EXPERIMENT 1

PHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER (COLOUR, TURBIDITY AND pH) AND

COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION USING JAR-TEST METHOD

CHAPTER I

A. Purpose of Experiment
The purpose of this experiment are:
1. To determine colour of water sample by comparing it with a standard solution
with a known concentration
2. To determine the optimum dosage of coagulant or alum, in order to decrease
the turbidity, color or TSS

B. Principle of Experiment
This experiment includes four sub-experiments. First is colour analysis, in which
the apparent color and true color of the water sample is determined by using a
spetrophotometer. The second experiment is the analysis of turbidity, which is
determined based on diversion of light by particle suspension inside the water sample
and by using a turbidimeter. The third analysis is pH analysis to determine the
hidrogen ion (H+) concentration in the solution, by using pH meter.
The last part of the experiment is conducting jar-test on water sample to know the
optimum dosage of alum added. This is done by first adding alum to separated water
samples to form different concentrations and followed by the process of coagulation,
flocculation and sedimentation of the solutions. The resulting solutions will then be
analyzed physically (pH, color and turbidity) again.

C. Base Theories

Before a chemical treatment plat is designed, research should be conducted to

ascertain the best chemicals to use and amount required. In dealing with colored
waters, color determinations serve as the beasis of the decisions. Such data must be
obtained for proper selection of chemical feeding machinery and the design of storage
space. Once operation of the treatment facilities has begun, color determinations on
the raw and finished wastes serve to govern the dosage of chemical used, to ensure
economical operation, and to produce a low-colour water that is well within accepted
limits.

(Sawyer,C.,N., 2003)

Turbidity is a measure of suspended solids. It has been singled out here because it
is probably the most generally applicable and widely used non-microbial parameter
that can provide the most significant data throughout the water abstraction and
treatment process. Increases in turbidity are often accompanied with increases in
pathogen numbers. Turbidity is often determined using a nephelometer. Instruments
for measuring turbidity are calibrated using commercially available certified
standardized suspensions of formazin defined in Nephelometric Turbidity Units
(NTU).
(Payment et al, 2002)

pH is most important in determining the corrosive nature of water. Lower the pH

value higher is the corrosive nature of water. pH was positively correlated with
electrical conductance and total alkalinity. Various factors bring about changes the pH
of water. The higher pH values observed suggests that carbon dioxide, carbonate-
bicarbonate equilibrium is affected more due to change in physicochemical condition.
(Patil et al, 2012)

Physical analysis of water quality covers several parameters, which are color, odor,
temperature and TSS. Not all physical parameters is analytically measures on site, like
TSS which is test in the laboratory because of its visible property.
Color in water is caused by the presence of organic and inorganic materials; due to
the presence of plankton, humus and metal ions (such as iron and manganese), as well
as other materials. The presence of iron oxide causes the water to become reddish,
while manganese oxide causes the water to become brown or blackish.
(Ramadhani, et al, 2015)

Jar testing is a method of simulating a full-scale water treatment process, providing

system operators a reasonable idea of the way a treatment chemical will behave and
operate with a particular type of raw water. Jar testing entails adjusting the amount of
treatment chemicals and the sequence in which they are added to samples of raw water
held in jars or beakers. The sample is then stirred so that the formation, development,
and settlement of floc can be watched just as it would be in the full-scale treatment
plant. (Floc forms when treatment chemicals react with material in the raw water and
clump together.) The operator then performs a series of tests to compare the effects of
different amounts of flocculation agents at different pH values to determine the right
size floc for a particular plant. The jar testing process can be summarized as follows:
 For each water sample a number of beakers (jars) are filled with equal
amounts of the water sample;
 Each beaker of the water sample is treated with a different dose of the
chemical;
 Other parameters may be altered besides dosage;
 By comparing the final water quality achieved in each beaker, the effect of
the different treatment parameters can be determined; and
 Jar testing is normally carried out on several beakers at a time, with the
results from the first test guiding the choice of parameter amounts in the
later tests.
(Satterfield, 2005)

One of the processes that can be done to process raw water into clean water
is coagulation-flocculation process. Coagulation and flocculation is a process of
adding a chemical compound which forms floc particles that are difficult or
combine with other settling particles so that the speed of settling is faster. Floc
formed should be removed by means of sedimentation.

Type of commonly used coagulant in water treatment processes in industry

is aluminum sulfate or alum. An alternative to this is to use natural coagulant such
as moringa seeds, which are more economical than using alum.

(Rusdi et al, 2014)

Color in water may result from the presence of natural metallic ions (iron
and manganese), humus and peat materials, plankton, weeds, and industrial wastes.
Color is removed to make a water suitable for general and industrial applications.
Colored industrial wastewaters may require color removal before discharge into
 watercourses. The term ‘‘color’’ is used here to mean true color, that is, the color
of water from which turbidity has been removed. The term ‘‘apparent color’’
includes not only color due to substances in solution, but also that due to suspended
matter. Apparent color is determined on the original sample without filtration or
centrifugation. In some highly colored industrial wastewaters color is contributed
principally by colloidal or suspended material. In such cases both true color and
apparent color should be determined.

(American Public Health Association, 1999)

pH solution is the minus logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration assigned by

measuring method by potensiometry using pH meter. Procedure:

a) Dry with tissue paper and then rinse electrode with distilled water
b) Rinse electrode with sample
c) Dip electrode in sample until pH meter show a fixed reading
d) Note down reading scale or value on the pH meter display
(SNI National Standard Board, 2004)

The term turbid is applied to waters containing suspended mater that interferes with
the passage of light through the water or in which visual depth is restricted. The
turbidity may be caused by a wide variety of suspended materials that range in size
from colloidal to coarse dispersions, depending upon the degree of turbulence.

Turbidity may be caused by a wide variety of materials. Domestic waste may add
great quantities of organic and some inorganic materials that contribute turbidity.
Certain industrial wastes may add large amounts of organic substances and others
inorganic substances that produce turbidity. It is safe to say that the materials causing
turbidity may range from purely inorganic substances to those that are largely organic
in nature. This disparity in the nature of the materials causing turbidity makes it
impossible to establish hard-and-fast rules for its removal.

(Sawyer et al, 2003)

 CHAPTER II

A. Work Scheme
1. Colour Analysis

Water samples

- Sample is separated from the bigger suspensions.

- Taken 100 ml into beaker

Distilled water

- Pour into cuvette and used as blank to calibrate

spectrophotometer
Water samples

- Pour into cuvette

- Measure the absorbance using spectrophotometer at 390nm
- Compare results with calibration data

Result

2. Turbidity Analysis

Water samples

- Take 100 ml into beaker

- Clean cuvette and calibrate turbidity meter
- Pour sample into cuvette
- Measure turbidity using turbidity meter

Result

3. pH Analysis

Water samples

- Take sufficient amount of sample

- Calibrate the pH meter using water, it
must show pH around 7
- Measure pH of water sample
Result
4. Jar Test

12 L Water sample

- Mix the sample taken, separate into 12 beakers of 1L, leave

bigger suspensions behind
- Add alum with different dosage to form 12 different
concentrations: 0 mg/L until 25 mg/L
- Conduct flash mix of 100 rpm for 1 minute
- Conduct slow mix of 40-60 rpm for 15 minutes
- Let the solution settle by sedimentation for 15 minutes
Alum

- Add alum with different dosage to form 12 different

concentrations: 0 mg/L until 25 mg/L
- Conduct flash mix of 100 rpm for 1 minute
- Conduct slow mix of 40-60 rpm for 15 minutes
- Let the solution settle by sedimentation for 15 minutes

50 mL solution from each beaker

- Take and analyze the pH, turbidity and color.

- Compare results with previous result (original water sample)
and calibration result.
Result
 CHAPTER III

A. Observation Table
1. Colour Analysis
No Treatment
1 Water sample taken from
inlet is mixed into one and
separated from the bigger
suspensions
2 Sample taken 100 ml into
beaker
Observation Picture
Initial water sample is gray
in color, turbid with many
suspension visible by
naked eye.
Separated water sample is
Image 1.1:
a little clearer, has less
Sample mixed
particles and suspension.
No physical change
observed

3 Spectrophotometer set to
wavelength of 390nm
Distilled water poured into
cuvette and used as blank
to calibrate
spectrophotometer.
Image 1.2:
Sample in 100 ml beaker
Distilled water is colorless
liquid.
Spectrophotometer reads
0.00
Image 1.3.a:
Distilled water in cuvette

Image 1.4.b:
Spectrophotometer
calibration
4 Water sample poured into
cuvette and absorbance
measured
2. Turbidity Analysis
No Treatment
1 100 ml water sample in
beaker is prepared
2 Turbidity meter calibrated
and water sample poured
into cuvette until white
line. Cuvette placed inside
and turbidity is measured
3. pH Analysis
No Treatment
1 Take sufficient amount of
sample left in beaker.
Calibrate the pH meter by
dipping the stick into
water (as blank)
Absorbance = 0.333
Image 1.4:
Absorbance result
Observation Picture
Physical apperance of
water same as previous
Image 2.1:
Sample in beaker glass
Cuvette is cylindrical in
shape.
Turbidity result = 130
NTU
Image 2.2:
Sample poured in cuvette
Observation Picture
Physical apperance of
water same as previous.
Blank pH meter result =
7.3
Image 3.1 :
Sample in beaker glass
2 Dip the pH meter stick
into the beaker. Wait until
the ready sign appears,
measure pH of water
sample.
4. Jar Test
No Treatment
1 Water sample taken is
mixed, let bigger
suspended solids settle
then upper part of water
sample is taken, separated
into 1000 ml beaker
glasses.
Result : pH = 8.56
Image 3.2.a :
pH stick in water sample
Image 3.2.b:
pH meter result
Observation Picture
Separated water is gray in
color, turbid, with less big
particles/suspension, has
unpleasant odor
Image 4.1.a:
Water sample mixed
Image 4.1.b:
Water sample poured in
1L beaker glass
2 Alum placed in beakers
using measuring pipette
and propipette into each
beaker glass in different
amounts to get different
concentrations of solution:
0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 20mg/L,
40 mg/L, 60 mg/L, 80
mg/L, 100 mg/L, 120
mg/L, 140 mg/L, 160
mg/L, 200 mg/L and 250
mg/L.
3 Place each beaker
containing 1 L of water
sample in the jar test
equipment.
Alum is added to each
water sample according to
desired concentration at
the same time.
4 Samples are then
coagulated (flash mix) at
about 100 rpm for 1
minute. Timer of jar test is
used.
Alum is a colorless,
odorless and clear liquid.
Volume of alum added to
each beaker respectively:
0 ml, 1 ml, 2 ml, 4 ml, 6
ml, 8 ml, 10 ml, 12 ml, 14 Image 4.2.a:
ml, 16 ml, 20 ml and 25 Alum taken by pipette
ml. These amounts are
obtained by the formula:
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
V= x 1000
10000
Image 4.2.b:
Alum added into beaker
No change in physical
appearance of water is
observed after alum is
added.
Image 4.3.a:
Beaker samples in jar test
Image 4.3.b:
Alum added to each
beaker
Not much difference in
physical appearance of
samples. Particles in water
spin around.

5 Flocculation (slow mix) is
done at 40-60 rpm for 15
minutes.
6 Samples left to settle by
sedimentation for 15
minutes.
7 50 mL of solution from
each resulting sample is
taken by measuring pipette
from the clearer upper
layer
8 Each sample with different
concentrations of alum are
analyzed physically – the
final pH, color and
turbidity using pH meter
(using water to calibrate),
turbidity meter and
spectrophotometer (using
distilled water as blank)
Image 4.4:
Flashmix done to samples
The greater the
concentration of alum the
more small gray particles
visible.
Image 4.5:
Samples flocculated
The greater the
concentration of alum in
sample, the more dark
colored suspension at the
bottom of beaker
Image 4.6:
Samples sedimented
Upper section of sample is
clearer than the
sedimented part at the
bottom. Solution with
higher alum concentrations
Image 4.7:
are have clearer upper
Sample taken from 1L
layer. beaker
Measurement results:
 Beaker 1 (0 mg/L) – pH
8.63, 83 NTU,
 Beaker 2 (10 mg/L) –
pH 8.73, 72.4 NTU,
Image 4.8.a:
 Beaker 3 (20 mg/L) - pH Measuring pH result
8.65, 51.7 NTU, 0.53 A
 Beaker 4 (40 mg/L) - pH
8.49, 42.4 NTU, 0.40 A
 Beaker 5 (60 mg/L) - pH
 8.52, 28.8 NTU, 0.27 A
 Beaker 6 (80 mg/L) –
pH 8.37, 20.4 NTU, -
0.78 A
 Beaker 7 (100 mg/L) -
Image 4.8.b:
pH 8.49, 19.3 NTU, - Color measurement result
0.58 A
 Beaker 8 (120 mg/L) -
pH 8.29, 11.5 NTU, -
0.13 A
 Beaker 9 (140 mg/L) –
Image 4.8.c:
pH 8.31, 11.8 NTU, - Turbidity meter result
0.054 A
 Beaker 10 (160 mg/L) –
pH 8.24, 9.31 NTU, -
0.071 A
 Beaker 11 (200 mg/L) –
pH 8.15, 9.01 NTU, -
0.095 A
 Beaker 12 (250 mg/L) –
pH 8.06, 5.79 NTU, -
0.117 A

B. Discussion
This experiment is titled “Physical Analysis of Water (Color, Turbidity and
pH) and Coagulation-Flocculation Using Jar-Test Method”. It was done at Water
Purification Laboratory of ITS Environmental Engineering Department on October
14th 2016 starting from 08.00 a.m. The experiment consists of two parts. In the
first, which is physical analysis of water sample, the color of water is determined
from the amount of absorbance using spectrophotometer, turbidity of water sample
is measured from the dispersion of light by suspension in water using turbidity
meter, and the pH of water sample is measured by knowing the hydrogen ion (H+)
concentration using a pH meter. The second part of this experiment involves
coagulation and flocculation of water samples containing different alum
concentrations by jar-test method. The purpose of this part of experiment is to
determine the optimum dosage of coagulant or alum which efficiently decreases the
turbidity, color or TSS of water sample. Afterwards, the water samples that have
been through jar-test and sedimentation will be physically analyzed once again, and
results will be compared with initial physical analysis result.
Equipment used in this experiment include measuring pipette, propipette,
beaker glass of 100 mL and 1000 mL capacity, spectrophotometer, turbidity meter,
pH meter and a huge bucket. Materials used are distilled water (aquadest) and
water sample, which was taken from the inlet of Wastewater Treatment Installation
in ITS Environmental Engineering Department on Friday, October 14th 2016 at
7.20 a.m.
Firstly, before conducting initial physical analysis, the inlet water sample
taken are mixed in one big bucket. This is done to mix and equalize the water
content, as well as letting the bigger and heavier suspensions to settle down at the
bottom and not included in analysis. Initial water sample is gray in color, turbid
with many suspension visible by naked eye. After mixing and settling, 100 mL of
water sample is taken from the upper section of water into a small beaker.
Separated water sample is a little clearer, lighter in color and has less particles and
suspension.
The first process from this sample is color analysis. Color in water is caused
by the presence of organic and inorganic materials; due to the presence of plankton,
humus and metal ions (such as iron and manganese), as well as other materials
(Ramadhani et al, 2015). The wavelength of the spectrophotometer is adjusted to
390 nm. This wavelength is used because it is the bottom range of wavelength that
human eye can perceive. Distilled water (aquadest) is used as blank to calibrate the
device. It is an odorless and colorless liquid having room temperature, which is
poured into the cuvette. Caution must be taken so that only the ‘rough’ side of the
cuvette is held and cuvette is cleaned from any spilled solution. Cuvette’s lid is
replaced before inserting it into the spectrophotometer. To calibrate, the ‘0-Abs.’
button is clicked and the absorbance result will be zero. Then, the inlet water
sample is poured into a clean cuvette which is then placed in the
spectrophotometer. The absorbance can directly be measured and is displayed. The
result is 0.333 A. We can match the result with a provided color calibration curve
and calculate the color unit.

COLOR CALIBRATION CURVE

0.14

0.12 y = 0.0013x - 0.0076

R² = 0.9917
0.1
ABSORPTION (A)

0.08

0.06 Series1
Linear (Series1)
0.04

0.02

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-0.02
CONCENTRATION (MG/L)

So the color unit is:

Y = 0.0013x – 0.0076
0.333 = 0.0013x – 0.0076
0,333+0,0076
X=
0,0013

X = 262
So from that calculation we know that the total colour unit in the sample is
262 TCU. It does not fullfill the standard of Indonesian Public Health Ministry
Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010, which states that the color parameter of water
must be below 15 TCU (drinking water). The term ‘‘color’’ is used here to mean
true color, that is, the color of water from which turbidity has been removed. The
term ‘‘apparent color’’ includes not only color due to substances in solution, but
also that due to suspended matter. Apparent color is determined on the original
sample without filtration or centrifugation (American Public Health Association,
1999). The color in this part of experiment is the apparent color of water sample.
Next part is to conduct turbidity analysis. Turbidity is a measure of
suspended solids. It is probably the most generally applicable and widely used non-
microbial parameter that can provide the most significant data throughout the water
abstraction and treatment process. Increases in turbidity are often accompanied
with increases in pathogen numbers (Payment et al, 2002). From the water sample
left in 100 mL beaker. The properties of water has not changed since previous
analysis. Before measuring its turbidity, the turbidity meter is first calibrated with a
specific solution. This was done by the laboratory staff. Then, the water sample can
be measured by pouring it inside a bottle cuvette until the white border line, closing
the lid tight and then placing is inside the turbidity meter. Click the ‘read’ button
and the result shows up. The turbidity of the sample reads 130 NTU. This result
shows that inlet water sample does not fulfill the standard of Indonesia Public
Health Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010, that turbidity of water must
below 5 NTU (drinking water). The turbidity may be caused by a wide variety of
suspended materials that range in size from colloidal to coarse dispersions,
depending upon the degree of turbulence (Sawyer et al, 2003)
The third physical analysis is the measurement of the water sample’s pH
level. pH is most important in determining the corrosive nature of water. Lower the
pH value higher is the corrosive nature of water (Patil et al, 2012). The pH meter is
first calibrated by dipping it into water, the meter must read about 7 in pH (in this
experiment, pH = 7.3.) To measure the water sample, the pH stick is dipped into it.
According to the National Indonesian Standard (SNI 06-6989.11-2004) to measure
pH of sample, dip electrode in sample until pH meter show a fixed reading and
then note down reading scale or value on the pH meter display. The result is 8.56,
which shows that the sample is moderately basic, but does not fullfill the standard
of Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010, that the
pH must be between 6.5 and 8.5 (drinking water).
After the physical analysis of untreated water sample, jar test is conducted.
Jar testing entails adjusting the amount of treatment chemicals and the sequence in
which they are added to samples of raw water held in jars or beakers. The sample is
then stirred so that the formation, development, and settlement of floc can be
watched (Satterfield, 2005). In this experiment, 12 L of water sample will go
through coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation in different concentrations of
alum. Coagulation and flocculation is a process of adding a chemical compound
which forms floc particles that are difficult or combine with other settling particles
so that the speed of settling is faster (Rusdi, et al, 2014). Coagulation is a chemical
process in which the destabilization of non-settleable particles take place. On the
other hand, flocculation means to form flocs. The water sample is separated into 1
L beakers. Since there are only 6 beakers of 1 L capacity, the jar test is conducted
in two parts. Water sample mixed and settled in huge bucket is poured into 6
 beakers, as much as 1000 mL each. Caution must be taken when doing this, the
practician must be wearing gloves as inlet water sample can irritate the skin. The
separated water is gray in color, turbid, with less big particles/suspension and has
an unpleasant odor.
Alum is then to be added to each beaker. Alum is added as a coagulant and
is a colorless, clear and odorless liquid. To know how much alum needs to be
added in each beaker, we need to decide the desired concentrations of alum in each
solution. The purpose of using different concentrations of alum is to know the
different effect each concentration has, make a comparison and find the optimum
concentration or dosage of coagulant. From the desired concentration of alum we
can calculate its required volume by the formula:
M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
Where M1 = concentration of solution to obtain 1% Alum (mg/L)
V1 = volume of alum required (mL)
M2 = desired concentration of alum (mg/L)
V2 = volume of water sample (mL)
So, to get 10 mg/L of alum concentration, in which M1 is 10 000 mg/L and
V2 is 1000 mL,
𝑀2 𝑥 𝑉2 10 𝑥 1000
V1 = = = 1 ml Thus, 1 ml of alum is added to 1000
𝑀1 10 000
mL of water sample to get a concentration of 10 mg/L. Below is a table of the
desired concentration and amount of alum that needs to be added to each water
sample in beaker.
Desired concentration (mg/L) Alum added (mL) Desired concentration (mg/L) Alum added (mL)
0 100 10
0
1 120 12
10
2 140 14
20
4 160 16
40
6 200 20
60
8 250 25
80
 Type of commonly used coagulant in water treatment processes in industry
is aluminum sulfate or alum (Rusdi et al, 2014). Alum will be added first to the six
beakers, and after the whole process is done, will be added again to the rest of the
samples, so we have 12 liters of water sample treated and analyzed, each with
different alum amount added. Alum is taken by a measuring pipette and propipette
and placed in six separate small beakers (labeled to avoid mistakes). This is
because later on the alum must be added at the same time to all the samples before
coagulation, to ensure that all water samples are in contact with the coagulant for
the same period of time.
All six beakers are placed in the jar test device and alum, according to their
respective desired concentrations, is added to all beakers at the same time. No
change in physical appearance of water is observed after alum is added. Then, the
sample is stirred by flash-mix at a speed of 100 rpm for 1 minute (set by timer of
jar test), followed by slow-mix of speed 40-60 rpm for 15 minutes. The purpose of
flash-mixing is to stir and mix the sample and alum well, while the purpose of
slow-mixing is to let the coagulant destabilize the particles and form flocs. No
physical change of water is visible during coagulation/flash-mix, but after
flocculation/slow-mix, water samples with greater concentration of alum are seen
to contain more amount of small, soft, gray particles. After, the samples are left to
settle by sedimentation for 15 minutes. Sedimentation is done to separate the floc
with the sample, flocs will settle to the bottom of the beaker because it contains
suspended solid. Here is seen that the greater the concentration of alum in sample,
the more there are dark colored suspension at the bottom of beaker. This is because
as the concentration of alum increases, more particles will be in contact with it and
the more flocs it will form. As long as the amount of coagulant does not exceed the
amount of suspended particles, the flocs will be bigger in size along with the
increase of alum concentration.
After all six beakers are sedimented, sample of 50 mL from each is taken to
be physically analyzed by color, turbidity and pH. The procedure of this analysis is
same to that in the first part of this experiment. Each sample is taken by a
measuring pipette and propipette and from the upper section of beaker to ensure no
flocs at the bottom of the beaker is taken. Upper section of sample is clearer than
the sedimented part at the bottom. Solutions with higher alum concentrations are
have clearer upper layer and the difference between sedimented section and
leftover upper layer is more distinct.
The jar test and physical analysis is repeated for the remaining 6 L of
sample, with their respective alum concentration (100 mg/L – 250 mg/L). The
results of physical analysis by color, turbidity and pH are shown below:

Concentration (mg/L) pH Absorbance (A) Turbidity (NTU)

0 8.63 0.486 83
10 8.73 0.48 72.4
20 8.65 0.53 51.7
40 8.49 0.4 42.2
60 8.52 0.27 28.8
80 8.37 -0.78 20.4
100 8.49 -0.58 19.3
120 8.29 -0.13 11.5
140 8.31 -0.054 11.8
160 8.24 -0.071 9.31
200 8.15 -0.095 9.01
250 8.06 -0.117 5.79

Firstly, from the absorbance data we can calculate the amount of total color
unit from the equation of a color calibration curve.

COLOR CALIBRATION CURVE

0.15
y = 0.0013x - 0.0076
ABSORPTION (A)

R² = 0.9917
0.1

0.05 Series1
Linear (Series1)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-0.05
CONCENTRATION (MG/L)

Using the equation y = 0.0013x – 0.0076 and same calculation as done

previously, we obtain 12 results of color unit.

Concentration (mg/L) Color Unit

Concentration (mg/L) Color Unit
0 379.6923 100 -440.308
10 375.0769 120 -94.1538
20 413.5385 140 -35.6923
40 313.5385 160 -48.7692
60 213.5385 200 -67.2308
80 -594.154 250 -84.1538
 From data of turbidity, color unit and pH we can make the following
graphs:

Turbidity graph
100

y = -0.2847x + 58.427
80
R² = 0.7306
Turbidity (NTU)

60

40 Series1
Linear (Series1)
20

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-20
Concentration of Alum (mg/L)

We can see that the turbidity decreases and is so far inversely proportional
to the concentration of alum, but we cannot say that we have reached the optimum
dosage of coagulant because the curve has not risen. We cannot know whether or
not 5.79 NTU is the lowest turbidity. This is because the amount of samples and
their range of alum concentration is not wide enough to determine optimum alum.
Nonetheless, the turbidity has decreased as much as 95.5% from the initial turbidity
of untreated water sample, calculated by the formula

𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦−𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦

% of decrease = x 100%
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦

The lowest turbidity of 5.79 NTU still has not fulfilled the standard of
Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010 which states
that that turbidity of water must below 5 NTU.
 pH graph
8.8
8.7
8.6 y = -0.0025x + 8.6611
R² = 0.9231
8.5
8.4
pH
8.3 Series1
8.2 Linear (Series1)
8.1
8
7.9
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Concentration of Alum (mg/L)

Here, we can see that the graph fluctuates but generally decreases. The
lowest pH obtained is 8.06 which is 5.8% lower than the initial pH of untreated
water sample. This result has fulfilled the standard of Indonesia Public Health
Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010 which states that pH of water must
be between 6.5 and 8.5.

Color Graph
600

400 y = -2.1317x + 237.2

R² = 0.2667
200
Color unit

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Series1
-200 Linear (Series1)
-400

-600

-800
Concentration of Alum

The color unit reaches values that are negative. This is due to an unknown
error in the process of analysis. The distilled water used may be contaminated
and inaccuracy in readings may also be because two different cuvettes were
used for blank and for sample. From this data we get the lowest color unit as -
594.154. The Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation
 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010 states that colour of must below 15. Because the data
is invalid we cannot say whether or not this fulfilled the standard. In dealing
with colored waters, color determinations serve as the beasis of the decisions
(Sawyer et al, 2003)

C. Conclussion
From this “Physical Analysis of Water (Color, Turbidity and pH) and
Coagulation-Flocculation Using Jar-Test Method” we can conclude that inlet water
sample of Wastewater Treatment Installation in ITS Environmental Engineering
Department has the following properties:
1. The turbidity of untreated sample is 130 NTU. After going through jar test,
the least turbidity is that of sample treated with 250 mg/L alum
concentration, resulting in turbidity of 5.79 NTU, which is a 95.5%
decrease from untreated sample. This has not fulfilled the standard of
Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010.
2. The initial pH of inlet water sample is 8.56. Jar test result of pH = 8.06
which fulfills the standard of Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation
492/Menkes/per/IV/2010 and is 5.84% less than untreated water pH.
3. The untreated water sample as a color unit of 262 TCU. This is high above
the standard of Indonesia Public Health Ministry Regulation
492/Menkes/per/IV/2010. Due to several errors, the resulting color unit is
not valid because of its negative value. It cannot be compared.

CHAPTER IV

A. References

American Public Health Association (APHA). 1999. “Standard methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed)”. New York: American
Public Health, Association (APHA), American Water Works Association
(AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF).
 Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN). 2004. Air dan air limbah – Bagian 11: Cara
uji derajat keasaman (pH) dengan menggunakan alat pH meter. Jakarta. SNI
06-6989.11-2004

Patil, P.,N., Sawant, D.,V., Desmukh, R., N. 2012. Physico-Chemical Parameters

For Testing of Water. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 3 (3) :
1194-1207.
Payment, P., Waite, M., Dufour, A. 2002. Introducing Parameter for Water
Asessment Drinking Water Quality. Geneva : World Health Organisation.
Ramadhani, E., Anna A. N., Cholil, M. 2015. Analisis Pencemaran Kualitas Air
Sungai Bengawan Solo Akibat Limbah Industri di Kecamatan Kebakkramat
Kabupaten Karanganyar. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Rusdi, Sidi, T. B. P., Pratama, R. 2014. Pengaruh Konsentrasi dan Waktu
Pengendapan Biji Kelor Terhadap pH, Kekeruhan dan Warna Air Waduk
Krenceng. Banten: Universitas Tirtayasa
Satterfield, Z. 2005. Jar Testing. West Virginia University: The National
Environmental Services Center
Sawyer, C.,N., Mc Carty,P.,R., Parkin,G.,F. 2003. “Chemistry for Environmental
Engineering and Sciences (5th ed)”. New York: Mc Graw Hill Companies.

CHAPTER V

A. Questions and Answers

Questions
1. Mention the difference between true colour and apparent colour.
2. What is the unit used for standard color?
3. What is the function of adding Cobalt Chlorida in the procedure?
4. Mention the cause of turbidity.
5. Mention the characteristics that can cause turbidity in:
a. Domestic Effluent
b. River water
6. What is the corellation between
 a. pH with concentration of H+
b. pH with concentration of OH-
7. How much is pH of HCl 2N Solution?
8. How much is pH of NaOH 0,02N solution?
9. How much is the concentration of H+ ions, if concentration of OH- ions is
3x10-2 mol/L?
10. Mention steps of coagulation and flocculation processes!
11. Mention the important factors in jar-test process!
12. Mention kinds of coagulant that you know!
13. Explain how important coagulation process or flashmix is in decreasing
process of turbidity!
14. In which pH does optimum coagulation process happen and explain how!

Answers

1. True color is the real colour of water, without any presence of turbidity.
Usually turbidity is caused by organic substance that easy to dissolve and
some metal ions, for example Fe and Mn.
Apparent colour is the colour of the sample that can be seen before turbidity
is removed. Not just caused by organic substance but also suspension
substance, including colloids
2. The colour that is produced by mg/L platinum as K2PtCl6 + CoCl2.6H2O
and measured in TCU.
3. To provide exact colour which stock solution have 500 colour unit and a set
of standard procedure of dillution. Besides that, it can provide sharp colour
and get rid of buffer.
4. Any presence of mud, organic substance, plankton and inorganic substance.
5. a. Domestic effluent : hard to separate, dense colour, organic substance in
the form of fine grain. Domestic effluent produced by food leftover and
detergent.

b. River water : Water that caused river to become turbid . Rivers have
different turbidity because they come from many sources, such as industrial
effluent and domestic effluent.

6. a. pH = -log [H+], the bigger the pH, the less concentration of H+

 b. pH = 14 – pOH, the bigger the pH, the less concentration of OH-

7. HCl = 2N
N=mV
𝑁 2
M=𝑉 = = 2 mol
1

HCl = 2 mol, so the H+ is 2 mol

So pH = -log [H+] = -log 2
8. NaOH 0,02 N = 0,02 M (strong base)
[OH-] = 0,02 M
pOH = -log [OH-] = -log[0,02] = 1,7
pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 1,7 = 12,3
9. [OH-] = 3 x 10-2 mol/L
Kw = [H+][OH-]
10-14 = [H+][3 x 10-2]
[H+] = 0,33 x 10-2 mol/L
10. a. Mix the reagen by fast stirring 100 rpm for 1minutes
b. Slow stirring to form flocs with 50 rpm speed for 15 minutes
c. Sedimentation proces for 15 minutes, for get rid of floca with colloid that
bind in solution
11. - pH of the solution
- Amount and kind of flocculation
- Amount and kind suspended substance
- temperature and alkalinity
- the presence of dissolved of specific ions
12. - allum : Al2(SO4)3
- iron (III) Choride
- iron (III) sulphate
- Magnesium Hidroxide
- Soda
- Polimer Sintesis
- Alumunium Chloride
- Iron (II) Sulphate
13. Coagulant molecules that dissolve in water are added in coagulation
process. Mix rapidly so it can dissolve with sample in colloid surface and
change electrolite solutions.
14. When pH 6-8, because forming of floc (Al(OH)3) cannot happen when the
pH is too high