Atomic Weights of the Elements 1995” T. B. Copien U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192 ‘The biennial review of atomic weight, A,(E), determinations and other cognate data has resulted in changes for the standard atomic weight of 21 elements. The five most significant changes are: boron trom 10,811:+0.005 to 10.811:+0.007; carbon trom 120110001 to 12.0107+0.0008; arsenic from 74921590.00002 to 74.92160+ 0.00002; cerium from 140.115+0.004 to 140.116+0.001; and platinum 195.08-=0.03 to 195.078:=0,002. An annotation for potassivm has been changed in the ‘Table of Standard Atomic Weights. To eliminate possible confusion in the reporting of relative lithium isotope-tatio data, the Commission recommends that such data be ex- eosced using TLiALS rating and that reporting using STi rating he dicenntinned Re ccause relative isotope-atio data for sulfur are commonly being expressed on noncorte- sponding scales, the Commission recommends that such isotopic data be expressed relative to VCDT (Vienna Cation Diablo Trolite) on a scale such that “S/S of [AEA- -1 silver sulfide is 0.9997 times that of VCDT. Many elements have a different isotopic ‘composition in some nonterrestrial materials. Some recent data on oxygen are included in this article forthe information of the interested scientific community. © 1997 American Institute of Physics und American Chemical Society. ($0047-2689(97}0030. Key wos: somic weight cis evasion: elements; ope composition, Contents 1. Introduction. 12403, Table of Stndant Atomie Weights 1995... 2. Comments on Some Atomic Weighs and 4. Reporting Relative Abundance Data for Lithium Annotations. 240 Tetons 21. Boron. 1240 5. Reponting Relative Abundance Data for Suit 22, Carbon 124301098. eeee ees : 23, Florine 1236 Reporting Relative Abundance Data for Stable 24, Sodium... 1243 Hyekogen, Carbon, and Oxygen Isotopes. 25. Aluminum, 12437. Relative Atomic Masses and Hal-Lives of 26. Phosphorus TIT, yoag Selected Radionuties. 2.7. Scandium. coe ee eens ‘2.8, Manganese............ 1243 8.1. Introduction. 2.9, Cobalt, weve eee eee ees 1243 82 Observations. cit eae TUITE YE 9. other Projects ofthe Commission 241, Rhodium, . 124g 10. References, Sak Ceara tag Il: Appendix: Guidelines forthe Reporting of at cae vr PRA Sable Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxyeen Tentone- Ratio Data 2 codyium, ee ee TOU. Souess of Isotopic Reference Materials. Fes unsung 112. References for Appendix. 2.17. Holmium a4 218, Tholium iad List of Tables 219. Platinum, ia 2.20. Gold. 1245 |, Standard atomic weights 1995. Alphabetical 221. Bismuth 1245” onde in English ; 222, Povassum 1245 2. Standard atomic weights 1995, Order of atomic “Reprinted with permission of the Intersonl Uson of Pure and Appi (Chemisty rom Pire App Cher. 68. 2339 (9961 0047-258097/26(5)1239115/514.00, 1239 umber. Relative atomic masses and half-lives of selected radionuclides nas ras 1246 a7 1247 a7 1247 1249 1250 * 251 sz 1253 1253 ral ne ios 4 Phys. Chem, Re. Data, Vol. 26, No. 8, 19971240 4. Examples of measurements of oxygen isotopic compositions in extraterrestrial materials 5. Selected reference materials. 1250 1253 List of Figures 1, Changes in relative uncertainty, U[A,(E)V/A,(E), of the IUPAC-recommended atomic weights of the elements hetweon 1OK9 and 1005, 2. The isotopic composition of oxygen in selected ‘meteorites of different types (ordinary chondrites: H, L, LL, and R; carbonaceous chondrites: Ci, CM, CO and CV; achondrites: Euc) 3. Range of oxygen isotopic compositions in stars of different classes that were measured by spectuscupi metlos 046 129 1251 1. Introduction ‘The Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abun- dances met under the chairmanship of Professor K. G. Heu- mann from 41 6! August 1995, during tho 28% TUPAC General Assembly in Guildford, United Kingdom. The Com- mission decided to publish the report “'Atomic Weights of the Elements 19957" as neesented here and the report “Iso- topic Compositions of the Elements 1995. ‘The Commission has reviewed the literature over the pre- vious two years since the last report on atomic weights? and evaluated the published data on atomic Weights and isotopic ‘compositions on an element-by-element basis. The atomic weight, 4,(E), of element E can be determined from a knowledge of the isotopic abundanecs and corresponding atomic masses ofthe nuclides ofthat element. The last come pilations of te isotopic abundances and atomic masses with all relevant data were published in 1991° and 1993. respec- tively. The Commission periodically reviews the history of the atomic weight of each element emphasizing the relevant published scientific evidence on which decisions have been made.” For all elements for which a change in the A,(E) value or its uncertainty, U[A,(E)] (in parentheses, following the last significa figure to which itis attributed, is recommended, the Commission by custom makes a statement on the reason for the change and inthis and recent report also includes a list of past recommended values over a period in excess of the last 100 years. It should be understood that before 1961 the values quoted were intended to be consistent with A{O)=16, whereas since that time the values are consistent with A(O}= 15.9994, An attempt is not generally made t0 follow the data to a time before 1882. Between 1882 and 1903 G. P, Baxter's data are quoted usually from his report w ue tmemnavionat Criteat Tubtes (KT), Beween 1909 al 1923, Baxter's ICT values show a few small differences from those recommended by the International Committee on Atomic Weights. It isthe Inter values that are here quoted Uncertainties were given systematically only from 1969, from which time they should be considered to be expended J. Phys. Chem. Ret. Data, Vol 25, No. 5, 1997 T.B. COPLEN uncertainties, but the factor determining the excess over single standard uncertainties has deliberately not been stated ‘The biennial review of atomic weight, A,(E), determina. tions and other cognate data bas resulted in changes for the standard atomic weight ofthe following elements: lement From To cstton ott=0001 20107-00008 faceine 139984032-00000009 18. 9964052 0.000008 sodium na 98976820.000006 77 9R07IM* OMEN lumii 2698153900000 25981538 0.0002 phosphors «3097376200000 _ 309737612.0.000002 scans ‘4495891000000 4955910000008 rmanguese —_5349380S::000001 54. 938049=0.000009 ccbalt '93320:-0.00001 589332000. 090009 arsenic 749213920.00002 7490162 0.90002 oes s290s4s0q000 152905452 000002 pa 10.115 0004 Mot6= 0.001 raceniominm — LNGKTES AMM ananag ann opi 1519650009 Is1.96¢0.001 terion 13392534 000003 15892534 0.00002 tian 6493032 000008 164. 93082 0.00002 thie I6so34al-eacones 168954210002 plano 195.0805 950780002 mt 19686654:+000003 196.9655 oN ‘The membership of the Commission forthe period 1994— 1995 was a¢ follows: K. G. Heumann (FRG, Chotrman); T. B. Coplen (USA, Secretar): J. K. Bahike (USA, Associate: H. J. Dietze (FRG, Associate); M. Ebihara (Japan, Associ- ste): J. W. Gramlich (USA, Titular) H. R. Krouse (Canada, Tila): RD. Loss (Australia, Associate); G.I. Ramendik (Russia, Taula); D. E. Richardson (USA, Associate); K. R, Rosman (Australia, Titular; L. Schultz (FRG, Tita): P D. ¥. Laylor(selgum, Associate: L. Turpin (Hance, Asso: ciate}; RD. Vooke, Jr. (USA, Associate); P. De Biévre (Bel- sium, National Representative); Y. Xiao (Chins, National Representative): M. Sima Japan, National Representative) A. Pires de Matos Portugal, National Representative): N. N Greenwood (UK. National Represemative) 2. Comments on Some Atomic Weights and Annotations 24. Boron The Commission has changed the recommended value for tne stanaara atomie weigh oF Doron (0 A,(B)= 10.8117) ‘based on an evaluation ofthe variation in isotopic abundance of naturally occurring boron-bearing substances. The Com- ‘mission decided that the uncertainty of 4,(B) should be in- creased to include boron in sea water.” However, footnote “g°* remains i Tables | and 2 to wam users that highlyATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS 1995 1241 Tans 1, Standard stoic weighs 1995, Alpabsical order in English (Sel to 4,(%C) = 12, where °C i new som in is mclear a electronic yoond ste] The sone Wight of many element snot vara bt depend on the rg and tevimet of the teri Te tnd vate of A(Eand {he uncratte (a pees, following deat igo! Rost wich ey nest apply tn leet of trl esta igi. Th Foto {otha able elaborate the pes of varition which may osu for inva lemeas end which may be larger than he ted wceraie of values 0 A), [Names of elements with atomic numbers 104-111 are temporary Name Symbsl_Nember Wweghe —_Foototst Name Symbol Number weight Footnote atom x 8 ‘Nepsian Np % ‘somintam (Alminm) AI 13. 26598153802) wt 28 sken2) ‘vers bm 95 No a1 S29063812) ‘Antimony (Sabin) = Sb SE 2TH og N 7 tao054t) ge ‘aon Ar 1B 3994841) ee No im Arsenic, AS 3749216002) oF 7 10233) g aa Nes ° 8 isomer Seam & % Tze) Pa 4% teen) Beslan? OF Prosghoeas P 15 os7s762(8) Beryliam Be 4 gon2te2(3) Platinum B 7% \ss078a) Bianath Bes oonnawian Phonan? hv oe Bore BOS itatey mr Polaiunt Ps a Bromine Be 3s aDK) Powssig (Kain) K 19 3908830) Coden ci 48 RAIN) gaseous Pr 59 \ao.901680) Coesum (Cesium) Cs 55132908850) Prometun” Po ot ‘chown SB ume Frowcanc Pe St suussauy Chiorion?| ac Raion Re & Caton © 6 poms) gr Rao Rs % ean, ce Moe) ghana Re 78 ts6207) Pherae esas) Rh Re 4 mans) Chroma ce S861) Rubia Rb 37 sso) g Cota G27 589352009) bein Ru a 4 c Bt) . Samarium Se @ i Gora Sm 8% Seana = 2 Byspresare By e209) eS & a Bite? 5 8 Sean & moms) Etiam EB 167260) sg Silver ae 47 tors6n0) ge sro BG} ISH Se) Sada (Natium) Ns 1 2298877002) Font Fm eo Benson = 2 Ban Fisorine Fog pps403215) sur s 16 320686) br Franco? Py “Temlon, te 1 isa80%) dots Go ot Asnasa) eText? t 4% ates G 3 arm Teta re 52 re) Gemaniom & 2 Reig ‘Tertaus B 8 15k82534) Re 189545500) Tallon, n SI 20138350) afnium, Bro iraasq) Therm! m 50 Za0s811)g Helm He = 2 ona) ge Tulum Tm @ — Yesooa210) ton fy sr Tovsaassey te = So Metiou Hydrogen WT Loney) ge Taam tT hansen) Ingium| i T1a8t8) ‘Tungsten (Wolfam)—W 7% BBA) lei P33 i2gsoa79) ances Uae te em amen tenths on toe tron Fo ss8asia) Une {0s Kopin Ke aa) ga Usp 10s Latinum 57 isauss@) na to Lawrence ios Unnibepsum? Uns to tas mma ge Uninatune vin nn Lith G3 faoeieyp me Ununian® ie un Luss te 796) genie u 92 eons) pm Magnes Mg 2 243050(6) Vanadium v 2 sa4is() Mendes? Ms 101 Yeetiom % 0H) Mercary Hp 8) 200590) Yesiam y 3 sa90s8512) Molybdensen Mo 2 §55a() BE ay io 5380) Neale MO 6) aaa FFonian m a Sime Neon Net) 003m) em "Element Tas no stable ass. One or more wll own sop given in Table with he appropri lave omic mas and ale, However, ce such elements (Th, Pa and U) do have a carci testa slope composin, ad fer thse an stoic weigh is buted "Coney svaiabe Lx mata pave atomic weipms hat range between 8.9 apd 04% Ira mre act Yale eget GEened for he specie mtr “) Geological specimens ae tno in which he element tas an stoic composition outs the Ins for normal mies. Te ference betwee the stoic weight of he element in sch specimens anda given nthe Table may exced the sisted uncer (a) Modi tpi compostions maybe Tun nical eval geil Ure es boon ste ot che wees iu Macona esl evn ‘oie weight oh element fom tat given i he ible can ceca) Rae in toe compostion of roma real alr prevents «mate pels ‘A(E) beng even: the wuld A) ale should be ppliabeto any noma materi J. Phys. Chem, Rf. Data, Vol. 26, No.5, 19971282 T.B. COPLEN ‘TaMLe2. Stndad stomic weights 1995. Order of atomic umber. [Scaled t 4) » 12, where "Cis anew sem init miclar and eetoni ground stu} The atomic weights of many clement re nt invariant but Jepend o te eign an weaent of the mate. The standard vals of AE) athe ‘ceri (n poems, flloming te lat sigaant gue fo whic they ac atuibtes) aly w linen woe veal igi Th fens ‘is tbl elaborate the types of variation which muy occur fe invdual cleats and which maybe lpr thn th red unceines of vals of 4) [Names of element with some umbers 108 to IT] are enpoary Nomber Name Symbol__weight Footnotes! Nomber_ Name Symbol weight Foomote” 1 Hydrogen lcm) seme Taam a 5800858) 2 Helium | He song) 58 Cem ce Wout) 3 Lita | nC) re ec Pr 140907680), 4 Bepfiam Be 9012182(3) © Neodymium Nd 1424) 5 Boren Basti) emr 61 Prometiun™ Pm © Caton cio) er 62 Samarium a; rd 7 Nitogen N toner) ge 6 Baopium br ste) Oxygen 0 1598500) 6 Gadaliaium Gi 137250) 9 Fhorne F 1Res80032(5) 6 Tetium Th 138925340) 10 Neon Re 20179716) = 6 Dysprosiom Dy 16 ® Ht Soatum (aru Navan © er Holman Re tet53h2bc) 12 Magpesiam Mg 24305065), 6 Est 167260) g 13 Aluminium (Aluminum) AP 2698153802) ® —Thaliom Tm 16893210) 4 Sieon Si wrasse) 7 Yerba Ye 30H) ig 1S Biron Dd Gaesrela) tate be rage) is Suit 5 S666) ee 2 Hafan He 19849@) 17 Chorne a 3545770) 1B Tanwlum Ta 1094790) 18 Argon ar 39908) Fe 14 Tungsten (Wolfam) Wo 183.84(1) 19 Potasum (Kalin) K Bogs) 35 Rhenium Re ssa 2 Gisen toons . 45 Osmium OF 180230) g 21 Scandium Se 495591008 77 ii 1922170) 2 Tiasiam TH arasn 78 Plata me 950780) 23 Vanadium ¥sasaisti, Ga Au 1969668502) 24 Chromium 51986106) Bo Mercy ig 200392) 25 Manganese Mo 549380850) 81 Thallum Tr e343300) 2% ten Re 3838050) 2 Lead P0721) ee 27 Cobatt 3883320019) SBisown Bi 208980380) 2% Nickel Ne Seeoaar Palomo Pe BD Coper Cu S463) . 8S Astaire” at 30 ame Zn 65380) Resto Re 31 Gallium Ge eB) 37 rancunt Fr 32 Geemaniam Ge 72610) 3 Rado Ra 33 Arsene aS Hayzioo) 8 Asinwne ae 3h Selenium Se 78960) 50 Thera Tm rossi) g 55 Bromine Be 990) 91 Prot Pa 251035880) 36 Kiypion Kr §3800) em 52 Unsiun 0 R0UH)g H Rabdiom Reeser) 53 Nepamnt Np 38 Sonam s a 5t Phonan h 39 Yesum y 95 Ameiciant am 40 Zircon ze 912240) 8 5% Curia Cm 41 Niobiam No §2908380 I Bereta Re 42 Molybdenum Mo 984) 8 9% Caiorian? e 3 Toxtnetum™ Te 98 ntinium? Es 48 Ruthenium Ra 101070) . To Fermiun" Fn 45 Rhodium Rh 1025033002) OL Mendeevian® Md fo Raum ro tuna . Te Novato no a7 Siker Ag lorass)g 103 Lawrencum? a 48 Cadnium co inane) 104 Unga? Ung © tndium 148183) 105 Unnigenion? np on Seg 106 Vanifentunt one 51 Aminony (Subiom) SHB T6OLI) 10) Unie Uae 52 Tella Te 177600) e 108 Unmoctian” Uno 33 Iodine T eso4e73) 109 Unless? Une Si Xeon Xe (31290) am HO Urasnliane ton 38 Ciesum (Cesiam) Ce T3z9084512) HY Urapuaane van 36 Berm Be 137370), ‘Hemet has so sabe warides, One or more wellknown otpes are given in Table 3 with he appropri relatve atomic mass an fall, However ce ch elements (Th, Pa and U) do ve hurt een apie competion a forthe am sole weight bed “Commerily avaiable Li mateals have omic Weighs that range beweea 694 and 699: «more accurate Values requved, must be determined for the specie materi “(Geological specimens are own in which the element hasan foopic composition outs the ints or norma mater. The ference beween the oie weight of the element in soch specimens and tat given the able mn) enced the td uncer.) Mode ieotop= comportons may he found in commercially avaible matetalDecause has fren siete 10 a8 undead or maven stop fraeionation, Substantial deviations in stomic weit ofthe element frm that sven the table an occur (Range in sotpi composton of poral eesti atrial prevents amore precise ‘A(E) being ver: tbe ulate 4 (6) value shold be applicable oeny normal aera, ‘J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol 26, No.5, 1987ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE FLEMENTS 1995, unusual naturally oceutting boron-bearing substances can be found with an atomic weight that falls outside the implied range. The previous value, A,(B)=10.811(5), was adopted by the Commission in 1983’ and was based on calibrated mass spectrometric measurements by Finley et al,’ De wrévre and DeBus,” and Catanzaro et ai.,"° and on a mineral survey by Agyei et a." Historical values of A,(B) include: 1882, 1097; 1894, 11; 1896, 1095; 1900, 110; 1919, 109; 1925. 1082; 1961, 10.811(3}; 1969, 1081(1}: and 1983, 108116) 2.2. Carbon ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of carbon to AC) 2.0107(8)based on an evaluation of the variation in iso- topic abundance of naturally oceurting carbon-bearing sub- stances. Ine Commission deciaea that it could reauce tne uncertainty in A,(C) and changed the value of A,(C) from 12014(1) to 12.0107(8). The footnote “'g" remains to warn vere of the existance of highly wnucual naturally occurring carbon-beating substances with an atomic weight that falls foulside the implied range. The previous value, 4,(C) 2.011(1), was adopted by the Commission in 1969" with the intent that this value covered all knowin terrestrial sources of carbon, The Commission recognized the cali: bated mass spectrometric measurement by Chang et al! Historical values of A,(C) include: 1885, 12.00; 1898, 12; 1896, 12.01; 1898, 12.00; 1916, 12.008; 1925, 12.000; 1938, 12010; 1953, 12.011; 1961, 120111565); and 1969, 120110). 2.8. Fluorine ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of fluorine to A\(F) = 18,9984032(5), based on new atomic mass data* The pre- vious value, A,(F)= 18.9984032(9), was based on the atomic mass determination of Wapstra and Audi." Historical ‘values of 4,(F) Include: 1882, 19.03; 1894, 195 1890, 19.03; 1897, 19.06: 1900, 19.05; 1903, 19.0; 1925, 19.00; 1961 18.9984; 1969, 18.9984(1); 1971, 18.99840(1), 1975, 18,098103(1): end 1988, 18.098403200) 2.4, Sodium ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of sodium to _A\Na) 98977042), based on new atomic mass data The pre- vious value, Ay(Na)=22.989768(6).. was based on the some mass determination of Wapsta and Audi." Historical ‘alues of (Na) Include: 1882. 23.03: 1909. 23.00: 1925, 22.997: 1953. 22.991; 1961, 22.9898: 1969. 22.9898(1), 1971, 229897711); and 1985, 2.989768) 4903 2.5. Aluminium “The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of aluminium to A/(Al) 6.981538(2), based on new atomic mass data The pre- vious value, A,(AN)=26:981539(5), was based on the atom ‘mass determination of Wapstra and Audi." Historical values ‘of A,(Al) include: 1888, 27.08; 1894, 27; 1896, 27.11; 1900, 27.1; 1922, 27.0, 1925, 26.97; 1951, 26.98; 1961, 26.9815: 1969, 26.9815(1); 1971, | 26.98154(1); and 1985, 26.981539(). 2.6. Phosphorus ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for me stangara atomic weignt ot phosphorus to AP) 1973761(2), based on new atomic mass data The pre- vious value, A,(P)= 30.973762(4), was based on the atomic ‘maze dotermination of Wapstra and Audi. Historical valucs of A({P) include: 1882, 31.03; 1894, 31; 1896, 31.02; 1900, 31.0; 1911, 31.04; 1925, 31.027; 1947, 30.98; 1951, 30.975: 1961, 30.9738; 1969, 30.9738(1); 1971, 30.97376(1): and 1985, 30.973762(4) 2.7. Seandium ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of scandium to A,Sc) 44.955910(8), based on new atomic mass data" The pre- vious value, A {Se)= 44.955910(9), was based on the atomic ‘mass determination of Wapstra and Audi.’ Historical values fof (Se) include: 1887, 44.08; 1804, 44.0; 1897, 44.12; 1900, 44.1; 1921, 45.10; 1951, 44.96: 1961, 44.956; 1969, 444,9559(1); 1983, 44.95591(1); and 1985, 44.955910(9) 2.8, Manganese ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of manganese to A,Mn) 4.938049(9), based on new atomic mass data * The pre- vious value, A(Ma)= 54,93805(1), was based on the atomic mass determination of Wapstra andl AudL." Historical values ‘of A,(Mn) include: 1882, $4.03; 1894, $5; 1896, 54.99; 0; 1909, $4.93; 1953, $4.94; 1961, 54.9380, 1969, 2.9, Cobalt ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of cobalt tw _A,(Co) = 58.933200(9), based on new atomic mass data The pre- vious value, A,(Co)=58.93320( 1). was based on the atomic ‘mass determination of Wapstra and Audi. Historical values ‘of A,(Co) include: 1882, $9.02; 1894, 59; 1895, 59.5; 1896, 38.95; 1897, 58.93: 1898, 58.99; 1900, 59.0; 1908, 38.97; 1925, 5894; 1961, 58.9332; 1969, 58.9332(1); and 389332001). 4. Phys. Chom, Ref Dat, Vo. 26, No. 5, 19971244 2.10. Arsenic ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard’ atomic weight of arsenic to A,(As) 7492160(2), based on new atomic mass data The previ- ‘ous value, A,(As)=74,92159(2), was based on the atomic ‘mass determination of Wapstra and Audi." Historical values cof AAs) include: 1882, 75.09; 1894, 75.0; 1896, 75.09; 1897, 75.01; 1900, 75.0; 1910, 74.96; 1934, 74.91; 1961, 74.9216; 1969, 74.9216(1); and 1985, 74.92159(2) 2.41. Rhodium ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of rhodium 1 A,(Rh) 102.90550(2), based on MEW atomic mass data" Tie pre- ious. value, Ay(Rh)= 102.90550(3), was based on the atomic mass determination of Wapsta and Au." Historical valu of 4,(Rh) include: 1882, 101.29; 1894, 103; 1896, 10301; 1900, 1030; 1909, 1029; 1925, 10291; 1961, 102.905; 1969, 102.9055(1); and 1985, 1029055003). 2.2. Caesium ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of coosium to A,(C3) 32.90545(2), based on new atomic mass data The pre vious value, A,(Cs)= 132.90543(5), was based on the omic mass determination of Wanstra and Audi Historical values of A,(Cs) include: 1882, 132.92; 1894, 132.9; 1896, 132.89; 1900, 132.9; 1903, 1330; 1904, 132.9; 1909, 13281; 1934, 132.91; 1961, 132.905; 1969, 132.9055(1); 1971, 132,9054(1}, and 1985, 132.90543(5), 2.13. Cerium ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of cerium to A,(Ce)=140.116(1) based on the calibrated thermal ionization mass- spectrometric determination by Chang etal” The previous value of A,(Ce)= 140,115(4) was adopted in 1985 following the application of a new set of guidelines for assessing data." The new measurement was also accompanied oy 3 Timited mineral survey which showed no measurable variae tion in the isotopic composition of terestial materials. Other high precicion moacuromonts of isotopie abundansee have been made on cerium since 1985 (e., Refs. 17 and 18), but these were not calibrated measurements. Historical values of ‘AACe) include: 1882. 140.75: 1894, 140.25; 1898, 139.35: 1900, 139; 1903, 140; 1904, 140.25; 1929, 140.13; 1961, 140.12; 1969, 140,12(1); and 1985, 140.11514), 2.14, Praseodymium ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight af praseodyminm 10 A,(Pr) 140.90765(2), based on new atomic mass data The pre- vious value. A,(Pr}= 140,90765(3), was based on the atomic ‘mass determination of Wapstra and Audi" Historical values 4. Phys. Chem. Ret. Data, Vol 2, No, S, 1997 7. B. COPLEN of A(P*) include: 1894, 1435; 1897, 143.60; 1900, 140.5, 1908, 140.6; 1916, 1409; 1923, 140.92; 1961, 140907; 1969, 140.9077(1); and 1985, 1409076503) 2.18, Europium ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of europium to A,(Eu) '51.964(1), based on the calibrated thermal jonization nassspectrometric determination by Chang eral." The pre: vious value of A,(Eu)= 151,965(9) was adopted in 1985 fol- lowing the application of a new set of guidelines for assess- ing data." The new measurement was also accompanied by & survey of 12 minerals and chemicals, but no variations in ‘gotopie abundance were detected, This new value of (Ei has a significantly improved uncertainty. Historical values of ‘A,(Eu) include: 1901, discovered; 1907, 152.0; 1961, 151.96; 1969, 151.96(1); and 1985, 151.965(9), 2.16. Terbium ‘Te Commission as change de recommended value fo the standard atomic weight of tedium to AJTb) 158:92534(2), based on new atomic mass data The pre- value, AL(Th)= 158 92543), was based on the stomic mass determination of Wapsta and Audi. Historical values of A,(Tb) include: 1894, 160; 1907, 159.2: 1953, 138.93; 1961, 158924; 1969, 1589254(1); and. 1985, 158.9253403). 2.17. Holmium ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of holmium to A,(Ho) = 164.93032(2), hace on new atomic mass data“ The pre vious value, A,(Ho)=164.93032(3), was based on the atomic mass determination of Wapstea and Audi. Historical values of A{Ho) include: 1913, 163.5; 1925, 163.4; 1941, 16496; 1961, 164.930; 1969,” 1649303(1); | 1971, 164.9304(1); and 1985, 164.93032(3), 2.18, Thulium, ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for we standard atomic weight of thulinm to A(T) 168,93421(2), based on new atomic mass data.‘ The pre- vious value, A,(Tm)= 168.93421(3), was based on the atomic mass determination of Wapsira and Audi. "* Historical values of A,(Tm) include: 1894, 170.7; 1903, 171; 1908, 1685; 1922, 169.9; 1925, 1694; 1953, 168.94, 1961, 168.934; 1969, 168.9342(1); and 1985, 168.934210). 2.49, Platinum ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of platinum 10 ,(P1) = 195,078(2), based on electron impact ionization of g35- ous P1(PF;), and measurement of Pt" ions in a mass spec-ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS 1995 trometer by Taylor ef al” The previous value of A,(P1) 195.08(3), adopted in 1979, was based on a thetmal ion ination mass-spectrometric determination by White eta?! 1955. The uncertainty on the new atomic weight is caleu- luted using new guidelines approved by the Commission at its meeting in 1993. This new measurement of A,(P), al- though it isnot a calibrated measurement, has led to a Sub- stantial improvement in the uncertainty of A,(PQ). Historical values of A,(PD) include: 1882, 194.87; 1894, 195; 1896, 194.89; 1900, 1949; 1903, 194.8: 1908, 195.0; 1911, 195.2; 1925, 195.23; 1955, 195.09; 1969, 195.09(3); and 1979, 195.0803) 2.20. Gold ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of gold to A,(Au)= 196.96655(2), based on new atomic mass data." The previous value, A(Au)= 196.96654(3), was based on the atomic mass de termination of Wapstra and Audi." Historical values of A((Au) include: 1882, 196.61; 1894, 197.3; 1896, 197.24; 1097, 197.29, 1900, 197.2, 1959, 197.0, 1961, 196967, 1969, 196.9665(1); and 1985, 196.96654(3) 294 Rlemuth ‘The Commission has changed the recommended value for the standard atomic weight of bismuth «© A,(i) = 208.98038(2), based uu er wntie aes data! The ple= vious value, 4,(Bi)= 208.98037(3), was based on the atomic mass determination of Wapstra and Audi," Historical values ‘of A,(Bi) include: 1882, 208.00: 1894. 208.9: 1895. 208 1896, 208.11; 1900, 208.1; 1903, 208.5; 1907, 208.0; 1922, 209.0; 1925, 209.00; 1961, 208.980; 1969, 208.9806(1): 1971, 208.9804(1}; and 1985, 208.98037(3), 2.22, Potassium (footnote “g”) "The Commission nas removed the footnote“ ‘assium, [n 1991 the Commission added the footnote “e" to potassium in Tables | and 2 because Hinton et a reported isotopic abundances in naturally occurring materials outside AK). The work of Humayun and Clayton” does not sup- port the results of Hinton e7 al, but instead indicates that Isotopic fractionation in terestrial potassum-bearing materi- als must be less than 0.3% 3. Table of Standard Atomic Weights 1995 Following past practice, the Table of Standard Atomic Weights 1995 is presented both in alphabetical order by names in Enelish of the elements (Table 1) and in the order of atomic numbers (Table 2) The atomic weights reported in Tables 1 and 2 are for atoms in thei eleetonic and nuclear ground states. The uni- fed atomic mass unit (u) 5 equal to 712 ofthe rest mass of the neutral atom of !C in its nuclear and electronic ground 1245 ‘The Commission wishes to emphasize the need for new precise calibrated isotopic composition measurements in or- er to improve the accuracy ofthe atomic weights of a num- ber of elements which are still not knowa to a satisfactory level of accuracy, ‘The names and symbols for those elements with atomic numbers 104—111 referred to in the following tables are sys- tematic and based on the atomic numbers of the elements recommended for temporary use by the IUPAC Commission of the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemisty. The names are composed of the following roots representing digits of the atomic number: 3 i, Bock Lun, 6 hon, 2bi, 7 sept, 4 quad, 9 enn, 5S pent, Oui ‘The ending “ium” is then added to these three roots. The lree-leter symbols are derived from the fist leter of the corresponaing Todt. For stomic-weight values the uncertainties are routinely called "expanded uncertainties” with the symbol Ui ital font. The eymbol Ul.t(B)] i an eccoptableatcenative to U: In past reports the Commission has referred to relative un- certainty, which is the magnitude ofthe uncertaimy divided by A(E). Therefore, relative expanded uncertainty is indi cated alternatively as U/A,E) of U[A{E)}AE). Figure 1 shows the changes in the relative uncertainties, U[AME)VA\E), of the recommended standard atomic ‘weights OF the elements (Tom 1999 10 1999. AtToWneads mark the 1995 relative uncertainties. The base of each arrow marks the position of the relative uncertainty estimate in 1969 "The chaage taetoe is represented by the length of an arrow and equals the ratio of the relative uncertainty atthe base to that atthe tip ofthe arrow. The symbol O indicates no change since 1969, corresponding to an “improvement factor” of |—this applies to fourteen elements. Only one clement (Xe) has an “improvement factor” less than 1, in= dicating & loss in the estimate of relative uncertainty, 4, Reporting Relative Abundance Data for Lithium Isotopes Relative Tithium isorope-ratio data in geochemical and en- vironmental studies are commonly reported as &° Li values in tems of "Li®Li abundance ratios. It was brought to the attention of the Commission that some laboratories are re- porting 3° Li values by using #LU’Li abundance ratios, This is confusing because: (i) 6” Li values are opposite in sign to Li values; (i) the absolute values of 6" Li and 6° Li are not eoual: and (ii) samples with more positive 8 values are ‘commonly thought of as being more dense or “heavier.” but samples with more positive 3° Li values are less dense. ‘Therefore. eliminate possible confusion in the reposting of Ihwum tsotope-ratio data, the Commission recommended that relative lithium isotopic measurements ofall substances bbe expressed as 3” Li values in terms of "LiALi abundance ‘4 Phys. Chem, Ref, Data, Vol. 26, No.5, 19971246 T.B. COPLEN pute sb ae eee eh ete deen eee sde ds eer ees wise a | wee + x sa a Ts x oka es 2B Py 10} re a i | ako ots a a a4 o 8 oboe x Se a has 10" 10 10° 104 pe rr BiAeWAE! Fe, ane inti wen, AB) Me URAC smth othe dens te 1968 nd 195 29 Te symbol © ints nochange, Nomber where given i is eo pits of he Year ofthe lst chan Inert changes re nis by che syn | and he year ofthe change ratias relative to the internationally distributed lithium ear §, Reporting Relative Abundance Data for bbonate isotopic reference material L-SVEC. Reporting of 6° ‘Sulfur Isotopes Li values, expressed in terms of SLi/Li ratios, should be discontinued. A separate publication was prepared gn this Relative sufur isotope-ratio data in geochemical and en- topic for publication in Pure and Applied Chemis ‘ronmental studies are traditionally reported as 3S valuesATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS 1995 in pris per thousand (oor per mill) difference from a stan dard. The standard may be real or hypothetical. In the later case, it is defined in terms of an existing internationally dis buted reference material For several decades troilite(FeS) ftom the Caion Diablo meteorite, CDT, has been employed 2 the standard. because it was thought to be isotopically homogeneous.” Atthe Consultants’ Mecting on Stable Isotope Standards anc Intereomparison Materials" sponsored by the ntera- tional Atomic Energy Agency and held in Vienna in Decem- ter 1993, it was noted that OS values reported for SF, prepared from the reference material [AEA-S-I silver sulfide (previously called IABA-NZ) ranged from about ~0.35%o {0 “0.26%. Recently, high precision sulfur isotope-ratio aly unig OF, hove entail a sang of OMB vals for CDT of 04%e with an analytical uncertainty of 0.05%. ‘This group recommended? that a VCDT scale be established and defined by assigning a BS valle of —0 78 exacily (lative to VCDT) to IAEAS-L To eliminate possible confusion in the reporting of sulfur isciope-rato dat, the Commission on Atomic Weights and Tkotopic Abundances supports the IAEA Consultants and recommends that relative S/S ratios ofall sulfur-bearing substances be expressed on the VCDT scale, defined by as- signing a 6S value uf ~O.3%%e enacly (lative w VCDT) tothe silver sulfide reference material JAEA-S-1. Reporting of sulfur istope-atio analyses relative to CDT should be ‘isontioned A separate publication was prepared gn this topie for publication in Pure and Applied Chemistry" 6. Reporting Relative Abunance Data for Stable Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen Isotopes ‘The Commission made recommendations on the reporting of stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope-ratio data at the last General Assembly" In past guidelines the Com- mmission has recommended that hydrogen and oxygen isot0- pic data be expressed on scales normalized using the water reference materials VSMOW and SLAP, It has come to the aication of dic Commission that 30 values of some ‘oxygen-bearing materials, such as oxides, silicates, organic material, and gaseous oxygen, cannot easily be expressed on 2 coale normalized cing water reference materials in some laboratories because the capability o analyze water samples does not exist in these laboratories. In such cases the Com- mission recommends that the author’s measured 50 of NBS 28 quartz, NBS 30 biotite, NBS 127 barium sulfate, other internationally distributed reference material should be reported, as appropriate to the analytical method. Tsotople 4 Values are determined from iswtope-raio mes surements of a sample and a standard. The standard may be real or hypothetical. In the former case it is a well character. Jed, homogeneous, intemationaly distibuted reference ma- terial, Inthe latter case it is defined in terms of (algebraically ‘elated to) a well characterized. homogeneous. internation ally dstibuted reference material. For hydropen and oxygen, 1247 VSMOW reference water fulfills these requirements, Stan- ‘dard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) does not." SMOW is neither distributed internationally nor algebraically related to 1 well characterized reference material. Thus, the Commis- sion, following the lead of the International Atomie Energy Agency several years earlier,” recommended that 32H and £80 values ofall substances should be expressed relative to ‘VSMOW. ‘The aim of the Commission is to provide a mechanism ‘whereby isotopic analysis ofthe same homogeneous sample reported from different credible laboratories should show the same O value within the uncertaimty of the measurements, ‘This mechanism consists of a set of guidelines that is Ap- pendix A, titled “*Manuscript guidelines for the reporting of stable hydrogen, carbon, aid oxygen iaotope-ratio date." 7. Relative Atomic Masses and Halt-Lives of Selected Radionuclides {ne Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopte Abun= dances as in previous years publishes a table of relative atomic masses and half-lives of selected radionuclides for laments without a stable nuctido (coe Table 3). Since the Commission has no prime responsibility for the dissemina- tion of such values, it has not attempted either to record the best precision possible or to make its tabulation comprehen- sive. There i no general agreement on which of the isotopes of the radioactive elements is, or is likely to be judged, “im- portant.” Various criteria such as “longest halflife,” *“pro- ‘duction in quantuy,”” “used commercially," ete, nave been applied in the Commission's choice, The relative atomic masses are derived from the atomic masses (in u) recom= mended by Audi and Wapstra! The half lives listed are those provided by Holden.” ©. Nonterrestrial Data 8.1. Introduction “The exploration of our solar system by analyses of mete ‘rites and interplanetary dust particles as well as the use of space vehicles has enabled a large number of isotopic abun- ‘lance measurements of the elements in extraterrestrial mate Fials and sources to be performed. Furthermore, isotopic abundance data are obtained from stellar objects using ground-based astronomical observations. Many elements present in these exiraterestrial materials have different iso topic compositions than those of terrestrial matter, and their magnitudes often exceed by far the effects observed by natu ful isotopie fractionation on earth. These ubseivations are explained by a number of different processes, such as nucleat reactions oF radioactive decay of now extinet nuclides, or as products af individual stages of nuclear synthesis Al cum- mary of these processes and sources of materials with differ- ent isotopic compositions of elements was given in an earlier report 4. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol 25, No. 5, 19871248 T.B. COPLEN ‘Tate 5 Rela store masies and alsves of selected ralonuctos ‘omic Mass Relative Hale-Life and Number Name ___Symbol__Number Atomic Mass Uncertsiny Uni 8 _‘Techocium Te m7 B6006 260410 = 98 grou 4203x108 a °° seonss 2.103% 10° . 7 4691s 2460520003 2 84 Polonim Pe 2 noRget ans 1 2102099828 ©1384 4 85 Asie a 210 Bsr saa » an aioss's 721001 8 6 Radoo Ro 2109505 La g=02 » 20 mols 55601 ‘ 7 Francia Fr 2 = mo = 001 in 88 Rum Re 2s sos 1145001 é mm mam 3665002 4 2s = sos 575005 a Actinium ae mmo .r=0m a > Thorium ™ 20 oo) 7Stz00RO 91 Prowetiniam Pa BI alos 3asz0olxiot 2 Uaniam u ms mame «= Lszoomxie 2H ko Sena 26 60456 234220004x10" 5 Be 18S aaTSOMXN 93 Nequnium Np Taran 21s=001xIF 94 Platonian i Be RO —~§7.7=001 a ne eos atom 20 danas 6362000810 2st 2s10ses 14401 a 2 nase7 = a7se00xI0 2s tatoo BDO 9 America alt) ara ise a 2a axo6ld + 96 Caro ne 28.0614 a au 24087 + 25 2450655 BHB006xI0 Bis aeost2 76000 a an arom Lse=005x + 2a dugors—SaB=006xI08 a 97 Berktium Be Fee 98 Caio cr mo pom 38122 : 20 s0Met =O 2 2 251% —-9208% 10 a 99 nstlaiam es aed a 100 Fema Fa 2572570951 00502 4 10) Menteevium = Md 2865607822 a Bs komt Sis =03 « 102 Nobeia moe ters fo 103 Laweacum Lr 2s 224036203 © ot Uanlguadiam Ung 261 2sLi0@ 1102 a M03 igen Uap : 107 Unnisepeiom Uns 36 2642 ae : 108 Unnloetum Uno 288, 25.1506 on : 109 Unnlenniom = Une 258, oor : Ho Ununatin un 268 nape ms Tt Unni Ue 13 te {year de dap hour: min= mina; s=second me=mlcecond, Names of elcnent wih SOmIC HIRE. Tos-111 are tempor ‘The ovens of tee elements ae nym. Tae vale given is dein from enya few decaysATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS 1995 ‘ a x, u ic Terrestrial Fractionation Euc cm 8170 (foo rel. to SMOW) ai ee Ore cneee soe 810 (°/oo rel. to SMOW) Fa 2. The istopic composition of oxygen in sled eens of der. Ct. Ct. CO, and CV achondte: Be). Show aso isthe teeta i0- topic fractionation carve mas dependent fata) anda tend ine ‘berved fr anydous minerals i arbonsceos choses. 1 is important to realize that, although most of the re- Ported isotopic anomalies are small, some variations are 4uite large. For this reason, scientists dealing withthe che cal analysis of non-terestrial samples should exercise cat~ tion when the isotopic composition or the atomic weight of & non-terrestrial sample is requited. ‘The Commission does not attempt to systematically re- view the literature on the isotopic composition of non- terrestrial materials inthis article, but some examples of iso- topic variations have been given in the past. Those interested in more comprehensive reviews, including specific data and ditional relerences, should reer to Shima” and Shima and Ebifara.”” A more detailed report of published measure ments during the past 10 years is in preparation, ere we concentrate on isotopic data of oxygen because this element has properties that are significant in geochemis- tty and cosmochemistry: Oxygen is a major constituent of most mek-forming minerals. its there stable icotopes. see formed in different nucleosynthetic processes, and it occurs in two cosmochemical reservoirs, as a gas (mostly CO and H,0) and as a solid (oxides and silicates). The last property allows oxygen to avoid isotopic homogenization in the inter stellar medium and the early solar system. 8.2, Observations “The isotopic composition of oxygen in planetary bodies of ‘our solar system is not uniform, Figure 2 shows the result of| analyses of different meteorite classes which are specimens 1249 from individual bodies (Ref. 40 and other references therein). Shown are 6 values (in %e), where 570 and 5180) ate defined, cespectively, by 870=[(701'°0), 1010) gow ~ 1 1000, and B880=[(4O0),1('801"*0) sg0n~ 1] 1000, where sis an extraterrestrial sample and SMOW is standard ‘mean ocean water* ‘AIL terrestrial samples (as well as those from the moon) plot along the terrestrial fractionation curve (TFC) in Fig. 2. ‘The observed range of terrestrial 50 values is between ‘62% and +73.4%0"* The TFC, approximated by the equa: tion 5'70=0.525"0, is the result of mass dependent frac- tionation. Meteorites, however, exhibit values divergent fous this ine. hs audition, aubiydhous suinerals of primitive ‘meteorites (carbonaceous chondrites) show a trend between 90 and 6°0 that deviates from the TFC; instead of a slope fof ~005, this tend line hae a elope af shout ~ 1, indicating the existence of an oxygen reservoir distinct from the terres- trial oxygen reservoir. ‘This observation thatthe isotopic composition of oxygen in extraterrestrial samples does not follow the TEC implies that during formation of individual planetary bodies the ma- terial of the solar nebula was not isotopically homogeneous and thus uot well mixed ot uniform. ‘Two scenarios have bbeen proposed to explain different isotopic compositions of ‘oxygen within the early solar system: (1), Conteibutions of | explosive sella nucleasynthesis—mainly 'SO—are added in different proportions to the material that formed planetary bodies, and (2) non-mass dependent fractionation processes based on molecular symmetry involving the formation of O; (Refs, 44 and 45 and references therein). Which process o processes responsible for the variation of oxygen isotopic ‘compositions in different solar system materials remains un- known at present Table 4 gives examples of measurements of the isotopic composition of oxygen in selected solar system bodies as ‘voll a from astronomical objeets or materials. Por compe son, # mean solar value, a representative terrestrial material (VSMOW reference water) and the oxygen isotopic compo: sition of small oxide grains (mainly AIO.) separated from meteorites is shown, Stellar oxygen shows a wide variation in isotopic compo- sition (Fig. 3). This is due to the relative production and estruction of all oxygen isotopes in stellar environments Doring main-sequence evolution of red giant stars oxygen from the interior is brought up and mixed with surface ma- terial. This shows up as highly vasiable uxygen isotopic 12 tios as measured in the outer envelopes of stars. Its inter- esting {0 note that some oxide grains separated from meteorites show similar tres, indicating the posshility that this material represents stellar ejecta that were not homog- nized withthe solar nebula (Refs. 46 and 47) J. Phys. Chom. Ret. Data, Vol. 25, No. 5, 19871250 Mare ‘Atmosphere Aumosphere Rocks (SNC Metcortes) 26730) Comet Haley 0" ions 150 Ieerplanetary Bust Pails (bP’s) W017 Lalita 2581(10) Deep Sea Sperles 2600 Potosphre 20s Solr Energie Paces 417 Red Giants Band 155150) ‘Boo 0400) Interselle Media CGulatie disk 24601750) Gate center 890970) Galactic Cosmic Rays “0.11003 GeVism soe) For Comparisca Sola” aos vsmow 2682130) Selected Oxide Grins 2385-1020 in Meteorite 9. Other Projects of ine Gommission ‘The Subcommittee for Natural Isotopic Fractionation pre- semed a repon which was ulseussed and modifed during he Subcommittee’s meeting in Geel, Belgium, prior to the IUPAC General Assembly ir: Guildford. The Subcommittee ‘will submit a report for Pure & Appl. Chem. consisting pri- marily of plots (where possible) that show the variation in natural isotopic abundance, atomic weights, and standard 5 values (where possible), including data forthe elements H, Li, B,C, N, O, Si, Cl, Fe, Se, Pd, and Te. A companion report that is expected to be longer will include numerous references and will be published as a U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report. In 1989 it was recognized by the Commission that apart from those elements for which there is @ “calibrated mea surement” or which have an atomic number less than 19, 4. Phys. Chem. Ret. Data, Vol.26, No. 5, 1987 1. B. COPLEN Method ‘Spacecraft Pioneer V) w S000) Ground ed Talneope 480(20) Spacecraft (Viking 1) 0 500020) Spacecraft (Viking 2) 31 49636) Tere Mam Specwometee 52 469(40) Spacer Gio 8 8300 Spmceciatt Gist & $860) Ion Probe a “7 Ten. Mass Specuomaer $5 409 56 526(390) Sposa ISEE-S 37 425(150) COIR Speci. Sum) ss 581150) COIR Spec. (5 wn) 8 615(200) Ratio Obs. of CO 2 230100) Rao Obs. of CO 8 336) Spacecraft SEE « so a 498.712) Tere Mass Specuometer 5S 855-2330 ton Probe a uncertainties calculated using the current guidelines often significantly undcseatimate what is considered by the Cour mission to be appropriate, Therefore it seemed desirable to incorporate into these guidelines some of the other factors the Commicsion rowtinely incoeporsted inte t t tions, These guidelines, as well as recent computational procedures,® will be used for the preparation of “Isotopic ‘Compositions ofthe Elements 1995.” J. de Laeter has incor pporated these guidelines into the Commission's Technical Handbook, which he plans to complete following the 38th General Assembly. ‘The Commission has noted with concern (Ref. 2) the com- ‘mercial dissemination of significant quantities of laboratory reagents that have been artilicially depleted in °Li, resulting 1n labels on containers of reagents with incorrect atomic~ weight values, which may actually range from 6.94 to 6.99. RD. Voeke, K.J. R. Rosman, K. G. Heumann, Y. Xiao, and M. Ebihara (or M. Shima) decided to prepare a report onATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS 1995 [ 3000 voy eld . Solar 100 300 000 or 3000 Fo. 3. Range of oxygen spi compositions instars of ferent cases that were meas hy specosopic ethos. The wide vation Wii srs ir cased by prodaction and destuton of "0 and "0 ding ind ‘idl sage io eis vein tt depen on their aa ade the mean vale of solr sysem mae ("so") ‘variation in isotopic composition of lithium-bearing reagents ‘and will submit it t0 Pure and Applied Chemistry during 1996. Tupi tefeteme satsialy ae Lxcwniing iavasinghy i portant in environmental, hydrological, and geochemical studies, as well as ina host of other areas. R. D. Vocke, J. K. Rake, and P. De Riure decided to prepared a condensed summary of available isotopic reference materials and sub- rit it for publication in Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1996, It was decided that an informal group consisting of R. Loss (chairman), R. D. Vocke, and P. Taylor investigate atomic-weight and isotopic-abundance data on the Intemet and report to the Commission in 1996. 1m a project retatea to Commission activites, F. Taylor advised the Commission that the update to the “Brown” Book isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the Ele- nts (Ref. 63) will contain data up to August 1995 and will be submitted for publication to the Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. It was agreed that authorship should reflect IUPAC input. Tc was noted with sadness that a previous esteemed mem. ber of the Commission, Professor A. O. Nier, passed away during the past two years. Professor Nier served as a member fof this Commission from 1949 to 1961 and was a major contibutor in the determination of atomic weights and iso: topic abundances, He was responsible for numerous devel- ‘gpwients in mass spectiometry and elated instrumentation during the lst half century. During the last two years, H. S. Peises, T. Murphy, and T. . Coplen have provided accitonce in arganizing doramentc atthe Commission's Archive atthe Chemical Heritage Foun: dation (previously known as the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry) in Philadelphia. This 1291 archive now contains documents (and some photographs) by ‘Aston, Banter, Sod, Caric ahn, Richards, and others da ing from about 1827 10. References "UPC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abandanees, “Iso. tons Compost the laments 195." Pe Ap. Chem. 68.2319 (96) TUPAC Commision on Atomic Weigh and spc Abundances, Pare ‘Apgl. Chem. 66, 473 (194) J. Phys. Chom, Rf, Data 24, 1561 (1985), IUPAC Commision on Atomic Weis ant Isotopic Abundances, Pure ‘pl Chea. 68, 991 (199). GE ua an A H. Wap, Nol. Phys. A865, 1 (1993). STUPAC Commision on Atomie Weights ani Isotopic Abondanes, Pare apn, Chem. 56 (95 (1980. oMNomura, T Kanea, T. Ozawa, ML Okamoto, and H. Kalina Geochim. 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Gonfantit, "Advtory Grup Meeting on Stable fsoiope Reference Samples for Geochemical and Hydrological ovens, Reon 1 the ‘uccor Gene" Intrstional Atomic Energy Ager. Viena (098). 4. Phys, Chem, Ro. Data, Vo. 26, No. 8, 19871252 ON. Hole, “Table of the Toop,” in CRC Habook of Chemisty sd Psi, T6 ed, So. 11, pp 38-185 (CRC Press, Bocs Raton Fi, 1991), NSE. Holden Pare Appl. Chem. 62, 941 (1990. 2N. Holden, Pate App Chem. GL 583 (1989, YN. E_ Holden, Broktuven National Laboratory, Upton, New Yor, pr ‘ate communication (1993) Mt shims, Geochim. Casmochin, Ate 0, S77 (1986) °*M. Shima snd MU Bihar, Shisuyo Bunnse 37, | (1989, ‘SRN, Clayton, Annu Res Earth ln, Sel 2, 115-149 (1983). “HC, Slave 133,183 (195). D, Wook, Je» KM. Raves, K JR Rosman, A. Lather, P. Tal, snd P- De Bie, "Natural otic Fractonstion of Selected Elemis (opubistes. ‘SIRLN. Clayton. Grosman, and TK. 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Cambor, Astuophys J 288,554 (198). MAA Penis, Asaph. J. 29,318 (198). ‘SME, Wieenbeck and D.E, Greiner, Phys: Rev Let. 46, 682 (1981) A: Andes and Grevese,Geecim, Cosmochim. Acta 83, 197 (198) ‘SE Schaefer, P.D.P Taylor, . Valles, and P, De Biv, lat J. Mase Sperm. lon Pro. 138, 68 (199). ‘pie Biv, M. Galt N.E, Holden, a Bans, Phys. Chern Ket bata 13 a0 (9 11. Appendix: Guidelines for the Reporting of Stable Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen Isotope-Ratio Data Following recommendations (Refé. 1 and 2) and discus sions of the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the Intemational Union of Pure and Applied (Chemistry at the 38th General Assembly in 1995 in Guild- ford, United Kingdom, authors are requested to report stable hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotopic data as follows, stat ing the analytical method(s) employed. Hydrogen Warer, Relative *H/'H values (3°H) of water should be expressed in Sc relative to VSMOW water (Oe) on a scale normalized such that the 3°H of SLAP water is ~428%e ex- actly and so stated in author's repor. 4. Phys. Chom. Ref. Daa, Vol, 26, No. 5, 1997 T.B.COPLEN ther substances. Relative *H/*H values (6°H) of other substances should be expressed in ‘ie relative to VSMOW ‘water (Of) on a seale normalized such thatthe 3H of SLAP. water is — 428% exactly and vo stated in author's report, It is recommended thatthe author's measured 5°H of NBS 22 oi, NBS 30 biotite, or other internationally distributed reference material be reported, as appronrate to the analvtical method, Canbu Carbonate. Relative "CIC values (8"C) of carbonate should be expressed in Se relative to VPDB by assigning a value of +1.95%o exactly to NBS 19 calcite Other substances. Relative "C/*C values (31°C) of other substances should be expressed in te relative to VPDB by sasigning a value of +1.95%e exactly to NBS 19 calcite. ICIS, recommended that the author's measured 3"C of NBS 22 oil, USGS24 graphite, or other internationally distributed ref- men material he repacted, ae appropriate tothe analytical method, Oxygen Water. Relative OY'% values (80) of water should be expressed in Se relative to VSMOW water (Offe) on a scale normalized such that the 5!0 of SLAP water is ~55.5% exactly and so stated in authors report. Carbonate. Relauve "O)0 values (8"0) of carbonate should be expressed in Se (on a scale normalized such that the 50 of SLAP water is -35.5%e exactly relative 0 VSMOW water, and so stated in author's repor ether (relative to PDB on a scale such that the 6"0 of NBS 19 calcite is ~2.2%o exactly, stating the value of ime oxygen Issxopie mactomaton actor wed 4 eae late the 6"°0 of the carbonate sample and NBS 19 if they are not identical, or (ii) selative to VEMOW water (Of), stating the values oF all isotopic fractionation factors upon which the 80 measurement depends. 1f 190 values cannot be reported on normalized scale {perhaps because of the inability to measure water samples), the author's measured 6"°O of NBS 18 carbonatte or other intomationally distributed eoforence material shouldbe re- ported, as appropriate Other substances (oxygen gas, sulfate. silicate, phosphate, tc), Relative "0/0 values (5!0) of all other oxygen- bearing substances should be expressed in Ee relative to VSMOW water (Ofc) on a seale normalized such that the 5M of SLAP water is -35.5%e exactly and so stated in au- tte’s sept, satin either i) the values of all isotopic fractionation factors upon which a 6!%O value depends. oF (ii) the author's. measured 5" of NBS 28 quartz,ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE FI FMENTS 1095 NBS 30 biotite, NBS. 127 barium sulfate, or other internationally distributed reference material If 580 values cannot be reported on @ normalized scale (perhaps because of the inability wo measure water samples), the author's measured 5!%0 of NBS28 quartz, another inter nationally distributed reference material, or atmospheric oxy gen should be reported, as appropriate to the analytical method. 11.1. Sources of Isotopic Reference Materials Nato! nse of Standards —_—_nteraional Atomic Enery ‘nd Technlony ‘Agency Stundad Reference Materials rogram. Seton of lope Hydrology GGiersurg, Maryan 20890-001-1400 Vienna usa’ ‘sta Phone: 301 975 6776 ane 1 20607 cull SRMINFO@eahnistgov esa IAEOGiaeal ataoat 1259 ‘Tas 5, Slot reference materials (Use tense of the reference mater for TABA ors) Name ‘Sebsance (NIST onder number YsHow wate BM ass Siar wae pee 8s37 NBs 18, cshonatie RM 583 NBS 19 alee RM S54 NBS 22 ol RM 8599 NBS 28 ‘are RM 8546 NBS 30 rote RM 8538 NBS 127 tari safe RM 8857 11.2. References for Appendix UPAC Commision on Atomic Weighs and Istpic Abuadences Pare Appl. Chem 6, 2423-2444 (1000. °TTB. Coplen, Pre App. Chem 66, 273-776 (1998 4. Phys. Chem. Re. Data, Vol. 26, No. §, 1997