Fisiologi Peredaran Darah

Tahun ajaran 2009-20010

Komponen Sistem Peredaran darah

1. Jantung
2. Pembuluh Darah
3 Sel-sel
3. Sel sel Darah
y The circulatoryy system
y keeps
p blood
pumping despite gravity’s pull

– Muscle contractions help

bl d ttravell uphill
blood hill iin th
the
veins of a giraffe’s long
legs
– The wriggling of the corn
snake squeezes its veins
and increases circulation
Fungsi SPD

– It transports O2 and nutrients to cells

– It takes away CO2 and other wastes
Kapiler
p merupakan
p bagian
g SPD yyang
g berhubungan
g langsung
g g
dengan jaringan tubuh

Capillary

Red
blood
cell
y Keluar masuk substansi dari/ke jaringan yang jauh kapiler dibantu oleh
cairan interstisial

Capillary

Diffusion of
INTERSTITIAL molecules
FLUID

Tissue
cell
Sistem Peredaran Darah
y Sistem Terbuka Pores
Tubular heart

Capillary beds
y Sistem tertutup Arteriole

Artery
(O2-rich blood)

Venule

Vein

Atrium
Heart
Gill Artery Ventricle
capillaries (O2-poor blood)
 FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES ((EXCEPT BIRDS)) MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Gill capillaries Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries

At
Artery Pulmocutaneous
P l t
Right Pulmonary
P l
Gill Pulmonary
circuit systemic circuit circuit
circulation
aorta
Heart:
ventricle (V) Left
A A A A A A
Systemic
Atrium (A) V V aorta
V V V
Right Left Right Left Right Left
Systemic Systemic Systemic
Vein circulation circuit circuit

Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries

Figure 42.4
 Superior 7
Capillaries of
vena cava H d and
Head d arms

Pulmonary
artery Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries Capillaries
of right lung 9 Aorta of left lung

3 2 3

4
11
Pulmonary Pulmonary
vein
i vein
5
1 LEFT ATRIUM
RIGHT ATRIUM
10 LEFT VENTRICLE
RIGHT VENTRICLE

Inferior Aorta
vena cava

Capillaries of
abdominal organs
SPD Manusia and legs
8
 Struktur Jantung
Pulmonary Aorta
artery

Pulmonary
y
Superior
artery
vena cava
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
ATRIUM

Pulmonary
veins Pulmonary
veins

Semilunar Semilunar
valve valve

Atrioventricular
valve Atrioventricular
valve

Inferior
vena cava

RIGHT LEFT
VENTRICLE VENTRICLE
The cardiac cycle
Semilunar 2 Atrial systole;
valves ventricular
closed diastole

0.1 sec
Semilunar
valves
0.3 sec open
0.4 sec

AV valves
open

AV valves
1 Atrial and closed
ventricular
diastole 3 Ventricular systole;
atrial diastole
 The control of heart rhythm

1 Pacemaker generates 2 Signals are delayed 3 Signals pass 4 Signals spread

wave of signals at AV node. to heart apex. Throughout
to contract. ventricles.

AV node Bundle
SA node branches
(pacemaker)
Heart Purkinje
apex fibers

ECG
Figure 42.8
Ritmisitas Kontraksi-Relaksasi Jantung

y Diastole
y Blood flows from the veins into 1 Heart is
relaxed.
2 Atria
contract.
the heart chambers AV valves
are open.

• Systole
0.1 sec SYSTOLE

– The atria brieflyy

3 Ventricles
contract and fill the 0.4 sec
0.3 sec contract.

ventricles with blood Semilunar

valves
are open.
p
– Then
Th theth ventricles
ti l DIASTOLE
contract and propel
blood out
• Heart valves prevent backflow

• Cardiac
C di output
t t
– The amount of blood pumped into the aorta by
th lleft
the ft ventricle
t i l per minute
i t

Blood pressure depends on

cardiac output
•cardiac
•resistance of vessels
The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat

y The SA node (pacemaker) generates electrical signals that trigger the

contraction of the atria
y The AV node then relays these signals to the ventricles

Specialized
Pacemaker AV node
muscle
l fibers
fib
(SA node)

Right
atrium

Right
ventricle
1 2 3 4

ECG
 Blood pressure

1 A typical blood pressure reading for a 20-year-old 4 The cuff is loosened further until the blood flows freely
is 120/70. The units for these numbers are mm of through the artery and the sounds below the cuff
mercury (Hg); a blood pressure of 120 is a force that disappear. The pressure at this point is the diastolic
can support a column of mercury 120 mm high. pressure remaining in the artery when the heart is relaxed.

Blood pressure
reading: 120/70

Pressure Pressure Pressure

in cuff in cuff in cuff
above 120 below 120 below 70
Rubber cuff
inflated 120 120
with air
70

Sounds
Sounds stop
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
Artery
closed

2 A sphygmomanometer, an inflatable cuff attached to a
pressure gauge, measures blood pressure in an artery.
The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated
until the pressure closes the artery, so that no blood
flows past the cuff. When this occurs, the pressure
exerted by the cuff exceeds the pressure in the artery.
Figure 42.12
3 A stethoscope is used to listen for sounds of blood flow
below the cuff. If the artery is closed, there is no pulse
below the cuff. The cuff is gradually deflated until blood
begins to flow into the forearm, and sounds from blood
pulsing into the artery below the cuff can be heard with
the stethoscope. This occurs when the blood pressure
is greater than the pressure exerted by the cuff. The
pressure at this point is the systolic pressure.
Measuring blood pressure can reveal
cardiovascular problems
p
y Blood pressure is measured as systolic and diastolic pressures

Blood pressure
120 systolic
80 diastolic
(to be Pressure Pressure Pressure
measured) in cuff in cuff in cuff
above below below 80
Rubber 120 120
cuff
inflated
with air

Sounds
S d Sounds
audible in stop
Artery Artery stethoscope
closed

1 2 3 4
 Valve
Epithelium Basement
membrane
Epithelium
Epithelium
Smooth
muscle Smooth
CAPILLARY muscle
Connective Connective
tissue tissue

ARTERY VEIN

VENULE
ARTERIOLE
y Pressure is highest
g in Systolic
y
pressure
the arteries
Diastolic
pressure

Relative sizes and

– It drops to numbers
of blood
zero by the vessels

time the
blood
reaches the
veins
y Three factors keep blood moving back to the heart

– muscle contractions
– breathing
– one-wayy valves

Direction of
blood flow
in vein

Valve (closed) Valve (open)

Skeletal muscle
y Hypertension is persistent systolic pressure higher than 140 mm Hg
and/or diastolic pressure higher than 90 mm Hg

– It is a serious cardiovascular problem

e.g Heart Attack

What is a heart attack ?
y A heart attack is damage that occurs when a coronary feeding the
heart is blocked

Aorta

Right
coronary
artery Left
L ft
coronary
artery

Blockage

Dead muscle tissue

y Blood vessel blockage is usually due to blood clots
y (see case of heart disease)

Connective Smooth
tissue muscle Epithelium Plaque
Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood

y Muscular constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphincters

controls the flow through
g capillaries
p

Precapillary sphincters Thoroughfare Thoroughfare

channel channel

Arteriole Venule Arteriole Venule

Capillaries

1 Sphincters relaxed 2 Sphincters contracted

y The transfer of materials between the blood and interstitial fluid can
occur by

– leakage
g throughg clefts in the capillary
p y walls
– diffusion through the wall
– blood pressure
– osmotic pressure
 Tissue cells

Osmotic Osmotic
Arterial pressure pressure Venous
end of end of
capillary
ill ill
capillary

Blood Blood
pressure pressure

INTERSTITIAL
FLUID NET PRESSURE NET PRESSURE
OUT IN
 Withdraw
blood
Centrifuge
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT MAJOR FUNCTIONS CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%

Solvent for CELL TYPE NUMBER FUNCTIONS

Water carrying other (per mm3 of blood)
substances
Erythrocytes
Salts (red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport of
Sodium Osmotic balance, oxygen
Potassium pH buffering, and (and carbon
Calcium regulation of dioxide)
Magnesium membrane
Chloride permeability Leukocytes
Bicarbonate Defense and
(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000
, , immunity
Plasma proteins
Albumin Osmotic balance,
pH buffering Lymphocyte
Fibrinogen Clotting Basophil
Immunoglobins Immunity
((antibodies)) Eosinophil
Substances transported by blood Monocyte
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Neutrophil
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Platelets 250,000– Blood clotting
Hormones 400 000
400,000
 • Red blood cells contain
hemoglobin
g
y White blood cells function both
– Hemoglobin enables the
inside and outside the circulatory
transport of O2
system
y
y They fight infections and
cancer

Basophil Eosinophil

Monocyte

Neutrophil Lymphocyte
y When a blood vessel is
damaged platelets respond
damaged,
y They help trigger the formation
of an insoluble fibrin clot that
plugs the leak
1 Injury to lining of blood 2 Platelet plug forms 3 Fibrin clot traps
vessel exposes connective blood cells
tissue; platelets adhere

Connective
tissue
Platelet
Platelet releases chemicals plug
that make nearby platelets sticky

Clotting
g factors from:

Platelets Calcium and

other factors
Damaged cells in blood plasma

Prothrombin Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin
y All blood cells develop from stem
cells in bone marrow
y Such cells may prove valuable for
treating certain blood disorders
Peran Darah sebagai Immun system