLA. 2392) oO Ara, suteki da [wa] ne, anata no doresu. Wow, your dress is so nice. 29, Oat CREB AS os [b]. i a r Soo ne, ima sugu kare ni denwa-shita hoo ga ii to ,, omou [wal. Well, yes, I think it would be better to call him right now. Expresses a casual exclamation. Not translatable. A) B) cae 2 abs LtH|b|, (DR. FFIADHORATT OT Joozu da [wa], kono e. Sachiko-san ga kaita-n desut te. This drawing is done well! Sachiko drew it, I hear. es 829989 Bor[b]. BW carwrRavriukp stron eo nakatta mono I'm surprised! I hadn't thought that dinosaurs were that big. In making a list in an exclamatory tone. Not translatable. 240 SETS b|. YI bd}. Netsu wa , deru [wa], nodo wa ,,.itai wal, kondo no kaze wa hidokatta. ROBIE Bo fe Thad a fever, and a sore throat; this cold was pretty severe. Pyokeoouns, ba[b]halb], MELO Ty atitd LESH. Ari no su o tsutsuitara, y,deru [wal ,.deru Wal, nan-byaku to yuu ari ga hai-dashite kita. When I poked at the anthill, several hundreds of ants came flooding out (they just kept coming out (literally: came out and came out)).VA FUNDAMENTALS OF “YA ©” The basic function of the particle “ya 4°” is similar to that of the particle “tox” (see P. 200). It lists nouns, phrases and clauses like the word “and” in English. However, whereas “to 2” refers to specific, clearly defined things, “ya 1°" refers more lu a category, and makes the thing more vague. Compare: o) E74 711sbRS[Z hae castles. Pikunikku ni wa ,, okashi |to| ,, nomimono o motte iki-mashoo. ei ce,w!. 8 oe LIS, PBR I[ ORAM EH CHS SLAG. Pikunikku ni wa ,, okashi [ya] ,, nomimono o motte iki-mashoo. Let’s bring |something like] candies and drinks on the picnic. aLBRN ese ]Rtide( e SABRR ci at, n, Gakkoo e iku toki |to| ,, kaimono ni iku toki wa jitensha de iki-masu. I ride iy bicycle (only when 1) go to school [and] go shopping. » Gakkoo e iku toki |val » kaimono ni iku toki wa jitensha de iki-masu. I ride my bicycle to go to school and to go shopping, (and to go to other places|). 1. Placed after a noun, loosely refers to it and other things that are also present or similar. English approximation: “... and ... (among other things/places)” A) $8: 88S [Pe] 24-4 LaotH at. 2422 B) ° Mono-oki ni, jitensha [ya] sukii ga shimatte ari-masu. In the storage room, there is a bicycle and a pair of skis (among other things). tyes nae ape RAT, RFS RMAC LB, Natsu-yasumi de, ,, hoteru [ya] ryokan wa doko mo man-in da. Since it is summer vacation, hotels, inns and the like are fully SN booked. RRLGh Betas eeacny Rade POUR, 2 Kono, FE hFs one Book|olae HRLAAK aH nO‘, Kyoo wa takashi-kun no tanjoo paatii data no. ,, Mamoru-kun ya] ,, asako-chan [ya] ,, tomo-chan [ya] makoto-kun, nakayoshi ga min-na atsumatta no yo. Takashi had a birthday party today. All his good friends like Mamoru, Asako, Tomo, Makoto, among others, got together. Indicates that an action is immediately followed by another action. Shortened version of “.. ya ina ya ~#4\%+” (see p. 247). English approximation: A) os ae ten be & 2 y 243Kanojo wa, boku no sugata oy, miru [ya], ikari o bakuhatsu saseta As soon as she saw me, she went into a fit of anger. reer atsseee ee a eaueus B) ameRa tale], AR Tub RL EME kL A. uru [ya], kishoo-choo wa tadachi ni Jishin ga ,,hass tsunami-keehoo o dashita. As soon as the earthquake happened, the Meteorological Agency issued a tidal wave warning. 3. Placed at the end of a sentence in men's language. 1) Used in casually coaxing or inviting action. Maa, moo sukoshi hanashi o shite kara ,, kaeroo [ya]. Well now, let's talk a little more before we go home, shall we? B) ALS, GENTE RN Le| Hisashiburi ni, unagi demo tabe ni, ikoo [ya]. It’s been a long time (since we had some), so let’s go and have unagi or something, shall we? C) bIVHLILM). VIE Ib, EBEBBK BoTaKL «Moo yame-yoo [ya], sofutobooru. Soro-soro kuraku-natte kita yo. Let's stop playing softball, shall we? It's getting dark. 2) Expresses a sense of resignation, helplessness or some sort of emotion. Not translatable. A) RESK, Rode boo HEAL, sHRFOGOR] 244ED SHH DTC NSS. Fumiko-san, boku no kimochi wakatte-kure-nai-n da. Maa a. Shikata-ga-nai [ya]. Sono uchi wakatte-kureru sa. Fumiko won't try to understand how I feel. Well, there is nothing Ican do. I hope she'll understand me some day. B) 24, oP), B39 Rees, Maa, aqqj.li |ya]. Moo ichido yari-naosoo. Forget it. I'll do it over again. ©) fad, wn 7 Ly radbRRAKOT THRE LOLE]. Sonoda-kun, gaaru-furendo ga dekita-n datte. 4 Urayamashii (a! wa). I hear that Sonoda has a girlfriend now. I’m envious. D) 5, ae Plo BAG THEN C7 Lo Kak otk eo ratinbeok, Ciba EN A, booru ga atatte mado-garasu ga warechatta. 4, Doo ni mo nara-nai [ya]. Min-na de ayamari ni ikoo yo. Oh no, the ball broke the window! We can’t do anything about it Let's all go and apologize. 4. After the name of the party addressed, softens the tone of the entire sentence. Mainly used by elderly people. Not translatable. A) $4[e] ba cet Rel ce (nema? » Yoshiko [ya]. chotto hari ni ito 0 tooshite okure-de-nai ka i? Yoshiko, my dear, will you thread the needle for me? nacaae B) BLOSA[S] Faas eho LTS. an [ya]. kyoo wa anata no tanioobi desu yo. 24sMy dear old man, today is your birthday, you know. 5. Inset phrases such as “mata mo ya 44 &" and “mashite ya £LT +,” intensifies the meanings of “mata mo #7 &” (again) and “mashite £ Lc” (even more). Not translatable. A) fila, an e[p]ReeoecLacn. Boku wa, ,»,.mata mo |ya| kanojo o okorasete shimatta. 1 ended up making her angry yet again. fans serio B) COFLAL, EF TRAR AK OAME ELT Konto, Raussen, Kono doresu, kyonen de sae kyuukutsu datta no yo. nai wa. This dress was too tight for me last year even. So it’s even more true that I can’t fit into it, because I put on extra weight this year. YAL *PU) 1. Used in calling out to someone, with a tone of familiarity or scorn. Not translatable. ane A) REB[PO], Sr ocHUsAcseRe tin, »,Akio_kun [yai], chotto ojisan ni te o kashite kure. Akio, come lend me (your uncle) a hand for a bit. wees B) BRAN? OCUAL[POI, Kemushi ga kowai no? ,, !kujinashi [yai]. You're scared of caterpillars? You coward! 2462. At the end of a sentence, creates an exclamatory, curt statement. Not translatable. A) too blLAoRL eto ol, Sono hachi kowashita no q boku ja nai [yai]. I'm not the one who broke that flower pot! B) bitieredeaulPol, Moo kimi ni nanka ,, tanoma-nai [yai]. I'll never ask you for a favor again! YA-INA-YA 4P-LAZE-4P Combination particle A combination of the particle “ya 4,” the adverh “ina \y‘'(not)” and the particle “ya ~." Indicates that an action is immediately followed by another action. English approximation: “as soon as ...” A) EXGH Re ois PORe] MBCHAA TLE OK. Shujin wa shucchoo kara ,, kaeru |ya ina ya shimatta. , kaze de nekonde My husband, as soon as he came back from his business trip, took to bed with a cold. een 38 B) SHRI SK > of BLP we| BUA > Wakamono wa uma ni , matagaru |ya ina ya]. kake-satta. ‘The young man, as soon as he got on the horse, galloped away. 247VARA > YARA *P w 1. Following an interrogative or a word indicating uncertainty, emphasizes the uncertainty. Not translatable. A) Robues cath aIt) ba SBN. CELRU OBO MEE STH (0) Boku no ojiisan wa ha ga takusan kakete-iru no de, nani o y, itte-iru (no) |yara} sappari wakara-nai. Since my grandfather is missing lots of teeth, (I) can’t understand what he’s saying at all. * B) Ui bide SACK 4 Bork. Hii-obaasan ga nakunatta no wa, itsu no koto , data [yara] wasurete shimatta yo. I've completely forgotten when it was that my great-grandmother passed away. 2. Inthe pattern “to yara c+ to make a statement more vague. English approximation: “... or somcthing/somcone” A) Bh Ra) s Asedicaan Anes Che Takami, to lyuu hito ga ome-ni-kakari-tai soo desu. Someone named Takami or something says he would like to scc you. seer te B) RASA COL P S| DAL OMIMTOS, Sakamoto-san wa, doko , to |yara} watashi no ane ni nite-iru. mbles my elder sister 2483. In the pattern “... yara ... yara ~4° 45 --4 5,” followed by a negation, indicates an indecision between the choices. English approximation: “... or ... ors se igus ers A) &TEAKS( Bot, Co BM EAOY YP ORT OY eT eb). BBs oma, Musuko mo ookiku natte, docchi ga shujin no ,, shatsu [yara musuko no ,, shatsu |yara|, miwake ga tsuka-nai. My son has grown up, and I can't tell which are my husband's shirts and which are my son's. aed nek B) Fa umes o[P bles evokes]. se Revo CHS Kyoo wa ame ga furu ,, no [yara] fura-nai , no [yara]. Maa kasa dake wa motte ikoo. (I wonder) if it will rain today or not. I'll bring an umbrella (just in case). 4. Lists two or more items, with the implication that other items exist as well. English approximation: “and ... (other things)” A) BLAUAVAPA, BULOIKZI[PSITHAPSIR GC IA ven E Lagi. Ashita wa kurisumasu, oishii ,, gochisoo [yara takusan tsukuri-mashoo ne. Tomorrow is Christmas Day, let's make lots of goud food and cakes (and other things). 249B) Loh ca kG parsons, boekirs[eslon ¢ eb), KEES Ue no kai de mata fuufu-genka ga hajimatta yo. Mono o v Mageru [yara] ,, wameku [yara], taihen da naa. The couple upstairs has started fighting again. They’re throwing things and screaming (at each other) (and doing other things), it's quite something. 5. Placed at the end of a sentence, expresses a casual remark addressed to oneself with a tone of uncertainty. English approximation: “I wonder ... A B) 250 : aus > ofa ids, AEM T( S(D)/ 5). Kyoo mo shujin wa sakana-tsuri ni dekaketa. Nan-biki ,,tsutte- kuru (no) My husband went fishing again today. I wonder how many he'll catch and bring back? HRowih eh Fade Msro, REEKREO. CA nr ana (wm)l|erse Yakusoku no jikan 0 ichi-jikan juugo-fun mo sugita no ni, kanojo wa mada ko-nai. Doredake , mata-sareru (no) |yara]. Even though it’s an hour and fifteen minutes past the time we're supposcd to mcct, she hasn't come yet. I wonder how long I'll be kept waiting?Yo & 1. Placed at the end of a sentence. 1) Transforms the sentence into an exclamation. Not translatable. A) REOER RK, RH kMOKOA| SL], Kanojo no hanayome-sugata, hontoo ni kiree . data [yo]. She looked really beautiful in her wedding dress! B) SULORRRIH kb |. Anata no ensoo suteki datta , wa [yo]. Your performance was really splendid. 2) After an interrogative pronoun. adds a tone of criticism. Not translatable. ocd ak A) colgahela], xtreo ye vead lose ee Do Sono kakkoo wa ,»,nan da [yo]. Zubon kara shatsu ga hami i What's with your attire? Your shirt’s hanging out of your pants, B) Biche hee L, “Res Léo(e). Kyuu ni naki-dashitari shite, ittai g,doo shita no [yo]. (You) suddenly burst into tears, what in the world is the matter? 3) Emphasizes a command. Not translatable. Boch #6 ue A) FC ENS E). FRI e Hayaku ,, taboro [yo]. Gakkoo ni okureru zo. Eat quickly, already! You'll be late for school. 251bison B) Ro c&P eon cou, enuckss[s]. Damatte jisho o tsukatta gurai de, son na ni okoru ,.na [yo]. Don't get so angry at me just for using your dictionary without asking you! 4) After the form “oo B# (4)” or “yoo £4.” Emphasizes a statement of suggestion. Not translatable. tf. hee tee 5 A) OUBRRE. HI CRT Ii otenki da. Sanpo ni demo ,, ikoo [yo]. It's nice out. Let's go take a walk or something. B) a2, BREA, BT LESLIE} tabe yoo [vol v.tabe yoo yo). Say, Dad, shall we have sushi? Expresses an emotional state. Not translatable. cae OC) BA CHOBEA TLS a[L]. Nan te kurai michi nan , deshoo What a dark road (this) is! D) REHLOA-4 7 U7 FORRES Bocce ¢ Enzxs3[z]. Kanojo ni wa atarashii booi-furendo ga dekita rashii. Boku no koto nan ka sugu wasureru ,, daroo I've heard that she has a new boyfricnd. I'll bet she'll forget about me very soon! 2. Placed at the end of a clause or a sentence. 1) Expresses an exclamatory address. Not translatable. ay UF] BEN CHAR, 252B) n. Kami |yo], omamori kudasai. God, please protect me. bow BPE], FCB coud. FUEL KEKE, Ooi! ,, Hiraiwa-kun [yo], hayaku nobotte koi yo. Subarashii keshiki da zo. Hey! Hiraiwa, come climb up quickly! It’s a great view! 2) Asa “filler” particle placed at pauses in a sentence, to catch a breath or call something to the attention of the party addressed. Not translatable. A) pRaKaKHoCcunn? Usorterr[E] BLEKO Bibs togost lagen, Otoosan mada kaette ko-nai no? Hyotto suru to .. da {vo], ojisan no uchi ni yotte-iru no kamo-shirenai ne. Your father’s not home yet? There's a chance that maybe he has stopped by your uncle's. B) Sef a] Es von Bs one rasa? Man-ichi « da [yo], takara-kuji no it-too ga atattara doo suru? Let's say that by a one-in-ten-thousand chance, you won the lottery, what would you do? YORI £0 1. Makes a comparison. Also in the forms “yorika £7 or “yorimo ena English approximation: “than” 253A) 2O7 KS HODKC[ED| RUTH Kono ringo wa, ano ,, ringo [yori] ookii desu. This apple is bigger than that apple. B) PLLA bak[ET Gb). Watashi wa, ,, anata |yori(ka/mo)| se ga takai. T'm taller than you. nakatta. ‘Today’s exam was less difficult than I had expected. D) 3035(E9G- sda york, ».Kinoo |yori(ka/mo)| kyoo no hoo ga zutto samui. Today is much colder than yesterday. 2. Establishes a boundary. Often followed by a word describing time, distance, or position. English approximation: “than” egos) ta te A) Bronte, RKO)FH oat. Boku tachi no gakkoo wa, .cki | yori] temae ni ari-masu. Our school is before the station. (ie. closer to us than the station.) B) skeeoetotogugs, Feat EDR L EL ae [yon Mada onaka ga suite-inai nara, yuushoku wa ,, shichi-ji ato ni shi-mashoo. 2543. If you're not hungry yet, let’s have dinner after seven o'clock. (literally: later than seven.) Bowe aeate OC) t-AMGR| LAM THRE (KS, Hoomu no ,,hakusen |yori| uchigawa de omachi kudasai. Please wait inside the white line on the platform. (literally: at a more inner location than the white line.) In the pattern “yori hoka J (14-,” followed by a negation, shows that matters are limited to what precedes the particle and nothing else. English approximation: “(nothing else) to do besides .. 4 wee oe ow A) colcebtteduan, cimocd. CSSOR MG ean, Doo shite mo denwa ga tsuuji-nai. Koo natte wa, nakaya-kun no uchi e ,, iku [yori] hoka nai. I can’t get through on the phone no matter what. This being the case, there’s nothing (I) can do except go to Nakaya’s house. baa ae oe 2 ME THO UN, BETHEL [ROW A, B) 7-7 Keeburukaa ga koshoo de ugoka-nai. Naoru made ,, matsu [yori] hoka nai ne. ‘The tramway is out of order and not running. There's nothing to do but ws In formal or written language, indicates the starting point of time or space for an action. In colloquial usage, “kara 44” is usually used in its place. English approximation: “from” A) HB Rvs “FS Fa, PREBLE REL at. 255Shin-kansen hikari-ichi-goo hakata-yuki wa, ,, juuroku-ban-sen yori] hassha-shi-masu. Shin-kansen Hikari No. | to Hakata will be leaving from track No. eos oe 16. B) aos“ A[a obs nas. Kyoo no kaigi wa_, ichi-ji |yori| hajimari-masu. ‘Today's meeting will start from one o'clock. 5. Used with an interrogative noun such as “doko &= (where),” “dare * # (who),” “nani 47 (what),” etc., to indicate that which follows it is the best. A) vc [Pahacka Hen, ».Doko [yori] wagaya ga ichi-ban da ne. There is no better place than our home. B) fh, LOA TOFY, MED] OLoe HDA AINOET, Maa, toritate no nashi, ,,nani [yori] no mono o arigatoo gozaimasu. My goodness, (these are) freshly picked pears; thank you so much (for giving us something that cannot be surpassed.) © Barn[E9]()¥ korn, Kimi wa q,dare [yori] (mo) hayaku hashitta ne. You ran faster than anyone else. didn’t you? 6. Indicates the basis for conclusions, results, etc. English approximation: “on the basis of” “from” A ET 7 +27 7-n oh Ei ORR SE ORE E |e ty 256nat. Piano konkuuru no yuushoo-sha wa ashita no saishuu-shinsa no kekka ni [yori] kime-masu. The winner of the piano competition will be selected on the basis, of the results of the final performance tomorrow. mo CAcamars Ek Chsd BeuBnd E ELEM BOAU MBI[ LI], BROAUILH—-BAT FAC HA OK. B) Konkai no jinkoo-choosa ,.ni {yori], nihon no jinkoo wa yaku ichi-oku ni-sen-man nin to wakatta. From this census, it’s understood that the population of Japan is about one hundred twenty million. 7. In the pattern “to yuu vori &1»4 £9.” indicates that a person/thing seems to be or is considered to be something other than what it is. English approximation: “more of a ... than A) PME, EYRATY CVG EB AK, Saitoo-kun wa, bijinesuman »»,to yuu [yori] kagakusha da. Saiiv is mure uf @ scieniisi tian a businessinau. (haar 5 Lb 0 SRK, B) RAwwH! Ookii naa! Kore wa mizuumi , to yuu [yori] umi da. It’s so big! It's more like an ocean than a lake. ze t Found in men’s language. Used only in casual conversation among colleagues or with those whose supposed social status is below that of the speaker. 231To elicit an agreement from the party addressed. Not translatable. A) SHER Remsen. acecpmor sa fe] Yoshioka-kun ga kakari-choo ni naru-n da. Min-na de ,, oiwai- oo ol shiyoo |ze]. Yoshioka is going to become an assistant section chief. Let's all celebrate (for him). B) Bs cE bBEror. ra Beas oc 72 ees e, Ima made wa mika boozu datta, Daga, kondo wa kitto tabako © yameru |ze]. Until now, I couldn't keep a resolution past three days, However, ZO € Placed at the end of a sentence or a clause, emphatically states one’s opinion or judgement. Found in men’s language. Not translatable. A) B) 258 Pi es Bankai ated] Kimi yori boku no hoo ga se ga 4y,takai [zo]. I'm taller than you! (a5. HO. dura]. Hora, shin-ichi, ,, nageru [zo]. Look, Shin-ichi, I'm going to throw (the ball)!Establishes equal divisions. English approximation: “(quantity) each A) batho, Bu rou¥ [Follasna ae, Ha ga warui node, katai mono wa ,.sukoshi [zutsu} shika kame-masen. Since I have bad tecth, I can only chew tough things a little at a time. Bee ak v8 B) RBOR, “HPO ee 6%, boU AC SARL TE. 8 kashite yo. Don’t lend me comic books one at a time; let me have a lot more (at once). OC) LO7FAIA, FRSRHIAlFO|at. Dono kurasu ni mo, gakkyuu-iin ga ,, futari [zutsu] i-masu. There are two class representatives for each and every class. 259MASTERING PARTICLES: EXERCISESNTRODUCTION This section is designed for students who are at the beginning level of Japanese language studies. Learning how and when to use particles is so essential to Japanese that it’s best to master the basics at an early stage. Exposure to numerous examples and problems will familiarize you with the appropriate usages. the particles “walt” and “ga4*,” since it's crucial to grasp the difference between these two fundamental particles. As you progress, other particles are gradually introduced into the problems, and sentence structures become increasingly more complex. Your instructor may wish to use these prablems as homework. There is also an answer key in the back.Complete the sentences below, using either “Id(wa)" or “/*(ga)” in the parentheses. Loyya( ) Zopnat. Ringo (|) mit-tsu ari-masu. ‘There are three apples. 2 bh) heyy ret. Are (|) akai ringo desu. ‘That is a red apple. 3 FEC ) wed Gakusee (| There are two students. 4 HORE) rayakes, Ano gakusee (|) amerika-jin desu. That student is an American. Bobi (C2) HOA CI mH? Anata (1) doko (2. ) itai-n desu ka? (As for you,) where does it hurt? 6 rl (HC) MATT. Watashi ( | ) atama( 2) itai-n desu. (As for me.) my head hurts. 7 be (RC) HCH BHA, Watashi (1) atama (2 ) itaku-arimasen. (As for me) my head doesn't hurt (hut ather parts do). 263ssa : 8 Il, FRE ( DAC SARELEL. Hora, kodomo-tachi (| ) takusan ki-mashita yo. Look, many children have come. 9 FH) andBodere. Kodomo-tachi (|) min-na otoko-no-ko desu yo. The children are all boys. 10. BPSA ( ) PARET A? Tanaka-san (| ) kyoo ki-masu ka? Will Mr. Tanaka come today? (Literally: “As for Mr. Tanaka ...”) Wa Rate. BL BRS, () RELAL asu yu. A, ianaka-san {i Yes, (he) will come. Ah, Mr. Tanaka has come. 12. ( ) Boctna, Kaze (| __ ) tsuyoi desu nee. It’s windy, isn’t it? (Literally: “The winds are strong, aren't they?”) 13, () RotSalALe Ame (| ) futte-ki-mashita yo. It has started to rain. (Literally: “The rain has started to fall.”) 14, BORAWE () AUTH Ano ookii mado (|) kiree desu. That big window is clean. (Literally: “As for that big window ...”) 15. BC) Motus t, Mado (| ) aite-imasu. The window is open. win) 23t. 264Yama (|) mie-masu. () can see a mountain. 17 buts () both (+) Rasta? Anata (| ) ano yama( 2 ) mie-masu ka? Can you see that mountain? (Literally: “As for you ..") og ( ) Reever ( ) AC ) heat. lic, yama (| ) mic masen ( 2 ), ki{ 3. ) mie-masu. No, (I) can’t see a mountain, but (1) can see trees. (Literally: “As for a mountain, | can’t see (it), but ...”) WW eLek ( ) haate? Don-na ki (|) mie-masu ka? What kind of trees can (you) see? 2. avneR( ) RAAT. Iro-iro na ki (|) mie-masu. (0) can see many kinds of trees. saat SA Seat ( K apecuat FARE TOE Fe x Kiree na hana (|) takusan saite-imasu Beautiful flowers are blooming in abundance. 22. Fa-Vy7( ) EERO EA Chuurippu (|) mada saite-imasen. Tulips have not bloomed yet (but other flowers have). 23. () eaeTH? Sakura (|) doo desu ka? What about cherry blossoms? ‘ 2. (HN SHAE 265Sokura (|) ari-masen yo. There are no cherry blossoms (but there are other flowers) 2. bre ( ) hee hLat, Watashi (1) yamada to mooshi-masu. 1 am (called) Yamada %. bd, HER ( -) LBS THE LEHETA Aa, anata (|) yamada-san de irasshaimasu ka. Oh, you are Mr. Yamada. W. Ueb, Cah ( ) BRaActH? Jaa, donata( |) tanaka-san desu ka? The M: Tv 28." () BCT, Watakushi (|) tanaka desu. Tam Tanaka. 9 bre ( ). BRB (A) YEE at Watashi ( | ) nihongo( 2 ) sukoshi hanase-masu. can speak a little Lit of Japanese. 3 bel () 7ay RHC) hana ta KATE C Lb aN Sth, Watashi ( | ) furansugo (2 ) wakari-masu ga, doitsugo ( wakari-masen. I can understand French, but not German. 266 3 )Lesson 2 Complete the sentences below, using “Id(wa)", “/*(ga)”, or “(mo)” in the parentheses. Loch) SHH Kore (|) hyaku en desu. ‘This is one hundred yen 2 en ( ) Se Heta? Dore (|) nichyaku en desu ka? Which one is two hundred yen? 3 ba) SHAH Are (|) nichyaku en desu. ‘That is two hundred yen. 4 ch) Se Hcte? Kore (|) ni-hyaku en desu ka? Is zed Suna th) SBA ea NEHA, lie, sore (|) ni-hyaku en ja ari-masen. No, that isn’t two hundred yen. 6 ber (RC) Buctaz, Anata( 1 ) se ( 2) takai desu nee. You are tall, aren't you, (Literally: “Your height is high, isn't it.”) 7 Bmac( ) eC ) Boerne, Toyoda-san ( | ) se ( 2. ) takai desu nee. Ms. Toyoda is also tall, isn’t she? 2078 bel (RC) React Watashi (1) se (2) hikui-n desu 1 am short. (Literally: “As for me, my height is low.”) 9% 304 ( 7 CAE BRACLEA? Kinoo (|) don-na otenki deshita ka? How was the weather yesterday? W309 ( ) BC ) RNELR. Kinoo (|) yuki (2 ) furi-mashita. Yesterday, it snowed. WB) BC) otha te? Kyoo {1 1) Is it snowing today, too? 00a, FA) BC) Bocuse, COB) ROT te lie, kyoo (|) yuki (| 2 ) futte-imasen. Demo kiri( 3 ) koi desu. No, today it’s not snowing (although it snowed yesterday). But the fog is dense. 3 BLA( )@( ) BTL EG. Ashita ( | ) ame( 2 ) furu deshoo. Tomorrow, it will probably rain. 1438 (RC) DET Kyoo (|) netsu (2. ) ari-masu Today, (I) have a fever. 15. D4 ( HC) BRNELBA 26820. 2 22, 23. Kinoo (|) netsu (2 ) ari-mashita ka? Did you have a fever yesterday as well? W805 ( DRC) BDRBATL AS Kinoo (_ | ) netsu( 2 ) ari-masen deshita_ Yesterday, I didn't have a fever. 6 ae EC) HT. Sora ( 1! ) aoi desu. The sky is blue. 2 as jC ) wect,. Umi (1 ) aoi desu. The ocean is blue, too. nner BR) Boers, Chikyuu (1) aoi desu yo. The earth is blue also. BC) Fecra? Kumo { i} avi desu ka? Are clouds blue as well? Lona, BC) Renae, lie, kumo (|) aoku ari-masen. No, clouds aren’t blue (although other things listed above are blue). WbEBObo ( ) nate? Hoka ni aoi mono (| _ ) ari-masu ka? Is there anything else bluc? Ke ) Khes Watashi (1) genki desu.lam fine, too 6. ba ) RATT. Anata (1) genki desu. You are fine, too. Kn ) RATT? Dare (|) byooki desu ka? Who is sick? 26. RRL (RACH. Kawamoto-san (|) byooki desu. Mr. Kawamoto is sick. m7 WEXL ( ) vt) Bagegee? Kawamoto-san (|) doko (2) warui-n desu ka? What is wrong with Mr. Kawamoto? (Literally: “As for Mr. Kawamoto, where is (he) not well (i.e. which part of him is sick)?”) 28. HRSA (RC) BRA) HORITT Kawamoto-san { | } atama( 2 } onaka( 3 ) itai soo desu. I heard that Mr. Kawamoto has hoth a headache and a stomachache. (Literally: “... both (his) head and stomach hurt.”) 29. SRE) tony (Cp nden BEC) dose +. Man-nen-hitsu (|) booru-pen (| 2. ) iri-masen. Enpitsu (| 3. ) hoshii-n desu. I need neither a fountain pen nor a ball-point pen. What I need is a pencil. 270kum ae ce 30.395 ( ) wNSeHee ( ) Burka. Ree () # BEL CHAK. Kinoo (|) nishikawa-kun to maeda-kun (| 2 ) asobi-ni-kita. Boku-tachi (3 ) yakyuu o shite asonda. Yesterday, Nishikawa and Maeda came over to play. We played baseball. mTeccnn 2 LeSsSSO Go Complete the sentences below, using “|d(wa)", “#°(ga) (no)" in the parentheses. apeys ae Lome ( ) eMC ) BN ETHP Tookyoo (_ | ) chizu( 2) ari-masu ka? Do you have a map of Tokyo? bap ae 2 ABC ) ME ( ) BNET? Oosaka ( 1) chizu ( 2 ) ari-masu ka? Do you have a map of Osaka, too? ME aS 2 AR )REC )EnSEA. Oosaka ( | ) chizu( 2) ari-masen. We don't have a map of Osaka. 4 858 ( ) 8A ) wnat (+) Nagoya ( | )chizu( 2 ) ari-masu( 3 We have a map of Nagoya, but ... 5. Leb, BER ( ) hmeREccesn. Jaa, nagoya (|) chizu o misete kudasai. Well, then please show me a map of Nagoya 6 BC RC) RNne? Kimi (| ) nani (| 2) tabe-tai? What would you like to eat? 7 BC) nzesewe () exre Boku (_ | ) hanbaagaa ( 2) tabe-tai. I want to eat a hamburger. mm ) &(mo)", or “O2 ftat (mC) ne Nomi-mono ( 1 ) nani( 2) ii? What would you like to drink? BC dor ) ores. 742% 1- (Outs Boku ( |) nodo ( 2. ) kawaita kara aisu-tii (3) ina. As I'm thirsty, I'd like to drink iced-tea. saaey Be ano MbeAL C YRC ) REC ) SAvate Watashi (_ | ) chichi ( 2 ) kyoodai ( 3 >) futari i-masu. My father has two brothers. (Literally: “As for my father, there are two brothers.”) RO KC RC) pALicxotaBE ct. Chichi ( | ) ani( 2 ) otooto ( 3 ) watashi ni totte wa oji desu. (My) father’s older brother and younger brother are both my uncles. Ro RC FRC purer c BO ye Cp RC) SAE Chichi ( | ) ani( 2 ) kodomo ( 3 ) i-masen( 4 ), chichi ( 5 ) otooto( 6 ) musume( 7) futari i-masu. (My) father's older brother doesn’t have children, but (my) father’s younger brother has two daughters. hbee (SC) RRC) Zana. Watashi ( | ) haha( 2 ) kyoodai ( 3 ) futari i-masu. My mother has two brothers as well. 1 (RRC) bELELOTEBUTT. Haha (| ) kyoodai( 2 ) watashi ni totte wa oji desu. 23(My) mother’s brothers are my uncles, too. A() cacte? Kyoo (1 ) otenki ( 2) doo desu ka? How is today’s weather? 16 FB (MC ) ROTM ) Botuat. Kyoo( 1 ) kaze ( 2 ) fuite, ame ( 3 ) futte imasu. Today, it's windy and it's raining as well. (Literally: “... the wind is blowing, and the rain is falling, too.”) 7 bLA( ) BRAC) Boctrse? Ashita (|) otenki (2 ) warui deshoo ka? Wil Bowe, SLAC ) OOBRATL EG. lie, ashita (|) ii otenki deshoo. it he had weather tomorrow, ton? No, tomorrow will probably be good weather. 19. BE) Lace) Enpitsu ( i } hoshii-ndesu{ z }, I'd like a pencil ... ( ) LaLUtHA? Nani-iro (|) yoroshii desu ka? Which color do you want? (Literally: “Which color would be good?") a Foo ), Boo ( ) net), Akaino ( | ), kuroino( 2 ) ari-masu( 3 ). There are red ones as well as black ones... 2. Bonn ) eos. Kuroi no (1) hoshii desu. 204I want a black one. ae my ¢ )CAcin? en ( DWV ETA, Akaino (| ) doo desu ka? Sore ( 2) iri-masen. What about a red one? That I don't need. 2B) Bi (eA REB (CO ) Wate? Umi ( 1) naka ni( 2 ), don-na seebutsu ( 3) i-masu ka? What kinds of creatures are there in the sea? 25. Mi) RRC) at BC) moat Umini( |), sakana yakai ( 2 ) i-masu. Shokubutsu (| 3. ) ari-masu. In the sea, there are such things as fish and shellfish. There are plants, too. 26. NR () maret He? bAL( ) Bue () bac t. Akai tot 2) uma ( 3.) suki desu. How about a red car? I like white cars. 7. BHC) Ei FOR) wnat, Foret ha. Shiroi kuruma (1) migi ni, aoi kuruma (2 ) ar-masu nee. Aoi iro no mo ii-desu ne. To the right of the white car, there is a blue car. (right)? The blue one is nice, too. wy) teveRcoscai BUSAERESL () Bax 25Boku (|) terebi o mite-iru toki ni, oji-san to oba-san (2) tazunete kita. When I was watching T.V., my uncle and aunt came to visit. 2 bEL( ). ae ( ) ECT ZC) ay ( )aeacbRat. a7—b (Rye) Pate Watashi ( |}, sukii( 2 ) tokuidesu( 3 ), fuyu( & ) supootsu (5 ) hotando deki-masu. Sukeeto (6 ) hokkee (7 ) yari-masu. I'm good at skiing, but I can do most winter sports. I skate and play hockey, tan 90. HowisHocass, aawRE () hase h() MP CN aU ARC ) Rese bteneod. Ano yama ni nobotte miyoo. Kiree na keshiki (|) mieru yo_ Kawa ( 2 ) miguumi( 3 ), soshite, kisha( 4 ) mieru- kamo-shire nai yo. Let’s go climb that mountain. We'll be able to see 2 great view. We'll be able to see a river, a lake, and possibly even a train. 276Lesson 4 Complete the sentences below, using “(de)” or “# (o)” in the parentheses. ORE () KORLAH? ro() Anata wa doko ( |) kono jisho (2) kai-mashita ka? Where did you buy this dictionary? 2 bELIRAIZY— (-) RELA Watashi wa eki e takushii (|) iki-mashita. I went to the station by taxi. 3. zoom () heccran, Sono akai tokee (|) misete kudasai. Please show me that red clock 4 bRLIGSDA FN PORE (arty F4—() ENE Lite w: depaate no (| 2. ) tabe-mashita. Yesterday, I ate spaghetti at the restaurant in a department store. S$. LON-RF RH (FAR ( +) MOTLEY’ Kono baasudee-keeki ( |) naifu ( 2 ) kitte kudasai. Please cut this birthday cake with a knife. 6 SON BEAOBBH (Cy ay (BOTCHED. Koko e anata no onamae (_ | ) pen ( 2_ ) kaite kudasai. Please write your name here with a pen. 7 peUGeER ( ) BEC) Bone 27Watashi wa haha ni tegami (|) kakitome ( 2 ) okutta. I sent my mother a letter by registered mail. 8 pEOOTOR, Co ( ) mM) ENEI? Onaka ga suita. Doko (_ | ) nani{ 2) tabe-yoo? I'm hungry. Where and what shall I eat? 9. bun ORR ( ) RRLaLAA? Anata wa doko no gakko (_ |) sotsugyoo-shi-mashita ka? From which school did you graduate? 10. 208 ( ) god e. aBaenad. to (0) vats hot CHS. { 2. ) basu ni notte kudasai. If you go straight down this street, there will be a bus stop. Get on the bus there. Wek () a Bao PH) nas. Ninon ( 1 ) wa, kuruma wa michi no hidari-gawa( 2 ) hashiri-masu. In Japan, cars keep to the left side of the road. 12. SULOH, Heth (-) sa-a-7( ) PRLas. Ashita no asa, hikooki (| ) nyuuyooku( 2 ) shuppatsu-shi- masu Tomorrow morning, I'm leaving New York on a plane. 3. RBbALOIS( )oF4- (+) LE Raishuu watashi no uchi (|) paatii (_ 2) shi-masu. I'm going to throw a party at my house next week. 28one 9299 ae WL SOUARZY ( ) KBB LU BARA CH A? Kono restoran (_ |) ichiban oishii oryoori wa nan desu ka? What is the best dish (served) at this restaurant? nee Be leea ¢ ve WHSADRAALIL, TER ( )ECLTH EBD () Fee EATOST. Yamada-san no okusan wa, goshujin (_ | _) nakushite kara hitori (| 2.) apaato ni sunde-imasu. After having lost her husband, Mrs. Yamada is living alone in his apartment. feavecay bp brome, FE (SR ER an at. aaa (BR wo ) Lat. Watashi no sobo wa, kotoshi ( |) kyuujus-sai ni nari-masu. Min-na (2 ) oiwai (3) shi-masu. My grandmother is going to turn ninety this year. We're all going to celebrate ( her birthday). bots ARS J b( ) REL ET. Min-na (1 ) issho ni dezaato (2) tabe-mashoo. Let's all have desert together. GEC On) Mot CHE. Kitte (| ) nori( 2 ) hatte kudasai. Please paste down the postage stamp with glue. Been (aH (Cy Ro ekacTst lr Aka-chan (|) uba-guruma ( 2 ) sanpo ni tsurete-iki- mashita. I took the baby out for a walk in a stroller. 219wana 2. BHH( ) vs) RNAi? Obentoo ( | ) doko ( 2 ) tabe-mashoo ka? Where shall we eat our boxed lunch? 2 bELUR( -) MP da case. BM (Lew BBs y, bALORG, GALZIL OE (DEL AL Watashi wa inu (|) sanpo ni tsurete iki-mashita. Koen (2), yosonoinu ni de-au to, watashi no inu wa, ureshisoo ni shippo (3) furi-mashita. I took my dog for a walk. At the park, when my dog saw another dog, it wagged its tail in delight. 2 bri, cokbots ( ) aE) Watashi wa. sono eego no tango (_ | ) jisho ( 2 ) shirabe- mashita. 1 looked up that English word in the dictionary. 23. Skid, RT (+) DIABRHN ET. HELIA, REL IIR ( ) Bot aenactaat. Konya wa, hoteru (|) kurasu-kai ga ati-masu. Watashi wa, tomodachi to takushii (2) hirotte, hoteru made iki-masu. Tonight, there will be a class reunion at a hotel. I'm going to catch a taxi with a friend, and (that is how) we're going to go to the hotel. 2. Kau kiozs2( ) 2atK( ) Malte Kyoo wa nihongo no kurasu (|), suraido (2) mi-mashita. Today in Japanese class we saw slides. te ose ee y 28. Sham (+) RR ( ) LTH SEL MARC +) HASTE 28026. 27. 28. 2 29. 30. Kon-na tokoro (| ) hirune ( 2 ) shite-iru to, kaze ( 3 ) hiki-masu yo. if you take a nap at a place like this, you'll catch cold. DALBES FC ) coatehn ( ) THC) Ree tee Watashi wa depaato (|) konokoin-ire ( 2 )senen( 3 ) kai-mashita. T bought this change purse for one thousand yen at a department store. EOFROH (HR (ket CHO. Ano gakko no mae (|) kuruma (| 2 ) tomete kudasai. 1 of that ech ) F-Lofh® () Meee. Shanpen ( | ) chiimu no yuushoo ( 2_ ) iwai-mashoo. Let's celebrate our victory with champagne. cokbhi, hikooncosth, beco8a ( ) Hive ( ) Rot ces. Kono teckiken wa, kigen ga kirete-imasu ne. Asoko no mado-guchi (1) atarashii no (2 ) katte kudasai. Your (train/bus) pass is no longer valid. Please buy a new one at that ticket window. du Mail) EXKBewo at. aecoBuithon e ( BKC) hauea. Kyoo wa, sumidagawa( | _) hanabi-taikai ga ari-masu. Asoko no takai tatemono no okujoo (_ 2.) hanabi( 3) mi-mashoo. 281Today, there's going Lo be fireworks over (al) the Sumida River. Let's watch the fireworks from the rooftop of that tall building. 282Lesson 5 Complete the sentences below, using “T(de)", “(0)” or “t=(ni)” ("\(e)") in the parentheses. 1 bRLUERE (sa) BRD (+) ha cdPaatn Watashi wa, kodomo-tachi (| ) basu( 2 ) omatsuri (3. ) tsurete iki-mashita I took my children to the festival by bus. 2 peLkls ( ) franoacha, cok (Cp ected a? Watashi wa kyooto (|) ikitai-n desu ga, kono densha( 2 ) ii deshoo ka? I'd like to go to Kyoto, (but) is this the right train? 3. Make (REC) HY Rt ye ( ) oBeILEL gochisoo shi-mashita. I bought her a sandwich at a coffee shop. 4 bALISa-3-7( ) hake, HBC) Te ( ) Bicuss, Watashi wa nyuuyooku ( | ) sumitai kara, shinbun ( 2. ) apaato ( 3) sagashite-imasu. Because I want to live in New York, I am looking for an apartment through the newspaper. 5. bKLOWE ( )eet ) Bonn? 283,Watashi no enpitsu (_ | ) doko ( 2. ) oita no? Where did you put my pencil? 6. Bethe (ec (Balsa? Konban nanji {| ) doko ( 2 ) ai-mashoo ka? Where and when shall we meet tonight? 7 beLisy7eyk ( ) BRB (ER ( ) Baars Watashi wa pen-furendo( | )nihongo( 2 )tegami( 3 ) kaki-mashita. I wrote a letter to my penpal in Japanese. 8. fa, Lose ( Dr74 ( ) PRAM. ELT €= ( ) Hopae ( ) LR Boku wa, itsuka fune ( 1 ) hawai( 2 ) ikitai. Soshite, soko (3) saafin( 4 ) shitai. Some day I'd like to go to Hawaii by boat. Then, I'd like to go surfing there. 9 zeae h () BBB) vty ( ho Suupaa-maaketto (|) jitensha (2) pan (3) kai niiki- mashita. I went to the supermarket by bicycle to buy some bread. Wo bate ( ) RC ) BBC) Lat Watashi wa ichi-nichi (|) ichi-do haha (2) denwa (3 ) shi-masu. I call my mother once every day. ne Ze (Cy tecc (Bates. 284Mikka-go (|) mata koko (2 ) ai-mashoo. Let's meet again here in three days. worry ( ) ema Hh) BRC WW RLat ? Rondon { 1) iku hikooki wa, nanji( 2 ) kuukoo ( 3.) shuppatsu shi-masu ka? When will the plane for London leave the airport? 13, beLIH (36 ( ) Bacar. Watashi wa saifu( | ) uchi ( 2 ) wasurete kita. I forgot my wallet at home (and came here). 14, iid, SHEE (56 (Be ABE) nt oe- ( ) HocBk (yarns. Kare wa, maiasa shichiji-han (|! ) uchi (| 2 ) dete, jidoosha (3 ) haiuee ( 4) hashitte kaisha ( 5) iki-masu. Every morning, he leaves his house at seven-thirty and drives on the 15, ake (Heh). ta7y () Bone, Boku wa yonaka( | ), senmenjo( 2 }, gokiburi( 3 ) mitsuketa. T found a cockroach in the washroom at midnight. 16 WSPaz ab (ERC) thon Kariya-kun wa tesuto (1) hyaku-ten (2 ) totta, Kariya got a hundred (A*) on the test. 17, FURS Ake) AH) FOF (Hw ( ) lated. 285Kyoo wa samui kara, min-na (| ) issho (2. ) uchi no naka (3), geemu ( 4 ) shi-mashoo. Since it’s cold outside today, let’s all play a game inside the house. we. Bia ee) Bx )LALSy( )iotes ( WAC) RCL TLEOR. Boku wa, ohiru( | ) tabe ( 2 ) resutoran( 3 ) itte, soko ( 4 ) saifu ( 5) nakushite shimatta. I went to a restaurant to eat lunch, and lost my wallet (there). WeibALIA RE HC ) FC) RHC) eal Watashi wa, imooto to issho (|) depaato ( 2 ) kaimono I went shopping at a department store with my sister. A( ) eNaLED be ( )FF-b(C )rFAZY Ato( | )dezaato( 2 ) aisukuriimu( 3) tabe-mashoo. Let’s have ice cream for dessert later. 2 NV ATIN— ( ) Rot = C ) WA TAUB A. Herikoputaa (| ) notte, sora ( 2 ) tonde-mitai naa. I want to fly through the air in a helicopter. 2. bLABR( HEC) thocaa, Ashita gakko (|) sensee ( 2 ) kiite-miyoo. Tl ask my teacher (about it) at school tomorrow. 23. BEA ( ) bastoBosA () Mono. THE) ix COBAS 12 Ce Oniisan (|) wakara-nai tango no imi ( 2 ) kiitara, “jisho (3 ) shirabete goran” atte. 28624, 25. 26. My older brother said, “Look it up in the dictionary,” when I asked him the meaning of a word that I didn’t know. aca an eueE Lele MOL ( ) SoEREOFR( ), Shh. ( )Liokwnm Tsukue no ue ( ) atta tomodachi no shashin ( 2 ), doko I (3. ) shimatta no ka wasureta. I forgot where I put the picture of my friend which had been on the desk, ae ay be alr vaso ae DO RCI? HOB( ko Rnoey ( eS as a 5 own ( ) thot 0H ( ) oT CHC EL AOTC) BD athe Aa, eki desu ka? Ano hashi ( |) watatte, saisho no shingoo (| 2) migi( 3 ) magatte, sono michi( 4 ) massugu iku to, hidarino hoo (5) ari-masu yo. “Oh, the station? Go across that bridge, turn right at the first traffic lat road, then you'll sve the station WML e ) tha a. Ashita wa, gakkoo ( |}, katoo-sensee no seminaa ( 2 } shusekki-shi-nakere ba nara nai kara, konya juuji made ( 3 ) taipu( 4 )repooto( § ) tsukuroo. Since I will have to attend Prof. Katoh’s seminar at school tomorrow, I'll type my report by ten o'clock tonight. 281Ws F4- (+) CARLA ) AHCI aL BE? Ba 7 SyIIK ( ) Hl othoAY, Paatii (|) don-nadoresu ( 2 ) kite ikoo kashira? Kare wa, burakku-tai (3) ikutte itta kedo. What sort of dress shall I wear to the party? He was saying that he would go in black-tie. 28. Fons, come (RC) BLT RO) SUCHEN? Kyoo wa atatakai kara, kono hachi-ue (| ) soto ( 2 ) dashite, mizu (3 ) yatte-kure nai? 29. OU BURAE. KO 2 ( ) #9eL eG. Nodo ga kawaita kara, ano kissa-ten( | ) koohii( 2 ) nonde kara uct 3) kaeri-mashoo. I'm thirsty, so let’s go home after we have coffee at that coffee shop. 3. eMbIL ( ) BAL ( ) cwBM( ) CoC HE Ee opm ( ) BLasm( ) BUAnd, paw a RRL. LOM ( ) DU TRENTCKR SY Sono osushi( | ) ohashi( 2 ) kono osara( 3 ) totte kudasai. Sore kara, kono chiisai osara( 4 ) oshooyu( 5 ) sukoshi irete. wasabi ( 6 ) tsukete tabete kudasai. Please put the sushi onto this plate with the chopsticks. Then, pour a little bit of soy sauce onto this small plate, and eat it with the wasabi. 288Complete the sentences below, using “(kara)”, “I= (ni)”, ("“(e)"), “ET (made)", or “£ Tho (madeni)” in the parentheses. lo aytobhow () RO aK AMET ELEY Konsaato-hooru (|) takusan hito ga dete ki-mashita. A crowd of people came out of the recital hall. 2. # ana (FLUE eae? Kimi, kinoo wa nanji (|) terebi o mita no? Until what time did you watch T.V. last night? BARRIO) com RL te ta? Anata wa itsu (|) kono mura ni sunde i-masu ka? How long have you lived in this village? 4 bALEERORA CR (RRC) hala. REO ( ) Riad, thee, aR () at Watashi wa kyonen no rokugatsu ni tookyoo ( | ) oosaka shtto (2. ) ki mashita, Rainen no sangatsu (3) oosaka ni i-masu. Sorekara. mata tookyoo (4) kaeri-masu. I came to Osaka from Tokyo in June of last year. I'll be in Osaka until March of next year. Then, I'm going to go back to Tokyo. S Dyvby ( ) BA79( ), RRC Chonan at a? Washinton (|) mosukuwa (2 ), hikooki de, dore kurai kakari-masu ka? How long does it take from Washington D.C. to Moscow by plane? 289geo hue 6 SBA bate CHRaEocoger( 36 ( ) BE ( ) Baociatcce Kyoo wa sutoraiki de, densha ga hashitte i-masen (1), uchi (2) kaisha (3) aruite iki-mashita. Because there was no train service today due to the strike, I walked to my office from my house. 7. B( ) ABA BAR Sora (|) inseki ga ochite kita. A meteorite came falling out of the sky. 8 RR (RR) HBR LAME Coopenad. Tookyoo { | ) kyooto ( 2), shinkansen de nijikan-han gurai kakari_ masu. It takes two and half hours from Tokyo to Kyoto by Shinkan-sen (bullet train), ue kad oe ae 9% Bld, SOlMNA ( ) MUA Boku wa, kyoo wa tsukareta (|) asobi ni ika nai Because I'm tired today, I'm not going to go out to have fun. to biclia, SHB ) ( -) BROKE boca en (ibe Rou () Bocce, Watashi wa, kin-yoobi( | )( 2 ) nihongo no sakubun o kaka-nakereba nara-nai (3), eega 0 miru no wa raishuu (4 ) matte kudasai. As I have to finish writing a Japanese composition by this Friday, please (could we) wait until next week to see a movie.a? Watashi wa. hiroshima (1) ikitai-n desu ga, densha wa nanban- sen( 2 ) de-masu ka? I'd like to go to Hiroshima, (but) from which platform will the Wain leave? roan ae te te ag 4 . BREE CLAOT. BREOR (RC ) RL ALAA Rom QLUATLES Yubiwa o naku-shita node, heya no sumi( | ) sumi( 2 ) sagashi-mashita ga, mitsukari-masen deshita. I lost my ring, so I looked for it everywhere in my room, but it couldn't he found . Rites (+) aeSoe nat. RRELT () 2-kR Cbd LEG. Hikooki ga deru (|) mada an ari-masu. shite (| 2. ) koohii de mo nomi-mashoo. We stiii have two more hours until the departure ot our flight. Let's eat something and then have some coffee. . commie ( BC) RU cHSE. Kono manga wa omoshiroi (1) kimi (2) kashite ageru yo. This comic book is funny, so I'll lend it to you. Bah (not an () eetadbe kdb () Ro EBA. Sora ga kuraku natte-kita (|) mata ame ga furu yo. Tsuyu wa itsu (2) tsuzuku no daroo. The sky is getting dark, so it’s going to rain again. I wonder how much 201longer the rainy season will continue? 16 RB) on L et eaectBeork (ERO ( ) Hoth Kudamono-ya (|) ittara, banana ga totemo yasukatta (2 ), oyatsu ( 3° ) katte kita. I went to a fruit shop, and I found their bananas so cheap that I bought some for snacks. ete Beaeonk ( ) DALI ( ) RLOtzan ft Jwalre Totemo atsui hidatta (1), watashi wa rokuji (2) suzushii vfisu { 3) i-masii Since it was a very hot day, I stayed at the cool (air-conditioned) office until six o'clock. us ie acege, mao ae 18 RB DAI APR) RIT ( ) HMHALE ( L gLAL Hamada-san wa, rokujus-sai( | ) ginkoo ( 2 ) tsutome- mashita ( 3 ), taishoku shi-mashita. As Mr. Hamada worked at the bank until he was sixty years old, hc has now retired. WY dre Lis, bint ( )F( ) AF-ELACUHEV EAL Watashi wa, umarete (_ | ) ima( 2) sukii o shita koto ga ari-masen. T've never skied in my life. (Literally: Between the time I was born until hoa) € ) BABE Nee Le?2, 22. 23. 24, 25. Kono shukudai wa, itsu( |! )( 2 ) dasa-nakereba nari- masen ka? By when do | have to hand in this homework to you? ee eos kee she eeuad ROR ( ) Kant. AT ( »¢ ) STE RL Re Tonarinoie( | ) higadete, akegata( 2 )( 3 ) sangen ga zenshoo shita. The fire started at my neighbor's, and by dawn, three houses were completely lost in the fire. Bit, 227A (HY 77O-R( +) EyhEbDOK. Boku wa, kurisumasu (| ) santakuroosu (2 ) mitto o moratta On Christmas, I got a baseball mitt from Santa Claus. Beoviybs-tav7( BRC) Peo Rea BUR Konkai no samitto-miitingu ( |), nihon ( 2.) shushoo to futari no daijin ga sanka-shita. For this Summit Mecting, Japan sent the Prime Minister, accompanied by two ministers. B( )Boddaon ( ), pRLUASARR( ) TAseA Tle Asa (| ) atama ga itakatta (2 ), watashi wa kyoo gakko (3 ) iki-masen deshita. Because I had a headache until this morning, I didn’t go to school today. bed, i ERcHot (a ( ) ROR ) vers TRF ( ) HALL AA OAH, TOLER ( ) 293( ) bIRTE( ) ocosle. Watashi-tachi wa, yokohama ( |) densha de itte( 2), basu (3. )morikaete, hoteru( 4) iki-mashita ga, hoka no hito-tachi wa,sonotoki( 5 )( 6 ),moohoteru( 7 )tsuitei-mashita. We took a train as far as Yokohama, then (from there), we transfered and got on the bus to the hotel, but the others had already arrived at the hotel by that time. 2. BLATT ACHR (-) E—T ey TAH), RHE CC arta +) fem RIEE Se. Ashita wa ofiisu de asa kuji( | ) miitingu ga aru ( 2 ), hachi-jihan (3) 4 ) ofisu (5 ) ika-nakere ba nara-nai. As I will have to attend a meeting in my office at nine o'clock tomorrow morning, I have to he in my office by eight-thirty a7. aah (bo) bALIUBE (AC) et thesie ( ) Hat. Kyoo wa zangyoo (1) aru( 2 ), watashi wa kaisha (3. ) kuji (4 ) ite, sore kara uchi ( 5 ) kaeri-masu. Because I have to work overtime today, I will be at my office until nine o'clock, then I will go home. 2. BCH ( ) fot (DAL OP () Hor, RBO HOHE (BO Rol) one a aNOKoR. Fune de oki( | )itte( 2 ), watashi wa uminonaka( 3 ) mogutta. Taiyoo no hikari ga kaitee (4 ) todoite, yume no kuni (5 ) itta-yoo ni kiree datta. 20430. After I went off shore by boat, I dove into the sea. The sun’s rays reached all the way down to the bottom of the sea, and it was as if I had wondered into a dream, it was so beautiful. ues eaoue tuto ae z * bea AR (CO ) SBC) (BC) ARE DELAH? Anata wa, sengetsu( | ) kyoo( 2 )( 3), tosho-kan (| 4) nansatsu hon o kari-mashita ka? How many books have you borrowed from the library since last month (until today)? ma ce + BeiK Chuugoku ( 1 )iruani( 2 ) watashi( 3 ) tegami ga kita. Rainen no natsu (4 ) chuugokugo 0 benkyoo shite ( 5 ), kugatsu( 6 )( 7 )nihon( 8 ) kaeru-soo da. A ietter (addressed to me) came from my brother in China. fie wruie that after studying Chinese there until next summer, he would come back to Japan by September. 29Lesson 7 Complete the sentences below, using either “* (to)," “% (ya)," “tlt (dake),” * Lt» (shika),” or “¢ ts (kurai [6s gurai])” in the parentheses. BER ca) ther bo eh) cH Akai enpitsu wa, kore (|) desu ka? Hai, sore ( 2 ) desu. Is this the only red pencil? Yes, there is only that one. 2 fi, BRE (BLE ) RBS) wchatrecar he Buku wa, kacuu-kun (i) kooji-kun (2) fumio-kun( 3) kakurenbo o shi-mashita. I played hide-and-seek with (such friends as) Kazuo, Koji, and Fumio. 3. bRLIA BRI-t— () Yara) had lt. Watashi wa, kesa koohii (1) juusu (| 2) nomi-mashita. I only drank coffee and juice for breakfast this morning. 4 a, AitaLy (497 |) BNEHA CLAD I didn't eat anything but an omlet and a salad this morning. 5. Banco ( ) Raster uFo( ) heak. bALBEO( ) Ramon Hoshi ga, ikutsu (|) mie-masu ka? Boku wa mittsu ( 2 ) mieru yo. Watashi wa hitotsu( 3 ) 296,(Approximately) how many stars can you see in the sky? I can see only three stars. I can see only one. bLAOKK A ve tty (RBC) bw ehociic 4. Ashita no ensoku ni wa, sandoicchi( 1 ) kudamono ( 2 ) ame o motte ikoo. I'll take a sandwich, some fruit, and some candies on the picnic tomorrow. ae ce ze 2b ” Mid, BIEN ( ) BRT ( ) hAwe boc te Boku wa, onigiri (|), okashi (2 ) nomi-mono o motte iku yo. Tl bring some onigiri (rice balls) and things like cookies and beverages. beLIA BEE () hath () ho j, Kare (6) Kookoo ichi-nen-see Gesu. Kimiko has a younger brother, Shinji he is a first year student in high school. I bEL( ) yaa) RBC) abSA (KB C )iteata( ) WRosa Race Watashi ( | ) shikago ( 2 ) ita toki ( 3 ), kimiko-san (4 )buntsuu( 5 )shite-imashita( 6 ), kyoodai no yoo ni nakayoshi desu. Recause I had been exchanging letters with Kimiko while I was in 308Chicago, we are very good friends, like real sisters. ws EWC) BAC), BAF aL ) BREA ( EEK ( )VbAL CO HC) HaxeH oe) dn Cot RAUELK. Senshuu (1) nichiyoobi( 2 J, kimiko-san( 3 ) otoosan (4 ) kimiko-san ( 5 ), watashi ( 6 ), kuruma (7 ) dizunii-rando (_ 8) tsurete-itte kudasai-mashita. Last Sunday, Kimiko's father took Kimiko and me to Disneyland. WobAL (CD TAYA( ) 4 KR- FY (YD ite Roe Denes RRC )#_ee-5rK ( )rAYA( ) ( ) eok OD VOC DLALhe Watashi (|) amerika ( 2 ) dizuni-rando( 3 )( 4 ) itta-koto (5 ) arimasu( 6 ), tookyoo (7) dizunii-rando ( 8 )amerika( 9 )( 10 ) sokkuri de, bikkuri-shi-mashita. T have also been to Disneyland in the U.S. I was surprised that the Dizunii-rando (1 ) asonde ( 2 ), tookyoo tawaa ( 3 nobori-mashita. After we had fun at Disneyland, we went up the Tokyo Tower. RC) AAR) BTLESA( ) SALA Dr? —( Jot ) ieee Hoge (RELL Yoru( 1 )min-na( 2), osushi-ya-san ( 3) iki-mashita.Kauntaa ( 4 ) isu ( § ) koshi-kakete, nigiri-zushi ( 6 ) chuumon-shi-mashita. In the evening, we went to a sushi restaurant. We sat on tall stools at the counter and ordered -eushi.” uvege zh ( ) ake ( ) AFA (+) RELA. BEB o( HC REC VaCaakeoalr. BBC) KeCoBA( AT ( VA CH( ) Koc an (alr Sore (|) min-na (2), karaoke-baa ( 3. ) iki-mashita. Kaisha-zutome ( 4 ) otoko( 5 ) hito-tachi( 6 ) takusan ki motte uta ( 10 ) utatte-iru hito( 11 ) i-mashita. ‘Then all of us went to a karaoke bar. There were many men who worked at companies who had come (to the bar). There were people who were (doing such things as) drinking sake and singing songs, holding a microphone. Be Hous are SAC )bAL CD. UAE ( ) MBL CAT () RaERA ( ) RC) BERT, Kimiko-san (_ |) watashi (2 ), onaji daigaku ( 3) benkyoo-shite-imasu ( 4 ), kimiko-san ( 5 ) senkoo ( 6 ) eebungaku desu. Kimiko and I are studying at the same college, but Kimiko is majoring in English literature. ee uate Webel ( )AF(C ) ( ) nat. Watashi-tachi( 1 )daiaaku( 2 ), shibuva( 3 ) ari-masu. 310Our coliege is in Shibuya. 20. 82¢SL( ) bel ( ), RBMFR( )ovac yk #( ) heat Kimiko-san (_ | ) watashi (| 2 ), mainichichikatetsu( 3 ) basu ( 4 ) daigaku ( 5 ) kayoi-masu. Kimiko and I commute to school by subway and bus every day. 31Comprehension Exercises. Complete the sentences below, using appropriate particles. My Experience Living in Japan (B): i 8a (CQ bAL (CO BRC) (BBC) our, BEALL. Kyoo ( | ), watashi ( 2 ) nihon ( 3 )( 4 ) seekatsu (5 } tsuite ohanashi-shi-mashoo. ‘Today, | shall talk about my life in Japan. as a RowAL (RMAC TOA CD C9 Bue HSE) tar RRs, Watashi (_ | ), maiasa taitee roku-ji ( 2 ) oki-masu. Shawaa ( 3) abite, mi-jitaku (| 4 ) suru to, chooshoku desu Every morning, I usually get up at six. After taking a shower and getting ready for school, I have breakfast. a ils, 3960 REC) Roche oR ( ) Bae pue( ) wcie HEC) Date Kurokawa-san (_ | ) uchi ( 2 ) chooshoku ( 3 ), taitee wafuu de. gohan( 4 ) omisoshiru( 5 ) hoka( 6 ), yude-tamago ( 7 ) yasai( 8 ) ari-masu. Breakfast at the Kurokawas is usually Japanese style, and we have (there are) rice, and misn-conp, as well as hniled eggs, and vegetables 312A bRU( )BRR( ) RESCH EC) (i RROD Le RNonE tA, Watashi( |) nihon-shoku( 2 ) daisukidesu( 3. ),nattoo (4 1 5 },mada dooshitemo taberare-masen. I love Japanese food, but natto is the only thing I can’t eat yet, no matter what. Lae ( PER Cas (28). BRC) Hoo ) dat. Kimiko-san( 1 ) watashi( 2 ), uchijuu( 3) ichiban haya- a r * c ku uchi ( 4 ) de-masu ( § ), otooto ( 6 ) shinji-kun (7 ), gakkoo( 8) chikai node shichi-ji han gorouchi( 9) de-masu. In the family, Kimiko and I leave home the earliest, but Kimiko’s brother, Shinji, leaves home around seven-thirty, since his school is close ta the house. Biisa( )cER( )ERaxacH( ) RHEE coe wee Ge te : CDR CO) NCSBN SA ( ) HR ( ) RAGS Kurokawa-san (| ) goshujin (2) shachoo-san desu ( 3. ), mai-asa kaisha ( 4 ) kuruma ( 5 ), hachi-ji goro kurokawa-san (6 ) mukae( 7) ki-masu. Since Mr. Kurokawa is the president, his compnay car (his chauffeur) comes to pick him up about eight o'clock every morning. 7 BRE )Hac( ) FRC DRRC ) Ros us (Co) SRSA) bAL CO DHRC REC) 313ty BLat. Asa daigaku ( | ) tsuite( 2 ) gogo( 3 ) jugyoo( 4 ) owaru ( 5 ), kimiko-san ( 6 ) watashi ( 7 ) betsu-betsu (8 )koosha( 9 ) benkyoo-shi-masu. After we arrive at school, until our afternoon classes are over, Kimiko and I study in separate buildings. 8. EEC ) BHC BEC ) Foe, Bewa nek (Ror Nihongo (| ) sensee( 2 )mamae( 3 ) ikegami( 4 ) itte, wakakute kiree na on-na( 5 ) hito desu. The name of my japanese teacher is ikegami, and she is a young and beautiful woman. 9 BRC) REC DRC WC) aa) bed, SH) Saban ad. Nihongo (|) bunpoo ( 2 ) jugyoo( 3 ), shuu( 4 } go-jikan ( 5) ari-masu shi, kaiwa (6) ni-jikan ari-masu. We have a Japanese grammar class (as much as) five hours a week, and we also have two hours of conversation class. 10. BAB ( ) 792 ( ( )\ FAYAK( ) 797RK sypeces Co) AYR PBR) wat, Nihon{ | )kurasu( 2 )( 3° ), amerika-jin( 4) furansu- jin( 5) doitsu-jin (| 6) chuugoku-jin (7) i-masu. In my Japanese class, there are students (whose nationalities include) American, French, German and also Chinese. 34.BA( ) XC )MRT279z20 ) ( ) ABE 3 ( ) dno) ( )ltmat satan ( )B Bsa yan YEE CHC QV bAL CC) Ha BRATE BUST. Nihon (|) bunka( 2 ) benkyoo-suru —kurasu (3) (4 . ima, ocha (5 ) ikebana (6 ) benkyoo( 7 ) shite-imasu. Kimiko-san (8 ) okaasan ( 9 ) ikebana (10 ) sensee desu ( 11 ), watashi ( 12 } iro-iro oshiete morai-masu In the class where we study Japanese culture, we are learning tea ceremony and flower arranging. Since Kimiko's mother is a teacher of flower arranging, | learn a lot from her. ee po eo tg net hays » BEC )BR( ) METZZFA( ) (+), MiBMaT ( ont DRC) hacoast. Nihon ( | ) rekishi ( 2 ) benkyoo-suru kurasu ( 3 ) eo ae £. a a a imasu. In the class in which we study about Japanese History, we are now reading a book on the Meiji Restorati BRC DAN CORRC RRC ) BER DTH ( )exat BEC REC) bot eteBoty Che Ohiru ( | ) taitee gakkoo ( 2 ) shokudoo ( 3 ) otomodachi ( 4 ) issho ( 5 ) tabe-masu. Washoku ( 6 ) yoo-shoku ( 7 ) atte, totemo oishii desu. aisUsually, I have lunch at the school cafeteria with my friends. Both Japanese and Western style fonds are available, and they are delicious. 14 ee) RR) be) RaERAC ) BAL CRC p35 ) oak Yoji (1) jugyoo ( 2 ) owaru ( 3°), kimiko-san ( 4 ) watashi( § )issho( 6 )uchi( 7 ) kaeri-masu. When school is over at four o'clock, Kimiko and I go home together. TH BAESA (BREA) 15. 9% ( ) BLuver LTBHIEL CT dHboc( ) Cd, Fi) ( ) BEA ( ) Ronotad (BRC) orld ata wyige : ( THC REC )ewese( )banenae hes Yuushoku (|) tanoshii hitotoki desu. Kimiko-san (2 ) etoosan ( 3 ) totemo isogashiku te, kaisha ( 4 ) owatte ( 5 ){ 6 ), gaikoku ( 7 )( 8 ) okyaku-san( 9 ) attar! shi-masu ( 10 ), tudan( II ) watashi-tachi ( 12 ) issho ( 13 ) yuushoku ( 14 ) taberu koto ( 15 ) amari ari- masen. Dinner time is a fun time. But since Kimiko’s father is very busy, and even after work, he has meetings with visitors from foreign countries, he seldom has a chance to have dinner with us. Th SASSh (BREA Cp tks Ct) 5b ) Rochas © )aau( ) UHC ) BE (RAED BRE () eeAD Lae, FRC) ce ( ) Beas) EEC) es, 316eons peed ‘ ens () ka (+) FR (RET. HAL ( ¥ Demo, kimiko-san (|) otoosan( 2 ) yoruku-jigoro( 3 ) ( 4 )uchi( § )kaetteki-masu( 6 ),min-na( 7 )issho (8 )ocha( 9 )mondari okashi( 10 ) tabe-tari shi-nagara, gakkoo( 11 )koto( 12 )hanashi-masu. Otooto ( 13. ) shinji- kun (14 ) issho desu. However, when Kimiko’s father comes home at around nine o'clock, all of us drink tea and eat sweets while we talk about things (that happencd) at school. Kimiko's brother, Shinji, (chats) with us, too. RE RM ( ) AC AASBOT BAFSKA (DAL (OD) decese ¢ ees RtlR ( ) BBLET. M watashi( 3} yoru juuni-ji( 4 ) benkyoo-shi-masu. Because we have a lot of homework assignments every day, Kimiko and I study until twelve o'clock midnight. , AFSL ( ) BBC) baKROH (DL BAL CD Kachatl. bel ( ) BRE ( ) baADROH( ) BAGSA( ) Hacshat Kimiko-san (|) eego (2) wakara-nai toki( 3 _), watashi (4 ) oshiete-age-masu shi, watashi ( 5 ) nihongo( 6 ) wakara-nai toki( 7 ) kimiko-san( 8 _) oshiete-kure-masu. When Kimiko does not understand English, I help (teach) her, and in return, when I don’t understand Japanese, Kimiko teaches me. zees 4s as ee ee ee we ( ) BARN EEC 1 0 ER at ( 31720. 318. ( ) daa4, Toki-doki shikago (_ | ) tomodachi( 2 ) tegami( 3.) ki- masu, Watashi ( 4 ) shikago( 5 ) nihongo ( 6 ) na-ratta yokoyama-sensee( 7 )( 8 )tegami( 9 ) kaki-masu. Isometimes get a letter from my friend in Chicago. I also write letters to Mrs. Yokoyama from whom I learned Japanese. bre ( ) BHyeo-( ) Buss), BRC) B me ( ) Reser ) RaceMms( ) Roate ar va) tat. ondube cry Watashi( | ) mai-asashawaa( 2 ) abi-masu( 3), nihon ( & } ofuw (5) daisuki desu (6), yoru yoku ofure (7 ) hairi-masu. Sutoresu (8 ) torete ii kimochi desu. Although I take a shower every morning, because I love Japanese baths, J often take a bath in the evening. It rids me of stress, and makes me feel good.ANSWER KEYS [Lesson 1] 1. 1-ar(ga) 2 1-18 (wa) 3. 1-1°(ga) 4 14a (wa) 5. 1-18 (wa), 2-A8(ga) 6 1-18 (wa), 2-°(ga) 7 1-48(wa), 2-68 (wa) 8. 1-#8(ga) 9 Itt (wa) 10. 1-18 (wa) V1. 1-A8(ga) 12, 1-#8(ga) 13. 1-#8(ga) 14, I-l3 (wa) 15. |-#8(ga) 16. 1-#8(ga) 17. 1-18 (wa), 2-0%(ga) 18. I-13 (wa), 2-08(ga), 3-A°(Ea)/E (wa) 19. 1-A*(ga) 20. |-a°(ga) 21. ata) 22. 14d (wa) 23. 1-12 (wa) 24, 1-13 (wa) 25. 1-tt(wa) 26. 1-1°(ga) 27. 1-H (ga) 28. 1-1°(ga) 29. I-18 (wa), 2-0°(ga) 30. It (wa), 2-1 (wa), 3-1 (wa) [Lesson 2] 1. 1-18 (wa) 2 1-n8(ga) 3. I-n8(ga) 4. 1-6 (m0) 5. Intd (wa) 4 tbbwa), 2 Ags) 1 (mo), 2-48(ga) I-(d (wa), 2-8 (ga) Utd (wa) 16d (wa), 2-0°(ga) 1-6 (amo), 2-2°(ga) 1-48 (wa), 2-48 (wa), 3-(ga) + 148 (wa), 2 4*(ga) 1-8 (mo), 2-A°(g2) 1-13 (wa), 2-86(ga) 1-tt (wa), 2-U wa) 1-13 (wa) 1-6 (mo) I~ & (mo) 1-6 (mo) 1-8 (wa) 1-#%(ga) 1-6 (mo) 1-&(mo) 1-2%(ga) 1-#8(ga) 1-3 (wa) 2-2°(ga) 118 (42), 2 (0), 3b (mo) 1-1 (wa), 2-8(ga), 3+ ae [Lesson 3] 1. 1-@9(n0), 2-8 (ga) /ta (wa) 2. 1-09(n0), 2- & (mo) 3. 1-00(no), 2-18 (wa) 4, 1-0)(n0), 2-8 (wa), 3-A*(ga) 5. 1-(n0) 6. I-ld (wa), 2-#6(ga) 7. I-t8 (wa), 2-8°(ga) B I-18 (wa), 2-9°(ga) 9. 1-18 (wa), 2-98(ga), 3-°(ga) 10. 1-a9(n0), 2-48 (wa), 3-*(ga) 1. 1-(n0), 2-6 (mo), 3-6 (mo) 12. 1-0(n0), 2-18 (wa), 3-A*(ge), 4 -A (ga), 5-@(no), 6-18 (wa), 7-A°(ga)i-td (wa), 2-4°(ge), 3 4° (ga) 16. 17. 1-@(n0), 2b (mo) 18, 1-14 (wa) 19. 1-A#8(ga), 2-#%(ga) 20. 1-A¥(ga) 21. 1 (mo), 2- & (mo), 3-48 (ga) 22. 1-a8(ga) 23, I-t8 (wa), 2-(d (wa) 24, 1-@(no), 2-12 (wa), 3-4°(ga) 25. 1-18 (wa), 2-A°(ga), 3- 6 (mo) 26. I-td (wa), 2-13 (wa), 3-A°(ga) 27. 1-0(n0), a) 28. 1-28(ga), 2-2°(ga) 29. 1-13 (wa), 2-06(ga), 3-0(ga), 4-0 (no), 5-42 (wa), 6- 6 (mo), 7 & (mo) 90. 1-A8(ga), 2b (mo), 3 (mo), 4b [Lesson 4] 1 2 3. 4 5. 1-% (0), 2-T(de) 6 I-& (0), 2-T(de) 7. 1-& (0), 2-T(de) 8. 1-T(de), 2-% (0) 9 1-%(0) 10. 1% (0), 2-T(de) VW. 1-C(de), 2-% (0) 12, 1-C(de), 2-% (0) 13, I-T(We), 2-% (0) 14. 1-(de) 18. 1-€ (0), 2-T (de) 16. 1-T(de), 2-T (de), 3-& (0) 17. 1-C(de), 18 1-0), 19. 1-% (0), 2-T(de) 20. 1-& (0), 2-T (Ge) 21. 1-%& (0), 2-C(de), 3-& (0) 22. |-& (0), 2-T (de) 23, 1-T(de), 2-& (0) 24, 1-T(de), 2-& (0) 320 25, I-Ce), 24 (0), FE (O) 27. | Clde)s 2-860) 28, 1-T(de), 2-€ (0) 29. 1-T(de), 2-& (0) 30. 1-T(de), 2-7 (de), 3-4 (0) (Lesson 5] Ve 1% (0), 2-C(de), 3-12 (ni) 2. (ni), 2-T (de) 3. 4, 5. 1% (0), 2-0 (e)/IE (ni) 6 2-T(de) 7. C(de), 3-% (0) 8. 1- Cae), 2-(6)/15 (ni), - TCG), % 11-4 (ai), 2 C@e) 12. I-A (@)/UE (ni), 215 (ni), 3-4 (0) 13. 1-4(0), 2-1 (ni) 4 (ri), 2-% (0), 3-T(de), 4% 5-A(e)/Iz (ni) 15. (ni), 2-T(de), 3% (0) 16. v7. (ri), 3-Tlde), 4-& 18. (0), 2-42 (ni), 3-(e)/I (ni), (de), 5-% (0) 1% IE (a), 2A C)/E (Mi), 3-1 (an) 20. 1- (de), 2-42 (0), 3-€ (0) 2. 2% (0) 22. 1 “ete 2-45 (ni) 23. 2-& (0), 3-T(de) 24, 1-12 (ni), 2-& (0), 3-~(0)/IZ (ni) 25. 1-€ (0), 2-T (de)/& (wo), 3-1= (ni)/ Ani), 4-% (0), 5-(F (ni) 2%, fe), 21 (ai), BIE (ni), A= (de). 5-4 (0) 27. \-K= (ni), 2-% (0), 3-T(de) 28. 1-& (0), 2-~(e), 29. I-T(de), 2-% (0), 3-~(e), 30. 1-#(0), 2-T(de), +E (ni), 5-& (0), 6-& (0)[Lesson 6] 1 19. 20. 2. 22, 23. 24, 25. 26. 28, 29. I-25 (Kara) 1-3 c(maae) I-16 (Kara) Ite 6 (hara), 2--S(€)/2 (oi), = (made), 4-~(e)/12 (ni) 1-5 (kara), 2-8 T(made) Ir (kara), 2-26 (kara), 4 T (made) 1-26 (kara) I-A» (kara), 2-& T(made) 1-2°6 (kara) 1 T(made), 2-12 (ni), (kara), 4~ & T (made) 1-& T(made)/I=(ni)/A(e), 2-4 (kara) I-A» (kara), 2-& T(made) 1-8 (made), I-16 (kara), 2-4= (ni) 3d IAS (ni), 2-0 (hava), 3-4 1d (kara), 2 & T(made), er (ni) 1-$ T(made), 2-(-(ni), 3-H (kara) \-a6 (kara). 2-€ T(made) 1- (made), 2-15 (ni) I-A (kara), 2-& Clade), 3-15 (ni) 1-K2 (ni), 2-25 (kara) I- (ni), 2-45 (kara) 1-& T(made), 2-44 (kara), 3-~ (e)/A (ni) I= T(made), 2-2 6 (kara),3-K (ni), 4-8 T(made)/A (ni), 5-& T (mace), i), T= (ni) I-tr (kara), 2-2 (hare), 3-2 T (made), 4 ii), S-~(e) /4= (ni) 1-BE(ga), 2A (kara), 3-15 (ni), 4-# T(made), 5-~ (0)/t= (ri) 1-8 Tlmade), 2-H (kara), 3-0 (e)/I2 (ai), 4 Tlmade). 5-(e)/ (ai) I-tr6 (kara), 2-& T(made), (ni), 4-2 (kara) BE 30. IIS (ni), 2-46 (kara), 3-12 (ni), 4% T(made), 5-2 (kara), 6: (mage), 1-1= (ni), 8-(e)/1- tn) [Lesson 7] 6 7. 8. 9. 14244 (dake), 2-#204 (dake) 1-9 Ga), 2- Ga), 3-E (to) 1X (to), 2-414 (dake) 1-¥ (to), 2-L#»(shika) I-¢ 5 Us(gurai), 2-121 (dake), 3-L ty (shika) 1-& (to), 2-& (to) 1-& (to), 2-4 (ya) IE (to), 2-L*(shika) 1-2 (to), 2-419 (dake), (gurai) 1-210 (dake),2- ¢ & Lv(gurai), &L os(shika) shika), 2- ¢ © (gural) nur ai} 3-50 13. #4 (gurai) 14. 1G), 2-< GEahurai), 3 LA (shika) 15. 1-2 (to), 2-2 (to) 16. 1-& (to), 2-4 (ya), 3-214 (dake) 17. 1-LAN(shika), 2-1219 (dake), 3-¢ \s(gurai) 18. I-#21 (dake), 2-L A (shika), 3- U(gurai) 19. 1-514 (dake), 2- L #»(shika) 20, 1% (ya), 2-¢ SU s(gurai), 3-L (shika) [Lesson 8] 1. 1-2 (10), 2-& (to), 3-0 (n0) 2 1-8 (to), 2-& (to) 3. 1-£ 9 ori), 2-2 (no) 4. 1 E (hodo) 5. t= kW (yori), 2-00), 3-18 & (hodo) & I-¥ (to), 2-7 (de) 7. Ir lto), 2-8 (to), 3-M(n0), &-T (de) 8. I-1E& (hodo), 2-£ 4 (yori) 9. I-£ (yori), 2-0 (no) 32120. [Les 1 2 3. 4 1=C(de), 2-9 (yori), -T (de) Int (yori). 2-18 ¥ (hago) IE (to). 2-£ (to). 3k (to). 4-T (de) I= £Y (yori), 2-(n0), 3-1Ee (hodo) I= ($0), 2-C(de), 3-0 (no) 1-T(de), 2-4 (yori), 3-0 (no), 4-a(n0) 1-£ (to), 2-T(de), 3-09 (n0), 4-0 (n0), 5-9 (yori) 1-& (40), 2-09(n0), 3- C (de) 1AAZL(hodo), 2-00), Gori) 1-2 (90), 2-¥ (to), 3-¥ (to), 4% (4e), 5-9 (00), 6-£ 1) (yori) 1-09(n0), 2-0(n0), 3-T (de), d= £ 4 (ori). 5-0 (no), 6-18 (hodo) aay sson 9] 1- (no), 2-48 (wa), 3-& (to) 1-13 (wa), 2-25 (kara), 3-T(T), 4-&(0) 1-13 (wa), 2-0 (no), 3 4-H (kara), 5-A(6)/IE. 1-13 (wa), 2-13 (wa), 3-0°(ga), 4-0 (n0), 5~C(de), 6-99 (no), 7-& (0), 8-72 {n0},3~ b {mm % (hara), I-A (ga) /AS (wa) 1-T(de), 2-48 (wa), 3-421 (dake), 4-0 (no), §-% (ya), 6-4 (ya), ) ~% (0), 9-13 (wa),10-E (to) 1-0 (n0), 2-18 (wa), 3-0 (no) 1- (no), 2-48 (wa), 3-2 (no) 1- (no), 2-I8 (wa), 3-@(no), 4-0 (no), 5~#8 (ga) 1-O(no), 2-lé(wa), 3-&(0), 4-& (to), 5-& (to) 1-@(n0), 2-2(ni), 3- (to), 4-48 (ga), 5-A*(ga), 6-13 (wa) 12. 1-a(n0), 2=t8 (wa)/= (ai), 3-0 (0). 4-A8(ga). 5-> (t0).6-% (0) T-Clde). 8-(€) /AZ (ni) 14. I-18 (wa), 2-0 (no), 3-~(e)/I= (ni), 4-& (mo), 5-A*(ga), 6-A¥(ga), 7-D (no), 8-1 (wa), 3-0 (no), 10-& (to) 15. 1-T(de), 2-#°6 (kara), 3-(e)/IZ (ni) 16. I-18 (wa), 2-T(de), 3-(e)/12 (ni), 4-0 (no), 5-12 (ni), 6-% (0) 17. IAP (nara), 2-C (de), 3-N(@)/t= (ni), 4-09 (n0) 5-09 (n0),6-2(ga), T-% (0), 6 (a), 9 (0), 10-& (0), 11 t (mo) 18. 1-8 (to), 248 (wa), 3-T(de), 4-H (ga), 5-0>(n0), 6-13 (wa) 19. 1-a9(no), 2-18 (wa), 3-12 (ni) 20. 1-& (to). 2-18 (wa). 3-£ (to), 4-T (de). 5-(e)/AE (ni) [Lesson 10] 1. I+ (wa), 2-O(no), 3-T(de), 4 (no), 5-1 (ni) 2. 1-48 (wa), (ni), 3-& (0), 4 & (0) 3. 1-O(n0), 2-@>(n0), 3-18 (wa), 4 . (ni),7-* a), 4 sat (a) 4-127 (dake), 5-18 (wa) 5. 1 (to), 248 (wa), 3-Tde), (0), 5-8 (ga), 6-0 (no), 7-42 (wa), 8-A8(ga), 9- & (0) 6 —1-0(n0), 2-13 (wa), 3-46 (kara), 4-O(n0), 5-A8(ga). 6-% (0), T-I (ni) 7. 1-2 (ni), 2-4 (kara), 3-M (no), 4-A¥(ga), 5-& T(made), 6- (to), 7-18 (wa), 8-2 (no), 9-T (de) 8. 1-(n0), 2-(no), 3-IS (wa), 4-& (to), 5-9 (no) % —1-O(n0), 2-9 (no), 3-18 (wa), 4-IE (ai), 5- & (mo), 6 & (mo) 10. 1-@(n0), 2-12 (ni), 3-45 (wa), 4-92 - & (mo) (ya), 5 (ya), 6-4 (ya), 3 Cie}, aid i-va{n0), 2-€ (0), 320. (wa), 5-& (to), 6-M (no), 7-% (0), 8-(no), 9-18 (wa), 10-0(n0), U1-»% (kara), 12-13 (wa) 1-(n0), 2-%(0), 3-Tlde), Ad (wa), 5-12 (ni), 6-0 (n0),7-% (0) Itz (wa), 2-09(n0), 3-C(de), 4 (to), 5-1 (ni), 6- & (mo), 7- & (mo) 1 1 2-A(ga), 3-E (to), AE (to), 5-44 (wa), 6 12 (ni), 7 ~(€)/HE (ni) 1-1 (wa), 2-0>(no), 3-18 (wa), (ga),5-#°% (kara), 6- & (mo) (kara), 8-0 (no), 9-2 (ta), 10-*e (kara), 11-48 (wa). 12-& (to). 13-(= (ri), 14-% (0), 15-43 (wa) 1-a(n0), 2-48 (wa), 3-(2(1 (wa), 5-(e)/(- (ni) T-T(de), 8-IE (ni), 9-% (0), 10-& (0),11-0 (no), 12-% (0), 13-O(no), 14 (mo) 1-0°(ga), 2-8 (mo), 3-8 (mo), 4 “c(made) 1-18(ga), 2-0°(ga), 3-18 (wa), 4-48 (ea), 5-8(ga), 6-A(ga), T-18 (wa), 8 A*(ga) 1-0 (no), 2-#°% (kara), 3-8(ga), 4 (3 (wa), 5-C(d0), 6-& (0), 7-12 (ni), 8-4 (ma), @-% (a) I-lt (wa), 2-% (0), 3-A8(ga), 4-D (no). 5~A*(ga), 6-24 (kara). 7-12 (ni), 8-7 (ga) 323PATTERNS ta) about “ni tsuite DUT" + 192 according to ni yotte ~IZt>T(.. ni yorh ~IE0/. niyore ba ~IZ¢ HIE/... ni yora-nai de ~1 SEUT)" +128 according to (topic)... “a tO fe ba ~E UAE, again “mata mo ya #1 + 246 also Mae MO oe = BM - cceeeeeneee OT although 1 yuu nok ELF OIE," “ii noni LLNODIE" 167 and “tanari wt til . 113 and (noun) to (noun) ew" +201 oo and the same verb is repeated with “ni 131 and .. shi... shi, ~L~L" 180 and ... (like crazy) wo (tite... makuru ~(9)T~(9) Tr sescseeneeees 191 (doing verb) and/while then (doing “.. tari. tari ~#Y~t: 9" 188 verb) anyone “dare shimo KL &" 184 as “uno yoona ~Os4%,""..noyooni ~oé a" as for “tara... nal 312 SAE" ap for and wii Wt YEE EN as if “ o as well as /mo ~b~t" at ‘de mo Tb” at “oni yotte SIO TO. ni yrs MILE Y/.. ni yore ba WIZE HUE/... ni yorasnai de ~I £enuT" secessens 128 at “hore nite = fui2T," "koko nite = =(=T" 142 at all *marukkiri $338) 5 (B) because ... maze nara ba AAEM BIZ" oo 4 (precisely) because oe kara koso ~AN =" or. bakoso ~I¢= ” 16 because (someone) said ... 0 yuu node LHIDT" 161 between kara... made ~~ ET" 37 between (noun) to (noun) ~E~ zor both mo ~t~e 3 bui “iv yuu noni 467 WIE,” “ii MoM LUI” 187 324by “a ni yotte ~EET(.. ni yore SEY ni yore ba ~Ic¢ AId/... ni yoranai de ~ LOOT)" oe 128 {c) cannot do ... even if (I) were to try * (verb) ni mo 12 & (verb) 2u/nai F/%W" «+ 136 concerning “ni tsuite [DUT +192 considering (something, it is evident“... suru to~F SE 4 that ..) TR soseonssonsnenseen 2 (p) do (something), but . oso sure = th 5 6 doesn’t make much difference demo ~Tb" orn temo ~TE" wr OF docsn’t matter demo ~Tb" ora temo VTE" vrs OF duc to “ni yotte WIE 3 TC. ni yori WIE U1. ni yore ba ~Iz te /. BRUT) yora-nai de seeesssee 128 [e) either ... or mo ..mo ~b~6" 93 even “sae... dakara, &A~TOS" 179 (even if I were to...) “dose ... Keredomo LY FE~UHE EL" - 72 even more *mashite ya LTR" ov + 246 even though “kara to ite ~PBEWIT" a] even though “to yuu noni ELI OIE" “ii noni WeGDIc” — 167 every possible (thing/method) vari to arayuru ... dt dobo~ 209 everyone “dare shimo /24LL 6" ioe exactly as (something) “ga mama ni AE £12" 38 (F) from Mo ni yotte SIZE > Tu ni yor) WIZ /. ni yore ba WIZ EAUE/.. nt yoranai de WT fone)” 128 from ... till “kara. made Ww from/to “kara .. made ~tb~E TC" from ... to “ou kara... made ~t~ eT" (H) have/has just done (something) “ta bakari ~ fifa)" (he/she) says .. “date t9T sy (he/she said) “tesa TA," “tosa Ea" see ITB, i , (I hear) “tesa TS," "tosa c8" 178 I regret ... wo desnoo mt ~CL ED de aro0 1 SCD Te, on daroo nh 1% FE," deshita deshoo ni ~TLATL SF “.. datta deshoo ni ~fiot TL > datta rooni ~H OKA IE (() remember) “dake Hot," “dattakke #202319" 135 325T suppose “. deshoo ni STL £3 RT ARAAIS daran ni “.. deshita deshoo ni ~TLETL #310," “datta deshoo ni ~#Zotz TL £36 datta roo ni ~HofAII" deshoo ni ~TLE FIC," “au de aroo ni ~THA I” “dato ni ~H24 4 deshita deshoo ni ~TLIETL EFI, “wu datta deshoo ni ~t2> 135 I sympathize ... datta roo ni, Sot FC! 135 I wish (it) would ... sesnsseeeene 55 if only there were (something), even “semete... demo... 8) C~C8~" 2 just a in “de wa Td," “de mo TH" 20 in “kore nite = 4 142 in/at (location) and “demo .. domo ~Th~ Tb" 19 tion) .. any case ... “nani wa tomo are ltt bah" 21 in terms of (topic)... baw riglf nara ha wt it is certain that ... but niwa .. keredo(ga) ~ISIE~URE(H)" 134 it’s not as if “aru mai shi HS SUL! se 182 UO) just by doing. fara ni Satz 65 ) let us say “wa ba Wid,” “tatoe ba 12k Ald” 4 like “su n0 yOOna ~Ord 9 %,""...n0 yoo ni ~OE mn 138 tt) more of aw. than “to yuu yori EF EY" must do (comething) “ne ba naranai #alZ% S445," “nakere be neva nai/marimacen * UP HIE SMe U/te Yd Kn os 3 IN] neither ... nor .. M0 BA ENLET seeeeese 3 no matter ... fon-na ni .. tomo LAALIZ~E b." “doredake tomo Ent~z b” events 218 no matter (something) uga ~90," mai ga ~~ UD 39 no matter what/how (some- “donna... demo CAG~TH a thing) .. not all bad wanzara... demo £AZH~TH" 28 not necessarily .. anarazu shimo DL 6" ves 134 not only . “nomi narazu Dd os 166 not only ... but (also) .. “ue dake de(ja) aku... mo ~TITT(Le) IS ~~ eves eceonee 1 326not only all “oe tO iwa zu. to wa zu ~E Ube ~E LD not only (something), but also (something)... (not only ... but) .. also "a bakari de naku .. sae iki) CES a - - 180 not unthinkable “manzara.. demo £AKH~TE" 28 (nothing else) to do besides ... yori hoka 1 (EAW" now that “kara ni wa SiN U2" to) one after another kara @ SDN" or (noun) to (noun) ~~ or. kaka ~~” or yara... yara ~~" (or) 10 wu NO ~O~O" vores (number) or (number) ae ka TS or something/someone “to yara EPS" [k] (receive favor from ... by request) te morau(... te morai-masu) ~C 859 (~ boss) i3z demo YT" or “a temo YTH" oF regardless of, regardless of the fact that... ‘don-na ... demo LA%~TH" a7 {s} since kara ni wa ~ hs (Z18" since/because..., (as expected) “dake atte Hit > T" since it was so ‘a(n)mari ... node (A) 2 U~OC" ‘so to speak ‘wa ba W4old." “tatoe ba #2 t Als” + solely due to (one cause). matters “bakari ni (£A°!) (=” 6 took a turn for the worse. (something) and (something) also “.. mo... ba ~ BVIE" ve 3 speaking of (topic)... ‘wt ie ba ~Z 021g," ".. nara ba ~4 512” . oT such as noyoona ~O 3%," "..noyooni ~Os 5K” so eosansees 193 such as ... (and ... } eae YO oe MAO AP TET” ~~ 108 tm that (would ..) «. “sore koso Et" : 76 the more (something), the... ba. dake it~ 12 the more ..., the more .... “a suru hodo ~F BIEL,” ". MET “ the reason being... “maze nara ba #¢+Fty OIE" 4 things like (something) and (some. “.. dana .. dana ~HOQD~HOD" sree A thing) 327this/that many this/that much (this was the situation) when (something else happened) ow (to be sure). too (turn) into it so that .. what is/was it ..? when is/was it ..2 whether it's (something) or (some. thing) whether or not (whether) ... or not whether (you) do (something) or not, it doesn’t matter... while doing. why don't you do ... with without ... oF . 328 "hoo mo = 4 & (kon-na ni = 43% (conna ni £44 arena ni AAAI “koo mo = 3% (kon-na ni £46 (sonna ni tAMIC),” (an-na ni AMIE)” . tokoroe ELAN" ~(T)ld~ (EO 239 (de) wa ... (da) ga, m0 ni naru (nari-masu) WIS (EN ET)" oF ri kawary (kawari-masu) ~ioO (SEY & NET" ) 123 de wa/janaika ~TRBUA/ Eee 50 dakke 12317," “dattakke #2 t23(1" 69 “dake 12017," “dattakke Hot 3(9" 69 " datte . date Sto T\HoT" (or, varian tion: "tate tattle SOT ART 15 nari... nari WAH" 1 (a verb) yoo to... mai to ~(t)FE~SU ~Eon 205 “uga SOAK". mai ga tanari ~haey" tara dooka ~ibU3H wore nite = M12 T," “koko nite = = I=" “os tO MAKU ... TO MARY YEE SEESGLOSSARY (English-Japanese) tal a oF something a fact a matter about about about about accompanied by according to according to according to after doing ..., (not once done against all right? wp all right. also alsu although although although although although (usually) always just doing (something) among and and and (and) ous $0 ~ and ... (among other things/ places) and ... (other things) anyone anytime: anny Whe approximately approximately approximately around Wi te nt 0 154 no 154 hodo (8X 43 kurai(gural) (SUC 5) 79 mob ssessseserensensnense %5 0 D 149 toe 202 det sestenrees 25) kara tr 62 io 128 cn m4 toe 0 0 19 tomo Es 219 mo & 92 imo (2 & (CP) 136 ga 4 39 monono 090) ssseseeseessseeseeene 102 04 167 27 5 19 129 191 200 181 42 yara eH 249 date 129 T 16 dalle Kot 16 date HoT 16 bakari fa - 7 odo (EE 48 kurai(gurai) BUC CHU) 79 mo & 95 kara or 6 3as a token of as far as as far (a distance) as as for as for as for a as for ... also/too .. as long a time as, as many as as many/much as as much as .. as much as as suum as a8 soon as aS soon as 2g well ae a you've already heard at at at at at at (at) at a time at least at least at most at most (8) because because hecause because because (because) (because) before belong to between but but 330 nite made #7 mo fs a ne * to-shite-wa & L Tht (CP) wa (t to-shite-mo ELT (CP) mob esstnesen Pes ara nr) mo & 9% dake TAT veer u ara seenenenenenenes 60 nati 29) 13 toe 200 ya - - 243 yarina-ya BUI (CP) se 47 mo 95 Pr nee a det 18, 20, 23 en 3 kara 56 nits + 119, 124, 125, 128 shite (LT . 140 no ® ++ 149, 150 of 175, zutsu T 259 temo °C & srrrsrererere 7 tomo & & svtntntstveseeets 219 temo TH esesese 197 tomo & & serene 219 kara Boro 6 mone & 2) 98 rmono-de(mon-de) & C(t 4.7) 100 nade(a-de) D(A.) seveneneneeneeees 161 tee 190 node(n-de) D(A) 162 no-de aru DTH 163 made-ni #C1= 90 no M4 no 148 ga tf 39 keredomo (he & 70but but but but by by/from the fact that .. by way of [c} called/named (the color of) concerning considering considering (something, it is evident that ...) consequently continuously only doing .. could only do (something) could (you) do .. created by {Db} depending on despite despite doing (something) despite that fact ('m sorry that I) did not do ... but ... do (verb) and ... do (something) by using (something) do you want to ... (doing verb) and/while then (doing verb) doing only one thing all the time don't ... don't say that ... due to due to due to due to [e) (quantity) each kuse-ni < #2 (C.P.) 82 noni DIZ 167 tokoroga & = BAT sceeneenee QUT shi Lo vse ese 181 vet svoneensenneene 23, 29 kara 6 nik set 128, 131 no ® ~ M40 tet 191 node OT 162 17 27 no ® eeneenceen sence 151 139 61 kara-shite DUT 66 Kiri 31) ssssesseseenstnenstneeneeenseenseee Tl bakari (ear) 2 astra 27L 68 0 ® 148 det 5 temo T& essen 196 BABE sense 39 nismo-kakawararu (2 hai et (CP) 138 nde Kt esse evseeeeeee LS te Tse 190 det seencennees 2 ka tari #24) bakari (do) na toiwa-zu Eig (CP) deo zutsu £3 demo Tt 331even even if (I) were to even if (vou) were to ... even if (you) were to ... even if (you) were to ... (even) if (you) were to do ... even (something) is/does ... (even) though even though even though, even though even though, even though even though even though even though even though even though even though (it's not to the extent that) ... even while doing .. every every single .. every time (excuse me, but) (F] for for for for for for (i.e. as a means for doing ...) from from from from (from) from from a viewpoint of (H) he/she said that ... how about ..? m made #T os 86 nimo (26 (CP) 136 sae AR eoseenseee 179 te 2 Tse cesses tatte oT 189 tokorode EST to-shite-mo ELT (CP) ni-shite-mo (ZL T & (CP) datte HT domo && keredomo (Heb kuse-ni tHE (CP) monono 090) nagara at + nagera-mo %A%> & (CP) bores (cP) 215, ni-mo-kakawara-2u noni OI 167, teT towa-ie LIER (CP) « made-mo #T& (C.P.) anes 88 nagara-mo 48° & (C.P.) un to-yuu-to FFE (CP) + 231 to-yuu E99 (CP) 29 to-yuu-to £45 & (CP) a 231 keredomo te & 2 wet + esse zw en 33 hara bs 61 nit s+ 125, 127 ni-shite wa I LThé (CP) ut nosni ODI= (CP) vse 169 de & seven + 23, 95 kara 6 saesee 54, 55, 56, 59, 63 ni tz sereeesers 196, 198 NOD) sereresee + 150, 152 o® 175 yori £1) 255, 256 kara ri e datte 7 koto =e see 79however however a) T'd thought (I'd done (something) but .. I hear Thear Thope... though I'm wondering if I could ... (i say) (said) (Isaid) .., (do ... already!) ( think/() will do T wish I wish .. I wish (it) would ... I wonder ... I wonder .. (1) wonder (1) wonder .. () wonder ... it. if Gf 3 but. (if ...), can/would do ..., (but. (if ..), can/would do ..., (but. if (we) say that, then if (you think) you can in in in in in addition in addition (amount of tine) in doing ... in order to do .. keredomo He & to-itte ET (CP) ga #8 eessseee 4 tte 2 + 234 toy E609 (CP) 28 gernalge-naa) A (HH) (CP) 42 ge tf 40 teT 194 toba TE 195 tara tb 187 kacna(ka-naa)ivts (Arte d) (CP) 53 kashira OL 68 na(naa) % (46%) kamna(ka-naa) AV%E (148 d) (CP) 33 kashira LS 68 yara Bb essen 250 ka-na(ka-naa) AME (Os) 52 kashira ML 66 no-daroo MI=4 7 (CP.) 1g Da bE serreeereseseeneeen 1 ka +6 we 208 keredomo th b -- 7m a A severest noni D4 tows Tht mono-o #0) % sae 8A, seven mononara(mon-nara) 6M (%A‘) to-yuu-to EFL (CP) mononara (mon-nara) & 04% (b Att >) de T kara BS wssseeenneeeen eee Ti AS sesesseeene noite BUT (CP) no mo & ni 333in the field of in the manner of (in this manner)... (indeed) an ving into Is it true that ..2 isn't it .. is/are probably .. it's not necessary to .. it's said (it so happened that.) U) judging from just, just. just just iust about to do (something) just for/to ... just when ... (kK) keep doing . {1} let's .. let's leave the .. like inj (made of) merely IN] never (not even once) never mind never mind (something). To .. no better than no fewer/less than no less than no matter .. no one not all bad not any (not) any more (than) (not) as much/little as .. (not) as much as 334 + 139 207 nicoite (CUT (CP) tok de T koso = nS 134 nis 121 tte oT + 233, koto = ar) Ig 88 28 ss 165 no-daroo M159 (CP) made-mo °C & (CP) toy E09. no deshita DTU era bakashi (£4 L dake HUt kiri 2&0 made #T bakari (£4) sesemneeeee 7 madeni # TIE (CP) ~~ tokoroe EXAN (CP) + 216 tewa Ts ++ 200 ha BS vseensee 30 toshite £UC (CP) 222 nnado(nanka) “2 & (1s At) 109 00 “7 made #T 87 toe 204 to-mo-are & hah (CP) 20 dokoroka EEA AY vesesseseesseneen 29 mo & seen 96 yori Eo + 256 mo - 95 kara temo Tb 196 datte HT 6 demo TH 28 mo & escenennesees 96 SHR LS sssssesesstseeeeneen 182 odo (& 4 ioe 204(not)... either (not) even not even .. not having done not possible to do, (tor example) not unthinkable nothing, nothing, nothing except for .. numbering fo} of of of of on Okay? on on on on on the basis of one only only only only only (only) ahont only if only (this) and nothing else .. or something out of over owing to owing to .. (P] per perhaps because of rather than doing ... regardless of _ right? mo & 92 sura TS 185 toshite & UT (CP) oo 23 nde AT vsctsseensee eS, dokoro =H wy demo Cb 28 date 129T 16 mo & - hhoka (3° 45 toy £4 (CP) 228 de a kara 54 kara a) no + 144, 145, 148, 149, 152, 157 ne(nee) #a(ta2) vseeneesee WT det 5 nie oo 119, 121,124 0 D 149, 150 of® 176 Yori ft) sesseseessenenseneenetaeveenesesees 256 0 0 192 Dakashi WAL 10 dake KUT 10 hhoka (3° 48 kiri 89 4 nomi a4 166, 167 hakashi (LAM. sesesneneee sae AR ceseeeneeeseeeneenseenseenes 179 shika LY 182 nante *.4,T seesrenee HZ kara sence 55, 59, 63 0 cesses 150, de T mu nite secre creseeneene 4D me 125 ka sen 47 no-deshoo 9 TL s } (CP) lot te-ne Tia (CP) 198 tomo are E bdh (CP) 220 kuraifgural) (BUC CHL) al temo Tt 196 na te 106 335,should there be since since since since/because ..., (as expected) ... since (... was not expected) .. so (comething) is/was done by (come thing) something like (something like) something (like) . something like .. something like (something) that speaking of speaking of (speaking of) starting with .. such a thing like such as wand .. (and a etc) (tT) than that (introduces a clause or a phrase) that means ... that which is. the (noun) called .. the fact is that .. the moment ... the one the reason (for that) .. the (thing) that is called ... there is no choice but they say (they) say (hear) ne(nee) ta (122) 116 tte 2T kara yar kashira DLS mononara (mon-nara) £ O24 (&A44) kara mono 0) ssssesessesesseneensestneennest node(n-de) 02°C(AC) dake-ni 1404 (CP) dakenni UKE (CP) mono &@ fara set demo Tb kurai(gurai) < BUC) nado(nanka) 7 & (4 Ad’) nado(nanka) f & (tA) toka Ea 5 to-yuu E099, teba TIE to ie-ba EUAIE (CP) tte >t kara-shite 25 LT (CP) tarh AY sess wwitte EER OP) coe toka Ea yori £ 253, 254 to-yuu-no-wa 1.4 DId (CP) no tte 2T no ya? no D+ to-yuu-no/wa E39 Old (CP) towa Eig (CP) shika U2 to-yuu 2499 (GP) tte 2T we ttthough through trougin ull to to to to to todo ... to tell the truth to the extent of to the extent that .. to the extent that. to think that .. too totaling towards wl up to (up to) Iw) what is/was it? whatever when when when when when (something happens)... (instead of “if.”) whenever when is/was it ..2 whether ...? while while doing ..., (also doing ...) while doing ... on the way, do ... why don’t we why don’t we ..2 why don't you do with with with with with 70 99 keredomo (Tne & Kara Or sesestseseense oe ese ie made #7 seen BB oo 32 a 33 made $7 son 88, 94, 86 nite 121, 122, 125, 132 no ed ni sen 130 0G) weve made ¢ % hodo ( 6 burai(gurai) kara DS kara karashite UT kara-shite PUT kashira US 340 “not possible to do, (for example)” wre 29 “never mind (something) .. “(even) though” “at” Co “to” “for” sessssseeseees 33 “to” “toward: : 32 “as” “as for” “as you've already heard .." 38 ‘but” “despite doing (something)" “although” 39 “T'd thought (I'd done (something) but ..’ 41 “Pm wondering if I could ..." “(this is what I think), but ..” : cesses 40 “GE ..), can/would do. (but ..)” sre 40 “Thope .., though ..." “while doing ..., on the way, do ... “about” “approximately” “(not) as much/little as “to the extent that ...” “nothing except for “if” “whether” “perhaps because o “why don’t we ...” “evs “why don't you do." st 33 33 2 ‘do you want to “() think/() will do “L wish (it) would ..” “@) wonder ..2” ince” “due ta” “for” “hecanse” “considering” “seeing” 61 “as many as” “as much as” 60 “from a viewpoint of” “judging from” “by” “according to” e “from” “at” “since” 56 “from” “of” 34 “from” “of" “out of” 39 “from” “out of” “due to” ssvssrsseseeenereees 63 om” “through” “out of” “in” « 33 “consequently” 66 “starting with ." 65 “L wish ..” “could (you) do «. 68kashira LS kashira DL ke 7 keredomo (keredo, kedo, Kedomo) (7 #1 eb WHE, VE, VL) keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (140 eb Whe, We, Feb) keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (t+ Hb (UNE, UE, GLb) keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (th be (INE. TE. eb) keredomo (keredo, kedo, kedomo) (1 be (UNE, LE, Feb) kiri & 4) kiri & 4) kiri 4) koso = koso = koto woo =e hurai (gurai) < bs kurai (gurai) < Us kurai (gurai) 4 BU (4au) kurai (gurai) SLs (CU) kuse-ni ¢ tH= kuse-ni < tHE (M] made £T made £T made ¢T made T tte 2T tte oT tte 2T tte >T tw) wa (s wa b tv) ype yam ya yai PL yarina-ya UAE? yara i yara i “when” seeneeene + 15 “even if (you) were to.” = 215 “yust when..." + + 216 “but” “+ 216 “although (usually) 217 oy ATE right” “at least” “at most” 219 “putting aside ...” “never mind 220 “as? ve “let's leave the." ssrssenee 722 “not even ...” sesseseeseee 223 “as for .... also/too ...” “even if (you) were to.” ~ + 224 “as for” 25 “the (thing) that js called.” 225 “to think that “with” “even though” ~ 27 ~.. called/named 227 every singie . ay Theat” “they say 228 numbering” “totaling” 228 “(comething) that 228 “that means ..” 29 ihe teas (or that) “every” “every time” severest 231 “if (we) say that, then ...” BI “even if (I) were to 234 “Js it true that ..2" ss “ve Say (that)” “(speaking of)” 232 “the (noun) called 232 “(they) say” “I hear” 234 “(You) are asking/saying ..” + 233 “as for referring to .. 236 (not translatable) 239 “and ... (among other things/places)" m2 “as soon as” “when” “the moment ...” 3 “shall we?” “would we?” (not translatable) 36 ‘as soon as ...” seseneees 247 (other things)" += 9 “1 wonder 343yo £ yori £4 yori £9 yori £9) yori & (2) ze tt zt zutsu $2 (not translatable) “from” “no better than’ “on the basis of” “from” “than” {not translatable) (not translatable) at a time” “(quantity) each

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