Instructor's Solutions Manual Part II Thomas/Finney Calculus and Analytic Geometry 9mm Edition Maurice D. Weir U.S. Naval Postgraduate School a vv ‘Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Reading, Massachusetts * Menlo Park, California + New York Don Mills, Ontario * Ha'low, United Kingdom Amsterdam * Bonn Sydney + Singapore * Tokyo + Madrid « San Juan + Milan » ParisReproduced by Addison-Wesley from camera-ready copy supplied by the author. Copyright © 1996 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form of by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 0-201-53178-X 6789 10-CRS-99PREFACE TO THE INSTRUCTOR ‘This Instructor's Solutions Manual contains the solutions to every exercise in the 9tb Baition of CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC GEOMETRY by Ross 1. Finney and George B. Thomas, Jr., including the Computer Algebra. System (CAS) exercises. ‘The corresponding Student's Solutions Manual omits the solutious to the even-numbered exercises as well as the solutions to the CAS exercises (because the CAS command templates would give them all away). In addition to including the solutions to allo the new exercte in tis eition of Thomas/Finney, we have cxf eo reves vet slo Beh apeced i pein sin nua ese ha enh «+ conforms exactly to the methods, procedures and atepe presented Inthe text © is mathematically correct, «inches all of the steps necessary so «typical callus student ca follow the logical argument sad algsbra includes a graph or figure whenever called for by the exercise » is formatted im an appropriate style to aid in its understanding Every CAS exercise ie slved in both the MAPLE and MATHEMATICA compvter algebra systems. A termplate showing an example of the CAS commands aesded to execute the sltion is provide fer each exercise type. Similar exercises within the text grouping require a change only in the input funetion or other numerical input parameters associated with the problem (such as the interval endpoints or the number of iterations). Acknowledgments ‘We are grateful to the following individuals who contributed solutions to this manual: David Cantight, Naval Postgraduate School ‘Thomas Cochran, Belleville Aree Coliege Leonard Klosinski, Santa Clara University Jeffrey Oldham, Stanford University Michael Schneider, Belleville Area College Kirby Smith, Texas ALM University Steven Seydlik, University of Wisconsin at Madison ‘We also thank Robert Lande for his excellent job of word processing the final manuscript.TABLE OF CONTENTS 8 Infinite Series 721 BAL Limits of Sequences of Numbers 72 8.2 Theorems for Calculating Limits of Sequences 727 8B Infinite Series 734 84 Series of Nonnegative Terms: The Integral Test 740 8.5 Compatison Tests for Series of Nonnegative Terms 746 8.6 The Ratio and Root Tests for Seties of Nonnegative Terms 751 87 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 755 8.8 Powor Series 763 8.9 Taylor and Maciaurin Series 774 8.10 Convergence of Taylor Series; Error Estimates 779 8.11 Applications of Power Series 787 Practice Exercises 798 Additional Bxercises 812 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves and Polar Coordinates 819 9.1 Conic Sections and Quadratic Equations 819 9.2 Classifying Conic Sections by Eccentricity 833. 9.3 Quadratic Equations and Rotations 840 9.4 Parametrizations of Curves 846 9.5 Caleulus with Parametrized Curves 855 9.6 Polar Coordinates 868 9.7 Graphing in Polar Coordinates $73 9.8 Polar Equations of Conie Sections 885 9.9 Integration in Polar Coordinates 895 Practice Exercises 904 Additional Exercises 925 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 935 10.1 Vectors in the Plane 985 10.2. Cartesian (Rectangular) Coordinates and Vectors in Space 941 103. Dot Products 945 104 Cross Products 953 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 960 10.6 Cylinders and Quadric Surfsces 968u 12 13 107 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 979 Practice Exercises 985 Additional Bxercises 997 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space 1003 na ne 3 na ns Vector-Valued Functions and Space Curves 1003 Modeling Projectile Motion 1013 Are Length and the Unit Tangent Vector 1018 Curvature, Torsion, and the TB Frame 1022 Planetary Motion and Satelives 1037 Practice Exercises 1040 Additonal Exercises 1049 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 1055 11 122 128 124 128 126 iat 128 129 1.10 Functions of Several Variables 1055 Limits and Continuity 1064 Partial Derivatives 1070 Differentiabiity, Linearization, and Differentials 1076 ‘The Chain Rule 1082 with Constrained Variables 1092 Directional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 1096 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1105 Lagrange Multipliers 1120 ‘Taylor's formula 1130 Practice Exercises 1133 ‘Additional Exercises 1152 Partial Detiv Multiple Integrals 1159 1B 13.2 Ba 134 135 136 13. Double Integrals 1359 ‘Areas, Moments, and Centers of Mass 1171 Double Integrals in Polar Form 1182 ‘Triple Integrals in Rectangular Coordinates 1188 Masses and Moments in Three Dimensions 1196 ‘Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 1203 Substitutions in Multiple Integrals 1218 Practice Bxeteises 1226 Additional Exercises 123614 Integration in Vector Fields 1247 wa 42 143 4 45 46 140 148 Line Integrals 1247 Vector Fields, Work, Circulation, and Flux 1253, Path Independence, Potential Functions, and Conservative Fields 1264 Green's Theorem in the Plane 127] Surface Area and Surface Integrals 1280 Parametrized Surfaces 1290 Stokes’s Theorem 1306 ‘The Divergence Theorem and a Unified Theory 1213, Practice Exercises 1921 Additional Exercises 1335CHAPTER 8 INFINITE SERIES 8.1 LIMITS OF SEQUENCES OF NUMBERS722 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 12 a =Ray dao 1 2 13, my = (144 n= 1, 2, 15. a= (-1)n? n= 1,20. 20, a, 40-2, m= 1, 2,.. node) 28. V5 —1] 10-9 me — ag < (8) 1 sg = (RORY (4) sad Ji, sNe 24 [YE 1] 10-9 o> — yg < ml 1 hy = (08 0128 9 8128 agian! and Jip, ag = 1 and ji, a, =0 25, (09)%< 10° 59 n(08) < Bn 9 n> GEIR O54 8 ( 16 26, 2F-< 1077 = nf > 2°10" and by calculator experimentation, n > 1d = N= 14; a, =2* and lim, a, =0 = Gy and ling, 2 a (8-a) aya (mth a 6) fo) 2s2- as Fa) 26> apm HE gg Ea (=28) (0) 3 = 2g = 75, xy = LTSOU2GT, xg = number where x?— 3 =0; that is, where x’ 78205081, x, = 1.732050808; we are finding the postive 3,20, or where x= V3. 28, x = by xp = 1416686687, xg = 1.414215686, x4 = 1414219562, xg = 1.414219569; we are finding the positive number x2 -2.= 0; that is, whete x? = 2,x> 0, or where x = V/Z 20. xy = 15 ny = 1 4-006(1) = 14540302808, xq = 1.540802506 + cos (1+ con(1)) = 1.670791601, x4 = 1570791601 +-coo(1.570791601) = 1.570796327 = § to 9 decimal places. After a few steps, the ate(%q-1) and line segment co8(x,1) a7e neatly the same asthe quaster tle 30, (8) § = 6.818, 5, = 6.4061, S5 = 6.021734, 5, = 5.66042896, $5 = 5.320804162, $5 = 5.001555913, Sp = 4:701462558, Sy = 4419974804, Sp = 4154212516, Syq = 3.004959577, Sy = 3.670662008, S,q = 8.450422282 so it will take Ford about 12 years to catch up aSection 8.1 Limits of Sequences of Numbers 728 (has ye 725(0s4) =n In(0.94) > => ns 11,764 12 i CT DH ays Bay 9 TAIT 5 MOD 5 OEE, NL on eA > Bat ob +2 1 41> 25 the steps one reversible ao the sequence x nondecreasing: +L <3 on t1< 3043 => 1< 3; the steps are reversible so the sequence is bounded above by 3 ' 24D) +3)! n+3! Cm +5} Cn43)!_, Cn+5)!, (w52Vt 82 mar 2 > Capa” GE! > GFA? WHI ” Gass” (i FT) = (2-+5}(2n +4} > 0-425 the steps ace reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; the sequence is not (2n4+3)!_ (+f bounded since 2n +3)(2n-+2)--(n +2) ean become as large as we please gatigaet ong getigett (n+ Ut ich i . 3B. ayy Sq 9 Be SP age SEPP 2-8 sn 41 which is true for n > 5; the steps are reversible 60 the sequence is decreasing after ag, but it is not nondecreasing for all its terms; a, 4.8 = the sequence is bounded from above by 64.8, 6, a, =18, Lyd 2 1 He an 289 Pgh yng? 2 Be Re phy 2 he deo pkg 2 — the wom ae reverie so Uh seen i nondecreasing: 2— BJ <2 the eauence abode from above 35. sequence bounded above by 1 converges because 0 by Example 25 also if a nondece 36. a, =n~} diverges because n + oc and } ~ 0 by Example 2, so the sequence is unbounded ice — 0 (by Example 2) = sh ~ 0, the equence converges alo i is ‘4 nondecreasing sequence bounded above by 1 38. a, convergence ye (GY sau 0 the seqnence converges by dein of 39. a= (604 (2) vere beans a for 9 we for ween a, <2(1-4 f) once 28 verge by definition of cvergece 40. x= max {08 1,c08 2¢08 3,.+.3608-n} and Xp 4 = max {cos 1,e05 2,¢08 8,...,€08(n-+1)) Bx, with x <1 0 the vequence is nondecreasing and bounded above by 1 -> the sequence converges.724 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 41. If {a,} is nonincreasing with lower bound M, then {—a,)} is a nondecreasing sequence with upper bound —M. By Theorem 1, {~a,) converges and hence {a,} converges. If {a,} has no lower bound, then {—a,) has no ‘upper bound and therefore diverges. Hence, {a,) also diverges. 42. 0, 2 apy BEL PHOS 5, ory on gt ants an co 120 and 242 > 1; thus the sequence 2a OST agt sonincreasing and bounced below by 1 = it converges ra none @ Hes Mev) SEED, Yar ls Vint Tz fas VIN @ VT 2 Ve tan and = V2; thus the sequence is nonincreasing and bounded below by V/3 = it converges va 44 05> yyy & bi 2 LEAP oy ants —anttan 3 a ange gg amt > amt gn ange I-12 BAP aH os 142-4) e212 (-2)-4 thus the sequence is nonincressing. However, ” = fe which ent bound bow so he eqene divers . . ett age get 45, $Y sonra ott) 244(f) @ BY 2G" oz y 2.4; thus the sequence is nomincreasing and bounded below by 4 = it converges 46, a, = 19g =2-9, a5 =22-9)-3= F-2-3, 0, = 2(0?-2-3)-3 = P (a), ala —(28a)g]—3 <2 (2-1)... gg PE gga 31-3) 43 s0 the sequence is noninereasing but not bounded below and therefore diverges “P48 a, Bay, PM HRD-IH4D aH o c? 1. Leb 0. Mc Hand let N bean integer grestr thar My. Then a> 8/-¢ > ply =p 9 aM > 8 3 n>M+aM = n> Mat) > 85 >M, 48. Since My is a least upper bound and M, is an upper bound, M, < Mp. js an upper bound, My W |ayy—L| N => |ay—L|<§ NowSection 8.1 Limits of Sequences of Numbers 725 L[+|L—ag]<§+§ = 6 whenever mo > N and n> N. [am Lt b—als 51. Given an €> 0, by defiition of convergence there corresponds tn N auch that forall > N, [By ayl 0 there eoeresponds an Ny such that for kin) > Ny. agg) Ly] <¢, and fan Ng such that for ifn) > Na, t¢q)~ La] <6 Let N= max{N,Np}. ‘Then for n > N, we have that Jan fy] given an €> 0 there cotreponds an such shat [28> Ny = Jay] <¢]. Silay, a Le[aet > N= Jani —bi<¢- Let N = max{N,,Ng}. Then u > N = |a,~L|<¢ whether 1 ineven ot odd, and hence a, ~ I 54, Assume 4, — 0, ‘This implies that given an ¢> 0 thote corresponds an N such that n >N =a, —O| flan) <6 false given an ¢> 0 there corresponds an N such that for n > N, aq [ag 0] <3 a, +0 56-66. Example CAS Commands: Maple: n-> (n)(L/n); ‘9100: ke= 9800: A:= plot(a(n), x-> 0.990: = x-> LOD]: Bi= plot({f(x}, a(%)}, x= 5-41): with(plots): display( (A,B): Mathematica: Clean a(n] = wi(t/n) atab = Table{ ListPlot{ atab | Le = Limit[ afm), 9-> Infinity | 4k, style= POINT, symbol=CIRCLE): | i258} ) ff Ns Note: for this a[n], the first n for which |a[p]-L|<0.001 is a = find the next... Let’s afl] = First check several orders of magnitude, then zoom in by trial & error:726 Chapter 8 Infinite Series Table wet 1), {30} } ‘Nfa{oo00| — fo{o200] — L ‘Nfa{o123] —L) N{o{9124] - 1) This is the first m for vhich fa[n]-L]<0.001; for 0.0001, ve get the rough estinate: ‘N{o{120000] — 1) 67. Example CAS Commands evali(flati—1))) B01 ‘$j= 1a} if a > (Lt afayen tbs 0.02015; mix 13; b= 50; reeur(f,1000,100): plot(" style=POINT symbol=CIRCLE): 2(60; ‘Clear[a,sam,b] alo] s= (14+r/m) afa—t] + b @ ‘th = pont; m = 1% b= a atab ‘Tank afi, 4050) ] 7 Ni ListPiot{ atab ] 60) r= 0.02015; m = 1% b= a) (+4/myn (a{0] + m b/r) ~ m bye stab = Tablel {alekf]}. (50,50) ] // 41) == (+e/m) aka) +b // Simplity Maple: ierate:= proe( fan) local ids ‘e{0)= evallad}; fori from 1 to n do evalf(f(a(} — 1))) 3.75; rate(f, 0.301, 300): pits style=POINT, symbol=CIRCLE, title=/LOGISTIG PLOT, x = 3.75, e = 301");Section 8.2 Theorems for Calculating Li Note: We could define a{nj recursively, but here we need only the first several values so it’s easier to use an iterated function: Clearlan.] iter an! |} =r an (1—an) r= 3/4 atab = NestList{ iter, 0.3, 100 }; ListPlot{ atab | To plot several lists together: << Graphice/MuitipleListPlot! P= 365; MultipleListPot{ NestList{ iter, 0.3, 300 j, NestList{ iter, 0-301, 300} ] P= BT; MoultipleListPtot{ NestList{ iter, 0.2, 300 J, NestList[ iter, 0.301, 300 ] ] 82 THEOREMS FOR CALCULATING LIMITS OF SEQUENCES Jig, 2+ (0-1)"=2 + converges (Table #4) SECU ge 14 GP A 3 converge 5 = converges, im <1 alisg, gckg = 0 = converges ig, OE co = diverges728 Chapter & Infinite Series 8. im, {1+(-1)P} does not exist > diverges 20. lim, (-1)"(1 4) does not exist => diverges 2 gm, EAPVC0—H)= sin, + a\(1-#) = f= comes 12, ig, (2—ph)(3.+ dh) = 6 = converses 12, fim, GUE <= converges 14 dm, (3) = tin, GY" =0- ears 5, PET = VER = fis (=v > wre Fel = converges (om )(—1)? does not exist => diverges SED — 0 because —1< 8A. < f= converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences Sn? 20. Jing, S8G2 = 0 because 0.8020 <<. = converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences say eb 0 converge (us PHopital’s ae) aan 3 38a 3)* Bo fm, ge i, Pints = co = diverges (using Papas rue) n(at 1) ai, Ja = lt 2 = dig. ret (=) (a) Wi @ img, AEA = 1 = converges 8 2) 25. lim, 8/* = 1 => converges (Table 8.1, #3) in, De 2. iy B= 26.,timg, (0.03)! = 1 = converges (Table 8.1, #3) ot in, (044 eonverges (Table 8.1, #5)Section 82 Theorems for Calculating of Sequences 729 2 ding [ve GB) st scomeane ates. 45) 29. 10*-nM™ = 1-11 = converges (Table 8.1, #8 and #2) 0 im (Vay = 1% = 1 2 comverges (Table 8.1, #2) ph =the = b= 1-3 converges (Table 6.1, #3 and #2) lig, © 32, fing, (0+) = Jig t= 1 = converges; (lt x=n-+4, then use Table 8, #2) Jim, na na ad = Table nga AH TT == cos diverges (Table 8.1, #2) 3. ig, [nn —in(0-+ 1] fi, (2) =Ia(qig, ghz) =I = 0 > convergce 35. lim, "VAPa = lim, 44/T=4-1=4 => converges (Table 8.1, #42), 26. ging, VIF = ig PHO) = ig a8.34/® = 9-129 = converges (Table 81, #3) 1-2-8 in) 0 dy Rodin, EES cy (2m end 20. fg, Bete wore 38. gig, SO” <0 = converges (Tabie 8.1, #6) Sco diverges (Table 8.1, #6) Sco => diverges (Table 8.1, #8) = converges AL. is (Table 8.1, #5)30 Chapter 8 Infinite Series © gu (GE) ~ tm, wo (ain GSH) = a, eG oD) -is a ey se, 0 ffizsy) =o 8) =? » orm 4 i, (gE) =. e0(0¥(@2y))= va 0G) mmol) = Jim, e00(-agtgg)= 91 = comers 45, ig, (ge) = i, x(a a =x di, o00(4 16 (goog) = gig, eo(=222+D) 2x fim, on gop) =x = 5,22 0 + ees in, (1S =, e0(e(1-3)) = (te Joa “(2 = in, e0(3%))= of = 1 = converges 47. ig, BE y= jig 88 =0 = converges (Table 8.1, #6) “OO Oe-aem es (Table 8.1, #4) 49, fig tanh n=, BEET = tg, Sh ig, mg, = 1 cones sme 2-(H) 50. ig, sink a) = ig, OEM, CED co vegSection 8.2 Theorems for Calculating Limits of Sequences 731 = fin, sn) = 0 comes 4 lg, tan tn 0-203 comers 1y"\_ converges le sy re? get (Table 8.1, #4) 56. ig, Van = im, exp) ean(24t) eat come (Qn nj?00 200-199 (In w) 8° fone 57. lim, ligg, O18 in == ign, 200! = 0 = converges fim, 20¢te ay" s0(ta u)® BS : ve = im, = Jim, = 0 converges 58 ig, (0 Va=A = fin, (0 VaT=a( SESE) aes eo a} coors 60. fi 1 =i 1 (Bales tig, Veale On Jace 8s (Getler) er ie) ee 62 gicg, | $ee= eg, B= lig, =O comseres (Table, #0) as DG (ght-1)=pby > come nha 9 verge for ps1 65. 1,252,458, 16,92, 0. 2,292, 28,28, 24 2 oxy a tand =P or?732 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 64, (@) 1-207 22)? = 1; let fla.) = 2b! 22; a? — ab? = -1 5 a,b) = 20" ‘a42b) a+b In the first and second fractions, y,,2-n. Let f represent the (n~I)th feaction where 2 2 1 and b> n—1 (0+ 2b)? (a+b)? =a? + tab +40 — a? ~ 2b? = 1 = fla,b) = 2b? — a? #4 deb 44h? — 20? dab — 2b? , (a? — 27) gt (a+ by exh Oy ® ) R- for n a positive integer > 3. Now the nth fraction is S25 and a+b > 2b> 2a— Q>n+y,>n. Thus, slg, ta = v2. 65. fa) f(x) = x22; the sequence converges to 1414213562 = VF () f(x) = tan (x) ~ I the sequence converges to 0.7853981635 « (6) fx) = e% the sequence 1, 0, =I, =2, -3, -4, -5, .. diverges 66. (a) im, wt() iia, , ee Si, , EERO) — (0), where Ax = b) lim, m tan™ re = (0) = Ph ge hs fla) = tant fe) gig, nel —1)= £0) = <° (ig, wa 48 fix) =e =f(0) Tea AG) =m 0420) a2 in? + An ra? 2 6% (a) Ham 20414 then b= (SF) = [MAO ag? pan 4 f= Da? 4 2n, em [AFT = ON? 4 Dn HH 22s 4-20 4D and a? 46? = (2n 41)? 4 (Oa? + Dn) = dnt An 41 4 nt Boi + An? sean? + fn? + 8n? + 4n-+1 = (Qn? +2n41) =e (b) 68. (a) lim, al = (3) Var, Strlings approximation => "Val = (2)(2an)!/(2 wf for large values of 0 on Va 2 ‘0 15. 76952702 TATISIT765 30 19,48825428 1e.9097206 60 28.19189561 P2.A7ITEGATSection 8.2 Theorems for Calculating Limits of Sequences 733) Hineife (8) For alle 30, tee exists an N puck that > e890 nw > Mae Inet > mG) en'opodees|h-ofces fig, k=0 hy ANG Cyg.ap = Age WHEE 10. Let {a,} and {bj} be sequences both converging to L Define {¢q} bY Can 12,8)... For all €>0 there exists Ny such that when n> N; then |a,,— |<< and there exists No such that when n> Ny then [b,—L}< 6 If > max{X,.Ng}. then boil inequalities hold and hence eq ~L] <6 60 {6g} converues to L 1 gig ©!" = in, exp(E n) =, (2) 12. ging, 2! = i, ein x) ==, Rect x remain Fed wile» gt age 73. Assume the hypotheses of the thaorem and let che a positive number. Por all «there exists a Ny such thst when n>N, then |a,—L|<¢= —¢ N, then Les ay S by Sen EHS [by ES = (ig, By HLce wee bee ey max{N,,Na), then L. Td, Jay — L| <4 = |fla,)~ 1] <¢ = fle,) = HL) 7B. gix) = Yi; 2 — 1.00000132 in 20 iterations; 1 — 0.999996 in 20 iterations: a root is 1 —+ 0.000352 in 8 iterations; —. 0.0000152 in § iterations; a root is 0 1+ 6.73908456 in 35 iserat J 0 in 4 iterations 18. g(x) = cos x15 xy 79, g(x) =0.1 +559 x; Xq = 2 —0.809748008 in 4 iterations 80. g(x) = (4— TRY : xy = 3.5 —+ 5.51562548 in 85 iterations Bl. xg = initial guess > 0 => xy =H] =(Xp)!"? & xy 213 y= xQK/ OM) x, + Lan = 00 82. mp = inital guess = xy = xf = p= (08) ahs 1. = Xy = Hol [ty] <1 Hy = Oak co; [ko|> 1 4%, —t 20 as n+ 00 8, g(a) 220 48-5 1G) = pb oad wen the eave mata ie appli to gH) we have = -15000881 in 2 amon = 1 he aed pin 88, gfx) 1-4 = B() and hen the iterative method is applied to g”'(x) we have x, + 0,199999571 in 12 iterations = 0.2 is the fixed point lex 4734 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 8.3. INFINITE SERIES Lge oy yt whrrwte) brea 2 a ed 5 wT 8 gape twtr = (0-3) G-H)4G- De +6 > dim a5 tien ye ; 8 ht dag bs i oi =4 4, @ 3 14442 ‘ = a ded ae- she au fh cnet si =f 10. 5-84 53.4... the sum of this geometric series is 9 = ate eat Cy) aa con) 4 (4S) 4(F4 8} +( Brgy) + se the sun of to gaometi ei the sum ie S 4a 04 he® aye? =f) hn the ire fro gomedia = cy a % Se 5 =10- pre?Seevion 8.9 Infinite Series 735 - 18 the sum of two geometric series; the sum is _w =o 4 Lad 1. gear LET aweT 7 oo 1 Magee est) = am 1 Fa 6 AQa + 1)+Be@n—1) - © aoe @a— Gath ACP* BEA 1) =6 we neann (apne PAE (ABN oh apa nada Bat, Bee, . 6 Loiytobylis 1 2 tartaet Esty airt)= a(t atgcstecat --ogciygtt hawt) - 1 =3(1-ygiq) = te sums in, 8(1-gphy)=s 40n_ c 1 GT iPanvip = 1?! Gti) * Gea? = M@a = Nn 1)? + Bn + 1)? 4+ G(2n 4 2a H+ DEAF On= 12m + 1? = AQQn = 1)Q2n + 1)?+ Bln +1)? + Clem + In ~1)? + Dida ~ 1? = don => A(8n9 4 4n? — 2 ~1)+ B(4n? 44m +1) 4+ C(8n?—4n?—2n 41) = Dan? — = (BA 4 8C)n? + (44 +4B —4C + 4D)n? + (2A + 4B- 20 -AD)n + (-A4 B+ C+D) = 400 8A+8C = 0 BAT8C= 0 op 2 B= 20 Des and = = and A=0, Herc on, ocetma se, tens Fie 1 - ee aa ae736 Chapter § Infinite Series mei yt oye 6 Seaip a ene ea 22, 6, = [ten (1) = tan? (2)] +[eant (2) = tan! (3)} +... + tan? n ~2) ~ tan (o)] {tan} (n) — tan“ (a4 1)] = tan“ (1) — tan"! (n +1) = gfsp, 5, = tan!) -F=$~-F=- ale 1 VY loa “aye 23, convergent geometric series with sum @ D4 divergent geometse series with iri= yB>1 25, convergent geomettc sees with sum = 26. lim, (-1)"+tn £0 = diverges 2%. digg, cos (na) = Jim, (IP 40 = diverges 28, cos (nn) = (—1)" => convergent geometric series with sum 2 29, convergent geometric series with eum —1__ = (8) 20. lim, n f= 20 40 divengee i r 2 =20_18_2 31. convergent geometric seties with eum — By == i0 32, convergent geometrie:series with surnSection 8.3 Infinite Series 737 ifference of two geometric series with som —L~—~—1_=3-3~ 138, diff of two geometri ith Tero 3 2 i, (1B) =n, (04) =o 40 doce 25 ig, ith = 0-4 0 Avene ‘digg, n= 00 = diverges az. E n(-8) Eqn {tm (n) —In (m+ 1)] = 5, = [In (3) ~ Lm (2)] +f) (2) ~ In (3)] + [30 (3) — In (4)] + [Im (m= 1) — tn (on) + [In (n) — In (n+ 2)] = ta (2} Ina #1) = =I (n +t) fim, 8, = 20, > diverges 35, Jing, 8a = ging, In(gatey) =!n(}) #0.= diverges 50, convergent geomet ies with cum Hay = Ex 40. avenge amet sres with i= 5 BRB > 1 ak (apts = FF (as as tr a converges to pot 5 = ph fortni< _ ftsnx _ Susans ince} eq —<} =f SR, = PEERA sora «(nee } cycles iy, (by + by + A= Eb, converges. This contradiets the assumption that Yb, diverges; therefore, > (ay + bg) diverges. ays... 69. (a) 0. The sy SLED ERE ee eM EI, ape (le tart 2 )4 (0042? 208 6.422) 8, =e pif] Lorine 20 peti Tse Toe 18, distance =442f0(3) 109) +740 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 2fNG) VAG AND += ve veal VO) =p ah\S)-SRE- as 12.58 see = 9(G > i, ba = ig, 0(8) = 20 M(B )=E 8 nea e Qe) senetgiahe hs BGT BV gy a) ve CRAVED _ vs jsva_svi sv _ovs ~ |e aq OE 20 “e 78, Each ern of the series $° 1 represents the area of one ofthe squares shown in the figure, and al of the ve rect of wik and tength © y 1 ‘ince the squares do nc 1 ses eine era ofits Latah (BJ'= by 22: Sete nd tt rectangle completely, and the arez of the rectangle is 2, we have = se 84 THE INTEGRAL TEST FOR SERIES OF NONKEGATIVE TERMS 1. converges a geometric serie with r= Jy-<1 2 converges geometreseies with r= B.< 1 3. diverges; by the nth-Term Test for Divergence, lim, 25 =1 0 4. veges the ner Tots | gS = ins) —In = i Byte ee ! ! which is divergent p-series10. 2. 2B. its 15. v. 18 Section 8.4 The Integral Test for Series of Nonnegative Terms 741 sha wih i convergent pees converges; a geometric series with r= Let 8s diverges bythe nonsro constanemalkipe ule ance $f diverges Aiverges by the Integral Test | iykas oe ; . Svea the tata Te seo fi Laat, cr aaa ‘converges; a geometric series with vows tin, A=, SHEE tn (BEY 40 diverges goP= 2S, gps svg br tell at diverges by the Integral Testi I git qa}in@a-1) = wasn oo vere: im, a4 = gta, GET * it, MPF oo xO . vats Giverges by the Integral Teas | ay 5 ¥a'|- fo Bemeyaryy-me 1 can 2 veges fin, i, Yowgo diverges Jing, ay = im, (144) =e 40742 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 1G, diverges a geometric serie with r= ply = 144 > 1 20, converges: geomet atin with r= ply =0.91 <1 ; J usinx| 2 omens ttn tes: fae | we = iy, foee™* ral = fin, [see"tb see“ (ln 3)}= im, [eos“*(f) eee" 2 8)] = cos" (0) ~ see“! (In 8) = § ~ see“ (In 8) 1.2489 1 verges by the Integral Tet: c= 22, converges by che Integral Tes | he | = fim, [ean olf = im, (tan"?b— tant) =F -0= 5 2a verge by the mer Te for vege Jig, naa(§) =m, “CH= ng sgn go 2 ives thea Tenm Test fo egrcitn( a = ig, we? (f) = ecto-=1 go 25, converges by the nega Test I wtaelattal- J cdpe aa betel = im, (tan? b~tan™ 26, comerges by te lata Tats Poe = gm, [210 gy] gin, 2 (gy) ~2 n(ghp)=2 1s 1-2 n(z8q)= -2m Zp) converges bythe Integel Tet 1 ate EE su aanlitl nf -g) Be du= T+x4JSection 8.4 The Integral Test for Series of Nonnegative Terms 743 28, diverges bythe Integral Tat Tote [avatg|-a] =m feel = lim, fla b= In 2} = 00 : , 2 cng yg Yc | im (can eb —tan“te} = x ~2 tan ry Jim (tanh b= tanh 1) oe a Ps y 0. converges by the Integral Test: J sech?x dx = tim | ech dx = fim, [tanh xf 3 =1-tanhd ig, «Ei a | (ear ha) de im, [etn x2 |-in dc eae fm OED a i eta foreet conve in(3) tas im, SASF = im, (o +2) P22 | © the series converges to In(3) if a= i and diverges to oo if a> 1. Mac, the terms of the seres eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply. From that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverges. 1 . bat 2. |G + aetel = Ja hts (fe): in, ae Las Hii ob = = the sere converges to In() = in 2ita = and diverges to it Pe OFT) ch stacd. Hea > f the teas ofthe sre eventually become aeatve and the Inge Test dos ot apply. From that poimt on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverge 33. (a)TAA Chapter 8 Infinite Series (6) There are (18)(965)(24)(60)(60)(10°) seconds in 13 Blion years; by part(s) ay $1-+1n a where ‘n= (13)(865)(24){60)(60)(10%) = 5, < 1 + In((13)(865)(24)(60)(60)(10°)) = 1+ In (13) +1n(365)-+In (24) +2 In (60) +9 In(10) = 41.55, uM. No, because F m= E; fand Ff diverges 35, Yes. Ea, is «divergent series of postive numbers, then (A) E, =F, pate aivergcs and F< ay. ‘hace in no Mamallet” divergent series of positive numbers for any divergent setice Fay of positive numbers = (3B) pas smalter terms and stil diverges. 26, Ror ga camergnt sie of paste nantes, ten? ay = Fam alo comegc and 24,2 ‘There is no “largest” convergent series of positive numbers. wt aE aan = 0. Note that (A,) and {B,} are nondecreasing sequences of positive terms. Now, By = 20g + ag + 85g +--+ 2ayany = Bay + (204 + 20q)-+ (20g + 2ag + 2a + 209) +... 4+ (2acgny + 2aygny toss Baygny) S 2a; + 2a +(2a5 + 2ay)++(2ay + 20g +28; + 2a9) 4... P-? terms + (aca) Mgnt gt) + 2am) =2Aamy <2 Fe 4, Therefore if Cay converges, than {8} is bounded above => TD ay converge Convene, a= tO) ECAH AG aS) Hooch y Say FB Hag tH MGgm) =a HB, S Mone EM aca may EE bs whic deere 2B phyavese, ©) a= gle + EP) =F ogy = E wer § (GR seroma hat converges itor <1 ot p> 1 but diverge itp 21Section 8.4 The Integral Test for Series of Nonnegative Terms 745. = Jim, (rgb =o 2)-P+t] 2. (@) ! wate [SBS - {em 2A p> = the improper integral converges if p > 1 and diverges copst ifp<1. Forp FHSS = sie, [In (tn x)]} = jim, [Im Qn b) - tn (tn 2)] = 00, 60 the improper ing diverges itp= (©) Since the series and the integral converge or divengevogether, $2 Til converges if and only if p> 1 ee 40. (a) p=1 = the series diverges (b) p= 1.01 => the series converges © & whyad & qbgi nets mena dean (8) p=3 = the series converges ngs 41, (9) From Fig, 8:13 in the text with (x) = Zand ay = 1, we have | facsit}eletd as] f(x) dx > Inu) St45+}+..¢4S14inn 3 0 a,41~ 8, > anya {a} is a decreasing sequence of nonnegative terms, 2. ¢ cet trez i and | an fig [eta ig (teeter fe the Comparison Test for improper integrals => $© * dx converges by 2 2 14 $ o-® converges by the Integral Test. st740° Chapter & Infinite Series 8.5 COMPARISON TESTS FOR SERIES OF NONNEGATIVE TERMS: 1. diverges by the Limit Compatison Test (part 1) when compared with $° ta, a divergent p-series: 2 diverges by the Direct Comparison Test since n+n-+n >n+Ji+0=> wa >, which is the ath temo the divergent sein Bf 8. camvergs bythe Direct Compaion Tes E28 whieh is the em oa convergent omen sie 4 converges by the Diteet Comparison Test; 1-598" < 2 andthe peseries SS, converges On 5, diverges sine Jig, g28q= 340 6 converge bythe Limit Comparison ‘ext (part 1) with tr, the nth ttm of a convergent pri: nC 7. converges by the Direct Comparizon Test; (ny <(ay «< ay. the nth term of a convergent geometric 1 8 converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 2h, the nth term of a convergent p-seies: Ge 3 . 81 z yon Foe Le dad Oa 9. diverges by the Direct Compasison Test: m >In m => In n > la ln n= pais < sea gy aud the series Ef diverges 10, diverges by the Limit Comparison ‘Test (part 3) when compared with $° A. a divergent proeries: —1~ =] im B=) tim A Sem es wane BySection 8.5 Comparison Tests for Series of Nonnegative Terma 747 11. converges by the Limit Compaison Test (part 2) when compared with $© 1, convergent pris Qn ny? Eat I jig 2 a}? oy = Jim, =2 Jim 220 (Table 8:1) () ain, A Jim a 12, converges by the Limit Comparison Tt (pac 2) when compate wih $b, a convergent pres: tn ay(h In to a(2 ig gg OP tg Dg ig ye =6-0=0 (Table 8.1) 18, diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (patt 3) with, the nth term af the divergent harmonie sere: i a Bein (aa 14. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) with ~27,, the nth term of a convergent p-series: (Ape aig. ( pete Bigs betas. 2 ina748 Chapter & Infinite Series 16, diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (prt 3) with, the nth term ofthe divergent harmonies 1 i, (is) 2, phys =) 19, converges by the Diet Compasion Tost with 5, the mth term of a conversant pris: x? —1 > mor a2 0*(a?-1) > 08 ova? —7 > 0? RPT 1 20. converges by the Direct Comparison Test it the nth term of a convergent p-series: n? 41 >n? nti > fan? > epee ro decy 21, converges because 5° ie - art {Bf whichis the eum of two convergent sevies: § eee the Direct Compatnon Fatt since by 0 when 1 ¢ = YE > "VA for all n > 3 also Boe 8> YE Consequently, da > n¥/a = ge £ a diverges by the Direct Comparison Test750. Chapter 8 Inf 36. a7. 39. aL, |. a, converges => Series an tt T4P 8 s.an! MEE GA ED ~ aleF DASH SF ner h@ny) = the seties converges by the Ditect Comparison Test an 25 2 (0 i, B00 er eis an integer N sah at fr a > 8, fgets 1B » Thus, if E> b,, converges, then JD a, converges by the Direct Comparison Test. cv the here ext a integer Neh tat for all n> 8 BL > ye Ths if ¥ by diverges, then TD a, diverges by the Direct Comparison Test. ‘Yes, $48 converges by the Direct Comparison Test because 32-< a, lim, 2 = there exists an integer N such that for all n > N, > 1s a,>by. HE a, converges, then S> b, converges by the Direct, Comparison Test = 0-8 there exits an integer N ach that forall n> NOS aq <=> a8 < ay =X ab converges by the Direct Comparison ‘Test Example CAS commands: Maple = k-> sum(1/(n3e{sin 2)(n)), m= 1..k); Tirmi(s(k), plot{s(k), k=L..400, style=POINT, symt cevalf(355/113); Mathematica Clears a{n_} sk] 8} 1/ (8 Sinfa}2) Sum als], (05)4) 1 Note: To make Mathematica smart about limits, load the package: << Caleubus ‘Limit Limit{_ fk], k > Infinity | But Mathematica still cannot find the limit. Note: For plotting any partial sums, it is far more efficient to de the calculations mumerically rather than exactly. $0 we redefine s[k] (where the “s[k_] 25 sfk] ” causes Mathenatica to remember previous results) Clears] sfk_] i= fk] = ofk—1] +Nialkl ]Section 8.6 The Ratio and Root Tests for Series with Nennegative Terms 751 (2) = Nall ListPlot[ Table fk], {4,100} ] ] ListPlot{ Tablef fk), {i200} } | ListPlot{ Table{ fk), 1,400} } ) Note: Change Plotfange so Mathenatica does not cut off the jump. Show{ %, PlotRange -> All ] N{ 335/118 } N[ Pi - 95/18 } Sinf 355] // N al 388 | //'N 8.6 THE RATIO AND ROOT TESTS FOR SERIES WITH NONNEGATIVE TERMS ox] i Ba en (n+ 1)¥? gp 1. converges by the Ratio Test: tim, “32? ~ sain, Spar oe =n, (1) @=fer ‘converges by the Ratio Test: ting, 3. diverges by the Ratio Test: itp, sett — ig BR) 4. diverges by the Ratio Test: im, "54 = im, ‘e)- im, 5. converges by the Ratio Test i = $ <1 6. divertes: Jim, &, 1. converges by the Direct Comparison Tats 7H = (4Y"2+(-y} «($Y752 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 11 converges by the Diteet. Comparison Test: Wot < 5 =p for n> 2 (da aye" (ony nn 12 converges by the oth Root Tet i #5 in, VEE = = gig, 4) 13, diverges by the Direct Comparison Test: f~ y="5'> 14. convenge bythe nll-Root Tess Jim, "a5 = = hy (A-d)=0<1 15, diverges bythe Dinet Compan Tests 2 > btorn>3 img 282 = py ED Itt) ge 16. converges by the Ratio Test: img, “EH = Jig SAE whith! jo Tests (o+043) ow 17. converges by the Ratio Test: in, OF aatary=o 1) > 841 = (Ra) E SF oue2) = een (505) EASA) (Bs = hogs = bg nays Sp mle ss conan dine he general term of the diverging harmonic series img, ME! — jim, ‘1. converges by the Ratio Test: lim, “EE! — jim, SE" = lig, B= 0<1 oa 20, converges by the Ratio Fs im, "822 in, EP" gy VE d cr754 Chapter § Infinite Series Lele 33. converses by the Ratio Test: Jig, “5 sig, (oe =) lig, AE 2— tim d=oct 34 RIP > O and ay = ht 2 > Oi ln a> W fora >a ntinn > n+ 10> AHN 5 Og = REP a, > ai thus ang > ay 24 dim, a, 40, a0 the series diverges by the mth-Term Test 235, diverges by the ath-Teem Test: aches Viera fev a= "VP gin, 8.21 bee (4/} ina ebsogonce of{4/0} wht ii hy Table 8 2 conc byte Diet Conran Ta: 2, =} =(8) n= (QJ) =G)v=(U) =O = 4, =(B)" < (4)! whien isthe nth-term ofa convergent geometric serie Hen + 1a. mm BHa+ Mat . = ting, 204+) at "2 nF 2)Gnt1) 97, canverg by the Ratio‘Ps ig, 5 oie ards fh 4 (3n4 3)! al(n+ 1a +2)! diverges by the Ratio Tet ig, = Ji, EGG EON = i, C@*DS+WG041) iy 4(Sn42)(30+1)_ 9.4.5 =n, Gohan ae (BSP (ee#)=2 BBa27>1 30, diverges by the Root Test: im, "85 = lim, % 4 cove bythe Rane Te ig, OEP an, f= im, = ti (8)(8)(8)> (OY 1 Ve ny di 7Section 8.7 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 755. a 3. (20 + 1} P98 yt 43. converges by the Ratio Test: im, “3! Pape nts 2 arth ot =H Ge aeH 4 E a, converges by the Direet Comparison Test 8.7 ALTERNATING SERIES, ABSOLUTE AND CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE, 1 converge aiolaly 2 cans ty te Abie Compas Ta siee SE yayp Sy ‘convergent p-series756 Chapter § Infinite Series 2. converges absolutely = converges by the Absotate Convergence Test since $ 2, convergent p-series 4 diverges by the nth-Term Tet sine for n> 10-2 > 1 = lg, (fh) #0= EMEC) avers id an 103% 20°r LOW" = 00 (after 10 applications of L'Hapital’s A, diverges by the mth-Term Test since lirp, rule) 5. converges by the Alternating Series Test because {(x nan Inctcsing function of x + Li decreasing 2,2 tga; for m2 1 alto uy 2 Ofor n> 1 and gg, be =O 6. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f(x) =!8% = f(x) = L=IBX < 0 when x > e = f(x) is decreasing =u, >u,4,; also u, 2 0 for n> 1 and lig, t, 1 diverge by the nth-Term Test sine ip, HO = en, BM = ig, $=} 40 8 converges by the AKerating Series Test sie fx) = In 4") = (0) = geri ay <0 for x > 0 = hx) is ecesiog 0, > tpg abo Wy 2 Ofor 21 and ig, up ig, (2-44) = n( seg, (1-4) =t0 1=0 9. converges by tho Altenatng Sie Tet since tx) = YES yay = EERE <0 9 drei : upp myiate 28082 amd ig aia, Va i avast _ 14k 20, divenges hy the oth-Term Teat since Jig, SUF = Jim, r( : =30 conve sty dave © jot= & (jh) comp poms 12. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since = re < (apy vie thea term of a convergent geometric seriesuM 16. aw 18, 19. 20. au 22, 23. Section 8.7 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 757 ‘i 1 converges conditionally since and Ji tionally since o> eles > Band in, is a divergent p-series verges conditionally since and Jim, 1 => convergence; but converg tionally ae >a peed di, Te gence; but = SE 1 aise divergent seties since and $1, is a divergent p-series & lel m4 Te Va Tea in 1 « 0 convergence tae Band 2c Ll aoe eT ot conan able see © ja ithe ahem ot seamen pr diverges by the therm Test since Jig, Bf 00 (Table 8.2) converges conditionally since Ty > by > and in, gly = 0 convergence; bot jay} = Eph ptveres brane Ly 2 fy and $s verge sere converges absolutely because the series $= fe converges by the Direct Comparison Test since |*85" diverges by the ath-Term Test since im, SEB = 1 40 ‘converges conditionally since f(x) = In x is an increasing function of x = ghz mpg she? Ofer 22 and fim, gph g = 0 convergence but Eo, = § iverges because 7 Land Si diverges By Fira Miverges because gh; > gy aud Zn vere cove conden Sine (= = '= (34) <4 ing a ee Up > tng 20 for o> 1 and fim, (hek)=0 = comeaencs but F ie be = & +H fis the som ota convergent and divergent sete, and hence diverges sei ae aei Bh 2 o(2 converges absolutely by she Direet Comparison Test since 20a <2(Z) which is the nth term of a convergent geometric series converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: liry758. Chapter 8 Infinite Series 24, diverges by the nth-TTeum Test since Jima, 2, = lim, WM =140 (Table 8.1) (pl ae 25, converges abuoluely by the Inegral Txt since | (sant Ge = Jim i -fin-+4] Gena <0 7 Ha) is decresing 26, converges conditionally since f(x) = =ph= = f(x) = uy gyi > Mfr n> 2 and Jig, = 0 = convengene; but by the Integral Test, vf tin, f (2) cc ue tinct = [InGin b) tn (in 2)}= 00 2, diverges by the nth-Term Test since Ji, =By = 140 4)(x- In x) (in y(1-3 2s ements = gf) E)E= ate -8) Da <0 =p ty 2 ty, 20 when n> e and slim, eG Tnx} i = dm, yom mn nt stan co- hgh sa ht a Bina yi is al-E diverges by the Direct Comparison ‘Test a lS 2, na " * oor g main (Oy ape te 2 a GET 28, converges abuluely by the Ratio Test im ("RE 20, converges abot since Fg) = $ (JJ na conergent game ro 51, conver hat by the Diet Cmparion Tat nce jay SE 7 ach wet ne 2n4] hich is the nth-term of a convergent p-setiesSection 8.7 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 759 $2. converges absinteysnce : jgi= F (Wah) = $ (PRY = $ (AY wa convert ‘geometric series cm" rane 58, converge absolutely since $5 jag)= [OW] = $l iss comersat ese 3. converges conditionally ince $= S402 = $F LOAF isthe convergent alternating harmonic series, but £ ala, haters: tla 35. converges absolutely bythe Root Tests im, "YFia|= dims (Sate) =alian St = 4 (w+DF emt MB. (nF 23) (nd? 36, converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: Jig, [°2! a, OED 8 CoH) 37. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim, ja,|= fim, oe i, GENO HEC“), ty, (HAY 38, converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: ira, (n+1)*3 = HR Garay aS! 49. converges conditionally since V2 1= VB Veet = get ert) decreasing sequence of positive terms which converges to 0 => © os gna in >ng1 ss 2fn> Vast Bya> Vast yer sinc wit Varta diverges by the Direct Comparison Test rato ent converges; but n> 3 => 3a >1 40, diverges by the nth Torin Test since Jim, (VaR =n) = ging, (VEPFR~a) = Jig = jim, ——L—= ome Vateota ™ igdai760 Chapter § Infinite Series 41. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim, (y/n+ /a~ a) = i te te Jar Jat ya ha teth 42. converges conditionally since {aver} is a decreasing sequence of positive terms converging to 0 of converges but i, (are aa so that & diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with 5° - S yeyet Xi hich is a divergent p-series 45. converges absolutely by the Direct Compatison ‘Test since sech (n) = ar-2 =m = a5 < x = Je which is the ith term of a convergent geometric series 14, converge abstaly by te nel at suce J ach dxf (grb Bae 2 fF oa 1 1 i inte =-2un, | epee tig, tah = (l(4)- 2 i, [oP] cotta) = Ee ; & coh w converges 4, jeror'<|(-8(f)]= 02 46 seri s| "(a [rc 4 ror <|(-e 48, err) f= 49, = (2n} Tara BL. (2) O42 Suga fails since $<}Section 8.7 Alternating Series, Absolute and Conditional Convergence 761 [QF + ]=E GY +E (4) terme sum otto abschinly converge (Sie § joule series, we can rearrange the terms of the original series (o find its sum: @ (fede d-(pedede Bebe pa spa tof g ede... dy = o.ooernang? = sg 44h = eonan8o027 ‘The unused terms are £ (Ayia; = (1) (apg — ag) + CU (Bg An) {HD (a4 4n42)+ (Anta Ansa) too-]+ Each grouped term is positive, so the remainder hhas the same sign as (~-1)"#1, which is the sign of the frst unused term, sortrtaatse tain my (i-e) =(1-B)+(B-$)=(4—B)+(f-B)pot(Qegchy) wich ae tet 2 ts of the first series, hence the two series are the same, Yes, for no E (bd) G4) 0-0) Pz © lim, 4n=,tim, (1 Ly) =1 = both seroe converge to 1. The sum ofthe fst +1 ters of theft sesio(1-2 4b ai. Tet - Le series (1-2 )4 chy =. ‘Their um Jig, 6, = Jing, (1g) = Ug the Dies Campton ‘ot ne gh 5 ad a, vere we mit have that oes [a yt gf 18a F/M Fy fr al then $a, converges = $5, converges and hove imply that! 2 als = ial (a) = Jay tba] converges by the Direct Comparison ‘Test since |a, + by|<|a,]+]B_| and hence x (ay +b,) converges absolutely &) = [bp converges > $b, converges absolutely; since F a, converges absolutely and & =b, converges absolutely, we have = [at (-b,)] = = (aq —bg) converges absolutely by part (a)762 Chapter 8 Infinite Series io 5 |an{coaresges tt E al Z [ks |converges > ka, converges absolutely ar e shen F pred, 98. Ifa, (UP Sp converge, but S ayby == J diverges Babs 1 1 Li 44a 4 Pegg yg” a Te Te a Be * “0, ee sensgt he ort, eu-b-b-b-} dd boa Ss = 84" 94-38-28 3G IE M36 BE a0 aS ag 0812, st} 091, =u-d-4-4-4 81 = 8646 48-50” 52 5 60. {a) Since Sa, |converges, say to M, for ¢ > 0 there is an integer Ny such that} I. 5 al“ Ml <5 fr €> 0 there i a integer Ny (which we can choowe greater than or equ to N;) such that |oy,—L] Ny» Now allo the rms inthe sequence {i} appeat in (yj Sum together al af he ‘erma in {|b} in order, til you include all ofthe terms ng)" and let Ng be the largest index in the 3 im wom 38 |b, | #0 obtained. Then canal $ oglemoergestoMSection 8.8 Power Series 763, 61. (0) gjcomvres ten & a, comergr sna} Fo, 49 Ejay SHE ag hag 20 Of aco nconsepa and a, 2S jai el cs ‘4 0, if a20 ay Had 62, The terms in this conditionally convergent series were not added in the order given. 63, Here is an example figure when N = 5. Notice that uy > uy > ty and uy > Us > Ug, but Uy 2 By 4s for aes $4 k ~*, , “ J qe yg x 1 we have )%, a divergent E we have 5 1, a divergent series (@) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is <1 -1 gg, PPE et <1 18-2 fim, (g8y) 36x63; when x when x=8 we have $5 a comergent panes (2) the radius is 8; the interval of convergence is 3 < x <3 (b) the interval of absolute convergence is ~3 ae. ae | (@) the radius is oo; the series converges for all x ect oxime (ge-p) lim, <1 int iim giglgs} sims gS (18 we ave Fo pg 8 on 1 ss cyhng, a divergent series wed * -1 weretave FBP $F capo, a divergent [xe] 5 EE cr etxetic? 3 Dext2e te ex <0; when x=—d we have S© Sl, divergent series; when x =0 we have we cenit $ SO ang acon so whch cenvere codons (a) the radius is 2; the interval of convergence is ~4 ple ee |SE ! e wis ata : : } et sta(tig, S$) <1 eet et exch when =o we ave = SS which converges abolutelys when x= 1 we bave FE agg i conve (2) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is ~1$1<1 (b) the interval of absofute convergence -igxst (€) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally 28. Ht —__aln(ai} nf _intn) rote Po | (i Ba)(tee ety) <1" crvenme £ YP a comet aemaing wi vin, 22s > a, = x(U)G) <1 > xtc be m1 cx <1; when x when iby which diverges by Exercise 89, Section 8.4 Winn (2) the radius is the interval of convergence is =! Ox-9"(in, Ly) <1 (x-sF <1 Sleasici niches ocx chi whenx= ve bave § CUTN Sst which ae eet sbwoltely convergent: when x= $ we have $5 OT a convergent pueries a (3) the radius Jaen a convergence cc (0) the nev of absolute convergence in gin, (OR EOM awn <1 e411 un, (BEF) 4) <9 [xe <3 BS x41 <5 46x <2; when —4we have = E 1 which diver ses; at x = 2 we have ek * B= E1wtihatecvrges te neal of omega the ae $5 SSDP = (EE) ina comrzent somite st wher A €2 ad hem i 1 1 2 9 ay (oarena| 9-P tea a ° 36, <1 gl (vena ede —2|<2=9-2< VF-2<290 . pin |e pPigplst a lvi-alc2 22s inet ne eed 9 0¢x< 16; when x =0 we have $ (-1)", e divergent series; when x = 16 we have © (1), a divergent ay se er ses the interval of convergence O-< x < 165 the sein $& ( isa convergent geometeie series when — prec 0 cre sthemie & (Act sent geome x < 16 and its sum is 1s 0 Jim, ) foar= oe Let eQet tee (i berragere 5 488.) nicest C= fron ax= [(eeP Bee Oh. da 5 S04 C20 > Insc xia Sate ee vast at Be (b) vec? x Ie AE os converges () see? a eee) sox de = [(14 5580404 Jae J I( r ar ) = 0 C=0 4 Insc x+tan x} converges when Ec xcTTA Chapter & Infinite Series éix® 27737 Mee) (patty PEO IR, earner (0) see x tan x = SEC. | x when —Fexe$ co wesvon = (o492 Ms Jee RAE ARE) oat (fede+ (Bede g _ +(abrbe d+ aye ET WR Pole) = 4, P(x) = F-}x— 2), Pols) = f- He D4 e-9, Pao) = b-2 x2) +} 2)? ea 2° Hex) = (+297, £0) = x + 2), fg) = Da + VF, x) = —6(2 +2); 0) = 2} = 4,1) =-@y? aah, £0) = 2(2)-9 =, (0) = -8(2)"4 = ~ $F Pole) =f, Pie) =$- 4, PaO) = 4-94, Py) =b-F4 3) = sin x, £64) = €08 x, Px) = ~ sim x, Hx) = —c08 x5 (FP rao pe Me deal Brat fay = YR =F, 0) = (BJM, #1) = (—P oe, 9 = (Be) = VE =, 44) =(B) 0? =H er = (4)? = B08) = (J)? = Be = Pol) =2, Pod =2 44-9, Paix) = 244 (x —4) — glx — 49%, Pole) = 2-4 4 (x4) Ay x4)" 4 phy 4)? fa) = 44,69 = (Peer Ua) = (—f) e497, 0) = (Boa +979; 0) = (497? =, 40) = (3) ay 77 = b, e100) =(— BY ay? = yy, 00) = (Bay *? = By 3 Pole) = 2, Pylx) = 2+ dx, Palo) = 24 hx ~ dye, Pg) = 24x Px + gly?TI6 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 1A, (x) = (14x)? mm f(x) = (14x), x) = AL), M(x) = 3D 4x. MG), = 1, (0) = 2, (0) = 33, ..., #0) = (yet E cor Econ = 12. (x) = (1= x)? = 0) = 9)", Gx) = 20-2), £@) = BHO —a)~4 >... le) 1(1 = x), £0) = 1, £(0) =1, £70) =2, £40) = 31, 0) Lyslisttite = £ xt ecaeyntt ge (cayman gs 18. (arly eh (20 + 1)f 3 Se cut ge CUPP ant Mesines 32 Gasie 282" 2, maa ks FP 15. Tcoe(—x) = T eos x27 CUR tt tat THE. ince the cosine isan even fasetion ax (Cn) ot = CONF bean a= = (UPC) 5 sate inlet Bah a dy Oy “ee ese v7. x Belen )e(ienn gegen Jere atte. ~ 2 eat i. = =} Ba 19, fl) = x4 2x9 — Sx 4d > ffx} = 4x? — Ox? — 5, (a) = WON? ~ 1B, (x) = Doe 12, x) = 24 = Ax) = 0 ifn > 5; (0) = 4, M0) = 5, £1(0) = 0, £0) = —12, HNO) = 24, 0) = Oita Dd tina t4 xt tx) 5x 4 itsell a20 a 2. 23, 24 26. 2 28 Section 8.9 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 777 f(x) = O04 1? 3 ffx) = 26+ Uk fO0 = 2 = Hox = 0 if n 23; (0) =1, (0) =2, #0) =2, A”(0) = ot P23 ata 14 txt Pata lg estat f(x) = 38 — 2x $4 P(x) = 9x2 — 2, Ex) = Bx, P(x) = 6 > EMix) = 0 fn D4; £2) = 8, £12) = 10, £42) = 12,10) = 6, (2) = Of dA = xP — 2x44 = 84 10(K~ 2) 4 P(e -P + F lx ay? = 8+ 10fx = 2) + 6(x 2)? + (x-2)? ffx) = 2x94 x? 43x —B => E(x) = Gx? + x $3, £M a) = 12x $2, x) = 12 > OR) = ie > 4; FQ) = 0) = 4, (1) = 12, #2) =O fa 2d > PP 4 8 = 2 1Ce~ 1) + Bx 1) RG 1) = 2-411 —1) +701) 20— 1) flax) Spx 1 0) = 40 2, PR) = 1+ 2 MGR) = 2a Hay = 24, 1109 = OE > 5; 2) = 21 2) = 96 2) 88-2) = 48 €(-2) = 24, #%-2) <0 it >5 a xtex? 4) 2 = 36( 4 2) + fa + 29? = Boe +28 + BE xt 2 = 21 — 36( +2) + 2B + DIF Be +284 OBIE Foo) = 3x5 at a pF 2 f(a) = Lt — a + Be? 2x, fe) = BON? — 128? + 12 +2, 2% x} = 18022 = 24 + 12, #1) 160, #°%x) = 0 if n> 6: f(-1) = 7, F(-1) = 23, (=) = 82, (= 384, f)(—1) = 360, (1) <0 ifn >6 ob ast ye ba? Be 74 20041) Bera +A ye Moc V4 Bay? = T+ 23+ 1) —ANGx + 1)? + 36(K + 19 ~ 166 + 1) + 3G + 1)* Ax) = x7? = Fx) = — 2K, ffx) = BEA, Ex) = at 8 > A(R) = (1) eI, fa) = 1, 1) = 2, 70) = 38," = 48, Y= Petes A Ox = 1) + 3(e~ 1)? = a(x 1) + -£ (Pn $e - 4, £49) = 20-9), a) = SNL ts) ot f) =A 2G) =m xtxttxttce Ent 0} =0, #0) =1, £710) y 1 0) = 8 > Kx) SE mm Px) ex) = > EMG) =e (2) =, Aa) = ete 2 Ble Bie E Snap fe) = 2 29 He) = Im 2, f(x) Mn YP, "Gx) = Dn 2) oe KV) = 28m 2) (2) = 2, PCL) = 2 In 41) = 2¢hn 29%, (1) = 200m 253, ..., (DY = Bln 2 in? 238 we in Ae—3" MoD yp OE sy Mingo ty SM S24 Rin x=) + x =T78 Chapter § Infinite Series oc ttet = SSO apt and £3) = 0% we have A for alln=0,1, 2 3)... femal? =a)? (xa)! (x-ay? oa aa toa fiteontgete Jace 30. f(x) = oF = Ma) = @ for atl nae #20) =e for an =0,1,2,- = 1)? e-)? fea? eo tee) + HIF 4 SOI efi se-+ F a. fx) = ha) + Para) +E xa De ah 23 f(a) Ma Wey = Fal 4am a) aie alo A) = tala ttajianay+ SG Qa aue a .. ay 2 #9 =H) Maa) PD eat, 3 Mla) = Ma) +0, Pa) = 4a) +0)... Ha} = Ma} +0 BB, Ea) = fx) — by — byl — a) — byl =a}? by Gea)? byl —a)P = 0 = Bia} = f(a} ~bp > by = fla; from condition (b), fim S2= Ha) — bila =a) ~ bol — a)? ~ bylx—a)® bale a}? _ cay (x=a) ~ vey PR) = Bhybe a) = Bogle ma)? nb a? = fin 22 a Baa ama g ha) > fn Fadel ypsex=a)"? _ 9 £4) —Btby alan Bf" _ =, Fa eae a bh = fa) thereon, f(a) = a) + aye 0) Daa? 4. Oa ern) 83. f{x) = In (cos x) = F(x) = —tan x and 1%(x) = —see? x; (0) = 0, (0) = 0, (0) = Lx) =O and x) = 34. fh) = eD* = Pe) = (cos x)eh™* and M(x) = (ain x}er™* + (cos x)%eK% 10) = 1, £(0) = 1, Pyete1p)a1 xan Qo) =e = aft 5/2 ayer 3x21 227, 0) =, 38. fy =(1-28 and €"@) = (1-3? £(0) = 0, 1"(0} = 2 + Lx) =1 and Q@) = 1 = = f(x) =x(t-xSceton 8.10 Convergence af Taylor Series Error Fstimmates 779 86. te) =caah x fa) Hh cand Fe) — coh 0) = 1,10) =0, 10) = = Ha) =1 ms QU) = 1 HE 87. f{xe) sain x P(x) = cos x and f(x) = — sin x; £(0) = 0, (0) = 1, (0) = 0 => Lix) = x and Q(x) =x. 38, M(x) = tan x= M(x) = sec? x and £"(x) = 2 see? tan x5 0) = 0, (0) = 1,” = 0 = L(x) = x and Qi) = x 8.10 CONVERGENCE OF TAYLOR SERIES; ERROR. ESTIMATES beaten cB Bo emertcsot (ox? ae? cee Be EE 2 ee 2 Malexthen F Pa ears ae cue _ypan So singe Beg = ERP sinc ay eafe-ny— ee Batya > Gas 2 ge unt ae me GE) (8) (BY E+8-. gw (aye ttyingt “2 PRT sosin Fae AE AG eh eye 8 a aE Pad ae Cue bcos © GE cos yew § CURSE 8 z cn((sy’)" 5 Ge (2n) = 2, Pent sates cone eit? Xorg arate780 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 9. corx= F Bott 8) we Gay recite = Ear a PT sine * Sm Tans 3 on _ ae nten_ (einen corns J Supe reornns Sane = 2 (re? (cys? ge gto gat 12 cox SO = 28 costs!) er = Soar ea et a conten fosmgas = fa} § (URES (oy _ et (2x)? ot (oxy wy Cayrexy* “l-gart gar ety aE ast in)! 1 sin? = (Spe) = J Peon ac = pag (1 GRP Nt a) Gata a ws cytes *(¢e) {-ayeN2x)" Rg conan ag 22 ist 28 a ™ = os (x)= = DME a Pa DT 4 Pat AE 16 x tn(142x) Rowe aad 1 Eostiseiess od ne =F espe byte tats. Te 8 G2 BU) Ae = & +2ne ye Xe s2texeiat..= & a@—oe? PO tosses.Section 8.10 Convergence of Taylor Series; Error Estimates 781 19 By the Aerating Series Estimation Theorem, the erzor is less vhan 2 =p yx « (51)(5 x 10-4) ‘ xP < 600% 1074 => px) < VOX IO w 0.56968, 20, .0026, where c is between — Band ar<05, thea the Lervor}=| Ryle} |= [955 0nd x sne the et termi he srs i pst the approximation 1X tn sal by the Aerating Series Estimation Theorern Fs 1.67 x 1029, where «is gat lite =) 21, Hsin x =x and ixt< 107%, then the terror! =|Ra(s}| 2 between 0 and x. ‘The Alternating Series Estimation Theoresn says su hhas the same sign a5 ~% x m+1> 10090 >49 if 1 is the sum of the 29, (a) sin gece oe series representing SB, then by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, Ls, = ( sin 5 f(a) throughout I => f has a focal minimum at x= a (a) fx) = @-971 > f(x) = x)? Ge) = 2 — x) > 0g = 61 x 2 (x) = 24(1 = x) therefore “ witxext ee? incor Beh B | ol<(By =| ata < wy. = 0.900.0995 «0,007 since <24(W)' = the error A o9]_ Moa) oF (0) 4) = (14g 2 C0) = 4 FG) = Mk C1 9 0) = 1, (0) =, and (0) = KO 1) 2 Qo) = 14 ee ED 2 (b) [Rx ]= 1S |e he shblc dys 0 Psa gives am eppronmation to # correct to In decimals784 Chapter @ Infinite Series Arts) = SS ayes, then (x) = FB n(a—1)a= 2} (n= k + Naa and KYO} = kt 45. 1F1() = FF aga", then #%x) = Dla —1)6 fn K+ La,9 {0} = kta, os 9,2! sr ca sounegatve integer. Thectore, te coins fx) ace ential withthe corresponding coefficients in the Maclaurin series of f(x) and the statement follows. 48. Note: f even = ((-x) = ffx) > E(x) = F(x) = f(x) = F(a) = odds fodd = f(—x) = fx) = A(x) = x) = (ox) = Hs) = F evens also, Fodd = f(-0) = f(0) = (0) = 0 = f(0) = 0 (2) IF (x) is even, then any odd-order derivative is odd and equal to O at x= 0. ‘Therefore, ay = 4 =a, =... 0; that is, the Maclaurin series for {contains only even powers. (b) Jf (x) is odd, then any even-order derivative is odd and equal to 0 at x=0. ‘Therefore, 2g = 82 = % that is, the Maclauein series for f contains only odd powers. 47. (a) Suppose f{x) a a continuous periodic Function with period p. Let xg be an arbitcary real number. Then f assumes a minimum m, and a maximum my in the interval fx.x9+ p)t ie.. my | (e)| SM for all x, (b) Te ante erm ate mh over Tappa ena by cs x about x= is 2a) and so forth. That is, for all real numbers sean In both cases, as x | increases the absolute value of these dominate terms tends to 00, causing the graph of P,(x] to move away from eos x. 1 y a Xoton"tx ” x osl ol) om(8) Jat an (a) (©) oP = cos(—F) +i sin(-$)=0+i(-1) = -1Section 8.10 Convergence of Taylor Series; Error Estimates 785 cos 943 sin 8p 9 = IM = cog) +i sin(P) = co8 Bi sin ce) cos D+ sin G4 c00 @—1sin @=2 cos 9 = cos 6 = 2S, “8 = cos @-+i sin @~ (coe Oi sin 8) = 25 sin O =p sin @ = 298 su Bathe selena ON ad i Fa Jas) sau sin @ ; 82, ad MF) = cos (9) 44 sin (~0) = coe @ i sin @ = (08 +4 sin + cos 6—i sin 0 cos #2 cos 9 = HE cosh it = (c08 8-43 sin &) ~{c0s Bi cin 8) = 2i inh i ts edoral xtixt sate Jege = bets (bbe (da) 4(dy de Be ext ege dpb: Facit a ellie = econ 2+ sin x} =e con +(e sin) => & sn i theses of the Souginany part are x)? (xia)? (et elt ofl which we ealutate nets" $CAN cc ny + BOGIAT | SAD Get) mrs ese pla ft 28) 4A) Mato) -Bie)4.. the imaginary part tee ore ig a 1 30 Bx age - ge -Bl +. product calculation Lye. Gye’ +. im agreement with our 54, GL (elo4)) = fe (cos bx +i sin bx) ]= ne (cos bx +i sin bx) +e(—b sin bx + bi cos bx) = ae™(cos bx +i sin bx) + bie®*(cos bx +i sin bx) = ae! HP® + ibel@tibls — (a 4 bel HO 55. (a) ete" (cos 0, +i sin 6,)(c0s +i sin 8) = = c0s(0 +65) +i sin(8y +0, 148) 05 8 + isin 9 (b} e8 = cos(—€) +i sin(—8) = cos 0~i sin # = (ens 6~i sin «(SO 9b sat) arna-786 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 56. Je*S(c0s bx +i sin bx)-+C, +iC ati, 46,2105 =(4 = = pA to con be aan bi com +B sn be) + 0, 5, = gE Sprlla cos bet sin ‘bx) + (a sin bx ~b cos bx)i] +C, +10, __ e2%(@ cos bx +b sin bx) iM sin be boos bx) Fp tt a iC: fo 00 = tebe (c05 bc ane) = econ ba sn be, a that given thine Wee gi . acon b+ b sin bs) [et sen patel 10 wens {cs eden OAD IRD os a bx—b coe be) 2 sin be dx = SUE Ht BRE 60s bs) and [sin bd ro 40 57-62, Example CAS commands: fe x-> (1428/25 plot 1.2); mp:=proc| convert(series(f(x),x=0.n),polynom) en¢: = mp(2}; p2:= mp(3); p3:=mp{4}; f(z) 28{041)))) end: ttle = Bd Derivative); (ean) > Mace (a HCH) 1(.2)5 plot(e(x,2}.x=0.2, title = Maximum Remainder Term Using P2); plot({f(x),mp(3)}, x = —1..2, title = ‘Funetion and Taylor Polynomial P2'); plot (x) ~anp(@), x=—1-2, ttle = “Maximum Error Function ‘y Rix (x,2un) -> der(n)ox'(o+1)/(a+)) Roa vith(plots): plow84(RCea), x=—1.2, 220.2); Mathematica +) Series thd, (01) J // Normal ] = Sevied te), (02) | 77 Normal = Sesies{ fx}, {x.0.3} } // Normal pax fe) Plot{ fle, fab) | mi = fa} Pe Plot{ fq, {cab} ] m2 = 1"Section 8.11 Applications of Power Series 787 Px eg fo) J ret = x2/2 Phot{ efx), Gx.a,b} | 2 [x] = m2 23/3! Plot{ +2[x], (x.0.b) | Ble] = "ms 4/4! Phot] Biel, tx.a,b} | Note: In estimating Rn fron these graphs, consider only the portions where c is between 0 and x. (Mathematica has no simpte vay to plot only that, portion. } PlotBD[ Me] 2/24, (mab), {omb), PlotRaage-> All ] Plot3D[ fq] 3/34, {s.a,b], {emb], PlotRange-> All | PlocaD[_ Fc} x'4/4l, a,b}, feb}, PlotRange -> All } Plot] {Aixhplixjp20x)p3[s}}, tsa} | 1-22 (2)—2)(-3 x8 OD WEI page a ag 2 (bx = tages ADF DAI tenn Lacon" OCD co? aeagy Carcnna(yy 2) a. oxy Mer hoay+ Je a 4. (1-23)? = 143 (2x) +S -ay-ayf-2% (-2y-aye—ay 2° HT IAT poate 6. (1-3) =1-2(-3)+ coger Mager eRe ADM peg yt weer Menge DGD CDCICDE page ae.788 Chapter € Infinite Series 2 (as) vo. 1-3)" (43)? 4 AOE aneayeret “a 1. (Lay = 14 + Stet Gt bat yet 12. (14x?) = 143+ eye? HOON ys gry setnt (ayant (320-2838 7H 2 2? _ xt 4. (1-3) (Or, onsven( rena) want fat fete ket 15, Assume the solution has the forma y= ag-+aye-hay? sh chag ya aga bee 13. (1=2x)" = 149(-28) + 6x4 10K Hag ts bay 2 Mit y (ay $09) + (ag tape (Bag beng? (may ha, OE 2a when x= 0 we have Sapte 0, 3a +2; =0 and in general na, +a, =O. Since y y= 1. Therefore a; = Led wnt bed sys 26. Asiume the solution has the form y= ag +ayx age? +... tag Xt bag boa wy oe ay tax tet nag bee 22 Be 2y = (0, 20g) + Pag —2ay)s + (Bay — 2ag)s? + (omy tea o = aq = 0, 2g — 2a; =0, Say —2ay = 0 and in general na, — 2a,_, ince y = 1 when x= 0 we have 2) 8 Ju =3O= FZ o= Far 4@) spe )anea 8 sy 1 Det Hh hz Therefore ay = 2ay = 2(1) = 2, y= Bowes = (8) 25 214 (0 +P Pa. cee Eo * 17, Assume the solution has the form y= ag Fax ba? te. tay ph baa + op Bea Paget tna e8 19, 20, Section 8.11 Applications of Power Series 789 = (aya) + (209 = 2 (Bag — age? +o CO, Oy gO =0, Saya, =D and in general nay ~a,_, =0. Since y = 0 when x =0 we have ay og = ay ay = 1, ay — Ble ay =0. Therefore ay = 1, a3 my eoe mapa gle = (Lats eglget tgoboat stds) ‘Assume the solution has the form y= ay Fajx-bays? bo. bay pk tag te es (ay +) + ag ta) (Bg Ha)? ot (My aga) when x= 0 we have a(tassfst—slyee 4 oer e..) Assume the solution has the form ¥ = ay bax bags? 4... hag apa? baa. a Boat tape tng tt. ager ob ay 3p = 0, 2a, may = 1, Bag — ay =O and in general May — Ayan ay =0. Therefore a, = 0, ay = =}iq=%= 1g) + (Bay — ay) + (Bag ~ age? +b (My — ay gE. |. Since y = 0 when x = 0 we have sys04erhstey a (14th tglys tgs ‘Assume the solution has the form y = ap +ayx bag’? ban yt ag" a Shey atop rad Hie te ly Sb Ha Hom tg sey Lelasen wn tm =o andi pry ae 1. Therefore ay = 1, 2g = 2524 =4, oy = Gt = gh, |. Since790 Chapter 8 Infinite Series BL ya xy = ay + (Bay ag) + (Bing ay) + ...F (Oy a, ga? +... = ay = 0, 2g — ag = 0, Beg — Since y =I when x =0, we have ay = 1. Tharefore ay = $= J, fay —a, = 0 and in generat na, ~a, 2 L 2 an = Teaco ANd Manat & Pal 2, at ire 22. y= xPy = ay + Dag + (Bay — ag)? + dng — Oy) et (By — ays) 8 + Bay ay =0, dag ay Os 4-02, and in general na, —a,_5=0. Since 1 when x = 0, we have a O.ag 2 Pe gbgy ns tag = gH Aine =O tnd gn =O 23. (1 = x)y"—y = (a, — ag) + (Zag ay ~a;)x+ (Bag ~ Day — ag)x? + (day — Bag —ag)x? +... (may ~ (9 — agp ayaa + }, Zag — 2a, = 0, Bag ~ Say general (na,,—na,_;) =0. Sinee y 4, we have a =2. Therefore 8 = 2a * 2 and in when Saya de ddan? + 24, (14 xt) y! + any = oy + (28g + age + (Bag +20) +a? + ag Pag Dag) +t ay, may ga = 0 4, = 0, 2ay +205 = 0, Say + 30 0. Since y = 3 wher 220, wehave ag=3, Therefore ap = —3. a5 = 0 a sey a3-e43e—..= Saye ty tape age? eo tage 4 9! = Dag + 32age ++ ofa Nags? oy (2g ag) + (9-2ag— ay e+ (Uo Sag—aghe? tb fala Ny — ay ge? +. = 0 Day 3-2ay— a, = 0, 4-3a,—a, =O and in general a(n—i)a,— ay 9 we have ay =O and a = 1. Therefore a ay =O sy =etdeadate = F Ge =O y axe heedate= £ ag = and y=0 when x= 05 = ann = Gee Tan 2B. y ag tae tat tect ae ec y= lag bB Page totale Mage Pt yey (2a tag) + (8-Day tay)nt (4 Bag tage? oo (ole Nay tag gh? +. 6 3-2ay ba = 0, 4-Baq +a; =O and in general n(n Ha, +aq_2 0 Sinee y/ = 0 and y = 1 when x= 0 2a,Section 8.11 Applications of Power Series 791 Fag ax tay to tah ey a Bay tS eage t. tln= Nato yy = (ag +5) + (8-2aq tay) + (A-Bag tage? + (mn Dag + Ayaan? + 8-Bag + ay = 1, A-Bay +9 = 0 and in general n(n 1}, +99,.9=9. Since y! = 1 and =x Paz tay =O, = when x=0, we have ay <2 and a) 1s Thelone og =—1, 2p =0, a9 =qhgs a6 Os ae = heute coc. g ® (abt nua Oa eter esten ga opanee & Cute BB ys tq t myx tage? to. tagx Hd ys Dey FB Pan to. tml Mag? bo. ey = (Pag — ag) + (8+ Pag — ay) + (1 Bay 0g)? +. +f — Way Oy gh P+. 5 Pay —ay =O, 1, 4 Bay 1 when O and in general n(a 1a, — ay; =0. Since y= 2 and “Land ay =2 Therefore ay Hocbacriteanrts Be costae -3 ey dd axint and tings = GETTY Hp ge — ety Fahy SB 20, y Say ape tage? to. tay ti aby" = Bey $B Dage te. tle Nao yay (2ag ~ a) + (9-24 ~ a3) ~2) + (4 Bay ag) 2)? 4.04 nl Daya, a) = 2)? + 0, 3-293 —a, = 0, 4-3ay —ag = 0 and in general n(n—1)a, ay. = 0. Since y! 3 ay 2 and yy = 0; and Y=0 when x=2, we have ay = 0 and ay = =2. ‘Therefore ay = 8 85 = 73.84 = 0, ay tereort < tay 0,000004960 FG) = | (8-$+ Slerrort< ale 2 terror < pela = 4.00002 wR yt ag os lerori< (a) FQ) = 5) S lerrori¢ SP error ® so Fx)ax- Bet b) | igh 00097 so F(x} g5-5 tim (245424. aa latgtart Beat A((rrxf4ge.) ) 1 sag = 0.00064 Section 8.L1 Applications of Power Series 793 wo tees gle aon eo we viata mst 0005294 Chapter 8 Infinite Series afore al(rcegeteate..)-(eek gg Jea(aateaeeaes) Hts BeBe ty eto ug (ee gD.) a2 1 e 1 e et =-1,_t i tn a(1-oot $a F(a Jfed ei ihre tn = tig (A+ 8-H ood - 1 1 +6 chy)=0(ghaghap ta > in, (+n) =i (agg tage woe) (2-88) (Fe) wee (ee) G8) = lim 4Section 8.11 Applications of Power Series 795 (x= 2449) x2 tn A * on 2 a, eae) MS m= 2) +a x42 ings) int x) =( (ee te bos = terrort phir

1008 = 5005 = the int tem nt sd she Bt we mst a 300 terns Syst yey tment SEER SE a and i, 60, tan =1 we have ‘which isa convergent series; when Sar iad = tan™? x converges for x]< 15 when eye weve GE ih is coment ss = te set epoeating tsa dng fr 6 and when the series representing 48 tan has an ‘error of magnitude less than 10-*, then the series representing the sum 4 tan-?() +29 tan™>(¢h)—20 tn-(ghp) alo hasan eror of magni lee han 10°, tus am tetrort =F < hy n> 3 ing» aleuator = 3 terns 62 tnfare x) = [neat | (eas. areal 3 i 63, (9) (128 ae a Eo ewe aE A 1-8-8--(2n—1)(2n4 1)? 2-4-6. an M8. [Te nea + Dea Toga +1x]< 1 > the radius of convergence is 1 (2n +120 +1} fan + B\20+3}|<" 1, whieh is the nth term of @ convergent p-series 20, ‘The given series does not converge absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since Fy > sor which is 1 ing the mth term of a divergent series. Since f(x) Stix) = <0= fw) is - 1 i GF DF ESD eceaing Fagg <8 a0 Jn, oy = lm, GrLyy=8s he sven series convenges cowitionaly by the Alternating Series Test, Tareas [ alpen ag bart 30, = in, (hp bg) = pg = eatin ‘converges absolutely by the Integral Test the nth term of a convergent p-series 31. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since MB < 35 = 3 32. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test for e*” > => In(e™) > la m => n® > Ip n =p In n® > In{In n) Inn nda ay Ge) es 38. Jim, “ay [ig, EE, = Vil=1 = convergen absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test => nian >In(inn) cP-P. > J, the at tem ofthe divergent harmonic seria CJ 3x(2-x9) (x41) series converges by the Allemating Series Test. ‘The series dovs not converge absolutely: By the Limit connie i, Gt) “oO 36. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test sinee i, [ah BAL Since f(x) = & =f@)= 2 3 2a Yaa im jt Persia [tee 1EI.9.< f, which holds forall x (@) the radins is 00; the series converges forall x (h) the series converges absolutely for all x {¢} these are no values for which the series converges conditionally a ea <1 spistgligg, fo by <1 xi bs when x $ AP nich converges by the Alternating Series Test; when x= i we have S Sgr 8 divrnen va 2 prseries 1 we have (a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is “1 ix Jim, «a a (=>) Six! lim, {. Since y=0 when x =0 we have a =0. Therefore a 1 oc, -D8= Hl Spada = gta lye a P= na ne . “apy et =p aS Cy a0tx—bt gly. OP ay eafiexgde?—a! oe __& (cure . 1h pea glen teftl= -£5 +ist 78. Assume the solution has the form y= ag -+ ax bay? ba, gb ae 2 Mente roti! ee dey (a= 80) + (2g — ay (Bay ~ ag)? At (iy — yey EMT 4 BX 5H my Aq =O, Baya, =3, ng ay = 0 and in general na, O for n> 2. Since =1 when x= 0 we have ap = =1. Therefore 74. Assume the solution has the form y = a9 +a)x-+agx?+..0+a, yx) faye Peart tae Bay = (81 +8) + (20; 4a + Bay tage? +o. (way bay de x ay bay = Oy Zap ba, =], Say +a, =O and in general na, +a,_;=0 for n> 2. Since y =0 when x = 0 we have aj =0. ‘Therefore L ap =O) ag == hay sysd-Oeebto gids ee Ltx 2 § UM eet cu"15. 16. 7. 73. 7. Chapter & Practice Exercises 807 Assume the solution has the form y = ay + ax ax? +. tay "lta +. = Beat iagttrapt tsa Bay = (1 — 8p) + (2p — ay (Bing — a? ot (D8, HO + ES By hy =O, Bay — ay = 1, Say —az = 0 and in general na,— a, = 0 for 0>2 Sincey = 1 when x =O we have ap = 1. Therefore 11a = Hee ita _2 a2 2 8 2 ale pap aE Ay = FATT syotent (Pts Byte bet 4 dee. =itexebisghta torte. adit. Jrtnza2 £ x wee tetoxet ‘Assume the solution has the form y = ay hayxtayx?-+ tay xt baat te 2 Baa traget ngs May = (a — 9) + (2p — a) e+ (Bg — age? 4 (ny — ay RES a ay ag ag ay = 0 and in general na, — apy 2g for n> 2. Since y =2 when x=0 we have ay =2. Therefore coe x WEEE ain x Oy bx +e ince Oi 8) The approximation sin x a 22 ie better than (0) The ap ed yosing—2 sin x x, 60. (a) E (sin sin log) =(sin J sin f)4(an Jain L)2(sn fain 2)... (ain sn eley) 20-9 $ (2% sin feonvergs by the Alternating Sein Test & E car sin fst) sin} 100 2 => sin gly cain fy and (b) terror) <|sin 45] 0.02361 and the sum is an underestimste because the remainder is positive 90. (a) & (can tan gL) FE (uP tan b (ove Exercise 89); f(x) = tan Las (x) tan hy cian and Ji, tn $0 $5 (1) tan b converges bythe Alternating Seis Test (0) revi < tan f-02362 and the sum san undesestimate because the seainde i postive820. Chapter 8 Infinite Series 2-5-8e(Sm— I) +2)x" 4-6 Caa)(Gn 2) the rd of conergee ie 2 3:5-T(2n4 1)Qn+9)e-Y 4-9-14-{5n~1) te) 2 the radios of convergence is§ 92. Jim, os. a ws {in(+f)+ ina =[ln 9—Mm 241m 1— In 2}+[ln 4 In +t In 3]-+fin S— In A+ln $n 4)-+ (In 6 ~In 5 +40 4—In 5] est [ln(a 41) In n + In{n—1)—In n]=tin 1m 23+[In(n + i)~Inn] after cancellation 2B, m(1 pf) (st)= & n(n (2) = fie te to 2) ] the sum, ~)+G-8) +b +--+ 8) = Lf Sade 5-1) - 20m +1) - 2 wo) et 1-4 +7-+(3n = 243 + LxP43 (3m)! ‘30+ 1) a Gece 2 li a 85) a, f Cem CEST CES] x°]-0.< 1 => the radius of convergence is 07 wre Es 14-7480 2) ay dy LAT H8R=2) ape (3a) cack j-1 1:4-7--(3n 5) an: ak Saag a § “ce EET) ato spaslandb=0 96. @) y= ra SRF) tata) + at. converges absolutely for Ix1< & (ys whien () ear & Cyne = & (17? which diverges na =Chapter 8 Practice Exercises 811 97. Yes, the series $ a,b, converges as we now show. Since SS a, converges it follows that a, — 0 => a, <1 for n> some index N= ab, N= S ayby converge the Diet Compan Tet with s 8. No, the series x anbq might diverge (as it would if a, and b,, both equaled a) or it might converge (as it would ig and by both equaled J) 98. yan t0) = ie Feet ap) © i (Sag 2) Enyuence must either converge or diverge dim, (ny) —% = both the series and (Fe, To, Wome hy he Lint Compson Te sie fi, STE t= 7. diverges by the nth-Tetm Test since if a, — L as a — 00, then b= pty = 1? 4L=1 #0 8. Spit the given ein nto $8 salyyand SE 2B she it sbsres is convergent gore sre nd the x mt second converges by the Root Tests fing, 9/28. 4aChapter 8 Additional Exercises—Theory, Examples, Applications 813 10. fx) =sin x with a= 2r = f(r) = 0, (25) = 1, f°2x) = 0, P(x) = -1, Man) = 0, 42x) = 1 f8)a5) = Cen) = ts sa = = 2a) SEM Ro Pale Coa 2g ML Pa ltxe ++... with acd 12, f(x) = In x with a= 1 {G) = 0, 00) = 4, 20) = 1, (1) =2, MQ) = inxeQ-y- Og 4 yy 13, 1. fo) etre withas t= =F, eb y= pe fgd tout fo 1. since 0 [Be eT1S! Six] [2H Uj ix 0, bel < [2x1] x MeL > iff x <0, ix1< 2x42 (rename (ns yertiy" Ga aert cr re Se C Pe aod o> Hila c —h peice bl] ee Be 1 xe —1, Therefore, the series converges absolutely for x <—1 and x > ~3 19. (a} Bach Any, fils into the corresponding uppér triangslar region, whose vertices are: (ef(a) = (a4), (n+1,s(244)) and (a,f{n)) along the line whose slope is fn +2) —f(u+ 1). 40) 12) _ fy -902) ~ All the Ag’ fit int the at upper ielangular rego whose aren is oe fac . pper angular reg Os Ba,B14 Chapter § Infinite Series wa ) FAL - J f(x) de, then et 410) 2 i fa MRE aN fH Tee Pegs | noe +E [mes { = A140) c= B cay SDE] a ax LD, tom eh pat (a). The voauance { * a} is bounded above and increasing, so it converges and the limit in & ‘question must exist. From pe (b) we have mo | ffx) ax < qr) RD, Ha 1) -- uy + The sequence wa |S 0-] mo) lo0-P { & m-) en a sa bounded and inseing, 20 converge and he Hit in question ge] 20, The number of triangles removed at stage n is 3°}; the side length at stage n is v3 2 av stage nis (gh) : @ Mars ME (ah) st the area of a triangle (b) @ geometeic sevies with sum fc} No; for instance,the three vertices of the otiginal triangle are not. removed. However the total area removed is V/ib? which equals the area of the original triangle. “Thus the vet of points not removed has area 0. 21 1) rk esa pts opin nh a se cnah & 1 =hsin() + cost) (sean) oo (=) = -1 > im, s =e" = 0.3678794412; similarly, (b) Yes, the limit depends on the value of b = tim Ban =coeB) on om cof) =O -=a > Jim, log s =Chapter 8 Additional Exercises—Theory, Examples, Applications 815 wd (C2) ] , = pte ian nga FT) BS) Sav 2 din, |< = si, t and [top| =p = 8 5 > & converges by Raabe's Test wast Cpe 2. (@) £ aah akca, E % tal => $22 converges by the Direct Comparison Test (2) (b) converges by the Limit Comparison ests lim, Sgn t= 1eince © a, converges an dig, past since Sa, converges ane816 Chapter 8 Infinite Series 30. 1F0.<.ay <1 then Jin(1—ay)|=~Ia(1—ay) = ay + B+ B+..caytabtalt.. 4 postive term of a convergent series, by the Limit Comparison ‘Test, and Exercise 29b ax tc g SP where jx Bede -ay t= $ ax and when x= 3 we have a. aay tang E at when cic te ge Gla = Ee and when x=} we k a=142()+a(py +4(hy era(h y+ 2 Same mote 2 os Soto BR ax) HL =xP of ment oe ose § Bas Boe aatectce sect 2.769202, using a CAS or calculator (B68 33. The sequence {x,) converges to J from below 80 ¢y = J. —Xq > 0 for each n, By the Alternating Series Entimation Theorem egy % dg) wit eroei< deg). and nnce the comainder is negative this i an overestimate = O< ep; < He)” 34. Ves, the series Fla (1+) converges by the Direst Comparison Tests 1.4.24 tia SE. Sltayce sini ta,) ® 52° < 9.0001 Bed(ahy)=stoaese: n> Bo 55 (BL) > hs ol che -fecin(l) = fh> mld ieee 2 n>693 30 ReMO=R4Cy = Cy = eM eti=to=fin( Gt) ©) = ychp ih = 20 hee (©) Give an initial dose that produces concentration of? mg/m flowed every ty = gh In (25) 6.21 rs by a dose that rises the concentration by 1.8 mg/ml (2) = platn( 24, ) = 5 (28 m6 hrs 49. The convergence ot & jamie hat ig, ay] = Let N> Oe sch that ag c= =a ay || <2)afor all n> N. Now in(1 +ay)|= [ay 34S 3+ Linge | Bl qth cajagh, thertore $ tn(L tay) converges by the Diet & <18al# a + /asL Haa[t + Comparison Test since $y) converges 1 converges i livergea otherwise by the Integtal Test: when p = 1 we have 0. & aeRRT ges if p > L and diverges otherwise by the Integeal Test: Pp r 4 5 me =eot ax 8, | steaturagy = ag lo itn 7 ]8 = 01 whem pe hae ti | xinxinde =P Coe BY yy wo if pel (alo yy? I dig, [Tp818 Chapter 8 Infinite Series (fans tan In FT 1 1) tm th tan -Dtete(ioma tarts 2 gy eh (0) fon} tarps EGP converses Leletd (©) fe} = {2-1 dy lyse} othe series 1-f-p+teb—2 2s... converges 211 42, fa) (=the 85 AL Et) = Tate Petes att capes Tet “Tat STU s Lat (te | qhrat= | [ioe oC SUPE ac fn st a a out Coen OF ats init) aT $ xt Hayy tt ; eign a Be Oy ayy tere Rags = | EDIE oy s i ten 69 > 0am teste | htop tans | Fs oa Ene 7 le @) Dex p= fp toons io (0), arsine y= ~f 32S at om VATE = Vil = foc are (+ V8.0); vertees are (2,0); aoymptoces are y= $x 6. aot cx (Ind = Vo foci are (0, 2 V8); vertices ae (0, 43) 1 Mpyha lo c= VFeT =I 5 foci are (41,0); vertices are (2: V0) 8 asta Lop c= TFT = Vi = foci are (0, 4 V5); vertices are (0, £2); asymptotes are y = 42x 2 2 9 ales x=B ots opsh 10, x 26y sy =% = dp=6 ap foci (2.0), rcs x = 9 focus (0.3), dine tay = —3820 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 1. xt fy sy =p dp=83 p=% focus is (0,—2), directrix is y = 2 Bn ysatoy 1 tose). sini iny =~Section 9.1 Conie Sections and Quadratic Equations 821 2 7 JW =3 sex Viab = Vibl7=s 2 4 95y2 = vay 2 iy? = z 17. 16x? + 25y? = 400 > fr +¥y = 1 16, 1? +1)? = > E+ ars 2 a ats? n6 Bet 22 41m? 90 sea Veo = Vi—822 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 24. 1603? + 255% yy 225 = Kt y= 1 sex Vata bt = YT % = 12 ices: (2,0) a= 2,02 y= b 26. Poeis (0, 44), Vertces: (0, £5) > a=5,e=4— bP = 95-16 9 > VET TI =v mot gt io Ban asymptotes are y = +x. sen Ve pb = feS=5; asymptotes are y = 30, a4a% sea Vane Vik asympiotes are y= ex ae PSSection 9.1 Conic Sections and Quadratic Equations 823 2 . a oata BP ece Vi a yates bites en VF = VE+8 = V10; asymptotes are y = 42x = VOFT = 2 asymptotes are y = t Ix 2 Lacs Ve4e 94, bax? 36)? = 23d = B-Lale= Vara a 38, fy! te = 16 9 = VFB = V0; asymptotes are y = 2% = V36F 54 = 10; asymptotes are y= 4 y 2, ibe 35. Foci: (0, 4 2), Asymptotes: y= tx => at tb? = 2a? > 2 =a? Saslab=loyaxta824 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Pelat Coordinates 89, (a) y? = 8x = 4p=8 > p=? — directrix is focus is (2,0), and vertex is (0,0); therefore the new directrix is x = —1, the new foeus is (3,~2), and the 7 © FO-2) 2) new vertex is (2,—2) 40, (a) x2 = dy > Ap = 4 => p= Lm dineetsix is y = 1, focus is (0,~1), and vertex is (0,0); therefore the new directrix is y= 4, the new focus is (—1,2), and the new vertex is (1,3) AL, (a) B44 = contr in (0,0), vttces are (1,0) and (4,0); = Vat bP = V7 = foci axe (V7,0) and (7,0); therefore the new center is (4,3), the new vertices are (0,3) and (8,3), and the new foci are (44 77,3) 42, (a) M435 = 1 center (0,0), vertices ae (0,5) and (0,-5) VINE = 16 =4 = foci are (0,4) and (0,~4); therefore the new center is (8,2), the new vertices ate (3,3) and (—,~7), and the new foel ace (3,2) and (~3,-6)Section 9.1 Conic Sections and Quadratic Equations 825 48, (a) 3 = 1 = center Io (0,0), vein are (4,0) Set Fy eae dod (4,0), and the anymptotes ae $= 2 on y= EB, c= VIRUS VB 2 5 fol are (-5,0) and (5,0); therefore the new center is (2,0), the new vertices are {(—2,0) and (6,0), the new foci fare (8,0) and (7,0), and the new arymptoves are / yo =e—24 44 (9 BoB a1 ctr (40) seen we : and (0,2), and the asymptotes are > 5 or sem Va VH = JO=8 = fk ave (0,8) and (0,—3); therefore the new center is (0,—2), the new vertices are (0,4) and (0,0), the new foci ‘are (0,1) and (0,~5), and ube new asymptote are v5 ytted 45, y? = dx > dp = 4-3 p= 1 focus is (1,0), directeix is x = —1, and vertex is (0,0); therefore the new and the new directrix is x vertex is (=2,=8), the new focus is (=1,—! 3; the new equation is (tO) = 4x42) = 3, and vertex is (0,0); therefore the new =12{x-4) 46. P= 12x = tp = 12 > p= = focus is (8,0), directrix is vertex is (443), the new focus is (1,8), and the new direct x= 7; the new equation is (y ~ 3) 47. xP =By > 4p = 8 p=2= focus is (0,2), directrix is y = —2, and vertex is (0,0); therefore the new vertex is (1,-7), the new focus is (1,5), and the new directeis i b= 847) 9; the new equation is by“ 4p= 6 - p= > focus in (nf), cess in y ~ and veron i (0,0) dhtfre the sew vertex is (—3,—2), the new focus is (—3, the new equation is (c+3)? = 6 +2) ) andthe nw dnc 40. 437 = 1 = center is (0,0), vertices ate (0,3) and (0,8); ¢= VaF=OE = JOE = YF > foci are (0,3) ana (0,—V3); therefore the new centr is (-2)—1), the new vertices ate (2,2) and (2,4), and the new foc Pent 12 V2) he now eqn a PEE EP ate (—!826 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 50. 4 y? = 1 = center is (0,0), vertices ate (/3,0) and (—V/3,0); ¢ = Var =bi = VISITS 1 = foci are (1,0) and (1,0); therefore the new center is (2,4) the new vertices are (3.4 v/3,4), and the new foci f=? 2 are (2,4) and (4,4); the new equation is ZO 4 (y — 4 = 1 = center is (0,8), vertices are (\/3,0) and {-\/3,0);¢ = Va?—b? = V3—2 = 1 = foci are (-1,0) and (1,0); therefore the new center is (2,3), the new vertices are (2 /9,3), and the new foci (x27 3) er ores a are (1,3) and (8,3); the new equation is a. = 1 > center is (0,0), vertices are (0,5) and (0,8); VOT = VOTE (0,3) and (0, ~3); therefore the new center is (—4,—5), the new vertices are (4,0) and (—4,~10), and the new ag? 45) Oe OF a1 3 = foci are foci are (4,2) and (—4,~8); the new equation is 58. 22 3 1 oy center is (00), vertices are (2,0) and (2,0); ab abi = VTFS = 3 = foci are (3,0) and Vi a {150 he emptor A = Fe = 4 MBE he the ew cn (2) th ew nna {4,2) and (0,2), and the new foci are (5,2) and (—1,2); the new asymptotes are y=2= viG=2), the new ccvton SSP 4 1 = center is (0,0), vertices are (4,0) and (4,0); ¢= Va? +b! = TES = 5 = foci are (~5,0) Yo y = £88; herefore the new center is (5-1), the new veries ate (cts and (8) a the efor at (10-1) and (=the nen amps aey 1 = ED, x + 6)? 1 teen guoon ESE 9 4) and (5,0); the asymptotes are + Sb, yP=x2 21 center is (0,0), vertices ace (01) and (0.-1); = Va EDF = /TFI = VE = foci are (0, & VB)s the asymptotes are y= bx; therefore tbe new center ie (1,2) the new vertices are (1,0) and (71,2), and the new foci are (~1,—1 4/2); the new asymplotes ate y-+1= (+1); the new equation is +i? -@ 4% =1 56. Spx? = 1 a center i (0,0), vertices are (0, /5) and (0,—V5); e= VaF HO = FFT = 2 = foc ae (0,2) and (0,2); the asymptotes are tx ae => y = + /3x; therefore the new center is (1,3), the new vertices are (1,34 /3), and the new foci are (1,5) and (1,1); the new asymptotes are y— wa" 2 VIGe— 1), the new ‘equation is ~~ yPa1sr. 58, 59 60. 61. 82. 63. 04, 66. 67. Section 9.1 Contec Sections and Quadratic Equations 827 Pact yt a 12 op x td teddy? = 1244 = (x42)? + y? = 16; this ie a circle: center at (2,0), a 232 + 298284 By t14 = 0 Ph A Py 48 = 874 AED THEY HDA this is & circle: center at C(?,~8), xP 42x b4y 3 =0 > Pp 2eb 1 aay HOES (eH? VL), P10) 4(y 1); this is a parabola: yi-dy—8x~12= 0 7 V{-2,2), F(O,2} ty $45 8x4 1244 = (y—2)* = Hix +9} this is @ parabola: = (xt 2tasyt 62 OST yy Posy taxa ls Ped dd boy? = 1; this is an ellipse: the center js (~2,0), the vertices are (—2 + /5,0); ¢ = Va? —b? = /S—1 = 2 = the foci are (~4,0) and (0,0) bx? 4 Gy? = 2 46 ly? . 2 Paogp 5h 48)? i x7 + Gy? + 36y = 0 = Ox? +6(y? +6y +9) = 54 > Ox? 4 Oly +9)? = 54 > ETE A 1; this is am ellipses Val abF = VO=6 = VI the foci are the center is (0,~3), the vertices are (0,9) and (0,~6); € (0,-3.4 v3) Pe my ee dy nl oP Beh 14 Hy? 29 41) 2 NPE? + (¥~ 1)? by this isan ellipse: the center is (2,1), the vertices are (1 + /3,1); z VaF IVF = YP=1 = 1 = the foci ate (2,1) and (0,1) 4 aa yhe te ty 1 ae poey by ty de aie (y= OF gar? Ste (Lanes ve = 1; this is am ellipses the center is (143), the vertices are (—1,8) and VI=1 = Ji = the foci are (-1,1 4 v3) sPayP te pay ad Pode aly? aay 4) 1 (x1? (y—2)? = Ls this is a hyperbotat the center is (1,2), the vertices are (2,2) and (0,2); ¢= Va? +b? = V1 41 = 2 = the foci are (14 72,2); the aaymptotes are y—2 = 2 (x—1} y? 4x — by = 6 > x? + 4x + 4—(y? + 6y +9) = 1 = (x +2)? —(y +3)? = 1; this is a hyperbola: the center is (-2,—3), the vertices aze (—1, —3) and (~3,~3); c= Va? +0? = VIF T= V2 = the foci are (-2+ v2,-8); the asymptoces are y+ = + (x-+2) - 2_{y? - on g Voy 39 28-9? y 49) =-6 = OSD ax this is a hyperbola: the center (0.3), = VaTEB = YETI =3 = the foci are (0,6) and (0,0); the asyroptotes are yo3 yd = tyixt3 ve we viet the vertices are (0,3-4 V6};828 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates A yaa arg Pa bo PAE a BB. y? 4x? +16 che vertices ate (2, = V5); ¢ = VEPED? = VER = VID = the fos are (2, + VID); the anymptotes are ge UGp eye ate 6s 70, y a hyperbola: the canter is (2,0), y be so Paslarcanteytse af 2 1672 44 ,Section 9.1 Conic Sections and Quadratic Equations 829 ‘» va wh Vohone tse Fait v= [ ten e) aan f(s ; 3 BBE; Volume of the Cone: Vp =44(BYi=H(! Pa wx? (oy g)ceRf-cscomareen ee ronc toys | yxe equation of the enble's curve 77. A general equation of the circle is x? +y? +ax + by +6 = 0, 50 we will substitute the three given points into a tenn thiseqution and sole the eutingsysom: bow =1 bop eo fand b= — $s sheiore dat toec=—8 Sx? 4 Sy? — Tx Ty +4 = 0 represents the circle TR. A general equation of the circle ie x? +y? +-ax + by +¢=0, 80 we will substituce exch of the cheee given pointe Dat tbte=~I3 into this equation and solve the resulting system: 3a +264, 4a + 36+ therefore x4 4y? 42 + 2y ~23 = 0 represents the circle me conter to (1.1,2.8) is y/{—2- 1-1)? + (12.8)? = 12.85 < VTS, the radius = the point is inside the circle: B= 1)? (13)? = 18 = (x42) + (1) = 19 is an equation of the crcl; the distance from the exe naa 0% ASheynoe 28s 0-17 aoe oe dete es he as (40 and (02 = (0-02 4(y-1)? =5 = Y-Y?=14 0 = the citcle crosses the y-axis at (0,2) and (0,0). AU(4,0: $2 —-4=? = 2 — the tangent line is y =2(x~ 4) ot y = 2x—8 80. (x2) (y=? Sxstore= =2ery At (0,0): = 2. the tangent line ie y = —2x = 2 the tangent line is y-2 = 2x or y = 2x42 anions B= —-9et 2 81. (e) y? = kx > x= Es the volume of the solid formed by y VE as revolving R, about the y-axis is Vy = { -(#) ay of PONE) ve R, | Bf steve te votume of te rake tx cireular eylinder formed by revolving PQ about the y-axis880 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Paramettized Curves, and Polar Coordinates is Vz = mx? Vix = the volume of the solid formed by revolving Ry about the y-axis is Vj = V»— Vy wit LE. therfore we ca se the ratio of Vy to Vis 4 (b) The volume of the solid formed by revolving Ry about the axis is Vy = J {Mat} at = ak | tat 3 ‘The volume of the right cireular eylinder formed by revolving PS about the x-axis i Vz = 1( Vex} x = nex? = the volume of the solid formed by revolving Ry about the x-axis is ree pV, = me? he? = 2a? Therefore the sat of V to V, ia 12 82, Let P;(—p.¥4) be any point on —p, and let P(x,y) be # point where a tangent intersects y? = 4px, Now pie docs ty Ba tp HEP ten he tap of tangent Ue rm Peg = AP RoC p) ae 2y, +h + ae z 2 tangents from Py are my = 22 and my = 2°. + mm, = 4?" _. nit yebear? vin yyit a? Ae (i+) = the lines are perpendicular = py a0 art YE FaD?. “Therefore the slope of the te 83. Let yn the interval 0 mass = dm = 6 dA = 6/16 TEx? dx, Moment of the strip about the x-axis on the interval -3 tan 8 =f'(%y) where fix) = FPR; #0) =$up9 a) “Tire 0) Fie a é 2 =o tm =¥. <0 () tan 6= mp = Sp ( Yo _ 2p) _tend-tng _ (=P, gate Fete etn 3" |e (20) (2) 38-20(8—B) _4Pxy— Pony +29? 2wlsg +) _ 2p YolXo—PF2P) Yo tPY —— YolXo FP) (@) tan 91. PF will always equal PB because the string has constant length AB = FP +PA = AP +PB. ‘92. (a) In the labeling of the accompanying figure we have = tan ( 50 the coordinates of A are (1,tan t). ‘The coordinates of P are therefore (1 +1,tan t). Since V4 y? = (OA), we have 174 tan?s = (140)? ep ltrs YUH tant = sec to rae t= 1. 7 ‘The coordinates of P are therefore (x,y) = (see t,tan t) sexy? see? t —tan®t = t (b} In the labeling of the accompany figure the coordinates of A are (ccs t,sin 1), the coordinates of C are (1,tan *), land the coordinates of P are (i +dytan t). By similar y= 98 = 4 vi Eta vans y= BR yore = d= (1—cos t)(se0 t} = sec t— 1. The coordinates of P are therefore (sec ¢,tan t) and P moves on the hyperbola x? ~ y? = 1 as im part (a). 93. x? = 4py and y= p = x? = 4p! => x= £2p. ‘Therefore the line y =p cuts the parabola at points (~! Cp ad hve points ae fp (Bn (pp) = ae apa. (x Via =P iy, [eet es) Tac Vea) etaSection 9.2 Classifying Conie Sections by Becentricity 883 9.2. CLASSIFYING CONIC SECTIONS BY ECCENTRICITY 3 1. 16042572240 = Beas = VPP JB = 3 3, F( 43.0); eect < 25 directrices are x = 0+ +3 2. tr? + 16y? = 112 => = Vis Beytare ty Snl sen Vato b ttaytere tetas 3 eo = VFS a1 en ge dps F021) Aint sem iadpi (0,41) toner conte apie a2 vA) 2s 4 waytate Saher se- FoF = ViT9= Vw 0g ME, Fla, 4 V2 directrices are y = 04%834 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 2 5. S24 y?=6 = E+ =ViBa1se directrices are y = 08 = 2 4 gy? xy 1 Ox +? = 84> ate Bates Va? (0, £1); vi ay vs = Vo=B = fhe gH rls Vin); 3 directrices are x =043= 47%. = 433 9. Foci: (0, £8),¢= 10, Fock: (48,0), ¢ 11. Vestices: (0, £70), (¥) 04 a= 70 and e= eM-g=7o8aVe wo Baha 2 = ey 40 = b? = 1600 64 = 1586 = Fay + hg 2 = 70(0.1) =7 = b? = 4000 49 = 4851 = IE + ag =Section 9.2 Classifying Conic Sections by Eecentri 12, Vertieest ( #10;0), 0 = 0.24 = a= 10 and c= ae = 10(0.24) = 2.4 = bY = 1005.76 = 94.24 oats fz 7 edocs s v5_ 3 13. Pocus: (4/5,0), Direetrix: xe ener Re Were Re Then PP= Yep » ylx- Va 46-0 a z BeBe perreso gee 16 = 6 ae 18 Beene sand g= Boga ¥& - ale vt 3 ax avixtsty? a(? 14, Foeus: (4,0), Directrix: pre %en> (x — 4)? + (y — 0)? H(t Bey 28) Latayte 4ewseel 15, Pocust (4,0), Dinectri 1 =hep a fixsatey—oP ale be = Hot am 4 258) = 4 => = PF Jin +16)? +P bac 1649? 16, Focus: (2,0), Ditetsix: and Vis tarfiaBorioce} ‘Then PE =ePD Vix+ V2 46-0) = yplxt ai (x4 vif oy? Uaxs2ayl a ty2xtrytaln can} ay" 2 al 2836 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 18. The eccentricity e for Pluto is 0.25 = g=0%=] bh ts 16-bt 2 re pelican = take e = Landa 2 15 = b= VB: therefore, model of Pluto's orbit, 18. One axis is from A(1,1) to B{1,7) and is 6 units long: the other axis is fiom C{3,4) to D(—1.4) and ia 4 units long. Therefore a = , b= 2 and the major axis is vertical. The center isthe point C(1,4) and the ellipse is given by

¢= 0; the point (~1,2) fies on the ellipse => -a+2b= 8. The ellipse is tangent to the x-axis => its center is on the y-axis, so a=) and b= —4 = the equation is 4x? +y?—4y =0. “y Nowy tay? ty 1616 OP dP a OP at we dnd b= 2 Coo sg the viv standard symbols) > 64-129 en Ve 22, We first prove a result which we will use: let m,, and rm, be [a nonparallel, nonperpendicular lines, Let « be the acute angle between the lines, Then tan a= “To see this result, let 8; be the angle of inclination of the line with slope my apd 8; be the angle of inclination of the Tine with slope m- Assume m; >my- Then Oy > 6 and we have 8b. Then tan er= tan (F, ~8) tan 8, ~ tan 9 my _ = aN Ty tan Oy = yg” MCE My = tan Oy and and’ my = a BySeesion 9.2 Classifying Conie Sections by Eccentricity 837 Now we prove the cefleetive property of ellipses (see the 2 yt accompanying Figure)» 1685 445 = 1, then bit + aly? = of? andy =B Va 3 y= wer Let Plxg.yq) be any i Jizg) = DSO = bet point on the ellipse = y"( OE a Let (60) and (2) be the foe, Then mpy, = Lz and Yo ‘pp, = 52g Let @ and be the angles between the tangent line and PF and PF, ceapectively. ‘Then geting a'yg ae —(OhSte48) vy Free Sie Hie” aig Hab ayyo Bue FOS Viet = Vis = Viz e=% Vi; asymplotes are y = +x; P(+ V%,0}; 1 ve dlitectrices are x = 0:83 = toes VaGe V1; asymptotes are ViTR=t 3 eh y = Ex; POO, £4); directrices are #8BB_ Chapter 9 Conie Sections, Paramnetrized Curves, and Polat Coordinates 26. yaad = ae ob slascs Veet = VOFT = 28> 0m = 22 = VB; asymptote ate y= tx: P(0, + 29/2); directrices are y = 042 she avl : eee ee via 3 = VERE = Vo og = Ys Vf; asymptores ae B= VW ao V5; asymptotes y= £2; P(4 160); directrices are x= 042 v_ a 2 Hee ty ve oman Paatat sce VEEP VERT = 2 $= Ses amnatene y= b Vx; FO, £2): dinectrices are y = 0-8 She Vis empties ae y= £3 F(O, + V0): directrices are y = 04%Section 9.2 Classifying Conic Sections by Bccentriity 839 sea Vere ay? 30. 64x? ~ 35y? = 2504 > BE = = VBFH a1 = fa = fs ccympiotes are sk fj P(4:10,0); directrices are x = 0248 6 _ 41 = 48-48 38, Foci (3,0) and e= 3H Posi (0, 5) and = 128 2 ¢= 299 %-Ba1 35. Poeus (4,0) and Disectrix x= 29 ¢= ne =4 and PE = V2PD = yfix—4)? + (v0)? 2 alt ty ye oY 22s ted) = Pty eo 24-224 =2> = V2. Then V3lx—2leo (x4)? +y? = 22-2)? = x? x 4 16 ty? 438, Focus (\/i8,0) and Directsix Visexae= and §= Vix = View YO Vise meV. Then PP =A/5PD > Vix— Vid +a = Vln Vl oe VF ay? = Valx- OF = 22-2 10x +104 y v5l- 22x +2) => (1— V5)x4 +y? = 2/510 oye, oe oa nia oe as 37, Focus (02,0) and Dieetix x= —-+ ¢=0e PE =2pD > Y(e+2)+ 0-0) =2|x+4] > +2 ty? = = ty? she Pa4re=2 Then (24244) IV 42 caf) 2 aPtsctasyt= -texYot 38. Foeus (~6,0) and Directrix x= -2 > ainro$-22¢ =3e=\3. Then PR = VBPD = v(x +6) +(y— 0) = VElx +2] (x4 OP HY x42)? > xP 4 12496 + y? 808 + 4x 44) -2x7 +’ aes 6 and $= ey 45-8840 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrived Curves, and Polar Coordinates 8. Ps Oa = By 2] 9 Peet ity? + 6y 9 My? ay 44) > = oy? oe Hy HA =O (r= 6)_ = 1? oP = fy? = == - a{s2 21) 5(y2— 129-436) = 444-190 9 EEO 40. Psat 4b? > Pata e=$oc=eas sea? > bes eat BU te Je ahs the asymptote ofthis hyperbola ate y = (3) = axe incromes, the apt? ea) . = alle? 1); thus, slopes of the asymptote increase and tie hyperbola approaches a straight line 41, To prove the reflective property for Pye: 2 Bad ay a8 a? on en Let Po%givg) be a point of tangeney (see the accompanying figure). ‘The slope from P to F(~c,0) is ak ‘and from P to Fy{c,0) it is rh Let the tangent through P meet the x-axis in point A, and define the angles ZP|PA =a and ZF,PA = 3. We will show that tan a= tan 2. From, the preliminary result in Exercise 22, ob Le ee ee aan Sak she J rete Satna ae? tane In a similar manner, = s Sls 2 1 Since an = tan fy and and ate sute angles, we have «= : Ye 3 Joe ¥ x6) 5 42. From the accompanying figure, a rey of light emanating irom the focus A that- met the parabola at P would be reflected from the hyperbola as if it came diteetiy from B (Bxercise 41). “The same light ray would be reflected aff the elipee to pass through B. ‘Thus BPC is a stright line let be the angle of incidence of the light ray on the hyperbola. Let a be the angle of incidence of the light ray ‘on the ellipse. Note that a +2 is the angle between the tangent lines to the ellipse and hyperbola at P. Since BPC is a straight line, 20 +2 = 1807, Thus a +3 = 9. 9.3 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND ROTATIONS = BP4AC = LP Say ty? 3)? —4(1)(1) = 5 > 0 = Hyperbola,10. n. 1 18, 4 1. 16, um. 48. Section 9.3 Quadratic Equations and Rotations 841 Sx — 1Bay +27)? — 5x + Ty = 4 => BY—AAC = (-18)? ~1(8)(27) = 0 > Parabola ax? = Tay + /Tiy? = 1 => BP-4AC = (1)? ~4{3) VT = 0.477 <0 = Ellipee ant fry + 2y? + x+y =0 > BY 4ac =(— YT) ~ a(ny¢2) 10 Flipse x) 4 Oxy ty? 4 2x—y 4 2=0 = BI 4AC = 2? — 4(1){1) = 6 + Parabola Dat ay? dy 2x By = 6 => BP AA 4° 4(2)(-1) = 22 > 0. Hyperbola xP + dxy + dy? 8x = 6 => BY AAC = 4? —4(1)(4) = 0 = Parabola xP 4434 2y = 10 => BP -4AC 0? ~ 4(1)(1) = -4.< 0 = Ellipee (cirele) 5 B?—4ac xytyhot 2 _ 4(Q){1) = 1 > 0 => Hyperbole 3x2 4 Gxy 4 By? = dx + Sy = 12 > BY —4AC = 6? — 4(3}(3) = 0 => Parabole ax — Bay 4 2y?— Tx My = -1 > BP 4AC = (5)? ~ 4(5}(2) = 1 > 0 > Hyperbole 2x? = 4.9xy 439? — 4x = 7 => BP 4AC = (4.9)? ~ 4(2)(3) = 0.01 > 0 o> Hyperbola xt aay +3y? + 6y = 7 3 BP AC = (-3)?~ 4(1)(3) = -3.¢ 0 = Ellipse 25x? + Daxy + ay? — 90x = 0 => B?— 4AC = 21 —4(25)(4) = 41 > 0 > Hyperbole 6x2 + Say 4 29? 4 Ty +2 = 0 = BP 4AC = 3? 4(6)(2) = 39 < 0 = Bilipse Bx Day 129? + AB By +70 = BP AAC = 12? —4(33(12) = 0 = Parabola cot 2a AGC = 920 = ta T= a= Ti therefore x =x’ con a—y" sin a, By VB vB By away viv ya! sin aty! cosa => x= = (Ba Bo) «(Bee faybe By) o( Be fy SO cay bythe dy beta aby 1 bet hye get yt a Ble842 Chapter 9 Conle Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates therefore x = x" cos ay! sin ay te-gi} onal robe ogee} Bend) + evade + %¥y) =0 = 4x7 + 1fy’ = 0 = Parabols aAce 20. cot 2a = AGE yer sn ony! ena 92 $e yy =p ay (foe py) va Bede )(gare Ey )aa(be Mey are peter r = x74 by? 22 = Ellipse stu = Fo o=F; therefore x= x! cos any! sin a, = Parallel horizontal lines 3-12 =%oaae =r , Saye dge en Bo a= fi thertore x2! con ay" sin a, in aty ema ox= dx Vay, y My Stay 2 ale Bo) say P| Borte)s(Beete) 19.9201 = Parallel hosizontal lines 2, Ace 22, cot 2a = Age ye 28, cot Age = VF 9 5 20:29 9 Fitters x= vad dnaty cow aon= ex My, y= Sera sy vl be Bs} nal Be BN Boros) ney) eal Yaa hy) ae o/h Paii 03 y/ sin a a4 # =0n2a-$s0=Section 9.3 Quadratic Equations and Rotations 843, Po VW (Py ey) (V2. =(¢ vr ee Tr y)-( = 0 = Hyperbola (Beef )or as eter -avines BeBe x! sin a+ y! cos a = x = v2 oe => Bilipse IS, = Y AN TS fs SY yx sinaty! cos.0 => x= oa Bege) eal and cos a = EGE = 4 (or sin a 4 id cos we choose 2a in Quadrant 11); thus sin = Santon a= (EEE fp oh lose =-pand coro= 33 29. tan 20 yohy = Boe 20m 26ST a 18.28" sin a 90.28, os 2% 0.97: then A! 0.8, Be B00, Cm 30, D's 0.74, BY & -1.20, and FY = -3 = 0.88x + 3.109" + 0.74x" — 1.20y"—3 an ellipse so. j=} 2a SI om 5.65 sin 9 0.10, com n= 0.085 hen A? 2.05, BD. (C= 8.05, D” = 2.98, B! -0.80, and F’ = —7 = 2.05x"?— 3.05y"? + 2.99%! ~ 0.80y' —7 = 0, a hyperbola BI. tan 2a = Dow SUIS ow 26.56" = sin «= 0.48, c08 0.895 then A’ 0.00, BY = 0.00, Cm 5.00, Dim 0, Bas, and FY = ~8 => 5.00)" 6 = 0 or y’ = £1.00, parallel lines844 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates lead tae cr 18.48" > sin a = 0.82, cos a = 0.95; then A’ = 0.00, BI= 82 tan 2or= geF =D op 2a S6.87 = = 18.19 3 sin a= 0.82, cos a 0.95; then A! = 0.00, BY = 0.00, ©’ = 20.00, DY = 0, B= 0, and F’ = ~49 = 20.00y/?— 49 = 0, parallel fines 38. tan 20 = gFiy = a Ba TAG" ocr 3.54" = sin 85, con 9 .T; then AYA 5.5, BY 2 0.00, Ch et, D! 8.07, Bl 6.18, and FY = —1 = 5.058"? 0.05y"? — 5.07! 6.18y" ~ 0, a hyperbola i 34, tan 2 Y= 2a 45.00" = are 22.5" = si @ oe OBR, cos 0 0.92: then Al 0.55, B= 0.00, C!s 10.45, Dl = 18.48, Bl = 7.65, and F’ = 86 = 0.55%? + 10.45y/? + 18.48%! ~ 7.659" = 80 = 0, an ellipse 35, = 90" = x= x! cos 90" y! sin 90" = =y" and y =x" sin 907+ y! cos 90" = x! nya 2 ye ares (0) (©) xPay? (@) y=mx > y—me= 0-3 D= mand B= 150 = 90's D! = 1 and B= m= my! +x! mm and E (©) y=mx+b = y—me—b = 0 D 0 = 90" = DY =1, =m and F os nya! —b20 y= Aah, 36. @ = 180" = x = x’ cos 180°—y" sin 180" = —x" and y in 180° + y! cos 180° a yn yet wee ws 5 (©) x? +9" (@) y=mx2 y—mx= 0 D=—mand B= 1) a= 180 => D! = mand B= 1 > ~y' tims! 0 > y (©) yamx+b = y-mx-b=0 = D=—mand B= 3; 02180" > D'=m, Oy! =ma’—b wn xeenet set e(A)(B)ajw ne Sa ptapyt ais tyne = oy tmx! =4 (part (a) above), DY = £ = B= 0, P= map pul? a Pay? te Bay 2 xP y nag AE EEL Gee Bes S)) 3a and b=23e= 454 id 39. Yes, the graph is a hyperbola: with AC <0 we have AAC > and B?—4AC > 0. 40. The one curve that mects all three of the stated criteria is the ellipse x? + 4xy + 5y?— = 0. The reasoning: "The symmetry about the origin means that (—x,-y) les on the graph whenever (x,y) does. Adding Ax? 4 Bay + Cy? 4+Dx + By + P= 0 and A(—x)* + B(—x)(-y) + Oy)? + D(-x) + By) +P = 0 and dividing the result by 2 produces the equivalent equation Ax? +Bxy +Cy?+F=0. Substituting x= 1, y = 0 (because the point (1,0) lies on the curve) shows further that A =—F. ‘Then —Px?+ Bry + Cy?+P = |. By implicit4 42, 43, 4 48. #6. a Section 9.3 Quadratie Equations and Retations 845 again gives ~4P +P +O-+F = 0 = C= -5P = the equation is now —Px?—4Pxy —5Fy?4+F = 0, Finally, =0. dividing theough by —F gives the equation x? + day + 5y?— Let a be any angle, Then A! = costa +sin®a = 1, B= 0, C= sinter beosta ety yea, A= C, then BY = B coe 20+ (C—A) sin 2a = xy-term is eliminated. cos 2a, Then a = $= oF = Bi =B eos F=0 s0 the (a) BP 4AC = 4? = 4(1)(4} =0, oo the discriminant indicates this conic is a parabola (b) The left-hand side of x2 + dny + 4y? +6x-+ 12y +9 = 0 factors as a perfect square: (x+2y +3)? =0 = x+2y43= 0 2y = —x~S5 thus the curve is a degenerate parabola (je., a straight line) (a) BY 4AC = 6? —4(9}(2) = 0, s0 the di (b) The left-hand side of 9x? + Oxy + y?— 13x —4y + a Octy-2 siminant indicates this conte is a parabole = 0 factors as a perfect square: (3x-+y—2)7=0 = y = 3x42; thus the curve isa degenerate parabola (ie. a straight line). (a) BP—4AC = 1—4(0){0) = 1 = hyperbola Qpaneysoo yen ortak tie spe of = ceooae point on the hyperbola where the line with slope m = 25-3) oF y= -2x +85 x= 1 > y= -1 > (-1,-1) is a pois on the hyperbola where the line with slope m is normal => the Fine is y + normal = the line is y +1 = —2(x +t) or y= -2x—3 (a) Fate: let A= C31, B= 2 8? 4A0 = 0 - parabola (b) False: see part (a) above (€) True: AC <0 -4AC > 0 => BY~4AC > 0 hyperbola ‘Assume the ellipse has been rotated to eliminate the xy-term => the new equation is A/x'74C'y"? = f = the semnanee are ff ana Vor w ene Eb) -spe- ze Since BY —4AC = B?—4A'C! = —AA'C! (because BY = 0) we find that the area is 22 as claimed. Viaco846 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 48. (@) A'EC'=(A cosa + B cos asin a +C. Ba) +(A sin a —B cos o sin oC sin?a) +¢ D cos a4 Esin a)? + (-D sin a +E cos a}? =D? costa + 2DE cos a sina +B? sin? + D? sin? —2DE sin a cos a+ EP cos? = (cos? a + sin?) + E*(sin? a + cos?) = D? +E? A(cos? a + sin? a) +C(sin? a +cos? a) (b) D248? 2 49, B? 44‘ =(B cos 20-4(0~A) sin 2a)? —4(A costa t Beos asin +O sin?a)(A sin? a B cos a sin a +C eon?) = B? cos" 20+ 2B(C — A) sin 2a cos 2a + (C — A)? sin? 20 — 4A? costa sin? a + 4AB cos? sin a ~4AC costa —4AB cos o sin’ a + 4B? cos’ a sin” a — 4BC cos? a sin a — 4AC sin‘ a+ 4BC cos @ =4C? costo sin? B? cos? 20 + 28C sin 20 cos 24-—2AB sin 2a cos 2a + C? sin? 2a—2AC sin? Ber + A? sin? 2a 4A? cosa sin? +4AB cosa sin a —4AC costa —4AB cos a sin?a + B? sin? 2a — 4BC cosa sin & = 4AC sin! o + 4BC cos a sind —4C? costa sin? a = BY 4 2BC(2 sin a cos «) (cos? a sin® a) — 2AB(2 sin a cos @)(cos? a ~ sin? a) 4+-C7(4 sin?a costa) —2AC(4 sinter cos? a) + A2(4 sin? @ cos? «)—4A? cos? a sin? a + 4AB cosa sin a —4AC costa = 4AB cos a sin? — 4BC cosa sin a — AAC sina + ABC cos a sin? a — 4C? cos*o sin? a = BY BAC sin? a cos? a ~ 4AC costa — AAC sina BP 4AC(costa +2 sina cosa +sinta) = BY 4aC(cos?a tsin?a)” =B-4ac 9.4 PARAMETRIZATIONS OF CURVES 1 xSeosty ssn Octen 2. x=e0s Mh, y=sin OSES = coe? + sin® Laxey? = cos? + sin? =1 > ate y?=1Section 9.4 Parametrizations of Curves 847 3, x=sin(Qx(1~ ts y= eos(Qn(1—Y}OStS1 4. x=eos(w-1), y=sin(n—tOStSe = sin? (2x(1 —1)) + cos? (2e(1~1)) =1 = cos? (n= t) Hsin? (rt) 1 tty? sxtaytel 5. a= Aco tiy=Dein Ot oe 6. x=Asint y= Peo OStsa Weostt asintr yy et Y t6sin’t , 4eosts 4 xt 9? se te tls igt aa! = Beet ydesttre rt Y edad, 7. x= 4cost,y=Ssint, Oster a & xoddnty=S out OS¢s2r | Wos?e 4 2 sin?t_y ty y i6sint 5 2 cost _ yo, x2 ae tap == iets ae tae == gt aptB48 Chaplet 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates ML 5 y= 4-7, oo Ee x, 4 x ie Bele = Bg Ftp x= yt, Substttion yields and x Vise Vist meocteeo Pity satya 28. In terms of 0, parametric equations for the circle are x= a.cos 8, y=asin @0<0< 2x, Since = §, the are length parametsiations are: x= eos §, y =a sin §, and OS § < 25 > Os < 2rais the interval for s850 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 25, Extend the vertical line chrough A to the soaxis and lek C be the point of intersection. ‘Then OC = AQ and tan t= y= Po x yee cot tysint = Be Deot tysint = ee 2sint tant 9—(2sin) sin tan? int 2 Sint = 2-2 cont = 2 inte ‘Therefore let x= 2 cot t and y = 2s 30. ZPQB = 2QOB = t and PQ = are(AQ) = ¢ since PQ = length of the unwound string = length of arc(AQ)s thus x = OB +BC y=PC= QB-QD = sin tt cost B+ DP = cos t +t sin &, and BL (a) x= X9 + (my — Holt and y= Vo Hs — yo) =P b= GE > Y= Yo HY) H ES) 40). ~ x) whic i an equation of Ue line through the points (X.4) and (35593) (b) Let x =¥9 = in (a) > x= x, (©) Let (soyyg) = (100) and (sy Sxenitty= 1t (the answer is not unique) (0,1) oF let (Yo) = (0,1) and (ry) = (1,0) in part (a) ~t (the answer is not unique) orx=-hy= 22, (4) Let C be the pint where the vertical ln trough P asd AP=1 = PR=L-R Then y=PBaind > y= (LR) sin and HC = PD cos 9 => BC = (LR) cor. Alto, in angle OAD, cot 0= QB = 9B > OR = Reo fh Therefore, <= OB + BC R cond (= R) con 8 con 8 x= Lon and y= (L=R) sin 2, yt Peete, (LR)? sine Note that 242 ens? etait ape c=RF meets the waxis. We have Al ®) ‘Therefore, the points P(x,y) satisfy the equation 2+ Which ia an ellipse, (RPSection 9.4 Parametrizations of Curves 851 4, Are PF Are AP since each the dstance alld and AILBE = rcp = Are PP = W.cPCP); ABGAE = 0 © Are AP = a8 = af = (ZFC) > ZFOP = 86, 200G = 3-0; ZOCG = ZOCP + PCE = 200P+(5—a). Now OOP =2- <#CP £6. Thus 006 foth-os 5-6 pose e-(*Gb). fetf-ese=s ‘Then x = OG — BG = OG — PE= (ab) cos 6b cos a= (ab) cos 6b con(n 27 bs) 2 (ab) eon 64b cor(2gBA). Ako y= EG =CG—CR = (ab) sin Ob in a = (eb) sin dba —*524) = (a) in 0 bein(®2O). ‘There (2—b) c08 +b cost 8 cost ~® cox 8 sin? —24 sin? £05 0 +$ cost@ ~ 3 cos # sin? 28 sin? cos # con 0 +B cond — BB (con )(1 cas) = aco? 3 sin @ cos 26 + cos @ sin 20) “Ve ( (xin 9) (cos? 4 sin? 6) + (cos #9(2 sin 8 cos 0)) a-(¥ ono-tel Wel atpae-taeratas sin 6 a a a 26 4.8 sino —28 cos? in O-% sin 0 cos?@ +2 sin? —22 cos? sin 8 in 0-28 cin 6 cost@ a4 sin’ sin 0-38 sin 6 con? + $ sin sin #48 ain 6)(1~sin?0) + Bin @ = a sink fs 2a and the smaller is a => x = (2a~a) cos 8+a cos(20=20) = 2a cos 6, 05 9.< 2, and y = (2a —a) sin a sin( 282 diameter of the cirele back and forth as # goes from 0 to 2m. 34. P traces hypocycloid where the larger radi sin 0—asin 9-0. Therefore P traces the852 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polat Coordinates 35. Draw line AM in the figure and note that ZAMO is a right angle since it is an inseribed angle which spans the diameter of a citele. Then AN? = MN?74+AM?. Now, OA =a, AN = tant, aod AM < sin, Next MN = OP > OP? =AN?—AM? =a? tan? — a? sin?t => OP = Va? tan? a? sin? in? = (asin Vee =1 = ASB, Im triangle BPO, OP sin t= 2.80074 the closest, yf = bein a, where a = AE 9, It follows that x! 4x! 206 bein @ and y= —b sin @ and y! = abeos d= x= 2 aot (?-L) = Diet agit s48-4=058 ‘The second derivative is always positive for #0 =» t= 1 gives a local point on the parabola is (1,1), 98. D2 coe A) + (oa 07 + D? =(2 cm = $Y aain?e = 1D?) charts nannies 2 in (3 eos £55 Now HD") a? eos t= 30 = -2sin t=O or Bcost ~ ene) 2 (0) = -3 = relative SsOrort (v2) 2(p2 maximum, “C9 (@) = =9 relative: maximum, LO Q) $+ relative minimum, andSection 9.4 Parametrizations of Curves 853 ihe point (3.0) > (1-42) ana (2,42) are the dso pnts 39. (a) (b) fe) Iago 40, (a) () aeseci.yosant a tosses Ae wety sunt 4 , xemsSyetr ne woe hehe fo. 42. (a) (b} «)854 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 8.0) ) af ew cosPy int 1 xecoPhy eshte -n2sten? osts2n 44 (a) oo) Y yee ter y Ee-Seotts con teed 4 45, (a) (by 46. (2) @) (od @)Section 9.6 Calculus with Parametrized Curves 855 47. (a) (b) fe) DE B 48, (a) () y y mS oattSoeed, y= 65a $503), FESR BAS eee Ge yw 6 sine Sin, Oxrst Ostsx © @ xm Sem +Seu, ya6. in 3, aris sin 21~ 5 4a 3, STEM tS oh ye taea sane, 9.5 CALCULUS WITH PARAMETRIZED CURVES Ba Uy a0sin Fa VR Sa -2 vine ft _ beoe L = eo f= VE y= sn = VI Mm 2 int mr cont Hem A = Det = cs = ~cot $= Is tangent line it y — 2 = =1(x— V3) ot y= -x +29 recat ay _ dyi/dt _ eget &y| ea dx/dt ~=2sint~ "Fonte a? ve858 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Paramettized Curves, and Polar Coordinates Je bef con 2 De ev ype ents & 7 eos Dat sint Feost 8 2 gee? BY = sae? 1 BE = 2 sect tant, = ect ~ Jo xzse!(—J)-1 = 1 y = tan( ofa iel, ciel ae FeecFt tant Ttant 2 al, 45 tangent line i i ese? ay 3 = ad cott vets i redtant 4Section 9.5 Caleulus with Paramettized Curves 857 =i xeect=2ny= ay _ayvae 2 tf enem fap yatan Fates eee tan ae a Ba oe Fe thcanpns ney fo 2(a— ory mae vis H e 2, Be nese teot to SYM cactatt cot yl hag ean? 8 tate a ySFT ty RH ange Jory? Basa? ee = VI HOD EH Sea ~2hx~(-2)] or y = =e ay _Vil[-Jo+0 7? |+sverT[307") ath ae TT) 3 F CFT Gan) 1)? = 1; tangent line is 1. telsxahy 1; tangent line is ¥r(2)= =I) ory dy/at bat __ (108 t(e08 #)— (sin Hsin ) (ices t)?858 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates =2, 2 pe Be_ oy op ax = (2x~ = 2xn at Pate 22 a hap Oe Be tn Bae 0 C2 GE = Bem ato BO ‘ 6b ots sts MY = v/a @) ix) 267 a - 05% oer B= ra ey eS x= 202) 4200)? 24 oe Pe Oo (x2 0 x= HHP > 4 —HO/POS 22~2) 72-20) > ay — 3 3299 = 16 9 = 8 > y =2; therefore dy. x= fo Vio Rahs My nares (ered aay viys— vi a @@)=1-T beta =iny 0m Iny sy = thee ff Matyi agen de iba ny ipa Beh 15x42 Pea $490 a abo (14 tet) a ed = gE Jams = Ry Yvette yarn aye 42(hy?) Yao = verter nto( 5) +(e) ate te etm ~yi-vtt (es aiyiti Op xgee? coo xi42x7) <0 x=0,1=0 ( aaa OTT Vio) + 2 OFT) | +1 ~ 14307Section 9.5 Calculus with Parametrized Curves 859 x coat ox Rooter ge ante Sxsin 32x Ve went tents Bint neon tet Ea (int 2, cous = Ett oow 2 thus tein t—2t= y = sin t+t cos t—2= pucHithenioed!| Sateen? 5 al 1=(F)ea = inet? 4 wintand = sgcont > VS) +() = Yea Si soa YF TRS teas | varaia vil (ESjisenna-v2f Viera a tadtst =v] gg Ht (sree sin £2 0.0m [0.x [= 1 cos t= a terenca vel wt? ay = lou 2le oa a 1g. 8 = 30? and = at > (ay +(8) = ae) + Gy? = VFO = HVT (since t 2 0 0n (0,75) x & ! = Length ave tia $ave tay eno 50-10 Vises] 4 =f fot au alata =r i =r? > ey +(B) = ves eaT ~ YO vangt= | (42) a=[Fea] 4860 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 3 5 5 at cost and {Yast sint = yf(4x) 4 (82) = levee OP + Grain = 7 Tan 21. 22 = st cost and Sate int (ey +(8) = (81 cos ty? + (Bt sin 0)? = YOR cosTe + 6407 sine a a H[stl= st ince oes length = [we dt = [40], 2 1 2 a ds)? (48) 22, $= (gerbragr)loce tian 1+ set) t are cost and A= sin = (da) + (42) = ove t cos) + (sin 0)? = Veer? t= 1 = Vian? =Itan t= tan t since 9 tS "s + se tegth= [ uanear= [SBE dt =[-injooe uff? = tn f+ to tein 2 ax iy ax)? , (4x) 7 na cst (4a) + (Qh) = (Han Feo <1 Area f22y a 2e(2 in (1) dt = Balt —e0s U3" af(4e ~ 1) ~ (0-2) = 8x? eh avea= [ tex as 2ex ds Vi susl,Section 9.5 Caleulus with Parametriged Curves 861 2m n= vis enl~ | eyiee=Bovl tar i Pp os # [ roesmsaze [ save ! 26, From Barc 2%, ($8) = (SE) tan > Arn Pay ds = tel o0s 15/9 = 29|-2—(-1)]= 0 ff nana =a 2 (sey +() = [eva anernvec ; = aryl e] = sei. checks tne eight VE Area i 2 4 9VE =anV8. deen ane Soe (de) +(B) = Vara + Ana [enya [ avorre 7 | vanamaAlGl «VFA cas st ts ETE A avi t ax 29, (0) Let the desiy be =. Then eoe tin top stag andy sin tee = Be an sama tids= f(B) (RE) ar yf FH (sin cos Jae f [oe 0Section 9.5 Calculus with Paramettized Curves 863 =] cro) ae(thee ct cre 0} (0.88,1.81) et the deny be 6 1. Than 2 a and y BE Bato dnd 5 = (ae) +28) ac = Vise) (any dt =a 1e|VT a since O-< << YR The curve's mass is vi 4 “4 we fame f ave e afer?) a2 Amo, = [yam= | Biv Aa a b H§ [ SVE T a= 92 = 174 Oey computer) = y= yp =A 268 Next, = [am Sy vi M, = { yal? ea=3 { WS VEHT dt = 16.4849 (by computer) = % = SP = 14H 2.35, a a ‘Therefore, (8,7) = (2.95,2.49) 88. (9) $= 2 in 2 and = 2 cot = (8) 4 ($8) = y(taw Bema x2 a = Length = f Qdeinif? ae 3864 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates, ‘2 rat=ine “in coe rant a wean =P (ranirinn 40) dis tse the Trapezoid [ vireo ae £ f(s) # 37.3686183 fo) | m | mix) o 1.732050808 | 1 | 1.732050808 =» T = (97.3686189) = J (37.3686183) Lisgioos4s | 2 | 3.478201686 1. 7oeaona0g | 2° | 9.518901786 994024418 = Length = 2(2.924024418) i.roossesi | 2 | a.aeit2i262 5.870 Ta006848 | 1 | SADSI96050 0) [Mw|< 13M Taroweees | 1 | S7aebrae7 Xe [sa/i0 | Lavieveeer | 2 | senaasaT62 Erle x [7/20] Losroaan | 2 | Zanseesan1 xy | 22/5 | Lovsveanig | 2 | avsiveses9 x [2720 | Lovaev26v9 | 1 _| 9.987745967 mf 22] 2 2/2 (x); then Length = & A se 4 se xene etna yon) 8 =| 14(2) an | Yio x= aly) has the parametzization x=: =y fore $¥ = p'ty) and SY 21; then 36. x: g(y) han the parametrization x= g(y) and y =y fore tase-[ (J +(3) w= { ieee ! a alos ay 38. x=a(—sin #) > (1 —2 con 4 c0x?6) and y = a1 —c08 ) ar vf | iyBaeaon | fafa sn 99, x=0—sin @ and y = [ie Fra t= Tat at a = oy [etagtann| (1~co (sin) (1-3 cos 643 cos? 8 — cos! @) dd; [o-mnty-oonwer | J (-3 c0s 8) dd = —Srlsin 13% = 0; 1g = = 3 a a 7 I coo? d= w | (1=sin?@) (coe 9) a8 dé 221, Beast da a. Sn $2 Te va 8,56, GF. tn the tst quadrant: += 3 > x= sin $=-¥ and is horizontal. At the origin: x=0 and y=0866 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates x <> gon 2b and © = 3 cos yop AY = SU/ME _ cos gt _ 5s 2¢ cos t—sin 24 sin t) 42. Gy = Bos 2h and Ge to Bae bet ee alle costs—1) (cos )=2 sin bean t sin t] (cos (2 cost 1=2 sin?t) _ (9 08 1)(4 costa) shen * 2(2 eos? —1) 2(2 cos®i—1) 212 cos? t—1) (3 cos t)(4 cos?t-3) 2 u 0 3cost =Oor4 cos*t-3=0: Scost=03t=%, Shand 212 cos? 4) BT Pr = oa Te, Un 2 to Eae xen a(Z)=- V2 Seat 320 costs 255127, 92, TE, UE. tn the at quadrant: t= f= x =ain 2(f)= 35 give Sein) 38 =Fepaay bey 43. 45, 4.49. Section 9.5 Caleulus with Parametrized Curves 50-35. Example CAS commands: plot(lx(), x64) t i(.05 adc= umapply("t}s five): y= unapply(”.2); sart(dx(t)2 + dy (0) 25 simplify("); ds:= unapply(".t)s aree= int(abs(ds(t)}, t =-1.2)s evalt("}; y(s)/axte), éyds:= unapply(! 2): aithayax(e),t}; simplify("): dyl:= unapply(.t); dyi(s}/8x(t)s, € uunapply( "0 tOe=: evalf(dydx2(i0)}; tanline:= t => y(t) + (dy(t0)/dx{t0))+(t — x/t(6))s plot({fe(t), y(t), t= 1-2), [ty taakine(t), =t0—2.1042]}); Lepuey; w = ei: Coslt] + Sin(t pl = ParametricPlot{ {x{thy[tl}, {tab} | spb] = yes! yoplt_] = yo] elt] // N yppttOl // fanlinepe_] = yled) + ypfedjagx-x(to} p2 = Plot{ tantine|x], {x,0,0.2) | { {plp2} } dsft_} = Sqrt| x'fe)2 + y'[2 | Nintegratef dst], {tab} ] 367808 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrived Curves, and Polar Coordinates 56-57, Example CAS commands: with(plts 10): yOr= ¥(20) = ~2Pi..24P 3); SiS.) simplify(”); de:= unapplyt”.) aiffo(), y= um avit}/aatt} dydx:= anapply( m:= dydx(t0); tanlines= ¢-> yO +me(0 — x0}; plot({is(, y(t}, t= =24Ph. 26PA, tanlinlt), ¢ = w0-1.20-41))5 835 —2.496,2.073}; w= —PI/as yeqn = ¢ Sin(t] + 2 Sele seam x xt] = x /. ill} Solvel yeas, y } //. Simplify yt] = yf. First yp] = y'it]/x' vplta} /7 N tanline{x] = y[WO] + yoltole(x—xeo}) oh = Fame! GOs (oe) J orf tanlinefz, (¥,-2,8) Show {plp2} | 9.6 POLAR COORDINATES Lae bg eh df Lah bh gg de 3 (0) (2.5 +e) and (-2,5 + (tn Dr), 2 an integer (5) @.20e) and (-2,2n + 1)n) nan integer (6) (2,38 +200) and (2.98 + Cn +), an integer (A) (2,2n + 1)x} and (-2,2na), n an integerSection 9.6 Polar Coordinates 869 5. (a) () cos 8 =3 cos 0= 3, y=rsin@=Ssin = Cartesian coordinates ate (3,0) cos 0 = —8 cos = rin 9 = -3 sin 0 =0 = Cartesian coordinates are (—3,0) = = 2 cos (©) x= 100 @=2 eos B= sin 9 = 2sin 38 = V5 Canesian coordinates are (—1- 3) Z (@) x =r cos @ = 2 cos HE 1, y er sin d= 2 sin 2 = 3 — Cartesian coordinates are (1,3) fe) R= Pet =—3 cos |. ¥ =F sin @= ~3 sin 2 =0-> Cartesian coordinates are (3,0) (9 x= reo = Yeon Ea 1, y= rsin d= 2 sin $= i> Cantsian coordinates are (1/8) () x1 cos # = 3 con de =~, yr sin 8 = ~B sin 20 = 0 = Cartesian coordinates are (3,0) (h) x=reon 0 = -2eos(-F)=-ly=esind 2 sin(—$) = V9 => Cartesian coordinates are (—1, V3) 6. (a) x= VF cos F = 1,y = YB sin T= 1 = Cartesian coordinates are (1,1) (b) x cos 0 =, y =I sin 0 => Cartesian coordinates are (1,0) x = 0 = Cartesian coordinates are (0,0) A sin(—9) =1 = Canesion condinaes ae (1,1) ~tsin SE = 9 = Cartesian coordinates are (3¥5._2) (6 x=9 oo(sa9“t §)=3, 9 sins )= 4 Cartesian corneas we (4) (6) x2 ewe Fee hye ol din Te 0-9 Canton comdiats ae (0 (0) x= 2V5 cos 3E = — Vii y = 2/9 sin 9F = 5 = Cartesian coordinates ae (—V/3,3)870 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates, y 10 13. 16.Section 9.6 Polar Coordinates 871 19. 20, a. was 05304 a| osrst 1, horizontal line through (0,—1) > x=2, vertical fine through (2,0) 24, rsin@=—1=>y 25, sin @= 05 y =0, the xaxis 26. 5 cos 0=0 => x =0, the y-axis MW. e=dec$ rata rsin ede a horizontal line through (0,4) ~3 = x= 3, a vertical line through (~3,0) ~B 80 0 ~3 aap tress 29. 1 008 9tr sin O= 1 x+y =, line with slope 1 and intercept b 30. sin @=1 cos 0 => y = x, line with slope m= 1 and intereeps b= 0 aL te1sy le with center C = (0,0) and radius 1 32, Par sindapx? + y? = ty soa? by? dy $4 4-922 + (y~2)? =4, cece with center © = (0,2) and radius 2 aepcircecg > ttn reo #25 726-5 ne with slope m=? a intercept = 5 34, 1? sin 29 = 2 = 20? sin @ cos # = 2 = (+ in O)(s cos 6) =1 = xy = 1, hyperbola with focal axis y = x Sara which opens to the right 38, cot 6 esc = => 1 sin?@ = cos @ => 1? sin?@ = 1 co 9 = y? =x, parabola with vertex (0,0) in 6 => x? = dy, patabola with radian tee 05 = (AYE) vce Oe Pent me vertex = (0,0) which opens upward 37, r= fese Het = rin Be OF4 ae y —e%, graph of the natural exponential function872 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 38. sin = In r+ In cos 8 = In {¥ cos 8) => y = In x, graph of the natural logarithm funetion 89. 42? cos sin O= 1 = x2 + y? 4 Oxy = 1 = xP a Day $y) straight lines of slope —1 and Ta (xtyP= = xty= 41, two parallet tercepis b= £1 40, coe? 6 = sin? 6 => 1? cos?@ = 1? sin? @ => x? = y? = 1x1 =] ¥]—> dx = y, two perpendicular Tines through the origin with slopes I and —1, respectively, 4h Pedr eos Oa py adn se Paty? =O Ppa eat yt center O(~2,0) and cadius 2 > (e+e ey? 42, P= —6r sin 9 > x? +y? = by = xP +y H6y =O Hy 4 by HIRI S PHY HSPs center C(0,—3) and radius $ 4B r=8sin Op rt ahr Se (y 4? = 16, Sxt4y by 416=16 circle with center C(0,4) and radius 4 2 cos 6 apr Sr cos Pe x? + ya dem ey? x e0 x! Say ae dey’ 2 (2-3) +9728, cite with center (80) and caus # 45. r= 2 e006 +2sin de Br cos 6+ 2r sin Bae x? + y? = Bx By = x2 De by? = 24 = (x1) + (v1)? = 2, a cirete with conter C(1,1) and radius 2 46. r= 2 cos O—sin 6 = 1? = 2r cos @—r sind = x7 +y? = 2x-y ex -xt yt ye so -vi(+ and saaiua 4 ne 4 coed sin #2 > Vir cin 4 Le cono 29-9 Wy 43 At, vin( 9-4) =2 = r(sin cos §+c06@ sin E)=2 > Wor in 64 br cond =2 9 Sy td => V3y+x = 4, fine with slope m 1 and intercept b 48. vain(2 0) =5 = (sin BE ene coe 2F cos 044rsin 05> Vox ody as > Vix+y = 10, line with slope m =~ and intercept b = 10 49. x=7 => rcos@=7 50. y sla rsind Slox=y SP rcosd=rsind > 6=F 52. x-y=3rcos@—rsin@=3 SrsQorr= 58 Pty edo $4. x2 =y? = 1 = 1? cos?O =P sin?@ = 1 = 1(cos?# ~ sin?) = 1 = 1? os 20 22 BM a1 ek 40y? 296 > 4? cont 490? sinto = 55. FH a1 42 +95? = 96 = 40? conto 4917 sino = 3659. 61. 62. 63. 64, 97 be 5) by? = 25 = xt - 1 $e03(-8) = 1+ 005 = Section 9.7 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 873 = rt sin 28 = 2 2? cos @ sin 6 = xy = 2. (1008 OY sin 9) =2 <2 #? cos @ sin ya ax =p rt sin®@ =r cos @ = ein? = 4 cos 6 asytytatoxtty seve! Pir sin 0 cod 21 = r'{1 +sin G cos 6) sda ttytaayoPadrsingsradane xP (y 24a ete yP aay 1x 425 +9? = 25 > x? 4 yt = 1x = 1? = Wr cos dr = 10 cos 8 2 Ox —2y 6 = 1? = 64 cas 0 2c sin 9-6 (x3 +412 a4 > P64 O44 OV HT ad Ey’ e+ Wy 13 >? (x42)? + (y—5)? = 16 > x? pax eA ty? = 10y 495 = 16 SP Hy! = whe cos 04 10r sin #13, (0,8) where 8 is any angle (@) x= apr cosd= a> srsasecd () yabS een bobs ra ghyorabaco GRAPHING IN POLAR COORDINATES > symmetric about the x-axis; 1 cos(-0) #1 and i +e0s(r— 8) = L—cos xe = not symmetric about the y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin 2-2 cos(—0} 22-2 con d= 1 o> symmetric about the x-axis; 2—2 cos(—0) # —1 and 2-2 cos (4) = 2+ 2e0s 0 £1 = not symmetric about the y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin 1 -sin(~#) = 14sin @¢ rand 1~sin(r—8) sin 9 # —1 = not symmetric about the x-axis; 1 -sin( 6) = 1-sin @=1 => symmetric about the y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin874 Chapter 9 Conie Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 4, 14 sin(-0) = 1 —sin # ¢ rand 1—sin(e—6) —sin @ #1 = not symmetric about the x-axis; 1+ sin(s ~6) y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origi tein @ ==> symmetric about the 5. 2+sin(-0) sin @ fr and 2 +sin (x —@) sin 0-£ r= not symmetric about the x-axis, 2+ sin(x 0) =2-4sin 9 =r = symmetric about the y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin 6. 142sin(-8) =1-2sin Of rand 142 sin(x 6) +2sin 0 —1 = not symmetric about the x-axis; 142sin(x~9)= +2 sin 9.= 4 = symmetric about the y-axis; therefore not symmetric about the origin + an(-f)=-an() san(-§)=-sn() = coa() 4 1 but clay the nephi ayemmetie about the seaxis and the origin. The symmetry tests as stated do not 1 =» symmetric about the y-axis; necestaily tell when a graph ix nat symmetric, Note that ar n(? 54 = sia(), 50 the graph i ymmetic bout the xe-axis, and hence the origin. 8, con(~$) = cos(Q) = += metric abou ee sais coo(—§) 4 -1 and con 52) = vn() #0 but cert the graph symmetric aboot the ye and te origin, Ai Etc 7, the tts fat give enough information, Note that con (225-2) = con), s0 he graph in emetic about the aSection 9.7 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 875 8. c0s{~8) #7 = (t,-#) and (=1, 0) are on the graph when (7,8) is on the graph => symmetric about the x-axis and the y-axis; therefore symmetric about the origin 10. sin (r—4} = the graph when (7,0) is on the graph = symmetric about the =? = (1,9—8) and (1,2 ~ 8) areon dete yeaxis and the x-axis; therefore symmetric about the origin 1 (x4) the graph when (¢,6) is on the graph => symmetric about the yoaxis and the x-axis; therefore symmetric about the origin in @ = 22 = (x, —6) and (—1,2~6) ate on ~ cos @ = 1? = (¢, 8) and (—r,-#) are on the graph when (r,4) is on the graph => symmetsic about the x-axis and the y-axis; therefore aymmetrie about: the origin 138, Since (4 r,~6) are on the graph when (r,8) is on the graph (( deni? 34 cos 2(-0) = #° = 4 cos 28), the graph is symmetric about the x-axis and the y-axis = the graph is symmetric about the origin876 Chapter & Conie Sections, Paramettited Curves, and Polat Coordinates A. Since (7,6) on the graph = (1,8) is on the graph (Ce = 4 sin 20 1? 24 sin 20), the graph is ew symmetric about the origin. But 4 sin 2(~8) = ~4 sin 2¢ 3 2 #1? and 4 sin 2s —6) = 4 sin (2r— 20) =A sin (2) 4 sin 20 60? ap the graph is not symmettic about the x-axis; therefore the graph is not symmetric about the yraxis 15. Since (1,8) on the graph = (r,8) is on the graph (erP = in 29 = 1 = ~sin 28), the graph is symmetric about the origin. But sin 2(-6) = {sin 20) sin 26 # r? and ~sin 2(# ~8) = ~sin(Qz—28) in (20) = —(— sin 26) = sin 20 c= the graph is not eymmetric about the x-axis; therefore the graph is not symmetric about the y-axis 16. Since{ 2 r,—6) are on the graph when (1,8) is on the aneph ((-0? = ~cos 2(-9) = 12 = ~ eos 20), the raph is symmetric about the 3-9 x0ph is symmetric about the origin and the y-axis = the MW # sin d+ cos @ 2). fade sin lope = = RE 2 Siope (1.8) 0 ~ sin?) + (1) cos F cer nT A Slope at (—2,-B) ie Tan cos Fay an J Svea (—1-§) ~sin?(—5) + (1) con -§) =sin(=F) coo(=Section 9.7 Geaphing in Polar Coordinates 877 1 OHO ren (41,0), and Ge ee =-1 > (-1,m)s ’ sin B+ cos 8 _ coad sin 9-41 cos @ = 08 6 Slope = Tr oos gr sin @ ~ ces 0 conO =r sin 8 £8 sn BF FOE E Shope at (1,0) ix CORMAN OF “I con = TTT > Slope at (10) i eo cox m sins +(—t)eos 5 AI Slope a8 (=a i aot Br conf _ 2 coe 20 sin @-+1 6086 Feos@—rsin @ — 2eoe Teas 0—rsia 0 = Slope at (1, Paton Sope m:(—1,-#) row(-§) sin(—¥ 2 eos —§) con! sowie) ee sel Hf) on) +c) tel $F) (BO) stop a(1.-28) 2 @=044=15 (1,0); 02 Frets (15) 6= J Farsis (hak a Gtr coed _ —2sin 20 sin 9 +4 c08 4 Freoa rain @~ 2 sin W eos O—rsin srete(-1 = 2 sin 205 Slope in 0 sin 0-4-c06 0 =Fsin 0 cos 0=sin 0" tr) nf) cd(8) ~Boin 2(5) cos($)--Dam(B) wtf) =o(-J)+9e—(-4) eae a8) (3 m=) = Slope at (1,0) which is undefined; Slope at (~ Slope as (—1,~$) is =0; =2sin Qe sin n+ €08 = Slope at (1yx) is 3M FE SIN TEEN E, which ie undefined878 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates Bey 2. (a) 28. (a) 2A. (a) rey (), &) (b) tb)Section 9.7 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 879 Bra Pee Oo rly pees 0=29 222 Taman eta ; . Ce n. » , sr e2-2eo88 Y ozr? ccose 29, (232) the sme point as (-2,~ $); r= 2 2(—B)=2sin(~$) = ~2 = (2.8) non the graph > (28F) ion the graph 3, ) (8) ms -hfhos al) 31. 1+ eos 0 =1-cos 0 = cos 9=030=F, Bpeaty points of intersection are (1,3) and (1,32). ‘The point of intersection (0,0) is found by graphing. 92, Ltsin@=1~sin 8-4 sin @=039=0, ro r= kj points of intersection are (1,0) and (1,7). ‘The point of intersection (0,0) is found by graphing. .880 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 88, 2sin @=2 sin 20 = sin 9 = sin 20 = sin & J tative = 2 sin 0 com 6 = sin @—2 sin P cos 6=0 2 (sin (1-2 e080) = 0 = sin = Oor eos 0h oafsravi, and @=—3 = 1=~V/3j points of interesction are (0.0) (V8.}. and (-V9,-$) a4, £08 8 => 2 cos =1 = 008 0} + pointe of intersection are ‘The point (0,0) is Found by 35. (VBP Asin 0-5 basin 0 0= F, 5B: points of intersection are (y/2, 8) and (v3.52). ‘The points (V3, ane (/2,—BA) are found by graphing 36. V3 sin 0= VT cos 0 = vin 0 =n 0 = 4, 12, 2 O=fotslsr= sland e= See > no solution fort; poimts of intersection are ( + 1,3). ‘The pints (0,0) and (+182) are found by eraphing - alin gg a8, Sx, U3e 17x 37. 1=2sin 29 = sin 20 =F > 20-7, Se, Loe Ie points of intersection are (20) (288). (ASE) and (1282). No ther prints are found by gearing38, VF cos 29 = Bin 20 = cos 29 sin 20 = 26-=F, 82, 39. 41 95,1 goa, 8, 9, on 5%, E09 Be Pal FBS 5 = -1- no solution for Srs£he points of fntersecton aze (14g) and (1.5). ‘The point of intersection (0,0) is found by graphing 1? Sin 20 and x? = cos 20 are gencrated completely for O<0 20 = Fis the only ‘The point of intersection (0,0) is found by graphing. = sin 9 eos $a Ga 38, 78 . 1asin $= 1 4-c08 $= sin $=eos f= F= 32, eere ure , srelteos Sta 1-¥; v2 1435 points of incesstion ae (1-42.82) saa (+4228). te v2 three points of intersection (0,0) and ( 4, found by graphing and symmetry. zx Sa 13% 17n _ =} 1=2sin 26.= sin 20} = 29= 5, St, 132, 3 02 ARE AEs pont of inteection ace (24): (185), (sABE) and (14Z2). Te pine of intercon (1,38), (1,1RF), (2649) ane 232) are found by graphing and symmetry. Section 9.7 Graphing in Polar Coordinates 881882 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates a7 sin 28 is completely generated on 0.< 6 < 40 ane e that 122 Sn 20 sin b= 2927, ca % 1 pin orineneaton te fh) and (148). The points of intersection (~1,5) and (1,8) are found by graphing. 43. Note tha: (r,8) and (~1,4 +2) deseribe the same point in the plane, Then r= 1 -cos # <> -1 —c0s (0+) — (cos 6 cos + ~sin 8 sin 4) =—1 +05 6 = -(1—cos 6) therefore (r,0) is on the graph of 1 cas 0 <2 (—1,0-4) is om the graph of r= ~cos 0 = the answer is (2) Gd 6 14, ove tas (6) and (-14-+ 1) deeb the same pint in the plane. ‘Then += cn ~in(210+#) +8) (28-458) = —sin(2) con SF) con 2 sin(20-+3) = the answer is (a). ho. be a veces 2 res sin(2043) recess = 008 28 = —1; therefore (¢,8) is on the graph ofSection 9.7 Graphing in Polar Coocdinates 883 46. , esteasing 47. (a) &) o @ , . ' ! ¥ = \ voonst sens if } © 48. (a) ) ye | oe «) , © 49, (a) 1 = 4 coe # = cos 6 = wi-estarer-(-$)e oer teeroteaien = r= O: therefore cos 6 = 150 = 7 = (2.1) is a point of intersection884 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Patametrined Curves, and Polar Coordinates =05 (0) 1202 Paco cosa 0a 5, Foi is on the graph; cos 0 =1> =0 = (0,0) is on the graph. for ples coordinates, che graphs intersect at the origin. 50, (a) Let r= (0) be symmetric about the x-axis and the y-axis. ‘Then (144) on the graph = (r,-6) is on the ‘raph because of symmetry about the x-axis. Then (-r,—(6)) 1.8) is on the graph because of symmetzy about the y-axis. Therefore r = f(9} is symmetric about the origin. (b) Let ntaph because of symmetzy about the x-axis. Then (—r,—0) is on the graph because of symmetry about the origin. ‘Therefore r = 1(@) is symmetric about the y-axis. (6) Let = 1(@) be symmetric about the y-axis and the origin. Then (F,6) on the graph = (—r,—@) is on the ‘eraph because of symmetry about the y-axis. Then (-(—1),@) =(¢.—0) is on the graph because of ‘Therefore r = {(0) is symmetric about the x-axis. {1(@) be symmetric about the maxis and the rigin. ‘Then (r,8) on the graph = (r,—#) is on the symmetey about the origin. 51. The maximum width of the petal of the rose which lies along the x-axis is twice the largest y value of the curve fon the interval 0 2 cos 9 ~ 12 sin? @ com 9 = 0 => (cos 0}(1—6 sin®@) = 0 => cos 1__2v6 Ga) tan interval 0 <9 <4. Therefore the maximum width occurs at 9 = e( 1 ): and the maximum width i, to maximite 2y = 2r sin # =2 c08 20 sin Bon <0 <™. Let 4a cos 8— 12 sin®6 cos 8. Then or 1-6 sin?@ = 0 O= For 24, Sine me want o-c0 5, we cane 9 =sn-*(Jg) = 40) =2 sn 02s We can see from the graph of r= os 28 that a maximum does occur in the ave we in 94+2sin @ cos 8. Then 2 cos 92 sin?9 +2 cos” 52, We wish to maximize y = r sin 6 = 2(1 4 cos 6)(sin 6) = dy Sh = 2 cos 6 + YXsin 8)(—sin 8) +2 c08 8 cos 2 con 8 +4 cos? #— hus = 2 cos? + cos O— Bao seat eran fo cos @ = ~1 => = $, 3E, x. From the graph, we can see that the maximum occues in the Gret quadrant s0 3y3 oy 20-9 (Peon 6 1Neo8 0+ 1) =0 = con 0=} we choose @=. ‘Then y=2sin F442 sin § cos T= ‘The x-coordinate of this point is x = 1 0s 3 svi a = 2(1 +008 $)(cos F)= 3 ‘Thus the maximuin height is = “}-* occurcing at x = 3Section 9.8 Polar Equations of Conie Sections 885 9.8 POLAR EQUATIONS OF CONIC SECTIONS 4 z z in?) a5 2 V3, lisin ea. on 1. 1 eam (6—Z) =5 = (0008 coo Zin Bin Z) =H = Yr cade frineabe x thy=b= voxey 10 y=-Vix+10 vo v2. 1 eas(-82) = 2 (cos coe ME -ain 0 in )—2 2 Yeon 04 Erin 0 = 2 2 Bea Py a tes Viva yaetty 1 v3, 3, rcon(-4F) = 92 (cond coe $F sin dain 42) == —Lrcon 6M rain on 3 oo} Byene ct yiy= eyo Yn ay emn(0—(~F))=4 = ren(045)=4 = (coed con F—sin Osin $= 4 wo Yo cos 0 Me in = 49 Box My ory fxn By = 8 hy =a nay y 3, roos(@—F) = V2 = +(cos # os Fsin @ sin F) = VE pec 4+ Sprain t= V+ pst tay wrt =Visxtys2sya2-x TF * “ 19 1(con# con BE sin @ sn , 3 Beco 9 Yersin t= a cty= v3 \ cr ep, va 1 ren(0—2F)= 9 of con 0 con 2E in @ sin BE) = , wo wfc 0+ Mr n= —Jx4 Myo (Bae sont By 099 = Bacay *885 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 8. vem(04f)= 2-9 «(cos # coe Fain sin F v3 1 V5 cingaaet = = hr cos eM rsin 922 = bx~ Wy 22 2x-Viy=4oy= Bn 9. ins fly = 6 Vir co8 0+ VEr sin = 629 +( Econ 94 92 ino =r eos(0- 3 1(cos F cos 8 + sin F sin #) 10, Vix 1 2b Vir oon $2 sin o= 1-2 (YE coe 6 fain 8 = +(cos § cos 0 —sin § sin @) sioro(ered UL BS a rain O= 5 —rsin Fo § we rsin(—#) =5 =r coo(F (8) )=5 = x cool 12, x= dcop $= =4 > —r cos PA Sr eos(P—z)=4 15, 12948) eon dB cone 1a = 2) sin = Bing 1s. = 2/Tan 16. 12-2(f) cor = con? n 1% , awe : axe Toten * . 2. , : tone Taaueei21, (x~6)" +y? = 36 = C= (6,0), a= 6 12 cos 4 isthe polar equation 28. x24 (y —5)? = 25 > C= (0,5), a= 5 => 6 = 10 sin 0 is the polar equation y fet0she Poy HPs 2. xP fda yh =O (KTP bY? SCa(-O,asier the polar equation 2 ens 0 is Section 9.8 Polar Equations of Conic Sections 887 22. (x42) +y? 24 C= (-20) =r dD eiy eT oad 4 e088 is the polar equation rete (eortaytes y =(0,-1),a=7 1 = -14 sin Os the polar equation y agentes fatesine 0-7 26. x? — 16x +y? = 0 = (x8) ty? = 64 3 r= 16 cos is the888 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Pela: Coordinates 2. ttyhty som x4 yal) 1 28, xP ty? dy =O x24 y-2y Ba 3 3% mc=(0§) ange polar equation pola uation Pe (ye (ayy ata ewes (eo yoeaksbars ie 1 =1k= ypigp tes bkelsxelSection 9.8 Polat Equations of Conic Sections 889 ed 14 (J) cos 9 -_ 6 elyka6oxeh oie enh kaha rab ab-e)etes ofi-(S)]-35 fasta ana sea=2 --s_5,._fi) . @ =p hes 1=(B) eae 1=(f)eons baba x=-hall-é)=te34{1-(5) | at sesh, = aSsacWoand afoha$oastoan} =_2 =Uk=25x5 srsprkgg sea bka=toxs-2 pre itt 4) gs eR smo va(B)sn TSG) no caf besos ya snalt 8) =te af1-(H)] =u s3ac 2100, 9 = 50 30 fan rs ans ea890 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates » 4 - . Wragg to reipa ees tare godgeg ote yohgp ee kedayes ketay , eagle estar eau vet 48. redsc@+n/9) S 43. 50. S rade5h. 53, 55. (b) Fm 8/04 4.608 9) r= ld sino) 57. (a) Perihelion 52, a 56, Section 9.8 Polar Equations of Conic Sections 891 r= t/e + sind) ie Pm G+ e089) Ve Pei +2600 6) aac = a(I~e}, Aphelion = ea +a =a{l +e) Plane: | Perihelion | Aphelion Mercury | 03075 AU _| 0.4867 AU Venus Orie au | 67382 A Earth 0.9888 AU | h0i67 AT Mare Tasir AU | 1.6663 AU Tupiter 49512 AU SADA AU Satran g.02i0 AU | 10.0570 AU Uranus | 18.2977 AU _| 20.0628 AU Neptune | 208185 AU} 30.8065 AU Phito 49.2251 AU [29.8549 At892 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrined Curves, and Polar Coordinates (0.8871)(1 — 0.2056") 0.3707 T+ 0.2056 cos 0 ~ T$0.2058 cos O ve 0.7233) (1 ~ 0.0068?) 0.7233 onus: = TEE OBR cos 7 — TUBS cor 9 58. Mercury: 1(1 0.01672) 0.9997 Rasth: += Ty gnaT cos 8 = TFUGIT oo M. _ 1.524) (1 — 0.09347) 151 ae = TE ADTT cas I~ TFTA cond see ¢ _ @:200)(1~0.08847)_——_ 5 33 Super «= SPT aid cos > TEOOE TS _ (9.539)(1~0.05437)_— gs Saturn: 1 = TSE Q5AS cos 8 ~ THUGS cos B Urano «= @248)(1= 0.08002) gong T+0.0460 cos @ ~ TF O.0460 cow 0 30.06)(1 ~ 0.0082") ga. © TF 0.0082 cos 0 10.0082 cor Neptune: ir sin 8 = x? Hy? = dys Vines 0-4 1= VE os reo = V8 sxe Visas Vis(Vil ey = = 0-9-1 ory = 1, Therefore in Cartesian coordinates, the points of intersection ane (3) and (V5.1). to polar Vi sec 0 => Ssin 9 cos 8 = fi 50. (a) redoing? sy naytss coordinates, 4 sin v3 = 2sin 9 cos @-= 3 a» sin 29 = ¥s =forfie=Z5r=2,and B) and (2V5, intersection in polar coordinates. Pay? = Bx 2 eos # =p x! 60. (a) = 8 cos 0 ata sxty? a0 (x4) ty? = 16; tact rapa rcast=2 Sxahx=23 2-92) 4+y?=0 2/5. Therefore (2, 42/3) ate the points of intersection in Cartesian coordinates. syswey In polar coordinates, 8 cos @=2 sec 6 => 8 cos?# = 2 seta} sesl= 2h 50 $a 1 4 and = 2 and Fe =—4 = (4) and in polar coordinates, The points (1,3) and (~4§8) ae th sae pinsSection 9.8 Polar Equations of Conic Sections 893 4 61, reo Pade xed k= parabols se=tor=y pti Srein=2-y 62, 1 coo(8~$)= 2 (os # cos $+ sin sin B 2 sind srs 63. (a) Let the ellipse be the orbit, with the Sun at one focus Then tygax =A 6 NG Fin (b) Let Py, Py be the foci, Then PP, + PF, = 10 where P is any point on the ellipse. If P is a vertex, then PP, = ate and PF, c= (ete) +(e a= 10 2=5. Since e= § we have 0.2 = $2 €= 1.0 > the pine should be 2 inches apart. 64. € = 0.97, Major axis = 36.18 AU = a= 18.00, Minor axis ~ 9.12 AU = b= 4.56 (1 AU s 1.49 108 km) ke. aie?) _(18.09)[1— 0977] _ 07 G) t= Tyeeeed * Tremed 1s 0ST eo 8 TF 0aT cad AU 1.07 0.5427 AU = 8.08 107 km 35.7 AU 5.33 x10" kin 65, x2 +y? —2ay =0 = (1 c08 092-4 (¢ sn 6)? — 2ar sin 8 = 0 costo +e? sin? @— Dar cin 902 7? Sratasing ein 6 66. y? = dax 44a? => (rsin 6)® = dar cos 0-4 4a? = sin? = far cos 0 +4a = £°(1 cos?) = éar cos 0.442? <9 =H? cos?O = tar cos 0-4 4a? = 0? e066 + Aar cos 6 +402 => 2? = (5 cos B+ 2a)? re £(Fc08 0425)

revs 0 cosa ts sind sin => 1(c08 6 cos a+ sin 6 sin 0) =p => 1 cos{@—a) 68. (02 +92 4 Dana? 4 9?) 08)? = 2 (2) 4 2ale cos a)(e2) ar sin 8)? =0 sp 144 2ar? cos = ar? sin? = 0 = 18Le? 4 2ar os 0 a?(1~ cos?@)}=0 (assume 1 4 0) =r? 4 ar cos Om 0 3 (11-4 8 cos 8-422 cod) ~ 0 = (tacos # =a? srt+acosd= ta = af] —cos 4) ot r= —af! + c08 6}; reals! -cos 6} Pat cos? the equations have the same graph, which is a cardioid 69. Example CAS commands: Maple: t-> kee (Ltesces(t) hs k=l 45 plot{¢(t),¢=—Pi..Pijcoorde=polar,view=[4..1,-0.5]}s Mathematica Here ve define a simple polar plotting function, for convenience: polarplot{ ro {eng.a db}, opts f= ParametticPlot({s Coslanal, 7 Sinlang)) {ang.asb), opts, AspectRatio -> Autom SetAtibutes| polarplot, Holdall | Clearfesk.t] wit] = ke J +e Coslt) kl © = 3/4; polarplot{ eld, {ty-PuPi} j Note: for the parabolas, @ smaller range of theta gives a good picture: € = 3: polarplot{ tj, (1,-3.3) J e = 5/4; polarplot, fe). le-PQPH} ] 70. Example CAS commands: td aali-e'2)/(1+eacos(t))i See Exercise 69 for the polar plotting function. rh = a (1 — 62) / (1 + © Cosltl) 9730; polarplot{ rit], {%,-Pi,Pi} |Section 9.9 Integration in Polar Coordinates 895 9.9 INTEGRATION IN POLAR COORDINATES Ps o LAs f faezcon op aes | 16416 cov 944 cate) a a Li-c0s28)] ag Fess onal o6-+8sin 942 sin 20)" = #8n in 20” = er Ht +2coc¢bonte) an fe? | (14200804 4 Lo 20) ap o 2 a] Halt +c0s 6}? 40= she | Gorenesfooat)anafelfosten esau] fee ; " “ = 1 cog? = [ Lises4e Jf sin 40)" _ sant [ fowtarurm [ Lesedtan a este ag " " a naa | Yastem2a)aa— as? [cos 2806 = 204 2 a8 “i fh “R 5. ace 46 sin 20) 46 = | 2 sin 26 d6 ={—cos 2615/2 =2 a ts “8 6. A= (62) | }resinso) ao= 32 | sin 39 ao = 12[ £95 385] he cos # and r=2 sin 6 = 2 cos 9 = 2-sin 6 3 cos Pin Om =F; therfore 1 on ant | fe sing?ar= [a sintoae 3 “A (2-2 cos 26) 60596 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Potat Coordinates 8. r= Tand r=2sin G2 2sind=1 = sina} , sys = 6=F or BF; therefore A vars f He sin of - 2] 20 renee v8 says ano f (@unto-fjaema— | (1=con2nf)a0 . a8 os a Pra pet J, (coo 20) a pean) an-ayi (Hb 5F) (aa 8) 9. r= 2and 2(1 —co8 9) => 2-= 21 cos 6) = cos @= 0 “A 220 = £5; therefore A=? J ${2(1 eos 9)? a y 3 remicenn, "p re? t+Earea of the snele= { 4(1 2000 6-+eos?0) 40+ (br) a x ut = [A(z Ltt) aoa 2e *h [aco 8+ 242 cm 28) dB +2 6 ~ 8 sin @+sin 20)" 4 On = 50-8 10, += {1 ~cos 6) and = 2{1 4008 0) “+ 1 cos 9= 1 +c08 6 = cos @ ‘or 32; the graph also gives the point of y interseetion (0,0); therefore ramen af = aaa] Flatt coo avy | $l0(1 + coe oy a x a op rp + = | 20 ocortohans | 4142 con 0 conte) a2 ce) ® “n rp , . = | a(r rece sr ttt) aoe | a{4 access Mts) ae a wi 2 =f te-beaner zeman ate f (rte oz caean a : i = [60-8 sin O-4sin 20]°/? + [6048 sin 0+ sin 25)" , = 62 ~ 16nL co 13, Mu Section 9.9 Integration in Polar Coordinates 897 co 20-3 3 = 6 con 26-4 con 20 =} x revi in the 1 quadrant); we use symmetry of the +6 gtaph to find the area, so A= 4 J [}(6 cos 29) -}( V)']a0 x 3 Pabst *fs | (6 cos 20-3) do = 219 sin 20-3918! v5 1 = Ba cos @ and r= a1 +e0s 8) => 3a cos 2 = a(1 eos 8) 9 cos 0 = 1 +008 # => cos b= b> 9 =F oc FH; the graph also gives the point of intersection (0,0); therefore ap nat f Hoe? ousoneria “a = I (92? cas? @—a? — 2a? cos @ ~ a” cos? 8) dé 7s +p = | (64? cov?#~ 22? om 2?) a0 = J [4021 + cos 20) — 28% cos 6-2} d0 a . 296 2a in 2620? sin 6g! = wa? + 22(f)-2n2( YE) = | (322 + 4a? cos 29-227 cos 0) a8 =e{r41-V3) r= Land (= —2 cos 9-2 1 =—2 c08 9-9 con = 4 => 6 = 2% in quadrant Ul; therefore 4 e . racteas vet Ae? J M2 cos oP] as = J (4 eos?0~ 1) 86 ae up x = J tateoam—nae= | (142020 40 arts aa =[o-tsin 20)0 = 54% ays apa any (Anz [ f@cosoeiras= | (4 cos! 6-44 cos 041) 40 = J [2C1 + eos 20) +4 cos 0+ 1] do a 3 ° oP snente ten aenioesan me etanei® ote ENB aoe :808 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates oy a= (or228) (e204 thn 4 abe a Bam in et 15, r= G andr =3csc# = 6sind=3 = sind boo=t sje Se Lato ex? or SF; therefore A= | $l? cate) a vases ae oe en . = | (8-$esca) ae—fise +g ox of ue r= (151-$¥8)-(a0 $8) = 126-98 3 8 coc? = 6 cos 24 => sve 0 = $ sec?@ = 6 cos 28 16. + =6 008 20 and £057 c08 28 = 3 = (cos?4}(2 cos? —1) Ban cot ten? 2 cot coe?s $0 = 16 ost 8co9 9 =0 = (4 co 5 1) ene? —3) vi = 0 cost6 = Bor cose =—1 = cos a= (the second equation has no real 00%) = 6 = “6 fe quadrant); thus A=2 | {6c 20-$aecto}ao= | ( é a =(¥) 0 _3V5_3y3_3V8 ONE, ayy B 17. (a) e= tan dand e=( (Yi) ece sate =(¥2) con o> 1-e0st0=(Y2 Jee ae 4 wewres(Q)aat 1-0-rant- abu va AF (use the quadratic formule) => E (the solstion “a me In the fist quadrant); therefore the area of Ry i A, =f deans aa = | (ceet@—1) da = Hlean 0-093! = }(tan $-9) = -pao=(2)cu § S ang 07 =(2}oe F 2 nana iede (ZY) =f enone te a region shaded in the text is 2(4-F+}) = —F. Note: The area must be found this way since no common interval generates the region, For example, the interval 0 <0 < T generates the arc OB of ve : AF exe 6. Instead the interval generates ‘an 8 but does not generate the segment AB of the line vi 2 the half-line from B to +20 on the line r= ese 8Section 9.9 Integration in Polar Coordinates 599 (0) limp, tan = oo and the ine = 1 in reese Oi polar coordinates; then iy, (tan @—wee @) =n, (SSE aba) = ony (REG) lim, (ifs) = 0% += tan # approaches sec #050 3 =p 1 soe # (or x=} Ine vertical aymplote of r= tan #, Similarly, = —see 8 or x= 1) is a vertical asymptote of r= tan &. 3. It is not because the circle és generated twice ftom @ = 0 lo 2x. The area of the cardioid is aaa f feowerntar= | (cateszen os iar | (1292 42 om 241) a0 $ ; B+ HngE 52 |” = AF. The ae oe clei A= =()f <=> the aren reget i actully ve ve 19. s= 00s 65 V5 $5 = 20; therfore Length = fle? +20 cv= | Vira ae a ° vi vi | oi vi an twince 020) | VET ae [a =e 44> bau =0H 0-0 mums, : a oaveoenl-] J vio = ff? sna tas= | | -j a0 =f se a 121 60086 = sin dy heres Length = [ffi coe a (oan a 4 t T fs. + cos #) j cos # ay i = = =| rree=t | [EE D cons | [EBs ae | e(Soomefon dl a0 u @ a 2" 2 sensi 0 £05 na 0-2 gain eons teifore Length = | (asi §) (asin Goh) ae g =| eben Stan Tes [oat a For saaeff’ =m =| shin] Yor PF atime cee «| off)800 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Paramnetrted Curve, and Polar Coordinates a zodre _6sind = 6 " Gsine \ empl OSPF Ha GER ttre tenet | rsh) +(aER) & = 4 —Msintd 1 sin? 9. le | tal ee = (since phy >on 0<9s3) 6 J Ge) le Beos tt cor G8 ay +E een) mare | atta | eee | bee “p "s 26 | fan f sebu dus ve ores | Hy 3 ° Fin jae 9 tn uf *\aslvie mts va rerehop Fsters apa: ites t= | tara) +(e) asta" sin?@ aja | ieee 25] [1 — cos FP +8in? 8 yy (1 eost@F (eos a)F setentatagetr) | (a finteoeboteor fatal ag =2 J (es) (ae do= #] nope oom ou | eae I lene gas ch (2eint J ea . Pn =6 J (2) a8 =(sine ee $2 on F< ah Fal920 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates LIL, r= 2a sin 30 => 6 = 6a cos 36 = tan Y= PEs m 28 Loan 39; when = Lien Eytan w= }tenZ a ip)" oreo =5 i sus} 12. (b) wo = > tan vga ¥ 9% Jim tan d= co YF i from the right as the spiral winds in around the origin. y, un. cot in gat 0 = et Up = HG = tn Bin VF a =F se the proto these slopes is —1, the tangents are perpendicular 114, a(1 + 008 0) = 80 cos 8 => 1 =2 con 8 cos 8 =} or = Fitany, MO, ace tan vy = Beso jst at ga. Then a 3sin 6 1 Send. 1 8 us. Gt cos gj? T0089 = TH cost ate apc = (cos oF "2 T¥e68 1p c0s 63-8 cand = 4 e062 cos P= f-9 6 = EF ny == 2 the carves ntsc a the Eso) 1 eos sin 8Chapter 9 Practice Exercises 921 116. (a) We need y+ 6 = x, 50 thal tan #=tan(r—8) = —tan 6, y aw tanya pbe atten) yg sae Now ts ae) ig RO og a, > cos #40088 A = sin 8 => cos 0+ cos? 9 = 1— caste * 2 — cos 8 = bot coe 5 = Peo d+ 08 1-1 = 0 = cos 0 =}, H lageat 38s con Ox Lo = costa habs tiara Bicone 130 ‘Therefore the points where the tangent line is horizontal are (38, 4.3) and (0,2). reo eae) all teas a) z = cot 8 a8, (b) We need y-+@ =F co that tan = tan| si0 0 co. = con @= ~Join = O;c00 0= fa b= 238 = BEF = sind +sind cos 6 = sre 0 => @=0 (not 2, see part (a)) = r= 2a. ‘Therefore the points where the tangent lime Bisin is vertical ae (5, +22) and (20,0). ty asin Un erp hag a Gea and (Trees) ene (cea) tan S05 Sng bad tan Oa a) fecod fees] = 14(LEEB8) tment) Lem 9 9 i undetnnd = the parabola ate orthogonal at each point of intersection p__ a(l cos) 118. tan y ay islasagoue 444 c08 0 => 3 =4 cos +4 cos? => (2 con 04.32 co 8-1) =0 (1 + c08 6) 119. a. y @ = For F (the second equation has no solutions); tan yy = g ey tan vy = aeFigrg = cote Ie at § ‘Then tan 8 is undefined since Also, tam Yolega = VI and 128 Wy Ipe/3 = 1 Ba Jean vs tan = 14 a (V8) = 0 tan 7 is also undefined + = 5 > 1 tan gy tan vy = 14 (a) Fomag = tn 49) = tan 3E922 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates vn. qohage pelgg sine oe sin 0 = cos 6 nO 0 =F; tan vy = tron(®) =sin 7 mer 8. Thus at 9=4, tan ¥ = =F eco 14-10 2) 22> dan yg) oa. ten tan p= WV2=N=(t= v9) _2vF- a) 122, ) Parc ashy aged => 1? sin @ cos 8= 1 = xy Petacae + a hyperbola 123. (a) = Be®/{*") for some constant B; tana 4 6pf tana) = (sec a) Be efi(ors] (5,1) where K = sec a is the constant of proportionality 124, 1? sin 28 = 20? = rin 8 cos @ =a? => xy =a? and =x), 60 the tangent Tine erosses 2 the eas when y= 0-9 = = =a)Chapter 9 Additional Exercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 923 xin Z PQ = Vx, — 4)? +01 - 0 = fxd ty] and OP: = 1, Let Q be (2x,,0). ‘Then es tx, =m) +x = 2x; since OF iy OF = fb tyf = OF = PQ and the triangle i CHAPTER 9 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 2, Dien 2 =8 and fous (0) = vertex is (0) 4 2 3 p=} the equation nx—J=3p 2 2. aba Ox ~ 12y 49 =O xP 6x49 = 12y > BOB! - verter ia (8,0) and p = 9 => focus is (3,3) and the 4 Alrectrix is y= 3. xx? = dy = vertex is (0,0) and p= 1 = focus is (0,1); thus the distance from P(xy) to the vertex is Vx?+y? land the distance from P to the foeus is y/o? + (y= 1)? > VF? = Dafa? + (y — 1) ce xPag yt Ala? (yo xP ty? = te 4 dy? By 44 3 302 4 By? By 44 = 0, which i cite 4. Let the segment a-4b intersect the y-axis in point A and intersect the x-axis in point B so that PB=b and PA =a (Gee figure). Draw the horizontal line through P and let it = ZAPC =e. intersect the y-axis in point C, Let ZPBO = in dnd ZF Then sin 0 Land con = B= 535 = cost + sin 5, Vertices are (0, +2) a=) e=§305=§ > e=1- foci are(0, £1) 6. Let the center of the ellipse be (x0); directrix x = 2, focus (4,0), and «= 3 = $-c= 2 P= 2c sen das an3(24Za)= Bixaee 8 5 sack@re. Abo te BS co that ¢?924 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates, 7. Let the center of the hyperbola be (0,3). (a) Directrix y = =1, focus (0,=1) and e=2 => 6 Sask 12, Also 1 = the center is (0,1); ¢? 22a) 12 a= dse=B at 18; therefore the equation Is waa 16 ~63a=5c—20. Also, c= a6 2) iad ay =- Je the center is a9 5 y+ By tnereore she cuton ie 3) = i) (2) 8. The center is (0,0) and c= 2 => 4 = a2 +0! op b? a 1 Mas 2) ada? = ata a? = 49(4—2?) 1444? = a? (4~ 2) > 196 — 4907 ~ 44a? = 4a*—a' > af — 19707 + 196 G@ => (a? 196)(e?-1)= 0 > a= Mor a= 1; a= 14 => bP = 4 (14)? < 0 which is impossible; a= 1 sbta4 1 4; therefore the equation is y?@ —% = Wyo ht 8 xyatoxPeyooo 2 x2y = 05 LAE. te (aqpye) in a point of interscetion, then the product of the slopes is Cans) 1 3 the curves are orthogonal a 454 10, sade ds ty Baas Ba8 y= 64-168 , 3 ty Ba 16 B= =F. re Ga.99) isa point of < intersection, then the product of the slopes is Voneeee ae now y?= 4444 and y? =64 = 16x —a J oa) 32 She td= 64-64 5 20-0 xR BH 4s > 16 _ __16. yatta se 1S = -1 = the curves are orthogonal 4 Ga “one! ‘at theit pointe of intersection, whore ina contant = thy 2 2 = BEY (since by? = x2). IC) i 9 point of intersection : sen prt a esp e(-28) 8830), > the curves are orthogonal at their poinis of intersection.‘Chapter 9 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 925 12. y? = dala—x) -4a(x — a) has vertex (a,0) and p_ = the focus is (0,0); y? = 4b(x +b) has vertex: (-b,0) and p= b = the focus is (0,0); 4a(a— x) = 4b(x+b) > a?—b? = (a+b)x > x=a—b hots hom JV he pins on ae (ab 3 27) = le 22 2D Thertor atthe plas of oy ® oy Peaoe iene ptf so “1 = the paral ar otogrsl at their points of intersection, 18 yaar ty Base Bom = ¥ > Moan = Fy Plxyiyy) = the tangent line is y BER, ae (xj.y,) the tangent line is yyy = ( —" 2 Vinx 16. (a) aly’ 9 Fa iy Geny) the tange yoy mi)" 4) 3 ayy, + bax, = DAD aby? = ato? > Dlg tayyy = at! a 2. at (x,y) the tangent le is yyy = “(2 Jans Pyyy = bad ay} = ath? = bho ~ ayy, a3? = 0926 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametzized Curves, and Polar Coordinates 2 a - dy | -2Ax—By-D (©) Ax? Bay 4 Cy? + Dx + By + F =O has the derivative & = SPAS SEI D, at (x.y) the tangent line is (Gea? Tie FFE = -2Anx, — Bryy — Dx +2432 4 Bxyyy + Dx, => 2droy + B(yny + xy)} + 2Cyyy + Dx Dx, + Ey — Evy tax} +2Bqy, +2Cy}. Now add 2Dx, + 2Ey, to both sides ofthis last equation, divide the result by 1 by -F to get: yey O09) = Boag +2099, +BY = Bry 20,4 By 2, and represent the constant value on the any +825) 4.09, +0(4)+0(234) 1” eataat 6, 1», ». 21. (9x? + ay? — 38 )[4x? + 9y? — 16} <0 = 9x? +4y?— 38 <0 and 4x? 4 9y? ~ 16 > 0 or 9x? + 4y?—36 > 0 and 4s? 4997-16. <0 oF 7800Chapter 9 Additional Exercises-‘Theory, Examples, Applications 927 22, (9x? + Ay? ~ 96)(427 + 997-16) > 0, which is the complement of the set in Exercise 21 23, x*-(y? 9) 20 > x -(y?-9}=0or PH(Paa)=04 yar asore ty a9 whieh is undefined y Mex tay ty? <3 = tan 2 3 2 = Sa =45' > Al eo 5+ coe An 15-4 oP C1 = sin? 45°~ sin 45° cos 45° + cos? 45" Bot Ly 8 which athe inten ofa rotted elipse 25, Ate PF = Are AF since each is the distance rolled; 2PCr = APE 5 Are PF = b(ZPCF); @ = AIGAE y b( a=n-(2e2)o Sow x= 08-48D = OB-+EP = (448) co 0-+0 e080 = (a+ d}c0n 04D c(e=(2E2)o (ot bcos 0+ cos + cs((22)0) 4b sin sn ((2¢)o) D =CB~CE= (a+) sin9~b sin a= (ab) sin 9b Sn( x -(252)o) at) bool (*4)9928 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates = (ab) sin @~bsinxco((2EJ0) 4b cos x sin((2E2)2) = (a0) sin @—bsin((2E)o); (ey) chesefore x= (4 cos 81 ou (2552) and y = (a+b) sin OD 2 Dacontcny femetdensint thy <0 when 10 O48 04 C= C= 0 ys then gee-ays-tenisas [ten ida ten tacientuhm aos 12200462 C=! 2 (e-1? = x=2eo8 141. Thus tyt seat ttsinte = 1 ent o( Lis the Cartesian equation, which is an ellipse. allo? . “Gye t= nes” (av Paue tartar (ath Gee? sey =) x= 15 (21,0) is not, covered: = 1 gives (0,1), t= 0 gives (1,0), and t= gives (0,1). Note that as t+ 00, x Land y 28, (a) x= a(t —sin t) = 4% = a(t cops) and let 6= 1 dm =A wy dx = y(38) ae ay = afi —ros t)a{l —c0e 1) at = aPC cos 4 as then A= fF a2(1 cos 9 a é (1-2 eos t + €08?t) at (1 neoe tag f con 1) ab = 07 $e —2 sin est) = alt sin) and = fy = alt -cos t) = M frome fy ean =| $a(l ~cos )?(1 cos a= fo? | (1 cos 1) dt PP tewts seat -ade 2s -#] [sae f BoM (1st) fon ofacn lft sinc BBE sie] Me (#8) Ba [xam= Jreca woe n anu thace | (-aemtstnttcuntatatontcan tena ! |Chapter 9 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 029 =af2 Lead ‘ sin®e 4 S084] 522 = Deos t= 2 sin t+ bd cos 264 f sin 2 teos tbsin?t + | = 3e%—, Thos °[E- gee a “Tw, M, 3a Hp Seta < na 3 (ra Sa) nthe cere of mas (0) = JOP Me and y 220 BaF te b= 19 dm = dA = y dx = y( 8) ae vi a lotl?)(089} ae = 20 as a = [ wt ae[fee]S 8a moa = [rime vi [ fee a[gery? avs 3 2 29. 9) =e con band y =o sin > x? ty? =e cor tet ant = ef, Abo = Set stant sum" (9/), 2 x is the Cartesian equation. Since 2? = x74 y? and steer "Qe tived = tao" (P) the polar equation? or r= 2 fr = 0 (b) ds? =r? do? +4r?; v=o? = dr = 20” a6 oo dat =o? a 4 (2024 ag) = (AF a0? 4 408? a0? 1 = be! 46? 3 ds = 52" a L = | Vie? av 2 [42] Bev dy. 30. x =2 sin?(Q) > dr =2 win®(2) cos(8) so > de? = a? + de? =[2 sin®(Q)f ao? [2 sin2(B) con() of, tas) esa) oar ane eee] e” coma" > ente( fan time | 2s0() anf tml cu(2)] 20 =[0- $n 2)" =e sive canta 8= ftp de ohn p= en a= VTP = ico OF a Fao AF THT cos OF coshO-F aD dd = VIFF 008 40 = 1/4 cont(B) 0 ~ n = 2eae(S) et sine 065. Theos | ax(esina)-2ea(§)uem [Ax + eas 6-9 con(§) ae930 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates ” “2 [eer(ay]” > | Peo lleseE)em(B)eo(Bor= [26 cot(G)an(G) ae =| * _cen(¥f) Qn) _ 328 — any et —s 32. The region in question is the figure eight in the middle. azar Wa) Y tm Bncoe™ Oy The are of + = 2a sin?() in she Sse quadrant gives < af Jot that region. ‘Therefore the area is A= 4 | eae * op op =4 [| $easint(§)f dem se? | sint($) a0 “ap . a2 n/2 2 aout | sin? (a ~cee?($)] a0 = 83? | [sn® (8) ~sin?(§) oon?(8)] uo = 00? | (teeta) ao A ant [ (anaes a= Lage 28) ae= oP [ (4 c00 9 +00 28) do =a8[3e cin 24} in 20)” 29-4) 33, €= 2 and + cop § = 2 = x= 2 ie the directrix = k = 2; the conic is @ hyperbola with r = ;—Ke— 2)2) 4 STATE Reo 8 TF coed 3M, e= 1 and r cos @ = —4 = x= —4 is the directrix = k= 45 the conic is a parabola with r = -—Se— iat) 4 Tocos d= srs ae <1 in 2d = yn ie thedi => se ican ellipee with r= K€ 38. e= Jand rin # = 2 = y= 2 is the directrix = k= 2; the conic is an ellipse with r= p-KE 36. e= Land rsin 6 = -6 + y = Bis the directrix = k = 6; the conic is an ellipse with r= -—KE «()‘Chapter 9 Additional Bxereises-Theory, Examples, Applications 931 S51, The length ofthe rope is = 2x +24 y > 8C. (a) The angle A (ZBED) occurs when the distance maximized. Now €= Vac ty Vea O +1220 (2-8) Pen - Since sin 4 we have sn (b) I? the ring is fixed at B (i.e. y is held constant) and B is moved to the right, for example, the rope will slip around the pegs so that BE lengthens and DE becomes shorter => BE + ED is always 2x = Ly ~ 2e, ‘which is constant = the point B lies on an ellipse with the peys as foci (©) Minimal potential energy oceurs when the weight is at its lowest point => B is at the intersection of the ellipse and its minor axis. 8 B42 Ws a. 4a, = 00; 84 Ha dy 46, = a0. ‘Therefore P and Q ie on an ellie with Py and F as foci. Now Yam dy ty = 90 = = 15 and the focal distance is 10 = b? = 157-10? = 125 2 an equation of the ellipee is - ce paten, re(it Beppe) Rett =ay tigt =m tea( 2) em 0 Ifthe plane is flying level, then P and Q must be symmetric to the yeaxis = x, lv 1 os y= 1000 yy = V9 since yy must be postive. ‘Therefore the postion af xy 3 xy =—x +10 1010 segs (52%8) wns i ane mina en he om 439. If che vertex is (0,0), then the focus is (pO). Let P(X,y) be the prevent postion ofthe comet. Then [G—pP ty? = 4x 107, Since y? = 4px we have y/lx— p)! + apx = 4x 107 = (xp)? + Spx = 16 « 10" fi ‘Also, x= p= 4210" cos 60 = 210" = x= p42 10" Thereove (2% 10"F 4 Ap(p +2 107) = 16% 10" = tx 10" 4 4p? + Spx 107 = 16x 104 = 4p? + 8px 107 — 12x 104 = 0 => p? 4 2px 1073x104 =o 2 (p+ 3x107Up—10) a0 10" miles 0. x= Mand yd 2 = Hla D= yoxnoF4(F-2) = Page peoe- Rhee =] VATEFS TA be the diatance fom any point onthe parabola to (0,3). We want to minimize D. ‘Then (e-s De Ata? y140)Un8 aes) = Jed-meosy? = Act 8x? 4 144) (4x9 - 16x) = s0e)8-2x203 8-45 ent , Feoatria 1} 3x 10" or p = 107. Since p is positive we obtain Sx =Dor932 Chapter 9 Conic Sections, Parametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates X= £2 Nowx=0 4 y=Oands= £2-y=1. The distance from (0,0) to (0,3) is D =3. ‘The distance from (2,1) to (0,3) is D = 42? + (1-3)? = 2 which is less than 3. ‘Therefore the (0.3) are (22,1) nts elogest to AL, cot goa 0-5 0 =49' ithe angle of rotation “tA! = col 45 bcos 45cm 45-0? 45 and C! = sin?45°— sin 45° cos 451 +e0s? 45° babeady? 42, The angle of rotation is @ = 5 > A! = sin F cos Bi =0, and C= 4 aaa wan YB and b= VP 2 sata bi 24 = c= 2 Therefore the eccenticity ia e = § 2c ty) 4 (x te? 2)? -4()0) B. YE+ Palace 2VFty= 1s 2/F=1-(e+y) > sey =p Any = 0? Oey hy? = 2x Dy bp xt Oey $y? 2x By +1 0 BP AC. => the curve is part of a parabola Senha watunfenfaa enc 2 sin Fos f= -1, D/ = -/Bsin $= —1, B= V3 cos F (itv) )ands (tox 4h) (yay +) LPL = 1. The center is x49") = (}.-4) > x= 4 cos $—(—$) sin F O ore center ie (9) =(¥,0).. Next a= VE = the verte ate vP-B ane (— Jom f-(VE-B)sin f= 921 and 1.1) one verte, and x=} coe 5-(—VI—}) sin F = Mas and y=} sin £4(-V5—})sin F=—1 or (uy) (424 1.-1) ne otter ves Also 42a dm c= 2-5 the fst are (vy?) = (feB}ond (f.-§) => x= f coe $- Bain $= — ME ana 4 bcos $= Por tn =(- 3B.) i one fos, and x= feo $49 in § = 2Y? ana 5 even) =(3f V8) sete an Ta pe 2 hfe aled Ip pyt andy # ese ey! 2 vi} a(e fie tered stem, steep fey! andy =a fy? aya ty , AVA, yaa mntxny soy! 3 Eh My =the anymptaesChapter 9 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 933 ~My abe (ae ¥By 4) = ane apmmiotes ase V2 +1= 0 0 0, Finally, the xa ithe ine ehough (42,0) with slope of (call hat = va seyret tn thougn (Eo) nase ata 9 y =n x4, 45. (a) The equation of a parabola with focus (0,0) and vertex (a,0) iss = 7-2 and rotating this parabola through a = 45" gives Tren(@3) {) Foci at (0,0) and (2,0) = the center Is (1,0) = a= and c= I since one vertex is at (40). Then . For ellipses with one focus atthe otgin and major axis along the seas we have x = 20L=et), 2,8) and foes at (0,0) =+¢ 5 J) and vertex at (1,5) > a= 1. Then 3 axe) fof. thawon = pelrg = IO =k 2a TFesm~T+2am6~T¥2sing* = $52, Also k=a0— 46, Let (4,04) and (4,,9,) be the polar coordinates of P, and P,, respectively. Then 4, £08 8 , 2+ co8(6y +) 4, + and we have =3 . 3 fore 14 1 = 24 Sry ce h MTs lr ata; Arcos H +08 Hy cos n—sin 9 sin 4 = a =3 47, Are PT = Are TO since each is the same distance rolled, Now Arc PT = al.ZTAP) and Are TO = a(.ZTBO) = ZTAP = ZTBO. Sines AP = a= BO we have that AADP is congruent to ABCO = CO = DP > OP is parallel to AB = ZTBO = TAP =, ‘Then OPDC is a square + + = CD = AB—AD—CB = AB~2CB = 2a~2a cos # = 2a(] ~cos 8), whieh is the polar equation of a eardiod. 48, Note first that the point P traces out a circular are as the door y closes until the second door panel PQ is tangent to the eirele. The hopes wen P toned at (pl), sce ZOPQ Pee 90° at that time. ‘Thus the curve is the circle x?-+y# = 1 for shape gx:Sclg. When x2 lp the cand dor parla to the curve at P. Now le represent. ZPOQ so that ast nins from: 5 to 0, the door closes. ‘The coordinates of P are given by (cos t,sin t), and the coordinates of Q by (2 cov 4,0) (since triangle POQ is isosceles), ‘Therefore at & Gxed instant of time tthe slope ofthe line934 Chapter @ Conic Sections, Pasametrized Curves, and Polar Coordinates formed by the second pane! PQ is m= 3% = S850, = tan t = the tangent line PQ is (tan t)(x— 2 €08 1) y [—tan t)x+2sin t, Now, to find an equation of the curve for yt me wan ond for id he gest value oy a ranges ove the interval <1 so (sect )x = ay 2 soe f= om eter cot = ay 2, 2 si 3 $y = (2 ects tan thx 2 sin t< 0.00 0 3 - and b= => P is the point (9,7)938 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 19. u=(con Z)i (sin pis Gudis =o) Ce) 2 no SEDs (OnE-¥p (ap Hoa(-a)p ih e ' e 28. 0i—8§]= YFG = 10 = X= Si-By-h-G 24. |i435]= JF = Vid = y= Fist ai os. Bah, = i44j is tangent to the curve at (2,4) ei ~ Fj are unit Vin Vit 45 dy 44, tangent vectors; n = 4-5 ——Laj and -n = 44+ Ly en Va vir Min ie are unit normal vectorsSeetion 10.1 Vectors in the Plane 939 26, 2e44y SY = to the curve at (2,1) = a are unit tangent vectors; are unit normal vectors 1 2 Lig a lege unit tangent vectors: 1 ae Sel are nit normal dy aad 29. oxt8y +e Vay Se wep 4i=3) is tangent to the euve a (2,0) tata Hl, > us 4 § (45—3)) are unit tangent vectors and v = + 4(3i-+ 4j) are wnit normal vectors Wo x-6 Mery Zeros Batata! of gy 7B? +8 i tangent tothe eve a (1,1) al =u +e ‘3j) are unit tangent. veetors and 31+ 5}) are unit normal vectors 31. = VIF og 9) = VE i+ Vb is tangeat to the curve at (0,0) > w= 4 $(i-+ VI) are unit tangent sectors and v= 4}(—V5i-+3) ate unit sonia vectors 32, Ye in(tn x)|j,o) = 12 10 w= £1 are unit tangent vectors and v= 4) are unit normal vectors940 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 3. va Si4 19} sivis VHF = 13 = vaivi( gy) =18( 1448s) sini ViF¥= Vid 2 vein) = VB(Fgi- Fg 35. 4jsivi= Yoo ehoi- a “ita 2|Al= viFi= Veo (Jp Sy whose direction is opposite to A; there is only one such vector BTA ~3B = A and B have opposite directions =a 38. ection v= eG +33) = 6B = A and B have the same di 89. If|x1is the magnitude of the x-component, then cos 30° = LE! a xaiViis ify |is the magnitude of the y-component, then sin 30° == 5 ly! 1 40, Mixa the mingle ofthe xcompanest, thes co 5 =/2! = xt=IP co 46°= 00) 3x 2-8 (he neemtive sgn indented by the dagram) iy) Pisin a5'= 02)(42) -6y2 ify [isthe magnitude ofthe y-eomponent, then sin 45° = Eh

20 =3sa=$and j= a(2i 4 3j) + 504+ 5) a + Slit (Ba + §)j > 2a + 8 = 1and 304+ =-2a=-3 and Ael-Boatoa, (25-439) = -61- 9f and Ay = AO+) = H+ 48, (0) The tree located atthe ip ofthe vector OP = (6 on 6071+ (6 in 807} ~ f+ 5Y3) =P 5y3, - {b) The telephone pole is located at the point Q, which is the tip of the vector OP + PQ. Vv (3 ¥), eg ov?) Hath ah =(3: ay 5) +00 cos B15°}i + (10 sin 318) 44. {0} The tre is located atthe tip ofthe vecor OP = (7 cos 457+ (7 ein asty = V2) V2, Tf 1/2) oP (F “f) (b) The telephone pole is located at the point Q which fs the tip of the vector OP + PQ = (EBs 4 8) +t on nic in ery =(TY2- 898), (2-9),Seetion 10.2 Cartesian (Rectangular) Coordinates and Veetors in Space 941 45, The siope of — ai — bj is =2=3, which is the same as the slope of v. 10.2. CARTESIAN (RECTANGULAR) COORDINATES AND VECTORS IN SPACE ‘The line thtough the point (2, 3,0) parallel to the z-axis 1. The line through the point (~1,0,0) paralie! to the y-axis The axis The line through the point (1,0,0) parallel to the z-axis, 1. The circle x? + y? = 4 in the xy-plane The cicele x? + y? =4 in the plane The circle x?-+ 22 = 4 in the xz-plane The circle y? +2? ‘The circle y?-+27 = 1 in the ye-plane 10. The circle x? 42 in the yr-plane im the plane y 1. The circle x? 4 y? = 16 in the xy-plane 32. The cincle x?422 = 13. (a) The first quadrant of the xy-plane (b) The fourth quadrant of the xy-plane 14, (a) The slab bounded by the planes x=) and x= 1 (b) ‘The square colurnn bounded by the planes x = 0, x= 1, y = 0, (c) ‘The onit cube in the first octant having one vertex at the origin, (a) The ball of radius 1 centered at the origin (b) All points at distance greater than 1 wait from the origin u the xe-plane 1% 16, {a} The cizcurnference and interior of the circle x? +y? = 1 in the xy-plane (b) ‘The circumference and interior of the circle x2-+ y= 1 in the plane x = 3 {e) A solid cylindrical column of radius 3 whose axis isthe z-axis 57. (a} The upper hemisphere of radius 1 centered at the origin {b) The solid upper hemisphere of radius i centered at the origin 18, (a) The line y = x in the xy-plane (8) ‘The plane y = x consisting of all points of the forun (x42) 1s. (a) x=3 ys 2. (a) x23 (b) y= 1 21. (a) 2=1 (b) x=3 ( y=-1 2. (a) P4yh=4, () y2 +2? =4,x lo) P42? 28. (@) P+ y-2)) 242-0 ) O-BH=4x=0 © 248 4 (@) +3) +Q-4P == (b) (y-4)? + (2-1)? =1, x= fe) feta +G@- 0? 2%. (a) y=Sa=-1 (rakes (Q x=hy=3942 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space “ay d4oyel 26. VEEP = ey 2 $2 tty eax ely 2 4 = 27 Pe ybart=25,2=3 tye (oUt ad and Pty? + (et Pe dee sty (eT = Pa ytt ebit ss 12004 29. 0 ~~ 41, eng = [Bit ul = YIEPHE = te dineton a i+ fe dis gu = (Big) 42. length Hit Ges i a+oK 40, length = 4-3) 43, length =| 1j- =a 1 44, tength ~ [betta r@) =2, the dison s Joi J+ ok ody + dit gha (Sit Sir) 48, (a) 2 (b) -Vke (© Site (4) 61-2) 49kSection 10.2 Cartesian (Rectangular) Coordinates and Veetors in Space 943 46. (0) Ti 47. [A= VIDE + 5? = 160 = 13; A 48. [A =|it5 += 49 34 0e|= Pace = Va 50. —Vii+ V+ Vie BL. (a) the distance = the length =|P;P,|=| 2i+2)—k|= 242" 4 (1)? =3 (o) Bi) k= 8823) Pa) > the cretion 25435 (6) the midpoisin (2.2.9) Pa|= [31+ 45—sk|= JTF IOS = 53 4 52. (a) the distance = the length i+ dj 5k = Beit tej-ek) = the direction is S54 4 9j~ (b) 31445 5k sva( gaits Ti) the dictions Spit gai Job (0) the midpoint i (3,8) P| =|35 6) + 2k|= ie <7 1(3i—$)+ 2k) = the ainection ie 5. (a) the distance = the length = (0) 3i-6)421 (6) the midpoint is (§.1.6) 54, (a) the distance = the length = (b) ijk A(t dp (© the midpoint i (9.5.8 ‘1b, | = 24-2) - 2k) = V3-2" = 23 55. (a) the distance = the length ~~ ta3--tj- 1 direction is 3 —-—L.. (by 25-33 ae = 2v8( Jp w aye Airetion is Jat ei ~ Je {© the midpoint is (1,—1,=1) @ YE bedi (a) it -a.j--2 viv a = Py (121-54) = the desiced vector is ee944 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 58, 57, 58. 59, a1. 63 65, or. 68. 69, 70. mh 2 73. (a) the distance = the length =| PFs = 8-3 jy 2b) = the direction is —-Sj 354-2 + 2k vB( Jai J Fe = direction ib — Fist -Foh+ og {6} the midpoint s ($1) Bi —35-+ 2k} = VIE (b) 5 Bb = 6-2 + (1-4 -Ok 144A F411 b =a and d~ c= 5 => A is the point (4,—3,5) AB =(a42i+(b+9j+(c-Ok and 4 => B is the point (~9,0, 14} +848k at2=-7,b+3=5, and e—6=8 2 center (20,2), rads 23 on. conte ( , vB center (V3, /2,—V2), radius 62, center (0,—4,1), radios Y2 (x1 + -2F 4-9 a4 64. 4 (y HIP + (en 8)? 4 (raPaytaates 8. xt (y +7) aa? = 49 wPayt beads te 05 (24 deadbeat deg aad ed > 4274-08 4-27 =( VP => the center is at (—2,0,2) and the cadius is xP yP ee ~ 6y +82 = 0 =o x2 + (y?— By +9) + (27 4 Bo+ 16) = 9 +16 => (x0)? +(y 3) + (44 = BF = the center is at (0,5, 4) and the radius is 5 Dead eme andy taco etapa ytedy staf =§ Les b)a(y2alyed bead) 2943-75 LF 4 (yah? yy -( (Peder ig) ee ty eae) + beta) Ste BB (+4) +( 44) #044) V5 + the canter at (J, }) andthe causa 293 apy sae ty tends Pag By re Feed ae a eey eb) ee of (v4 ff (eg) = (YE) = the center sas (0) and tere (a) the distance between (x,y, and (x,0,0) is VFR (8) the distance beeween (x,3,2) and (0,¥,0) is VEER (e) the distance between (x,y,z) and (0,0,2) is Vo" + y? {a) the distance between (x,y,2) and (x, y,0) is z {b) the distance between (2,952) and (0,y,2) is x {c) the distance between (s,y,2) and (x,0,2) is y (a) the midpoint of AB is M(§ 0) ana Git =(B-a)s+(G— Agi fs—ae) che rectangle is a square. sy) = ua pave wuts not possible, or (1vI=luh = 0 which is equivalent toSection 10.3 Dot Products 947 19, Clearly the diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length. What is not as obvious is the statement that equal diagonals happen only in a rectangle. We show this is true by letting the opposite sides of a parallelogram: be the vectors (vsi-+ val) and (1yi+ ugi). The equal diagonals of the parallelogram are a = (vg + v5) + (angi t Ugh) and dy = (vt vai) — (8+ v9}. Hence fay [= [da] =[(v 45 + val) + (ogi ab) | S| + vai) — (ogi + ual) ] > [vy + di + (oy + upd] =| — mp)i + (vy ~ up hil 3 f= Oat wa = fly ena! vp ayuy + of + vf 4 vgn bad vb 2uguy t0f v9 2ugny + 0F = 2lvy, + gg) = 25pm, + Yat) val + ym =O voi) -(upi-h ugj} =0 5 the vectors (v5 + vai) and (011+ usi) are perpendicular and the parallelogram. ‘must be a rectangle Pe yeusu-vtivi? sutven 20, Ifa) ivi and w-+ vis the indicated diagonal, then (uy) -a sete = (eter the sage cot( (SEH) between the diagonal and u and the angie ort (49 v +7} between the diagonal anv are equal because the inverse cotine fonction i ne Yoon ‘Therefore, the diagonal bisects the angle between wand v. D1. Lat M be the midpeint of OB. By the Pythagornn ‘Theorem OB = VFTHTE= Y/Tand OM = YP. Hence the angle @ between OB and GD has a tangent of BM qa VE Tonetre, tm 0 = V8 3 oa tant YBasart be kev, 2, (a) cov = (EEL =H, cos 8 en iGend 2 2 (a aabae? _iviivt cnt teat 8 +s?y = (ih) +i) +((n =i =H! (b) Iv) = 1 = cos oF ee ee eee cma: 2. ( AY +2 + OK) 98) coo'( fg) 05 Jee fae +(e u, Jem (2303) + 230) + (nla) \s 10) cee9(2\ar084 ns Jos Pe Vio (gaya) nests +5. « rer (VSM V3} (70) + OX-2) = ars (Ar rae var arte ‘(Gez)948 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 26. 0 = cos”! MC (YA +C YAO) =cosf 1 (ai) (rae cP ae +0? (Fa) = 0078 5.) a 1.83 0 = (Fs) 1.83 rad at. AB = 314+j—3k, AC = 21-2), BA = ~9i—j 43k, Ch = 214-2), GB =i 4 4) 3e, BC 3] + 3k; thus LAzcos"t aie) 1.24 rad 71.07%, 2B = cos" (4 ae 5 (Hi)--" Gs) pallne)) G8) rad weas-!( CA-CB cos? A_) w 1.24 rad a (166 rad = 87.80% ZC ‘(aiS)- (gig) meet 28. @-= cos"! (AB) cog-t( 18) x 1,28 rad = 73.21 (a ai) ) Asitkand B=itj+k > 9 = cos" = cos"! 0.62 rad a 35.26" 29, Let Baitjtk (ae) ‘(#a) 0.62 rad 30. A= 101-4 2k is parallel to the pipe in the north direction and B = 10} +k is parallel to the pipe in the east (aim) o (aan) 1 1.58 rad a: 88.88". 31. (a) Since loos #1< 1, we have ja-vi=1w) yi leos @l Siunivi(l) =Huiteh. (b) We have equality precisely when [cos 8|= 1 or when ove or both of u and v is 0. Tn the case of nonzero vectors, we have equality when § = 0 or ®, ic., when the vectors are parallel. direction. The angle between the two pipes ia @ 32. (nit 9i)-w =| adil vicos J £0 when $<0. [D| = 358 36. D-A = (A+ SB+7C)-A=GA-A+ AB-A+7C-A = (0)(1) +(8)0) + (9X0) D-B= Gand D-C=7 similarlySection 10.3 Dot Products 949 44K) <5N-ma5d 37. P(0,0,0), QEI,1,1) and P= 5k + PQ PQ-v = [fa dit Bl 4) == vis perpendicular to PQ for #0. If b=0, then v Altematively, th Hope of wis Band the lope of the line ax by = is = 30 the slopes are negative reciprocals => the vector v and the line are perpendicular. ), then v = bj is parallel to 42, The sop of vin B and the slope of be ay =e is B provided that a £0. If the vertieal line bx = In either case, the vector v is parallel ¢o the tine ax — bj +2} is perpendicular to the Hine x-+2y = 6} (2,1) on the line => 2+ 2=e => x42y=4 is perpendicular to the fine ~2x—. P(—2,2) om the line = (—2)(—1) = 2 = ¢ => -2x—950 Chapter 10 Veetors and Analytie Geometry in Space Be P- + is perpendicular to the line -2x +y =«; 1) om the line = (~2)(-2)~T=e > —2x4y 46. v= 21—3§ is perpendicular to the line 2x Sy = (11,10) on the lime => (2)(11) = (3)(10) = Senay ay parallel to the line x+y = ¢; P(-2,1) om the line => -2+1 =e => x+y y ed iz —a+y=-3 y . 2-348, v= %5+3) is parallel tothe line 3x ~2y P(0,~2) on the line = 0 ~2(~2) eo ody ad 49. v= ~i— 2j is parallel to the line 2x —y =e; P(1,2) on the fine = (2)(1)— sea k-y=0 50. v= 2j is parallel to the line 2x + 3y = ¢; (1,3) om the line => (2)(1) + (8)(3) ety UL In Exercises $1-56 we use the fact that n Si, m= Bi tj and m= i+ bj is normal to the line ax +b -j2e= os'( mnt) =o Section 10.3 Dot Products 951 ae 2 ae aye P(G,-2) 48 2 3PSep0,3) axeaye1t 2 #23 (ta)952 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space Se sad atta (BR) (Se) (A) og 54, ay att VB and m= VE VA) = cost( ETE) = =V3+V3 = cos"! = cos") =2 (Gasca) B44 stata (if) =e ta) -a (dane 5 24-10 oy 21 and go = Peat) co HEME) caw st. ‘The angle between the come normals is equal to the angle between the corresponding tangents, ‘The points ot interzction ae (—¥23) ans (¥5,3). an (—¥2.g) te tangent in forte) = yoga r(-8)(-(-¥)) 2 v= va(er YBa y= VF, andthe tangent He for cet) -eer tee Ao B)) or -wlee Bates teen Ba)ee oo ( SR) =o (BER) cof) =a ane ond 4 a4 ( YQ) he tne ie orf) a normals are ny = \/3i-4j and my = —V5-45. ‘The ange at (~ y= vA(x+ 4B) 4 $= Vf and the tangent He for 0) =frd iy =v 8) 48 vas = Vie. The comesponding normals orem, = —Y/H-+j and ny = V}+4, The ance (43) om ew teat) col) = eae ( my =~ pit jis normal to the curve, The angle between the curves is 0 = cos"! (SLM ™» va a nal (eh Fal,Section 10.4 Crass Products 953 = (Ql 4). of and. Benue of smetry the ane bomen the curves at the two points of interscetion aze the same. - The points of intersection are (0,0) and 89. The curves intersect when Pays ystory (Iu1). Note that y 20 since y= 39 At (0,0) the sangeat line for y= VFinx=0. Therefore, the angle of interection at (0,0) 6 At (1) the tangent Hine for y =x? Bx —2 and the tangent line for y = YX is y= 4x +}. The corresponding normal vectors are oo"! = cose) = ana co" (i) =o (Ga)= Fe anal ie Fan 60, The points of intersection forthe curves y =~: line for y =? is y = 0 and the tangent line for y is. At (-1,-1) the tangent line for y= —x? is y is 0 and the tangent line for *Yi are (0,0) and (1,1). At (0,0) the tangent x=0, Therefore, the angle of intersection at (0,0) 1 3 2 + Land the tangent line for y =4/E ie y = xB. = cost AB aoe (wis) ‘The corresponding normal vectors are —jand m; (23 {2 Bfisi) |e vio we Zvi 5 Zand 38 the angle is and 32. 10.4 CROSS PRODUCTS L AxB= 2 AxB= BxA= O and has no direction a axp=| 2 -2 05 length BxA=~(AxB) =0 = length = 0 and has no direction954 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space iy ok 6 © 0 1 fej length = 1 and the direction is a) BxA bik 7 AKB ~2 -4 |=6i~ length = 6/5 and the direction is Lj- 2 6i~ 12k = length = 65 Be 222 si — 12k) th = 6/5 and the direction is ~~ 4 2k ) = length = 65 ye ij ok 8. AxB=| $$ 1 |=—21-954 2k = length = 27% and the ditection is — 12 (225 +2k) => length = 1/8 and the tection is Feit 1 j-tek 9. AxB 10. AxB =|Section 10-4 Cross Products 955 i k ia ok 1 = 12, axB=| 20-1 014 1200 sk a=] x eal * iiok ii k 13. AxBs] 1 1 0 4 AxB=/| 0 1 =3j-k 1-10 10 6 ie) * y it tik 15. (@) PQxPR=) 1 1-8 |= ais 4j4 dks Area 4 eT TOFS = 25 3-1 Oy an a ARAB a eaiasen [Bx PR] ij ok 16. (@) POxPR=| 10 2 [adiedj— 2k Area =$|PQxPR[=} VOp TORI 8 2 0 (b) w= 2 POXPE - at oi42)-&) [PaxFR]956 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space visi ij ok =0BxC=] 0 1 -5 |¢0 “15 3-3 = Aand C are parallel 20. (@) AVB=0,A-C=0, A-D: and CLD ijk ijk i ik @)AxB=| 1 2 -1 | Zaaxc=) 1 2 12 14 101 aon ijk i ij ok 101 |¥0,BxD=| -1 1 9 1 #0 10 1 -¥ -$-1 3 => Aand D are parallel a1. [+r =[Q|risin(60) = 3-29 22. [FQ P| =| PQli sin (i989 = 2-00-92 fey = woyF f-15Section 10.4 Croas Products 957 a b baby |, a 9 8 b a & 6 B-(CxA)=] ¢ 4, aay [which all have the samme value, since the 4 by be by interchanging of two pair of rows ina determinant doesnot change its value => the volume is 2 0 \(AxB)-C]= abs} 0 2 o 0 2 road 24, [(AxB)-C]= abs) 21-2 |=4 (Gor details about verification, see Exerciae 28) 2-41 210 25. {(AxB)-C]= abs} 2-1 1 [=I-71=7 (for details about verification, see Exercise 23) 10 2 11-2 26. [(AxB)-G= abs © -1 |=8 (lor details about vesfcation, see Exercise 23) 2 4 -2 27, (a) true, lAl= ahead vad = VER (b) not always true, A-A=|A|? ijk (©) tue, Ax0=) a) a ay [= O40 +0K=0 0 0 0 i ik (2) true, AX(-AY =| oy aay |= (At Hantall + (ang tanta + may +a = 0 ye oy (©) not always true, ixj = k # —k=jxi for example (true, Ean. (6)958 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space (g) true, (AXB)-B= A. (BxB) (h) true, Eqn. (13) 28, (a) true, A+B = ab, +agby + agby = bay +82; + byay = BoA ij k ij ok (by tue AxB=] a ap a f=] by by by [= (xa) by bby Ba, ij k ij ek (6) true, (-A)xB =} may may -ay |==) a a, ay [= (xB) by be by bbe be (@) teve,(£A) B= (ea), + (eag)by + (Jb = ay (€by) + (6b) + aylebg) = A (eB) = yb, by + agbs) =e(A-B) ijk ig ok ij k (©) true, (AxB)=e] ay ay ay [=| cay cay cay = (cADKBA| a a; 8 [= Ax(eD) bob bs | | bb bs eb, chy by 2 () true, AA =o} +0303 =( fap tad+ad) <1Al? (g) true, (Ax A}-A=0-A=0 (h) true, Ax BLA and AxB1B = (AxB)-A=B-(AxB) 29. (a) proipA=(A2B)B th) 26x R) (©) $(AxB)xC (@) |{AxB)-C] 30. (a) (AB) (AX) (b) (A+B) x(A—B) = (A4-B)xA~ (A4B)xB= AKA + BxA- AxB— BxB = 04 BeA— AxB—0=2BxA), or simply AxB ) Ai 2, © lAlg (@)\Axcl 31. () yea, AxcB and C are both vectors (b) no, Ais a veetor but B-Cis a sealar (@) yeu A and AxC are both vectors {8} n0, Aisa vector but B-C is» snloe 32. (Ax B) xC is perpendicular to Ax B, and Ax Bis perpendicular to both A and B= (Ax B) xC is parallel to a vector in the plane of A and B which means it lies in the plane determined by A and B. ‘The situation is degenerate if A and B are parallel so Ax B= D and the vectors do not determine a plane. Similar reasoning shows that Ax (BC) lies in the plane of B and G provided B and C are nonparallet. 33. No, B need not equal C. For example, i+] # ~i++j, but ix G43 ix(-itj) = ii tixj=0¢kek xitixj=0+k=kandSection 10.4 Cross Products 959 34, Yeu I Ax B= Ax Cand A~ ‘Then Ax (B~ 0) = A-G, then Ax(B-C)=0 and A-(B-C) =0. Suppose now that B¢ C. ‘implies that B—C = kA for some real aumber k #0. ‘This in turn implies that |A/? 0, which implies that A= 0. Since A#, it cannot be true that B #C, £0 As(B-O) = As{kA) = BEC. bak -j2Mxib=| 1 10 “io bok 36. AD =Ti4s and AD= B49 AtixkD =| 79 0 [eaOes area slab Able ao 25 0 ij «| st, Kb=i-ajand Ab =ti4j > MBxkB=] 3-2 0 [etek aca albxibl=s 510 ii 28, Ahan sand ha ni45) > MbxAB =| 7 A 0 ede pee [Ab xAbl ae 25 boi 00, =m a and AD = 145 > BAT 20 [eniiks neoa Haba KOM a ii 60. T= Ai44) and Rats 9 MhxK=) 4 2a ti 41, ABS 61a) and AE =a} ADAG =| 6-5 0 [20K aren = AB ACL = 3 AB = 16i~5j and AC = 4144) > AB AC =| 16960 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space k a 43, A= ajita,j and B= bi +b,j, then AxB= ° a k and the triangle’s area is ° 1 iaxBl= +} - ‘The applicable sign is (+) if the acute angle from A to B runs counterclockwise a & ym b, im the xy-plane, and (~) if it runs clockwise, because the area must be a nonnegative number, 44, A= mh ag), B= bb bph and i-th then the area of the triangle is 4|AB x AC]. Now, ijk Mbxibe|b,-1 bm 0 4 -% @-a 0 bom bay = fab xt! eam ante [fy ~as)lea 2s) — (ex ~ an) (ba #9) |= 5 aula ~ ea) + aaler — ba) + (baea —exba)| 4 1 = ah] 5 5) 1 | the applicable sig ensutes the area formsia gives & nonnegative number a gt 10.5 LINES AND PLANES IN SPACE 1. The direction i+j-+k and P(3,-4,=1) > x=8+hy=—4462=-14t 2. The direction PQ = ~21 -2)+ 2k and P(1,2,~1) > 2, y= 2%, = 14 2E 3. The ditection BQ = 51-45) —Sk and P(-2,0,8) 4 x= 2454, y=5t2=9—5t 44, The dicection PQ = ~j~W and P(1,2,0) 3 x=1,y=2-t2 5. The direction 2) +k and P(0,0,0) = x=0. y = 21, 2= 6. ‘The direction 24—j + 8k and P(3,—2,1) + x= 842, y= -2—t 251480 7. The direction k and P(1,1,!}=¢x=1y=1e=1+t 8. The direction 31+ 7) —5k and P(2,4,5) + x=243y=4471, 2=9-5t 9, ‘The ditection i4+)+ 2k and P(0,~7,0) > x=ty=—T42,2=2 iouok 10, The direction is AXB=| 1 2 8 |= ~2i+4j—Bk and PO23,0) > x=2—2, y= S444, 2 = 2 84 8 11, The direction i and P(0,0,0) = x=% y =0,Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 961 12, The direction k’and P(0,0,0) > x=0,y =0,2=1 z (sam 13, The direction PQ =i+j + $k and P(0,0,0) = x where Ot <1 09) => 14 00, PTS, 15, The direction PQ =} and P(1,1,0)x=1,ys1+¢, where “I. Sts 0 16. The direction PQ =k and P(1,1,0) > x= thy =12 where 0 x= 0, where 0<¢<1962 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 18. The direction PQ = 31-2) and P(0,2,0) > x= 31, y 2=0, where O Bx 2y 22. (x= 1)4+ (IVY #1) +(e -3) = 0 Set yt hoje 2%, i-3)42k > PQxPS=| 1-1 3 |=Ti-5j—4k is normal to the plane 1-3 2 2 Tx 2) + (-9)(Y 0) + (Yl 2) = 0 > Tx Sy — de = 6 iG $249k PQxPS=| -1 1 2 — 3] +k is normal to the plane “3 2 = (-1Mx= 1) +(-9)y 5) + ~7) = 0 xh 3y—2= 14-3) 4 Ab, (24.6) =U) (x -2) + (3H = 8) + (ME -5) =O Sat By tde=Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 963 meet [u-m=2 = = = Be a2 22 i ay xn 3 4 |= 205412) 4k, witere m and ny are directions of the lines => the plane containing the lines is represented by(—20)(x— 1) + (12)(y —2) + [12 —8) =O = —20x + 12y- +2 = to sme? (ts=2 28 = Sse c]and 120; thens=t4155546 > 04) =5(-1)46 yartgas 543 is satisfied => the lines do intersect when s = —1 and t = 0 the point of intersection i¢ x = 0, y = 2 and i oiok oor P(Q,2,1}. A vector normal to the plane determined by these lines is ung =) 1-1 1 21 8 ‘= 61-3) + 3k, where my and ny are directions of the lines => the plane containing the lines is represented by (0) 0) + (-B)y = 2) + @Ye—1) =O Ox-+ Sy —He =, 29. The cross product of i+-j—k and —4i-+2]~2 has the same direction as the normal to the plane iiok 1-1 |= 6) 464 Solect a point on either line, such as P(—1,2,1). Since the lines are given 22 to intersect, the desired plane is O(x-+ 1) + 6(y 2) +6(2—1) 05 by sb2= 1B Sy tea 30. The cross product of i—3j—K and i+ j +k has the same direction as the normal to the plane ‘244k. Select 2 point on either line, such as P(0,3,-2}. Since the lines are sven to intorseet, the desiced plane is (—2)(x~0) + (-2Xy ~3) + (4)(2+2) =O. ~2e-2y 442 = Saxby ea7964 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space. BI. a x: 2 1 -t |= 31—aj-+ Skis a vector ip the direction of the line of intersection of the planes 92) + (MY D4 tN =O x By HH P21 1) 0 => x—y-+2=0 is the desired plane containing 32. A vector normal tothe desired plane is yD, x= 10) 2k; choosing P4(1,2,9) as a point on the plane => (~2)(s—1) + (—12My —2) + (2-3) = is the desired plane boa 83. $(0,0,12), P(0,0,0) and v= 4i- 2542s PSxv=| 0 0 42 2/44 _ 24/5 = 88. JE = 2V/ai in the distance the tne feeasi va from Sto she ijk 3 [= 18i+16)-5k 304 8 34. $(0,0,0), P(5,5)—3) and v= Si+4j—5k > PSx v= [Sel _ vO 5256 525 _ VI80 _ 9 5 ic tne distance rom § tothe line “Prices Vs 35, S(2,1,3), P(2,1,38) and v= 21+ 65 = PSx Jan? is the distance from S to the line e the point § fies on the line) ijk 2 0 - ~ 6) +4 22 2 JTF TIE Vasted 37. S(3,-2,4), P(4,3,—5) and v=149543k > PSxv=|-1 4 9 ForaTV +aes i ~S0i~ 6) 6k A i the distance from $ to the lineSection 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 965 hak 38, S(-1,4,), P(10,-3,0) and v=4i+4k > PSxv=|—-11 7 3 |= 281 456)—28k = 280+2)— x) 404 J BYTE rin te dance om St the ie 39. S(2,-8,4), x4 2y +22 = 13 and PU3,0,0) is on the plane => PS = —11i—3)+4k and a =l-6+8 3 Jivari| | yo 40. $(0,0,0), 9x + 2y +62 = 6 and P(2,0,0) is on the plane => PS 425+ 0k 6 j. 616 Jaana," Yaa“? 41, $(0,1,1), 4y +32-= 12 and re 3,0) is on the plane > PS = 4j4 band a= 4)-+9k see, ete 2 8o| 42, 8(2,2,3), 2x -+y +22 =4 and P(2,0,0) is on the plane = PS = 2) + 9k and n= %+5+2k \yertal-4 43. S(0,=1,0), 2x+y +22 =4 and P(2,0,0) is on the plane => PS = -2i oe oa-[Bey re and a= 245+ 2 \Vasie4] 3 and P(-1,0,0) is on the plane => PS = 2i—kand 8-1 Jie Fi +i] Vis 44. S(L,0,-1), de ty + tie =4=|75-2 im 45. The point P(1,0,0) is on the first plane and S(10,0,0) is a paint on the accond plane => PS n= i+ 2)-+6k is normal to the first plane —> the distance from $ to the first plane is d = 2. = 9, which is also the distance betwe 1e plane estral var th is also the distance between the planes. 46. The line is parallel to the plaue since vn =(i+j—Jk)-(i+214 6k) =14+2-3=D. Also the point $(1,0,0) when ¢ =—1 lies on the line, and the point re 0,0) fies on the plane => P$= —9i, The distance from § to the plane is d =| PS -;B |= letra ar Hap ih i also the distance frm the lite to the plane.966 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space a ay Ulondny 21452 6 mot( B22) 48. ny = 5t-+j—Kand py = A482 e=coe (BEE = 49, my = 2i+2)-+2k and uy iB) be 0 = cont BLE kode (mn, 50 myst tit k andy =k = é=ce"t( Db 2) —Keand my i+ 9) tk = O= i By = 3i+ 3h cos SUT) = co a4 thann, tie oak 20 cor(RL) es Ga 88. Ix=y-432= 6-5 1-494) =6 2-45 —6 > t= =} ox = (e-Bay) inate pine $5. ety tea Po (42) + (1451) HB =2 5 IM F2=2 Stax] y=landaao = (1,1,0) is the point Sh -2aTSts-lax= 36, 2x— 32 = 7 = 2-1 +31) — 3151) = = (42,5) is the point -3,y>-2and2=-5 suk BT my aititkande=isjomxm=] 1 tt +4, the direction of the desired line; (1,1,-1) 11 4 is on both planes = the desired line is x= 1—t,ystttes ijk 58. ny = 31—6]—2e and ny =2H+j—% > nj xm,=| 3-6 ~2 |= 14; +2}+ 19k, the direction of the 2 1 2 ‘desired line; (1,0,0) is on both planes => the desired line ig x = 1-4 14t, y = 26, 2 = 151Section 10.5 Lines and Planes in Space 967 59, a, 1-24 dk and ay =i4j-2k->n,xm,=| 1 4 |=6)4 3k, the direction of the +65 +3t 60 a= ij and ny = 4j~ 5k > 0, xm, =| 0 [= 10i+25)+ 20k, the ditection of the desired line; (1,—3, 1) is on both planes => the desired line is x= 14101, y=—3 4 25t, 2= 1 +200 os = 27 Ya 2 -ea-35 4 and on L215 Li and L2 nesta (6.31) 12 & L3: The direction of L2 is }(4i+ 2) + 4k) = 1(2i +j + 2k) which is the same as the direction 6 3 Hoi i-08) of 3; bate 2 and Lae paall ‘m-ar=0 LL& LS: x +1 > 3 on LI, 2=2 while on L8, 2 =0-=> Li and L2 do not intersect, The direction of LI Lioiey ‘le the di lei} i is 1. (21 + 4j —) while the direction of L3 is 3 (2% and neither is a le hence gies) tion of L8 is $ (25-4) +2k) and neither is a multiple of the other fat — 4s 42s 1, LL&L reteacivemiysiracisn| Land t=1 = on Li,2 +2 +2 and y= 1440 = Stelandr L1 and L3 are skew. a+ a= 3 —36=1 62. LL&L x=142= sandy md t= f= on Lt, 2 322 is rect Loy ea B while on 12,221 f= f= Ll and L2 do not interac ‘The dietion of L1 is (2-5 + 38) while the direction of L2 is Facies +k) and neither is « multiple of the other; hence, LI and £2 are skew. Loe ‘and on L3, 2 = 2-4 L2 and 13 intersect at (1,3,2)- [LA L3: Ll and 13 have the same direction Fa J+ 8k); hence Lt and £3 are parallel. S242, SA bas TH axa -2-thy sted ectnge 64, Mx —4) Ay 1) + 12-5) = 0 x 4-29 242-5 HOS x- DHE =T — V3 (x—3) +2VB(y 42) — V2(2-0) = 0 > VE t BVBy — 98 = 7/2968 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 5. x02 -fyo-he=-$o(a-p-P)iv-05te-nae-, t= (1-10) 3 (1,0,-3); = 0 StsQxehy 66, The line contains (0,0,3) ana (1,3) beeause the projection of the fine onto the zy-plane contains the origin and intersects the positive axis al a M0 angle. The direction of the line is /Si-+)-+0k = the line in question is x= Vi, abr of the line into the plane we have 2(F ~ 21) + (2-+8t)— (31) = 8 => 2—4n+245t-4+ 30 = 4t44= 859 t=] = the point (~1,7,—3) ls contained in both the line and plane, so they are not parallel. 68. The planes are parallel when either vector Ayi-+ Byj +Cyk or Agi + Byj +Czk is a multiple of the other oF when [(Ayi+ Bi + Ck) x (Agi + Bei + Cyk|=0. The planes are perpendicular when their normals are perpendicular, or(Ayi + Byj-+ Cyk)-(Agi+ Bayi + Cgk) = 0. 69, There are many possible answers. One is found as follows: eliminate t to get t= axe 2ay and 2-y = 258 x+y = 9 and 2y +2 =7 are two such planes, 70, Since the plane passes through the origin, ite general equation is of the form Ax +By+Cz =0, Since it meets the plane M at a right angle, their normal vectors are perpendicular =» 2A +3B+C =0. One choice satisfying thie equation is A= 1, B= 1 and C=1—x—y42=0. Any plane Ax+ By +Ce=0 with 24 +38+C=0 will pass through the origin and be perpendicular to M. 71. The points (a,0,0), (0,b,0) and (0,0\c) ate the x,y, and x intercepts ofthe plane. Since a, band c are all nongero, the plane must intersect all three coordinate axes and cannot pass through the origin. Thus, E414 ZU describes all planes except those through the origin oF parallel toa coordinate axis, TR Yes. If y, and v, are nonzero vectors parallel to the line, then ¥, x, # Dis pespendiculas to the lines. 18, (a) BP = cBP, = —xgi-+ yitak = f(x; —xg)i-+ yd + yk] > xg (my —Xoh ¥ Shy and a sexy, where c is 4 postive cal nuanber (0) Atay =O pe =1 > y =¥, and 2= 245 at my =x > X= OF = lig, SP= 1 se Leon yy and 7A. The plane which contains the triangolar plane is x+y +2= 2. The line containing the endpoints of the line 2%, 2= 2%. The plane and the line intersect at (22,2 segment is x= 1-1, ‘The visible section of the line segment ic yf(2) +(2) +(3) =1 unit in length. The length ofthe line sogment ie VIEPIET? = 3 = $ of the line segment i ido fom view, 106 CYLINDERS AND QUADRIC SURFACES 1. dy ellipsoid 2. 5, hyperbotoid 3. a, cylinder 4. g, cone 5. 1, hyperbolic paraboloid 6. «, paraboloid7. by cylinder 410. f, paraboloid Botayad 16. x=y? 8. J, hyperboloid AL, fh, cone M4 etad 20, ye=d Section 10.6 Cylinders and Quadrie Surfaces 969 9. ky hyperbolic paraboloid 12. «, ellipsoid970 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 22, 4x? 4 dy? 42? = 16 23. 4x? 4 Oy? 4 da? = 36 24. 9x? + dy? +3607 = 36 z z x y x , x y v5 Pa ayt ae 26. nat oy? m1 ra-2-y? : y | Y 28, a= 18—x?—9y? Bx a4 dy? a? 30, y= 1—x? a?34, Ox? 4 4y? = 3624 Section 20.6 Cylinders and Quadsic Surfaces 971 32. Pee 98. 4x? 4.927 = oy?972 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space Yio8 pe ey? pe _ye wo Ce tat a xtoyt-Bet Bytes 40. y= (a4) 50. Pa? may? =4 bi 624)? =Section 10.6 Cylinders and Quadcic Surfaces 973 pt aaxteyPad Boxe day? 5. Pastay or ata * y 58, dx pay? ata 60, 81. 9? + ay? 2? = 36974 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 64. Paayta=o 68. 2= 4x2 4y?—4 Texttyen 73. ye 74, 36x? + Oy? + 4a? = 36 Th. Ox? + 16y? = 4aSection 10.6 Gylindecs and Quedric Surfaces 975 70, 42? — 2 ; (0) EB = and 2 then (Ao) ay 2 (b) rom part (a), each slice has the area 2279=2"), where -3. "Elliptic Hyperboloid of Two Sheets” ]Section 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 979 10.7 CYLINDRICAI, AND SPHERICAL COORDINATES Rectangular Cylindical Spherical 1. (0.0.0) (0.0.0) (0.0.0) 2. (1,0,0) 2,0,0) (15.0) 3 (0.40) ($0) (55) 4 (0,0) 0,1) (1,0,0) 5. (1,00) (1,0,0) (4g0) 6. (V0.1) (301) (veo Jg “) => rectangular, x? + y= 0; spherical, 9 =O or 6 =; the maxis 12. x? +y? = 5 = cylindrical, r= v/5; spherical, p sin d = /5: a cylinder 13. z= 0=> cylindrical, = 0) spherical, = J; the ap-plane = eylindsieal, 2 = ~2; spherical, p cos @ = -2; the plane 2 = —2 Vt ty?, 2 $1 olindrical, 2 = 1, 0S 1 <1; spherical, VEEP EE = JEP TE TT = Vala? ty?) = viet = VE itis V2 0 < p< VIia (finite) cone Stan = 16. 2 = PEF 1 $2.52 > evlndreal, 2=1, 150 €2; spherical, 6= tant MEE Lea edb 1S poo 9524 1S pool 2 V2 pp cos d=0 = Mp —cos §) = 0% p= 008 #sace #0, aephere of radi} centered ot (0,0,2) (ectangula) 21, p= 5 cos d => rectangular, yx FIER +6 n( )) RR re 22 sta yt (eB) = 2% evnarica, sdayttases tty tt i+ 24f,-59 P+(s-3) = 6 cos d => rectangular, Jay HE ra phere of radian ener at (00,2) etna) Seo areca) ar sxttyeta ates tay eee sos ety eet eb 0a 9 ty (24a) =: 2 BoP tz! 2. cylindrical, «7 + (2-48)? =9 = 7.42? = —62, a sphere of radius 3 centered at (0,0,—3) (rectanguléc) = exe # = rectangular 1, the plane = fy =1 ince rf 0; spherical, p sin 6 = ee => p sin dain 1 3 see 6 = 1 cos 6 = ~3 = rectangular, x = —d; spherical, p sin 6 cos 0 3, the plane x Lew cectangular,

p ve ‘s = PETE VES GT = VETTE 2 om VF ince Ps yb? #0; Ware cylindrical, 2 = V7, the ptane z= V2 26. p=9 esc b> psin §=9 => cylindrical, r = 9; rectangular VF y" = 9 = x? 4 y* = Bi, a circular cylinder of radius 9 with axis about the z-axis Sty t(eP sles] = evlindrical, P+ (2-1 at oe at—etialareeammech spherical, 2 +y? 42222 = 0 = ¢?—2p cos ¢=0 = plp—2 cos d) = 0-=> p=2eos.d, F< H #2 3 co(2Z) =e tty? 4s = 9 and Hsu fesindvcal 184.27 =9 and -Yce foe prin ofthe sphere of ras 3 centered atthe iin between the planes x = 3 Sand v3 Brytr=5,0<7 545 3 oplincsical, P42? = 8 acd 0<2 < 3B; spherical, 6? vi ). 6 < cos (A) = p= VI and $< 4 <§, the portion of the sphere of radius / centered 4a a the origin between the xy-plane and the plane x = % 8 and 2S 4aG2, OF <1 spherical, pcos 6 =A 4p? snp and O-< 6 < rectangular 2 = 4—4(32 4 y?) and ~ AG? +98) by the xy-plane 0.24, the upper portion cut from the paraboloid « = PEAnn OS 1 <4 a apheieal peor #=4— pin ¢ and 0 EHS > pleos 6440 6) =4 and OS 0< Fe rectangular, 2 = 4— YX7#Y7 and 0 <2 <4, a cone with vertex at (0,0,4) (rectangular) and base the circle xt 4 y? = 16 in the xy-plane an ° ave aya 032 > VE cos Bop 2 = Vay and -1 <2 < 0; cylindrical 3? +9? 4 cone with vertex at the origin and base the circle 050 < V2 = rectangular, cos SF = cos 1 1 vee Se ye eae with <0 2=— VF TF and a raal Vins xt yt pate? op xP y? Ses -sorras, but 20 and s<0 => 1 in the plane z= —1 way = f0< ps VF = ealindsca, 00 < VF: rectangular x+y? <7 and 2 =0, the da of dius V7 ‘centered at the origin in the xy-plane 2418 cos 26 = 0 = 2+1?(cos?d ~sin?6) =0 = 24 (r cos 0)? —(r sin 8)? = 0 => rectangular, 2 4x? — y? aay? sh ephorical 2+ cos 2 = 0 = p cas 6 + (p sin 6}? (cos 28) = 0 = pcos 9 +p sin? cos 26) =0 = cos #4 p sin? d cos 20 =0 since p # 0, a hyperbolic paraboloid 1 2 ? cos? —ptsinte=1 = p= i spherical, p? cos? 9 — p* sin? 6 = 1 => p= log x = rectangular, 2? —(x? + y?) = p? cos 26 = 1, hyperboloid of 2 sheets P42? = dr cos 0+ Gr sin O42 = x4 + yh +24 = dx + Gy + Be = (x? 4x $4) + (y? — by 40) +(2?—22 +1) = 14> (x=) + y—3)2 + (2-1)? = 14 > the center is located at (2,3,1) in rectangular coordinates982 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry im Space 2p (ain 6 con) =n gan 0) => 9 =2(§)~ A) > oP = 24— ay wey d 2m —ty aes 4a ay tae adm IP ty ED + 0) = the eenter is located at (1,~2,0} in rectangular coordinates 2 sin 4)(cos @=2 sin 0} => p= 39. Right circular cylinder parallel to the z-axis generated by the z circle r= =2 sin in the plane fe ° y 40, Right circular cylinder parallel to the s-axis generated by the circle r = 2 cos 0 in the r@-plane te 2eoe & | ~y 41. Cylinder of lines parallel to the z-axis generated by the : ‘cardioid x = | — cos 9 in the 10-plane er core y 42. Cylinder of lines parallel to the z-axis generated by the : eardioid r= 1+sin 6 in the 19-plane ce tesin® 7 ‘ i ySection 10.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 983 43, Cardicid of revolution symmetric about the y-axis, x ‘casp at the origin pointing down Pa tacos. y 44, Cardioid of revolution symmetric about the y-axis, 2 ‘cusp at the origin pointing up « patscose y $5. (a) toc peosbaes pa giz a paced (b) The xy-plane is perpendicular to the z-axis = 4 = 46. x2 + y? =a? = (p sin cos 8)? +(p sin ¢ sin 8)" = (p? sin? ¢ )(cos” 4 + sin? 4, =p sin? = psin@ =aorpsind = -a= pain g =aorp = nese g, sine 0<¢0 $7. (a) A plane perpendicular to the x-axis has the form x =a in rectangular coordinates => r cos # = a t= gh + 1 =a see 8, in clindrical coordinates (b) A plane perpendicular to the y-axis has the form y = b in rectangular coordinates = rsin 6 = b coe @, in cylindrical coordinates arash 48, ax+by = = af cos #) +b(r sin §) =e = races O+bsin 8) =e Ps EG 49. The equation + = f(z) implies that the point (7,2) = (6(2),4,2) will fie on the surface forall 6. Io particular (02), 8 +4,2) lies on the surface whenever ({(2),4,2) does ‘> the surface is symmetric with respect to the z-axis, cree,984 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 50. The equation p = f(4) implies that the point (9,90 if (€(8), 6,0) lies on the surface, then (f(9).6.9 +7] to the axis (€),4,8) ies on the surface for all &. te particular, ‘on the surface, #0 the surface is symmetric with respect 51. Example CAS commands: with(plots): sai= 2422 = 2ere(con{thets) +sin( theta) +2; subs(e = sqrt(a'?-+9°2), theta = arctan(y/x), ea): simplify(",trig)s eat: = 22492 412 ~2ex—2y irapictplotSalen2, x=048, y=0, areceolve(eqt) ‘simplify(are[1], trig); mnapply(" (theta) clinderplot(, Pi/4.0¥Pi/4, ~ Mathematica: (We need the ParanetricPlotaD package for SphericalPlotsD) << Graphics ‘ParametriePlot3>° (ContourPlot3D allows implicit plotting in 3D) << Graphics ContourPlot3D” Clear[,theta,xyy.a) em = r24+32 Soive{ ean, r } qitbeta.2_] = x /. $12] // Simplify Note: the CylindricalPlotaD function only handles plotting 2(r,theta), not r(theta,z), so we must use the more general ParanetricPlotsD. ParametsiePlot 3D] {altheta,a] Coslthetal, ritheta,s) Sin{thetal. 2}, {theta,Pi/4,9Pi/4}, {2,-2.2} | Map[Expand, eqn) % J. {1 Cos{theta] -> x, & Sinftheta] -> 9, FD > x+y 2} em? = Mapi (2 —2x -2y +2)le, % J ContourPiat3D{ eqn2[[1]) {a-13). {yl}. {a Contours >" fean2{l2}} } Clear{cho, theta,phi,x,y.2] a=—2.2)5 grid = (100,100)}; 2 x (Cosltheta}-+Sinfthetal) +2 2 52, Example CAS commands: Mapl ee hd = Bow co ht) sin i) — ceo) 42 simplify("{1},trig); f= umapply(”/(theta,phi)); sphereplot({0..2«Pi,- Pi.) suba(theta=aretan(y/s}, Bb +72), ea); implify( "rig: recos(z/sqtt(x2-+y'2422)}, tho = sart(x2 + y°2Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 985 It’s now easy to simplify the equation by hand to obtain: eqhs= x24 y 2482 ox — Bee + 2 Implicitplotdd(eq2,x=—1-8, y=-2..2, 2=-8..1}; Mathematics: eqn = rho2 == 2 rho (CosfthetalSinfphil -Cos{phil) +2 Solve| eqn, the | holtheta—phi_j = cho /. 2) // Simpliy Note: in the SphericalPlotaD function, the range for the polar angle (pli) must come before that for the azimuthal angle (theta). SphericalPlot3D{ tho[theta,phij, {phi,0,Pi}, {theta0,2Pi) ) Map{Expand,ean] wh ‘tho Ces[theta] Sin{phi] -> x, tho Sin{theta] Sin[phi] -> y, tho Cos(phi] => tho? -> xBty 2422 } eqn? = Mapl (# ~2x 422 42), % ] ContourPlot3D[_ eqn2[[I]}, (6-13), (¥-22), {o-31}, Contours => fesn2{2]) (CHAPTER. 10 PRACTICE EXERCISES 2 Rang cuca ste E85 noatg nmin tyes 3 length =| V2i+ V3j|= VEF3 =2, VBi+ VB = 2( Spit Jp) = the cretion it git pi 4, length =ViFT=vi, vi(—Je hi)? the dtetion is — Je Ta 5. length =)2i— 35+ |= VIFTFI =7, 21-354 66 =7(34— $529k) = the direction is Fi Bi + B980 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 12, a= projy u,b =projy 4 e= ¥— proj ¥ iik 13. |Al= JiF1 = V2,IBl= /T4144 =3, A-B=3,B-A=3,AxB=| 1 1 0 |=-214+2j-k, 2 1 2 Bx A= {AxB) = 21-99 +k, [AxBl= VTFE41 = 3, 0 = cow 'Blom 6 Jp, proj, B=(A-R)A = 14 [Als VPH TH = V6, 1Bl= (1)? + (Ai) = V5, A-B= ((-1) +0900) +2) $049) 10102 |e ajek, Bx A= —(AxB) =i45—k,=(RER)A + [m—(AER) A . Pt y28 2b. =-3] Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 987 laxpl= (CPt CPs = V5, 0 ha A) = cos? -¥8)— &, inheov = VA preiy n= (AB)a = Sisriem)=-horien (AB) As s-[helfrcueles-iy-oua ufefona-n-toeesoon where A-B=8 and A-A=6 }o-ms[e4i ew -(Go-ay]= aap (iabsee), where ABs Tand A-A=S ij k axp=| 1 oo 0 [=k 1106 2 iG AxB=) 1-1 6 j=2k D> fis wae roe ins y yetanx os [y'], y= loeetxlejq = 22 > T= 14 2)> the unit tangents are 4(1oi42.5) and the unit Wl wart 2% e Tet Hi normals are (Fit e) ng TES TS AAA Me oi tangents ace = Eh and he i normals are £(3i+ 43)988 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space DL Let A= ayitegi task and B= byt bajtbsk. Then|A+Bl? +14 —B)? [ley by) + ey by)? Cy + Bgl?) + [ay — by)? fay ba)? 4 (a —bg)?] + (af ~2ayby + bf + af ~ Dagby + b3 423 — Bagby + B8) = 2(af-+ af +af)+2(bi+ bf4 02) =2/al? 4218/7 = (af-+2ajb, +f taf + tagby + bE + al + 2agby + ‘viluisin(ZBAC) = }luxvi since 0 < LBAG < F 2 Wella sin (ZB 4C} (6) hrm sin(ZBAc) = IESE 22. (9) area = fet (c) area = 3 (65+) xQi+H[=}] 1 201 jetlad ype jem) ve va Wea ve yh Welt Wake Then |y— Owl? =| (vyht vad + wah) — (075 + 95 + | 28, Let v= yi + vai t vgk and fey — Ima y= Pm Hg Pw) = [ley = 2H (a= 2H + = 2H = (vf beh 08) atv, + vane + amg) + 4(w] oe og) ei i? ave dw ~ 4(2)(8) (cos §) +36 = 40~24($) = 40-12 = 28 iv -2wl= VE VIP 4 jul) w] cos 044 1? 02> (40—40)1+ (20 2a} + (O}k=0 24, wand v are parallel when uxv=0=| 2 4 soak %. (a) area =|AxBl=abs| 11-1 214 Bolo (b) volume =26 ar. 28, 29, a. 32, . Phe point P(4,0,0) lies on the plane x— Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 989 ijk (a) area =|AxB ro o 10 110 (b) volume = o 1 0 1-0) +10-0}40=1 11a ‘The desired vector is axv or ¥xm the plane. ce nx is perpendicular to both mand v and, therefore, also paralie! to Tfa= 0) and b #0, then the line by =¢ and i are parallel. Ifa ¥ 0 and b = 0, then the line ax =c and j are pavallel. If and ate both 0, then ax + by =¢ contains the point (§0) and (0,6) = the vector aj) and the line ate parallel, Therefore, the vector ~aj is parallel to the line ax-+ by = ¢ in every case, ‘The line L passes through the point P(0,0,—1) parallel to v= —i+j+k. With PS = 21+ 2)+k and ijk PSxval 2002 1 f= Qa nbt (1-2) 4 (242k = 1-3) 44k, we find the distance rad leSxvl_ VieosTe_ VG_ 7S eer vrata ‘The fine L passes through the point P(2,2,0) parallel to v=i+j-+k. With PS = -2i+2)+kand ii ok PSxw=| -2 2 1 |=Q-ii+ (1 +254 (-2-2 tad +3) ~ 4k, we find the distance |Pexvl_ JIVE Vik V8 ee er ister vi 3 Parametric equations for the line are x ft, y=2, 25347 ‘The line is parallel to PQ = Oi+ jk and contains the point P(1,2,0) => parametric equations are xaLy=2tt,2=-tlorO x — By +84 = 13 37. POL=2,2), Q(2,1,3) and R(=1,2,—1) > PQ =i42}+k, PR = ~21+4)—3k and PQXPR r 1 |= 9145+ 7kis normal co the plane = (-9)(e—1) + ()ly +1) + ()G@=2)=0 3 Sob yt Te 38. P(L,0,0), Q(0, 1,0) and R{0,0,1) = PQ = ~i+j, PR=-i+kand PQx PR iiok =| -1 1 0 [=i+j+kisnormal to the plane = (1)(x~1) + (Lty ~0) + (1)(6-0) “104 39, when x = 0; (=1,0,-3), since Land when y = 0; (1,-1,0), since t= 0, x=] and y = =I when 2 = 40. x=, y= —t, 2 = 1 represents a line containing the origin and perpendicular to the plane 2x ~y— line intersects the plane 3x — By +22 = 6 when tis the solution of 3(21) —5{—t) +2(-1) = 6 3 t=} (4.-3)—Z)is the point of interetion 4, myatantny 14 fe the de angen (UE) 7(x~ 1) —3(¥—2)—5@—3) = 0 = Ix—Sy 5 AT, Yess vem = (2i—4j +B) -(2i+j + 0k) = 2-2— 4-1 41-0 = 0 = the vector is orthogonal to the plane’s normal => v is parallel to the plane 48, n-PP, > 0 represents the half-space of points lying on one side of the plane in the dizection which the normal m points 49. A normal to the plane ism = ABxAC =| 2000-1 = 9) 2k = the distance is jatngee team} 50. P(0,0,0) lies on the plane 2x + 3y 452 = 446415 |_ 95 Vio T 88 38 51, n= 2%—j—Kis normal to the plane => axv=) 2 tov and parallel to the plane992 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 52, The vector Bx C is normal to the plane of Band C= Ax(BxC) is orthogonal to A and parallel to the plane: hojok ij k Bxc-| i 2 1 |=-8i43)-kand Ax(Bxo)=| 2 1 84k a) ~-34 1 3 |Ax(BxO)]= VEFOTT = Vand Os (BxQ) va vat ik 58, A vector parallel to the line of intersection is 124 sivi= /BITF9 = VB = 2(%) Fag i430 inthe deicd vector SA, The line containing (00,0) norma to the plane is representa! by x= 24 y = =i, and 2 inert the plane tu ~By-+8 = 6 when SC) ~5(-4) +2(-4) = 0-3 4= 2 > the pont (4-3, 2 when stand p= 142 Ie meets the plane 2x —9 +2: § = the point is (At, 28,—2) 55. The line is represented by x= 3-424, y= 2-42) (2-1) +21 +28) = 2 ao ijk 56. The direction of the intersection is ¥ 2. 4 112 = cost We 50.5" %, 57. The intersection occurs when (3 +2) +928) t= 43 €=~1 = the point is (1,-2,-1). The required line ij ok must be perpendicular to both the given line and to the normal, and hence is parallel to} 2 2 toa ty = 24 BE, and 2 = 2a, i+ 34-4 dk = the line is represented by x= 58. If P(a,b,c) is point on the line of intersection, then P lies in both planes = a—2b+e+3= dab er leds (an tbve43)+h@a~b et I) = joj ok 50, The vector ABxGb=| 2-2 4 |= 38 (01+ 7) +2b) ie nonaal wo the plane and A(-2,0,—2) Hs onthe % q 2 : plane => 2(x +2)-+7y ~0)+2(a ~(—B)) = 0 = 2x+7y 422+ 10 =0 is an equation of the plane.Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 993, 60. Yee; the Tine’s direction vector is 2443 — Sk which is parallel 10 the line and also parallel co the normal —4i—6]+ 10k to the plane => the line is orthogonal (o the place. ij k 61. The vector PQxPR=] 2 3 11 ~ 3k is normal to the plane. “30 1 (a) No, the plane i not orthogonal to PQ x FR (b) No, these equations represent a line, not a plane. (6) Novthe plane (e+ 2) 4 11(y 1) 340 has normal + 11j—Bk whichis not parallel vo PQ x BR. (G) Nol ths vector equation i equivalent fo the equalion Sy 48 = Brn 2e -O, and $x 2 4 2x=—$-Bty ste 1-1, which cepresentea line, not a plane. {e) Yes, this is a plene containing the point R(—2,1,0) with normal PQ PR. ~t,2=—1+ 54; the line through C and 1 must be parallel and y= 242s, 2 = Sts; the line “+45. The lines Ly and Ly intersect 62. (a) The line through A and Bis x= 144, is by: x=14ty=2~t,2=345t. The line through B and C is x through A and D must be parallel and is Ly: x= 2, y= —I+26, 2 MDL) whee! = Lad += 1 (om 9 Ett) j45k on BO 2) 44k (a) area = |(25 + 4k) x (i 5+ dk)|=[ Lai + 45 - 2k] = 66 (e) From part (d), m= 14i-+4j—2k is normal to the plane => 14(x—1) + 4(y -0) 22 +1 Set 2y 2 = 8 (9) From part (¢). = projection on the xy-plane i 2G 428 where TR 44)— 2k the area of the projection on the yz-plane is |-il = 44; the atea of the -j| = 4; and the area of the projection on the xy-plane is {nk = 2 bgok M4 j+k, Ob =i44j-k, and AC = 2+jsn= 11 |= -5i-j- 9k = the distance is 14-4 ga [ Doi mo| p ferite | ior ii ok 64. AB = -21+4j—k, Cb =i—j+2%, and AC = 4 = Ti+ Aj—2k => the distance 1-12 - (eee (Ti+ 45-2] _ Varsrs |994 Chapter 10 Vectors andl Analytic Geometry in Space 6. Say at= 66. x24 (y 1) +s?=1 67 at tay aad 14. dy? tat mat =7, 78. 7 80, a1 ar. Bs. 89. a. 92. 93. 4 95. The dine centered at (0.8 ‘Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 995, ‘The y-axis in the xy planes the yz-plane in three dimensional space ‘The line x+y =I in the xy-piane; the plane x+y =I in three dimensional space ‘The cirele centered at (0,0) with radius 2 in the xy-plane; the cylinder parallel to the z-axis in three dimensional space with the circle as a generating eurve ‘The ellipse x? + 4y? = 16 in the xy-plane; a cylinder parallel to the 2-axis in three dimensional space with the cllipse as a generating cur ‘The parabola x = y? in the xy-piane; the cylinder parallel to the z-axis in three dimensional space with the parabola as a generating curve ls y?— x? = 1 in the xy-plane; the cylinder parallel to the z-axis in three dimensional space with a generating curve ‘A cardioid in the r6-plane; a cylinder parallel to the z-axis in three dimensional spaze with the eardioid as a generating curve dimensional space with the cirele 9s a generating curve with radius 9 in the xy-plane; the eplinder parallel to the z-axis in three . 8 horizontal lemaisateof length 2y3 in the ré-pane; the eylinder parallel tothe seis in thece dimensional ‘apace with the lemniseate as a generating curve ‘A rose in the r8-plane; the cylinder parallel to the axis in three dimensional space with the ase as a generating curve ‘The sphere of radins 2 centered at the origin ‘The plane that intersects the xy-plane at a right angle along the line y= “The upper nappe of a cone having its vertex af the origin and making a angle of Z rad with the z-axis ). The circle x? +y? = 1 in the x3-plane ‘The upper hemisphere of the sphere of radius 1 centered at the origin ‘The spheres centered at the origin having radii of 1 and 2 and all points between the spheres Rectangular Cylindrical Spherical (2,0,0) (1,0,0) (054) (9) (1,0,-3) (0.1.0) (0.11) (1.03)996 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space Rectangular Spherical 97. (-1,0,-1) (v2.88) 9. 0-10) (v85%) 99, 2= 2 = cylindrical, 2; spherical, p cos ¢ = 2: a plane parallel to the xy-plane 100. 2= VETO = estindreal, 2 = VI" (cos @— VG sin ¢) = 0 > tan d= Shoor = ploos ¢— V3 sin #) = 0 tan & 4 e 31, 1 2 0; spherical, p cos ¢ = ¥/Bp sin ¢ since p = 0 is only the origin), the upper nape of a cone making an angle of ¥ withthe postive axis and having vertex at the origin 1OL, x2 ey? (41)? = 1 = eglindrical, 4 (241)? = 1 424241 = 1S 2 4a? = 2s; spherical, aay pers te p24 2p co =O ple +2 cos )= 0 9 radius 1 centered at (0, 2 c0s ¢ (since p #0), a sphere of ), 1) (rectangular) 102, x2 +y?-4 (2-3)? = 9 = eylindtcal, © 4 (@— 8)? = 0 = 1 4a 624 9=9 = £2422 = 61; spherical, xt ty? 422-62 = 0 > p!—6p cos 6 = 0. p=6 cos o (since p #0), a sphere of radius 3 centered at (0,0,3) (ssctangular) 103. 224? = rectangular, 2 = x? + y%s spherical, p cos 6 = p? cose a ; , = lp ste eas 6) = 0 p = SE, 0.4.55 lice £0 une 6 = 1)» drular paraboloid symmetric to the z-axis opening upward with verex atthe oxi VE = LEFF as 2 = VEG; spherical, p cos ¢ =|p sin 3 = pcos d= p sin @ = tan 6 = 4 6=F, the upper neppe of a cone m sin? 6 = p? sin? dp cos 6=0 104. = |r} => rectangular, 2 = an angle of 3 with the positive ‘axis with vertex at the origin 105, += Tin 6 setanglan ¢= Tan = r= = 2. iy 249 = a8 oid e(y-J) = Ms orhoral e= sis gneated bythe ee (Jo tenet aytinate teste? sin 6 psin ¢ =7 sin 8, a circular cylinder parallel to the 106. 1 =4 cos @ = rectangular, r= 4 cos #5 ¢=4(}) = ade xt te tye Paes syed = (x~ 2)? +y? = 2% spherical, ‘generated by the circle = cos Op p sin @=4 cos #, a circular cylinder parallel to the z-axis 107. p=4 => rectangular, Yaya a4 oP tye? centered at the origin 16; cylindrical, 2? +2? = 16, a sphere of radius 4 108. p= V4 sec ¢ = rectangular, p= V3 sec 6 pcos 6 = VE 2 = Vii calindrcal 2 = V5, the plane «= v5Chapter 10 Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples. Applications 997 109. =F = cylindrical, tan (G) BE oy f= 1 n= 1720; rectangulan, 2 = — V7 49", the lower nape of a cone making an angle of SE with the positive z-axis and having vertex at the origin 110. pcos g-4p? sin?g = 1 = cylindrical, +4? —1% rectangular, = 4 circular paraboloid opening downward from the point (00.1) (rectangular), tev ortteyt Zovg the nan (CHAPTER 10 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 4, Information from ship A indicates the submarine is now on the line Ly: x=442t, y = St, 2 information from ship B indicates the submarine is now on the line Ly: x = 185, ‘current position of the sub is (6,3,~1) and occurs when the lines intersect at = 1 and s=4, The straight L Tine path of the submarine contains both points P(2, ; the line representing this path and (6.3, isk: x=244uy= 144, <4. The oubmarine traveled the distance between P and Qin 4 minutes = arperd of WO. Y% _ 5 ossnd tin Tn 20 minutes the submarine will move 20/2 thownand fom Q along the line L => 20% = f(2 + 4t— 6} + (—1 4-41 3)? +08 => 800 = 16(¢ ~ 1)? + 16¢¢ ~ 1)? = 3x(t— 1)? 2 (1h 2990 = 05 + 6-5 the sabmarine wll be aed at (20,25,-}) i 29 nina 2, Hy stope ite light when 6+ 110: = 446 = ¢=4 hours, After 6 hours, Hy is at P(246,57,9) while Hy is at (446,18,0). The distance between P and Q is /(246 — 446)? + (67-13)? + (90)? = 204.98 miles. At 150 mph, it would take about 1.37 hours for H, to reach Hy, 3. Work = F-PQ =IFI|FQ| eos 1602501 cos Z = «soa0)(%8) 4081 4, Torque [PGF 16 06 = [Plt Plein § 9 AP] Pl = 20 06 . [A$ B)? = (A+ B)-(A4B) = A-AG2A-B+B-B IAI? +2/AlIBIHIBE =(Al+1B1F +14 +B] 0 and ALA =O iffa = 10. 1f.A-= (cos o)i + (sin aj and B= (cos A)i-+ (sin Bj, where # >a, then AxB-=[1AlIBlsin(# ~a)]ke io; ok =| cosa sine 0 |= (cos e sin P —sin a cos J)k => sin (J) — a) = cos asin G—sin a cos fi, since cos sing 0 JAl=1 and|B] LL IA = aig bj and B= ci+dj, then A-B=|AU|B|cos 9 = ac +hd = Va? +b? YP 4d? cos 0 > (ac + bd)? = (a? 4 b?)(c? +d?) cos? 9 = (ac + bd)? < (a? +b*)(c? +2), since cost? <1, 12, Extend GD to GG so that Gb = DG. Then 6G = tCF patalielogeam. If tGF -3CB~ CA =0, then t-3—-1 ‘Therefore, GG = 4G? > Gh =2GF = F is the midpoint of OG. GB 4 BG and cGP = 3GH + GA, since ACRG is a st , since F, E, and A ate collinear. 13. (a) I P(x,y,2) is = point in the plane determined by the three points P,(xy3¥4.44)» Py(as¥a%) and P{x5,¥gs2%s) then the vectors BP, FP, and PP; ail lie in the plane. Thus PP, -(PP, x PP,) = 0 ack Noy mn =] -x yy-y m2 |= 0 by the determinant formula for the tiple scalar product in Section 10.4, Rene VenY {b) Subtract row 1 from rows 2, 3, and 4 and evaluate the resulting determinant (which has the same value ‘as the given determinant) by cofactor expansion about column 4. This expansion is exactly the determinant in part (a) £0 we have all points P(x,y,2) in the plane determined by P,(x.34124)s Pa(Kar¥ar%a); and P3(Xs:¥ar29), M4, Let Lys x= 95th y = 05-4 by Sage tby and Ly: x=eyttdy, y = cyt tdy, 2 = egt dye JEL [Ly ap bd | keyg BA then for some k, a; = key i= 1, 2,8 and the determinant 3, ¢y by—dyj=] key € bya, = 0, ay cy bydy] | Kes cy by —eg| since the Giret column is a multiple of the second column. ‘The lines L and L, intersect if and only if she et t(by 4) =0 system { 0,5—cgt-+ (by—da) =0 has a nontzivial solution ¢ the determinant of the coefficients is zero. age gt + (by dg) = 015. 16. m 18. 19. Chapter 10 Additional Pxercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 999 es then Fy) = (2g) (y yp and Ix — xy) + ky ~y, i) “Gai + 8) ayo If Q(x,y) is 2 point on the line ax +b; +bj is normal to the lae-x) +o -y} ine. ‘The distance is [proig FQ |= $e _ lexi +h = 4] | since = ax + by. eae (a) Let (x,y,2) be any point on Ax + By +Gr—D=0. Let QB, = (x—xy)it (y—y i+ @— 2k, and = ABEL, rn cus il =| ante ygbote-a0-( Hells Tara ee The sane ed, o,f aate raat ete an (Teeter [Ae + Bra + Oey — (Ax By +Ca)| |x + By, + 023 -D| ~ fat + b* +" - ‘AY + BY + C (b) Since both tangent planes are parallel, one-half of the distance between them is equal to the radius of the sphere, ie r=} yak = V3 (see also Exercise 17a). Clearly, the points (1,2,3) and (—1,—2,-3) are on the 1 containing the sphere's center. Hence, the line containing the center is Oto the center is V3 143, Y=244,2=3+6t, The distance from the plane x+y +2— iG +2) 4 2+4y +(6+60-3 > Tet fan equation of the ephere is (x ~1)-+ (y ~2)? +023)" = V5 trom part (a) > t= = the center is at (1,2,3). Therefore {@) 1(%p.y5.%) ison the plane Ax + By + Ce-= Dy, then the distanced between the planes is 4g oldm+ By +r Da} |D,—Dy/ Or = aap cay net Aas +B, +OH = Dy, by Rare 140, a j 6 0) d= eT at © insecnes aed [a+ tyeeacy Ol, y or © the deine plane is Boyt me= (3=D Ve x—2y +2234 5V6 and x—2y +22 3-56. (4) Choose the point (2,0,1) on the plane. Then !2=Pl= 5 = p= 3 45Y6 = the desced planes are Let n= AB» BC and P(x,y,x) be any point in the plane determined by A, Band C. ‘Then the point D lies in this plane if and only if AD -n = 0 = AD-(AB x BC) =0. (2) AxB=4ixj = 4k + (AxB)xC=0; (A-C)B—(B-C}A = 0B - 0A = 0; BxG=4i => Ax(BxO) = (A-C)B—(A-B)C = 0B-0C=0 k 1 [sit + aks (AxB)xC=| 1 a 101~ 2+ 6k;1000 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space (A-C)B—(B-C)A = ~4(21-4]— 2) — 261 -F-4 &) = 101-2) + 0 ijk boy ok exc] 201-2 |=8i4ajeSk Ax(BxQ=) 1-1 1 j= 81-2) +76 2 Ht 34 5 {A-O)B—(A-B)C = ~4(2) +528) = (-1)(-1+ 2) -) ia k ioik axB=| 204 0 Qj dk (AxB)xC=) 1-2 4 |= 4h 6)-+ 2k; 2-411 10 2 (A-G)B=(B-C)A = 2101-48) — (2543) = A - 65-42; i re ii Bxo=| 2 i = H+kAx(BxO)=| 201 0 |=1-3j-4 10 2 2-3 24k jk 3 [=-10i-19k; 4-2 hojok ijk BxC=|-1 0 -1 Atk Ax(BxC)=] 101-2 |= 198-4 8s 204 2 4-4 4 {A-C)B~(A-B)C = 10(-i- k) ~ 1(21 + 45-28) = ~121- 4) - 8k 20. (a) Ax (BX ©) +Bx (Gx A) +Cx(AXB) = (A-C)B-(A-B)C + (B-AYC— (B-C)A + (C-BJA~(C-A)B = 0 {b) [A (Billi ((A Bip ((A (Bx kyle (AB) 4+ (AB) + [(A xB) “Kk = AB (6) (AxB)-(CxD) = A-[Bx(CxD)] = A-[(B-D)C~ (B-C)Dj = (A-C(B-D) —(A-D)(B-C) AC BC AD BD 21. ‘The formula is always true; A x(Ax(A x B]]-G= A x((A-B)A—(A-A}B]-C = [(A-B)AXA~(A-A)AXB]-G= ~}AI?AXB-C = —|APA-BxCChapter 10 Additional Exercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 1001 [soa 22, n=1+2)+ 6k is normal to the plane x+2y-+62=6;¥xm=] 1 1 1 5f-+k is parallel to the D2 6 bik lane and perpendicular to the plane of vand m2 w=nx(ven)=| 1 2 6 [=92i428)-13kiva 450 vector paraliel to the plane x-+ 2y +62 = 6 in the direction of the projection vector prajp v. Therefore, 32493 2 Tat ate ig" 7a proip €= prely ¥=(v: (3) 23. proj, w = ~proj, v and w— proj, w= ¥—proj, v les along the line L => w 2 proj v= v2 (LB) poh ey a (Ci) (r= poi, w) + roi w (v— projy ¥) + prog © 24, (a) Let (x,9,2) be the Cartesian coordinates of P. By ()) we have x!-+y2= 0. From (ii) x= 1008 0 = fa con y and y=rsin 6 = YaB sin y, Finally, from (i) [a ~ 8] =2 121 31 = 254 since P lies above the xy-plave if a 6 > 0 and below ifa—2-<0. Therefore, tra) = ( ad cos 1, Sat ain 9 252) (b) Fix a. Prom part (a), @= a ~22 = x+y? a = ofa 22) = 2 =~ ahs? +y2)-+92 othich is an equation of a paraboloid for fixed a. Similarly the graph is a paraboloid for fixed 8. 25, (a) The vector from (0,d) to (kd) is ry = kdi — 4 = jr,j*=—— = ky =— Hoi the " Spe AP aaa total force on the mass (0,d) due to the masses Q, fork = =n, —0 +1, rH +S (GS Ce) tea) SEF) ECR) ea) ‘The i components cancel, giving rota a a wen} ‘= the magnitude of the force is ri Sym f wr) is finite since § 5 {b) Yeo, it i nites gg, iran E wpe converges1002 Chapter 10 Vectors and Analytic Geometry in Space 26. (a) Ines 0, then Sx = KN +3)f = -(E-E)F. This means that ir ay4h. 1 Ceara =z yr Since @ and F are O14 fie TET . : ) (#2. A calelation wil show that =, Since 7 |< c, then|y 7? < oso (eon): ee ee ee ( aim) ( wire) septa) rca. coy cos We now have|Z@F/? <2, solzeFlce. (b} 1X and ¥ ate parallel, then Xx (ZF) =O. This gives Te alslelzl]. (©) dig, So7=343.CHAPTER 11 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS AND MOTION IN SPACE 11.1 VECTOR-VALUED FUNCTIONS AND SPACE CURVES Lex t+Land yst?—1 > y= (x- 1)? tax? 2x5 atts! adit nyo a= Ql ao) vita and andj 4 v= = is nism oa Of Speed: |wa)|= 7+ @ayP ae = 3; = fis fis es wpa a(]iedi+de) 2k 10, des wy L sie ate 1 p= Geol (ain itt vagEe (ta y+ Bea gh ah an Es (2 ew Oia dn Speed: [o(§)|= yes =o FY #8 = 28 Disinn s “(3 a sn) + (qigeosd)pt gighs he Set olf jad +4 = fia Bie de o(G)=2( hie Si + Ga) 18. i+ 2yjtee se a= - 0 Ts ptite 2 Vega a a) (i+ 200+ We Speed: |v(1)|= (ch) +(2())8 +1? = V6; Direction: fo aaSection 11.1 Vector Valued Functions and Space Curves 1005 FETE OT TT) (6 sn 3) + (6 con )k => a= 4 (2 cos 3} + (2in ak = v= gE {08 cos St)h~ (8 sin 3); Speed: |v(0)] = fle} + [+6 sin 3103)? + (6 com B09}? = VF (0) _ (-<°)i-6 sin 300) + 6-co 30) iF Yee Oa iat) 4 V5 and afg) = 2k = |v(0)] = 2-4) 40? = VB and 0=5 15, v=Si4 V9}+ 20k and a= 2k = v(0) [a{0h|= V2? = 2; v{(0}-a(0) = 0 = cos (22-201) ane a= ~205 > w(0) = ie LE ana af) = 295 Jt0y|= (2 = 1 and |a(o)] = (32)? = 325 (0) -a(0) = i. 2 ne and a=| ate] fat => w{(0) = jan Ba) (a oe aa said leah ‘leit Odors (0) = 21+ k = [y(0)|=1 and |af0}|= VIFFT? = V5; v(0)-alQ) = 0 cos = 0 > =F 8) 32) = 168 sew = we vee) 2 a0) aba and aa dre i bg 25 2 0) = BiB ane 0) = fie fi >| tonl= BY +3) +) = 1 ana n= (Y= GY = won ny 22-8 =O cos O09 9=F sin t)(1 ~ cos t) + (sin t)(cos 1) = sin Thus, = cos t)i + (sin Oj and a= (sin ti + (cos UY} > v sin t =D t=O, 4, 07 2 in t cos t+sin t cos ¢ = 0 for all t > 0 20. ws (cos i-+5 ~ (in OR and a= (sin Oh (cos Nk = v- 1 1 a. j [eis discs nalae=|8] is cadie $+] ka ]ia age i a 5 2 {le soi raves +(, (ae jel oe 312) la) ae tk = 31 4 (4S —2)j 4 2k1006 Chapter 11. Veetor-Valued Functions and Motion in Space a 2. | [tin e+ cos t+ (ne? Da a cos gi ble taint] 5 titan OTe eM (#4 )iam a sf m4 J [Gece t tan thi+ (tam t+ (2 sin & cos «) kj dt = | [(eec t tam 61+ (lam Ui + (rin 20K) at lee tf/91-4[-In eos 05 +[- 5 con 20] on 2iede as, | (is ghe de) i | ones [bya Bi oea(-Sui)a(-Ge2)o(-Lea)e 26. x |[asont+ (ime - 162) ] a= es + (20%) +6; 40) = m0 +[00? Bro" +6 in stfi-+[—in HJ +S lo Ufx= ae i+ (in 4) + (ln ke +A) at af sn Mb ly on tk 2 2 — Bee oso) Ok + Oai4 549k C= 4 2 + 3k = 1005 > © = 1005 > r= gor + (900? - 4803 4.100) 7: (FDI ej + inet RECS wre [[Gorujses(4yp Ja (0) = (0 41)°7 i ~ ep +n OF Yk + Oak ititk sp ra[ee nt —tfeG je rime le More fice sadiv us erelae= (S420) fie e+e; x0) ‘ 2 4isCsisjs ra(Garesajie(Gr \ixSection 11.1 Vector-Valued Functions and Space Curves 1007 (amy d= 3046, #0) «61+ aL. 3} > —3200}k +0, = 81+ 8) > O, = 8+ 8 ah ~suek; c= | (e+ shan dt = +84 ~1007K-+ Gy; (0) = 100K = 8(0)i-+ 8(0}j — 16(0)%k + Cy = 100k > Cy = 100k + r= 8ti + 81 + (100-160) v2. f= [Gri +W a= -(ieurm sent =05 W40+0)46,-096,<0 J-tirituy a= -(Fie fies e)eos w= = (Bia Fi Pe) + 0, = 0105+ 108 = 101 + 105 + 10k ora(-S4t0)i+(-$410)s+(-$+10)e cos H+ (Rt + sin tj teks ty = 0. v(0) = it k and 1, and 1 = 1+ are parametric equations of the tangent line 01+ 205 + 10k = Ha -Gi titi: in t)i+ (1? cow tj tet =v Py= (0-11) x= 0+t=hy 33. (0) 34, H(t) = (2 sin i+ (2 cos H+ Stk = vit) = (2 cos H)i— (2 sin AH} + Bk; ty = 4x > w(0) = 21-4 5k and (0) = Pp = (0,2,208) > x= 0+ 2% = 2%, ¥=2, and 2 = 20n +54 are parametric equations of the tangent line sn {Vi + (a cos Hj + btk = vb (0,a,2be) > x= 0+ ai at, (2 coe t)i~ (a sin Hi-+ bk; ty = 29 > (0) = ai +bk and =, and 2 = 2rb + bt are parametric equations of the tangent line in 2k = vit) mts-ty (cos t)i-+ (sin t)+: = Py = (01,0) 3 x= 37. (a) v(t) = ~(ein t+ (cos tj = aft) = ~{eoe t}i~ (sin ts CH) |v(ty| = Cain 7+ (c08 0)? = 1 = constant speeds (ii) v-m= (sin (cos £) — (cos t)sin €) = 0 yes, orthogonal; (il) counterclockwise movement; Gv) yes, (0) = 1405 (b) v0 = -( sin 205 + (2 cos 2) = aft} = () |v(ty| = Va sin? 2644 cos? Ht = 2 = constant speeds (8) v-a= 8 sin 2 cos 20 —8 cos 21 sin 2 = = yes, orthogonal (4 008 2t)i— (4 sin 205 (iii) counterclockwise movernent; (ivy yes, x(0) = 1+ 0) ©) WO= sin(t-$)i+ cos(t—$)}i > aft |v) |= sic? (t - Byte (t-§) = 1 constant speed:1008 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space sin (1-f)=0 = yes, orthogonal (ii) counterclockwise movernent; [iv) no, r(0) = 04—j instead of 1+ Oj (d) v(t) = ~(sin t)i — (cos t)j = aft) = (cos t)i+ (sin tj; (|e ]= fain + Coo FF = 1 = constant speeds i) sin t)(con§) ~ (cont) sin t) =O yes, orthogonal (ii) clockwise movement; (ie) yes, (0) =i ~ 05 (6) WC) = ~42¢ sin 5+ (4 con tf = aft) = C2 sin £4 2E 008 YF (2 €08 C= 2 sin Ys (i) |v(ty|= 2y/loin t+ 0 cos t)? + (cos tt sin OF Jain + eosTt + Bt sin bens tO sin Cece tO coe t+ inte IFT = variable speed; (ii) vea=a4(t sin?c4 2 sin t cos 1)-+4(¢ cost — 0? cos t sin t) = 4t 4 0 in general = not orthogonal in general; (ii) counterclockwise movement; ie) yes, H(0) = i+ OF 38 Let p= i + 25-4 k denote the position vec int, w= pi ji and v= nt +2)+k denote the position vector ofthe pont, u= Api ~ Iai and v= Tpit Sa + Sake ‘Then e{t) = p+ (cos t)n-+ (sin t}v. Note that (2,2,1) is @ point on the plane and m=i4-j—2k is normal to the plane. Moreover, u and v ate orthogonal unit vectors with u-m = v-m=0 = wand v are parallel to the plane. Therefore, rt) identifies a point that lies in the plane for each ¢. Also, for each t, (cos t}u + (sin «)v is a unit vector, Starting at the point (2,2,1} the vector (cos t)u + (sin t)v traces out a circle of radius J and center (2,2,1) in the plane x+y — 2 = 2, 36, j+k=> v(t) =Sti—ti4 tk-+C;; the particle travels im the direction of the vector (1— 1}k+ (2) + (4—S)k= 35 —F.4k (since it travels im a steaight line}, and at time t =0 it has speed 25 0) = Feet oO fawn (a+ A(t dr 2 ) eri)= (i +r)! (frp (8+ Fe 2. t+ Ca 10) =i+2}43k=C, 2 0)=(P ager (ie aaah pees = (84 Fate +k) ++ 25438) a 0 a= %4j+k 2 vit}= i+ Hj + tk-+ Cy the particle travels in the direction of the vector (B= Di+ (0 (19+ — 2k = B+ j +k {since it travels ina straight line), and ot time 0 it has speed 2a. 2, 43. 44, Section 11.1 Veetor-Valued Functions and Space Curves 1009) aE 69 fan = (4 eho ier Fle ~(2gi)i4 (be Sis (bes Heron <1-m ee, 2 H0=(Pggi4 yi (hea Spee tie (hea Fees aa (hes Seaside ‘The velocity vector is tangent to the graph of y* = 2x at the point (2,2), has length 5, and a positive i component, Now, y? =2x = 2y $h=2 = = ay =} 9 the tangent eco inthe dtetion af he x (2.2) . vector +4] = the velocity vector is v= —-%. (i+}i)= S(i+dy Vii + VB » a 2 jit (8) ‘ , in i+ (com hsv? = UL cos GF 4st = 2-2 cos top]? is at max Vistiveisata min ta? ssin?t +eos%1 = 1 v= (1-cos t)i+ (sin t]j and a= when cos t= =1 = t=, Br, 5x, ete, and at these values of tv? =4 = max iv when 05 ¢= 1 = (= 0, 2n, 4x, etc, and at these values of t, |v? = 05 min iy: for every t => max |aj=mintal= T= 1 = (Bein 5+ cos Ok and a= (8 con (sin ks WP = 0 anPe +4 cot > Live) = 18s cos 8 cos Cin C= 10sin t con A(ivP)=0 5 1D sin t cos t= 0-4 ain t= 0 oreo t=O tao, rort=$, 9, When t=0, niv? sa1= 9; when t= 3, 38 a? = 4 = sae? ‘Therefore, max ai= 3 when t =0, x, and min jaj=2when t= 5, 3% {a) eft) = (co cos 8)i-+ (cq sin Oj, and the distance traveled along the citele in time t is x¢ (rate times time) whieh equals the circular ar length rf = # = # = nt) =( tas #8)5-+(ry sin BE = at =(—vsin i reobhnae =e Rent hie(-Zan)i ~All con B)i+(ro sin 3 HY (9 Fame» (Su) (2 eo Sa = =o (€) Tis the time for the aatllte to complete one full orbit -> oT? = circumference of circle =v! ate ind 2 © Substitute v= 772 ino = YM os SE Mor. S28 1 proportional to since AB oa constant 2ary1010 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Funetions and Motion in Space 45. Levey) evel Stove a0. a 2.005 yew a contant = ivi YAF¥ is constant (a) Sefusvxm) (wx) turd (vx = §8-(vxw) pu-Stw tuvxd® {b) Each of the determinants is equivalent to each expression in Ea. (6) in part (a) because of Ea. (23) in Section 10.4 expressing the tziple scalar product as a determinant, - Het ee) (Bb) 8) (foaee ncn and A-(BxB) = 0 for any vectors A and B Gecvam eu (daw bya) =C=ai with 4, b,¢ real constant = 48144054 Seu = oi 40)+08= 48. w= Ca ait bj +ek with a, b, ¢ real constants = $4 = 9854905 + eK — 01 +0) + 0k = 0 (0) 04 LOI ANR ew= ato Hea + KOK Glew) eee = (gis Si gta) eda (8) Jus ACI + Fe(OH + lO > LE) -[Lo+e i+ sfeeo +8] J +[zn0 +e] = Hes ates noe + [bie Sie tha] = ha gre 50. Let w= fy(t)i + fp{t)j + fy(Qk and v = g,(t)i+ go(t)j + gg(tk. Then HYD HELE + ELH + GU + eg(0T = G+) 1G + 61H +10 + eC + 1G) + AGO = FCO + HC + OK + Lay (E+ walt + eG] = FB 4 gE 0 — a, (OB+ at) - e200 + FC) ~ 6 (Ie = feu) = (~~ BOB + 1500 ~ SC} = ECOL GCG + FANN) — Ea + eoCel + aged] = GS 5, Suppose i continuous at = gy Then Jigh (0) =) & Jip (+ ef + MO = fie aa +H np $0) = to) dip, alt) = tg) and ign be) = Wg} 4 fg, and h are continuous at t = ty. ijk : i ‘ 88 ip Eero) = din | 80 000 f=) ep HC fa CO ite 8i() 8260) a(t) 9, 60) in es fin et) = Bp (0 Jig (= Ae 53. H(t) exists = P(ig)i + a'(te)i + h'{ta)k exists = (tg), (to), (tg) all exist = f, g, and h are continuous at t= ly = s(t) is continuous at t= ty‘Section 11.1 Vector-Vaiued Functions and Space Curves 1011 » ¥ » 54. (a) | (a as] T(E + keCO)-+ RACER] a-| nl ati + Fst) as +f [hn(ey] ati =1(J mass} avas sf soer}es | aoa w| ttt) teat) «=| (Ai + 605+ MCR} [FUDE-+ BoC + halee) dt = | Cn = f))i+ bor) + welt i + (h(t) Eby (0) at ’ + [neatyoerss | [een eexo]au + | [bsCt) +hy(t)} otk ® -| Joes a fose ala ase eres eff nates fe 4] ’ =Juoae] wom » ® {o) Let Ca i+ cg)tegk. ‘Then i G-xt) at | eye) + ent) + eg) 21] missa fares | mae| aves » Cxelt) d= J [esa(l) ~ egf()Ji+[eg(t) — ey h( Ji +[eyatt) ~ egf(ey]edt [a ]roa-s feoahels [oars [awa fala [eras Joep » nex] aoe 58. (@) Let wand rbe continuous on [abl Then fen u(t) = fisp [oC + mba + (REE) 0 = ulte}ltg)i+ Ulty)atgli + ulty)h(ta)k = u(tety) => ue is continuous for every ty in fab (b) Let u and rbe differentiable, Then $ (ur) = A {u(sy(Ohi + u(t)g(thi + u(e)h(4)K] = (gure + uc gt)i+ ($ret +o dt) + (dente + te dB)1012 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space = Roi teins + hog + uy Hi +S +h) de se 56. (a) IF Ry() and Raft) have identical derivative oni then SP = S14 M65 4 Sta =; M85 4 Bay RE Bn Ge we BB oe 1) = 0) + 00) = Bald) em CO = al) Hey 2H (DE H6, (05+ MCOK= [G00)-elt+ eal) Fel Hy () ede > (8 = RS) +6, where C= qite seh (b) Let R(¢) be an antiderivative of r(t) on i. Then Rit) Ut) =H(t). Thus Ut) = B'() on 1 > U(t) = RE) +6. t)- LE UC) is an antiderivative of x(t) on i, then 4 | royar=d I (it etry + BG) ar = | Karis | aoidrieg | ne) ark tovennienenan, Sou [ trérany meen | 4 dre eed 1, IPRs any antiderivative of, thea RQ\) = | Hr) dr-+€ by Exercise S6(b). ‘Then Ra) = [ (0) d+ . . =0405C=Rle) > [ #9 ar=Rg—c= Re) —Rea > | rr) dr = R(b) — Ria). 58-61. Example CAS commands: (oe): sin(2) — tecos(t)s cosit) + tasin(}; pacecurve((x(t0)+tedx(t0),y(t0)44edy{10).2(t0) Htde((0),t=—2..2)): isplay({s1,92).,title = Space Curve and Tangent Line at (03 Pi/2); at) b(t yield) Sinft]—t Cos{t] Cos +1 Sn) 2Section 11.2 Modeling Projectile Motion 1013 lineL] = sft} + t v0 ‘= ParametricPlotSD{ Evaluatel linelt] }, {t-2.2} ] Show{ pl, p2 ] 62.43, Example CAS commands: Maple: ‘with{plots): => con(aet) <> sin{art): to bets ai=2: b= 1 pacecurve([x(t).y{8}2(4)}, (20.4ePi, mumpoints = 400, axes=NORMAL}: => DOott} <> DENG “> faye aPi/2: acecurve(fx(t0)+tedx(10)y{t0)+tedy(t) 2(t0)-+tede( 10) lay( {sl,s2},title = Helix With a = 2 and b= IJ; 0 = 3/2 Pi; vit] = Yh vd = fio] = rfto] +t v0 ParametriePIotSD| (alt) le)}s (U4Pi} | p2 = PatametricPiotSD) Evaluate! linet) J. (0-22) ] Show! pl, v2 112 MODELING PROJECTILE MOTION m 21,000 m 1 tigen a) (2 ny (LIQ) = (440 men HO > = eg AOO = scone vB a 2. R= "B sin 20 and maximum R occurs when o = 45° 245, won(ge 2)(ea 20) 98 mf > ¥9 = 9.8)24,500) 10/5? = 490 m/s 2g si (500 m/s\sin 45°) e 9.8 m/e? 500 m/s)? “osm = 72.2 seconds, 3. (a) t= 90°) = 25,510.2 m sin 20 = 5000 m (B00 im/s)icos 457) Y= (Wg sin a}t — gt? = y = (600 am/s}(sin 459(14.14 5) — (048 m/e2)(04.14 5)? 4000 m (b) x = (vp e0s at = 5000 m = (600 m/e)(eos 45)t =u = fe 14.14 =; thus,i014 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space (600 m/s\(sin 45)? 28.8 m/s?) 78 4) Yona = gt a y = 2 f+ (92 f/see)isin 30" —3(32 M/sec?) 1? = y = 32-4 16t— 160%; 05 0=324 16-16 a(Djyaesen 4. y= yo (9 sin at the ball Lort=25 the ground when = 2 sec since t > 0; thus, (32 ft/see)(cos 30°) vg €08 a) => xg (ig 008 a)t = 0+ (44 cos 4577 = 22/2 and y Yo (vo sin ot — pet? = 6.5-4 (44 sin 457). — 161" Vi JOS HE Byes yes aie = 6.5 422/28 — 16¢%; the shot lands when y = 0 > 2 /0t ae (22/2) (2.134899) ~ 66.42 fe 22.195 sec since ¢ > 0; thus 6. x 04+ (44 cos A0}2 = 88.7061 and y = 6.5-+ (44 sin 40")t — 161? 6.5 + 28.2831 — 160% y = 0 28,288 + /(28.289)" +416 oa RI VETTE uO WEB he 5, (9.9 m/s)? . P no G2 LE in 2a) sin 2a 50000 > 20% IBA oF MBIT = TRA or TL 8. vy =5% 106 m/s and x = 40 cm = 0.4 ms thus x= (vg cos a}t = Orn = (5x 10° m/s)(cos 0} 1.08 x 10-8 s 10°85 lo, y= y+ (vo sin ot Het? {510° m/s)(sin 0)(8% 1078 s)~ (9.8 mjs?)(8x10-® s)) = ~8.136 107" m oF 3.136 x 1071? cm. ‘Therefore, it drops 3.136.x 1071? em. va a 9, R= Bain 2a = 3248.8) f (aha) 18) =» vs 77,292.84 f2/sec? = vg = 278.01 R/sce = 190 mph egy 10, vy =20Y0 pa joce and R= 200 tt > 200=S BF (ain 20) = sin Be = 09 = Da 642 3 a 8214 Yas 333) about 321°, At this angle, the circus performer will go 31.4 ft into the air at maximum height and will not strike the 75 ft high ceiling. In order to reach the cushion, the angle of elevation will need to be AL, x= (Vg cos a}t = 135 fe = (90 ft/see)(cos BO')t = t 1.732 seci y = (vg sin a}e— ben? > ym (00 ft/200)( the leaves at the top 18791.782 ee) ~ 4(32 eee) (1.722 gee)" = y 29.956 the gl bal wil lipSection 11.2 Modeling Projectile Motion 1015, 12. vg = LUG fi /see, « = 45%, and x = (v9 €08 at = 369 = (116 cos 455} = t= 4.50 sees, alto y = (vp sin of. $e? =o y = (116 sin 45°)(4.50) — 5 (92)(4.50)? + 45.11 fe. Ie will take the ball 4.50 see to travel 369 f. At that time the ball will be 45.15 fin the air and will hit the green just past the pin to + (¥p £08 a} = 0+ (vp cs AU 0.76 vg andy = yp (Hg sin 9) fet? = 88+ sin 40) —2602 565 + 0.643 gt — 162%; now the shot went 78699 => 75.08 = 0.06 gt > += BLES ec; the bot lands 2 when y 20 0=65 + (0610,0889)—10(M8BEDY ones HIRSH, , EEE ‘e 46.6 ft/sec, the shot’s ial speed M4, 1g e08 a)h = 8151» (vp e06 2099 Vp = BS sao y= (gin at Be? a t= (Bg) (sin 20) —f (42)? 24 = B18 tan 0 10? > Cw 5.04 we? Lm 2.25 EaByes MY Howe 2 « 2 7B (2 sin «cos a) = BLP cos(90"— a) sin (90'~0)] = isin 2(00°— ay} a 15, R= Bsin 2a 2 : 3 (00 mp . 15, R= Sain 20-5 16000 m= sin 2a sn t= STBS or tan Ls 0 Bain an 16.000 m = OE 24 098 5 20 TRS or 2a 18 oe 8 oc 907 11, R= 2 gn 2a 888 sin 20:=4("Bain or tnes the oil ange. Now; he nil ange be ve)? va R= "Ein 2a. ‘Then we want the factor ps0 that pv will double the range = P20 sin 2 = (8 sin 20)

x= xy + vol cos a and Y= Yo vot sia o— fet? 20. From Example 8(b) in the text, vg sin @ = /[GB)(GE) = vp sin ST" 65.97 => vp 079 ft/see 21. The horizontal distance ftom Rebotlo to the center of the cauldron is 00 $: = the horizontal distance to the rea ins = = fls) Bt =r Oger n+) w = OE 3 t= 1.02 sc. ‘The verbal distance at thi ime sy = ¥9 + (ia a)t~ fat? 6-4 «/{6B)(64) (1.92) — 16(1.92)? ~ 73.7 fh > the arrow clears the rim by 3.7 ft 22, Plight time = 1 sec and the measure ofthe angle of lvaton aboot (ing a protractor) so that Bogine Bade Oo rm0 t/t. Then vga = HESS Tw 6.0 8 an 3 2 a wis R= ain te ne velocity was about 7.80 ft/sec sin 128° a 7.80 fe => the engine traveled about 7.80 ft in 1 sec => the engine 23. When marble A is located , units downrange, we have x= (vg cos at => R= (vg cos a)t => t= godurg. At that time the bight of marble A ie y = yp (vpn of fat? = (vg sn 0) soBe)-da(apBere) =R R ‘ is g i sya Riana -fe(—pR-). The height of marble B at he same tine t= gry second is b= R ean a—}et? = Ran ob(g&s) Since the heights are the same, the marbles coli regardless of the initial velocity vq. 24, (a) At the time t when the projectile hits the line OR. we have tan 8 =: x= [vq cos(a— silt and y = [vp sin (oA) — Fee? < 0 since Ris below level ground. ‘Therefore let jy| = Epi? — [vq sin (a ~ sit > 0 [ao sin(o- ay] [Jat ~vasin(o 9) ots (e— FIN vq costa BY = Yo cos(ar— A} tan f= Fgt vg sin (aA) tn MEMNOn 4 Maco" (6 A) Fah ig he ie ‘when the projectile hits the downhill slope. ‘Therefore, so that tan =25. a. Section 112 Modeling Projectile Motion 1017 2 enfaoyf2ABO =A 4 cle 83] = Bbicos? (a 8) tan 94 sin a~ 9) cna A)]. Wis maxim, then OW is maximized = Be sin 2(a—B) tan 8 +c0s 2(a~ f)] =0 => —sin %a— 8) tan B-+e0s 2a—B) = > tan f= cot Ya — 8) => Aa) = P= 0-8 =$(00'~ 0) + = f+ 8) =} of ZAOR. (b) At the time ¢ when the projectile hits OR we have tan 9 = ¥; X= [vp con(a-t aft and Iv sin (a +S) — Jt? Irosin(atayiiJat? frysin(ot 0) Jat] Fn a ee ee eTA) = ¥q cosa + 8) tan 9 = vy sio(a+ 6) —$et tn Motne + A)= Pryce (CFO) ANE ich is the time shen the projectile hits the uphill slope. Therefore, 2vp sinfa-4 8) — 269 cosla-+ 8) tan a = [Mp con(at al 08 me FP isin (a+ 2) €0s (a+ 8) ~ cos? (a+ 8) tan 8). If xis maximized, then OR is maximized: ge 2B feos a 2) +4in [a4 8) tan 3] = (=> cos Yar +f) + sin 2(o + f) tan B= 0 = cot a+) +tan 6 = 0 cot 2(a+ 2) =—tan J = tan(—f) => Ha +A) = 90" (A) $90 +6 => a =F(90"~f) =} of ZAOR. Therefore vp would bisect ZAOR for maximum range uphill. alt) = —gk = v(t) = ~gth + C5 v(0) = v9 = C= v9 + V(t) = atk +9 9 H(t) =~} atk + vot +C,3 160) =O G, = 02 4) = dete vot A on f= aj km Mf = mei er C2 = athe G30) 09 0, =p 2 HE k = nati Ke ve > $4 bres vy ash = o/s ef Eng — i] = eH Bt 5 eH (0) = vgel/mitgteth/m)y Integrating we get ey = Brothel chins meee lig srepace(gemisortnn (ve sin a}? From Eq. (7) in the text, the maximum height i Ty ane this occu for x= 32 sin 2a = "BER Ze hse equations describe parametialy the pints ona curve in the apple anointed ‘with the maximum heights on the parabolic trajectories in terms of the parameter (launch angle) a.1018 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Funetions and Motion in Space ig pacers nee bec _(etoi = # =Bon-cor 2es0?-(M)a0osrede-(2) “ = Pen- yr a tsa -(G)ysos ted (s+ ea] = th =e where x > 0. 23. (e) y ib) [ee Le 113 ARC LENGTH AND THE UNIT TANGENT VECTOR T 1. r= (2 cos i (2 sin f+ Vth = w= (22 sin + (2 con 5+ VEL iris Yasin OP + con 4 (VS) = Vase cot STH Bein )i-t (Bc t)i + YE and Length Joma j sae nt0ug 230 2. r= (6 sin QM) + (6 cos 2)j + Stk —> v= (12 cos 2e)i + (—12 sin 2t)j + 5k Sp 1vis yf (12 cos 2)? + (—12 sin 24)? +57 = 144 cos? Dt + 144 sin? 24 + 2F = (Jews m)i-( Bsn a) 48% one VS OFT 2 vir sod Legs = | YTFE 0 sna toga = [ma =] mca i ai 20? 5 re titgeP keySection 11.3 Are Length and the Unit Tangent Vector T 1019 jek iis YP+ Cire = Vas tag, WF wataae sat tenn = f VE at =L yin ay 4 ra QQ4+0i-G4 Ij tks ve 5. r= (cos?t)j +(sin? tk > v= (—3 cos?t sin t)j+(3 sin?t cos tke > iv1 = VU—8 coe? sin UY 4(3 sin t cos U)* = yf(9 cost sin? )(cos?t + sin?t) = 3 eos t sin tl; cos*t sint; , 3sin®t cos t Ta fy Gheottsin ty g Dan bean ty = (cos dj + (sin Ok, 10.51.55, and 2 xp <2 | a “A Length = [ Sleostsintldt= | scosteintde= f $sin2tdt= os 20] = 3 a ° 6 r= 65 289] ~ 38k = v = 1804-647} ack sis lise) +62 +(—92) = yaad = 2113, Bs Peand ung = f 21? ae aire] a9 i gt? ox? BE jah a aT V2, 2. a= (Geos Oi (tin n+ 2 197% = v= (cop tt sin i+ (sin C+ t com 05 +( VB?) Slvi= V/feos tein t)? + (on C+ bcos OF +(VEt) = Vis ea = FIP alt lett tee rf cresstsot)s 4 (sotto) (MEE oa tam =| ety a=[fs] = Fe t sin t 4008 tit (C cos t—sin tj > v= (sin t+ cos t—sim ti + (cos t — tin t —c06 tj = (4 coe Hi (sin tj > vis yiteon P+ tain P= VE alela vit Vone v= (sin t cin LL Leos t)i+ (cos t—con 4 +t aim OF & (bcos tit (tin 9) v= fle cos 18+ (bcos tt 3 Length = 6) -5(§) = og = BE since Fees e-pat)= [ra cos his (et sin t)j tele > v= (et cos t met sin t)i + (et sin t+et cos t)j ete 2 vis Vet cas tet sin t) +(e sin te cost +(otF = = Viet = Vi Length = (0) —x(-In 4) =0-( Se 4-9) = YE ie WiFi = fet = 90) = | Je er 14, r= (1424 (14305 + (6 Gtk > v= 4-H vis fa (OP HT Sat) = J Tdr=t > Length = 0) ~o(-1) = 0-(-7) ° 15, x= (V0i+( V0) +e) w= Os VB 2k + i= VE Og = VEE 1 = OVI To Length = | VFO ae =[2( TEE +f inl VTE N= vi +in(1+ v3) 3 16, Let the helix make one complete tura from t= 010 t= 2x. Note that the radius of the eylinder is I => the eixcumference of the base is 2x. When t= 2z, the point P is (cos 2rysin 2,2") = (1,0,2r) = the cylinder is 2 unite high. Cut the cylinder ‘along PQ and flatten. ‘The resulting rectangle has a width equal ETE to the cixcumference of the cylinder = 2x and a height equal to 2s, the height of the eylinder. Therefore, the rectangle i ‘square and Lhe portion of the helix from t= 010 (= 27 cost sintl +t diagonalSection 11.3 Arc Length and the Unit Tangent Vector T 1021 in t, a= Leon be x4 y? 1T, (a) = (cas 184+ (sin Oj + (cae Dk, OSES Be =e x= COE a right circular cylinder with the 2-axie as the axie and radias = 1. Therefore $0.11) = costt + sin? (cos t, sin t,1 — cos t) lies on the cylinder x? +y? = 1; t = 0 = P(1,0,0) is on the curve is om the curve; t = x = R(~1,0,2) is on the curve, Then Fi +i tk and PR +2 hie SPQxPR=| -1 1 1 |=2+2K isa vector normal to the plane of P,Q, and R. Then the “20 2 plane containing P, Q, and has an equation 2x+ 2s =2(1) +2(0) or x+2=1, Any point-on the curve will satisfy this equation since x +2 =cos t+ (1—cos t) = 1, ‘Therefore, any point on the curve lies on the intersection of the eyinder x4+y! = 1 and the plane x +2~ 1 = the curve isan ellpve (8) v= (cain 5+ (008 + Gin eS vis Vat ret paet = Vial > T= Z (©) a= (cos i= (sin OF + (cos Os a= + kis normal to the plane x +2=1 => =0= ais orthogonal to m => ais parallel to the plane; a(0) = 1+ &, a(§)=-i. a( 37) cos tco8 : (a) vis Vid in? (See part (b) +L = | Vivant at (e) Le 7.04 (by Mothematice) (cos 4t)i-+ (sin At)j-+ Atk => w= (4 sin At)h+ (4 cos 4t)j 4 dk = Lvi= y/(—4 sin 4}? 4 (4 os 41)? +4? ot = V3 = 4/0 = Length = [ aVidt [aya = arya cos $)i-+(sin Sipe v= (in $)i-+ (coe §)i+ hk 18. (a) © = P-Bzinen= f Lal % 1 2 eve ,1022 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space (6) r= (¢08 i= (sin Oj th > v= (-sin i- (cos Yj— k= IvI= ffesin OF + (eos 0+ CI? = VIF T = V2 = Length = i VE at = (Vit) gg = ty ae 114 CURVATURE, TORSION, AND THE TNB PRAME =sint Sit = i= (tan Of > wt = fT +R tan t? = Veet =|sec t= see ty since 1 re tistn(cor is =i “pcscbe tage (lt-(2t = (cos ti~(en 5s P= (sin — (eo 9 @) 2 [Ble VCP ny e sin t)i (cos js a= (—see78}5 ijk svxas| 1 ctant 0 |=(-see®e)essiveats V(— sect)? = sec?t | 0 sett 9 ran (sec Hitt > © seb tam8)i g j (tan t+ 5 > ivt= yfCean 2)? +1? = acct = [see t= sect, since “Bere $oT=$9(' {a 8) (ah) i= tan H+ (co as $E= con = (in \f see? )i (oa ti (sin tis sec? tke se tvxat= V—sec? ) = sect > 6 lyxal _ see? eet svxas}tnt 10 £ cost IP set sett 0 0 = i - 2 y= Bj ivi = f9? + (~2t)? = =h= i. > Fa (24.5) 4(5-2)j > v= 21-25 Seis fF +20! = 2TH = T= whet te ay mT +(- (aes) Co) Loy Pest A Q 5 iat = - is ae ee t= ae ane He Ta (a) ‘ tows = = N= =a i- jja=-2)>vxa=| 2-2 0 |=—4k apa nee hye TF tome 24 (avigey a(viseySection 11.4 Curvature, Torsion, and the TNB Frame 1025 4, = (o0s t+4 sin {i+ (sin tt c05 £)j = v= (Leos t)i+ (bin thi = ivi V/leeos t+ (tin = = tesince (> 0 Th = EOE TES 0 AD Gogg (in 1g; SE = (=a (co 15 ar =(2|= aa ana can se t (cos tt sin t)i + (sin €+# cos th) a i i t sevens] tot taint 0 cou t—tsint sin t+teont 0 = {(t com t)(sin t ++ 608 t)~ (t sin t)(cos ¢~ t sin Qk = Vk 19x [oF a ee aO3l SE = 484 (P Dj v= 24285 a ivi= fF +H) AVI > apa givin a(Zreey ean = Oj jal=2= ay= vie? ab = -(GPen) #%(xq) = 0 (since fis twice differentiable) => = 0 jk 8 (a) r= Mit alt= ait yi V=KtISaHKtHsvman| KF 0 x yoo texal [8 = 98) v ayh $l ond |v i= VE FF > w= (aay (b) e(e) = Htln(sin Of, 0 ¥=1,8=0; 9 = BSt PEt = cot t, Y= ese? bese? t— Ol _ ese? FE cote BF ety (c) r(t) = tan) (sinh ¢)i + in (cosh t}j > x = tan? (sinh t) and y = In (cosh t) ox= tht = aT sech®t+-sech ¢ tanh? =|sech t| Teche tank) 8. () H(@ a} tell > ¥= (i+ eK ie tangent vo the curve at the point ().g(W)i {= s'O + COI PCH + eH] = —e OPO + aa’) = 0: —a-v = ~(n-y) = 05 thus, rand —m aze both normal to the curve at the point 6) rs) 4m v= i422 > m= 2% + j points toward the concave side ofthe curves N= Band i= VT No Ri oh cy ye VoRiigse agit [elo veins toward the concave side of the curve s N= phadint= frag = pgs == VIPs) 10. a) HY =P} 4 v1 = 24+ j points toward the concave side when t > 0 N= points toward the concave side of the curve when ¢ <0 aud 1_(#i—j) for t <0 and ive Fi+j) fort >0 {b) From part (a), ivi= v14 8 = =2° { “C4 or +ti)= dT Tepe aglaw ,_(ite!\|_ a2, au ag Bint a 0 (48)i)- nds) EL y= Be ae Sanaa K ++) (viet sin £0. The rmaSection 114 Curvature, ‘Torsion, and the TNR Frame 1025 dows 0: xt at 10, whe the cre as a point ofan; {Y= 00 the eeatue «= jar dt = = 4ST is undetine ee x= http y=), the curveis the =[BB-fb[=ome mo w= 1 SE undtac. since = cand y= 9 y=] theca sth cubic power curve which is concave down for x = t <0 and concave up for x =>. Li, r= (Sin t)h+ (3 cas t}j + atk = w= (3 cos tit (3 sin) 4 4k = [vie y/(9 cos 1) + (Sain Pea = VBa5-3 T= =( Foot )i— (Poin sf SE = (fin e)e-($ 08) (Bein t} sew) fe me itr cam ti (coe tj; 2 (8 sin OFF (3 cos a i oj lk Sex. Scost —3sint 4 = (12 cos tpi (12 sin t)j-9k > |v xa! Bein —Beost 8 ‘cos t)? + (—12 sin t)? + (9)? = Sib eal eale 02 oe PA in OF COP = VO = i nS! = (son e)t— (Gain s)5 $s $B = (0 coe 91+ (8 in 12, r= (ooo t-+¢ sin Wit (Gin U1 cos Hj + Bk w= (Leon E+ (t sin hj S1vie yfecos ) + (ain ye = VE 1 Ht> 0 T= H = (con Hi (sin Hj, t>0 > AEX (asin Yi + (coe YI / (Hsin WF + (608 0 = sin 14 (c06 Oj; a= (cos tt sin WVi+ (Gin b+ t cos OF i i k Syxa=} teost teint ° costa sine sin t+ beast ° = {ft coe fsa +8 coe 2) = (6 ain (con t= sin k= PR fea1026 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space 0 |= (cote + sin? ek = 0 eos t taint cost—tsint sinttteost 0 “2sint—teost Deost—tsint 0 GR= (2 sin € coe OF + nm bt in jp =o = =o ivxa? (cos t)i + (tain 42k v= (et cos Cnet sin tit (et sin Cet cox UE Vee ee eed oe va fs =(i= K TEST en ose (a i x aa (-2¢ sin )i-+(2e cov t)j = vee] ef cos ¢ ° =e ate sin t ae cont ° a tyxals Vizet) = nt = gp alee Bl Bed war ae i i x aTxNa| tosint sintseost Baten a] sts: “se ° ccostesint v Sp ivi= Vf? cos 2)? + ean s /169 = 13 > ~(Gon)-(Hhan aes i j x 24 sin Wi (24 con Wj > vxa=] Leos “Wain — 6 “Msi 2 —24conk = (120 cos 2) (120 sin 25)§ ~ 288k = Iv xa} = /(120 cos 2? + (120 sin 20)? + (288)? = 312 i i k alvxal 312 24g 2 2 5 salts Hiaaten=| fen —ffena “sin eos 48 cos 201+ (48 sin 203) = (yom 20)i (hn) BB Heo -128in2 5 “24 sin 2% -24 cos 0 cAeontt Bain 0 | anys) __ gate ot iva? Gir SE 3.8 Ole pict 20 vai te ovis VOTH = AVERT, ance b> 0-2 P= = a . 1 =a \ eget Bi (oe) (eR) oy = N=\dt/ itis 45 = (a Pet at] Ver Vea’ ho 10 76 ‘ (ea jaa 75 Va1028 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Funetions and Motion in Space we “Waa “We wo = lvxal i i k BeTxN=| —t Jat 6 Veet Veet Vert Vert 16. r= (eos di +(sin®t}5, O 0 = v=i+(sinh §)5 > 1vi= 1 +sinh?($)— qfeosh?($)= ened § ta = (oe $)i+ (anh §)i-o oF (4 sech § tanh £)i+ (¥ soon? £5Section 114 Curvature, Torsion, and the TNB Frame 1029 i oiok a=(Beosh ie vxas] 1 sinn(g) 0 [a(S cost {Jk ivxare J cosn() 3 « =lE*al 0 Eeasn($) 0 k 0 bens g2= Aesinh(§)i 0 i i Z & 4 i i & = i i i i & E ar = PTS a BE ah ks rey il i i k a= (cosh i= (inh Qj > vxa=] sinh t eae 1 f= (sinh i+ (oosh YK cout -sinkt 0 Sivxal= Veinh™tbeosh™t bt = VF cosh tp x = Rh v2 cosh = beech? 4; ve WP (fap cosh? i i k Ba TAN =|, tanh t a Ja sech ¢ = (aise e+ yanks 1 secht = 0 tanh1030 Chapter 11 Veetor-Valued Functions and Motion in Space = (sinh t)i— (cosh tj = 7 = —Hsech?t 19, r= (a cos Oi + (a sin 1) + btk => v = (—a sin C)i+ (a cos tj + bk > viz fea sin t)? + (a eos P+ bE = VATE! ag = Livi 0; as fa cos tit (a sin tj se ate yl-a ove 1)? +a sin OF = = ay = lab -ah = Var? 20. r= (143014 (1-2j—3tk > v= 5i =\al> a=(QTHaiN= lay soak is YEE S P= V9 a= divisoase fa? — ab =0 = a= (0)T+(0)N=0 2 es HERG FR vit 4 2 w= fee = VEE 2 ap = B54 a) (8) a t(s4a2)? > a(t) = 4 = % = a(t) = 2k > |a(t)|=2 + ay = ia? aay" wi () - 22, a= (Leos i+ (t sin t+ PR v= (eos tt sin E+ [sin t +4 cow 1) + te so ivi= yfeont= tain DF Gain bb com P+ OP = VEIT = ap = Ht? #1) 00) = Ppa eH) Oo a= (Ban tt con + con t= ej +: = af) = 25+ > |f0)] fink ah = flav) - 0? = 23 = af0) = (0)T 4 2/2N = 2/N it (i gP)i+(e—de)es v= 28 ++ A) 4 Pe ait Yen? (142) 41-8) = Yt 28 51) = H(t 42) > ay = 26/9 = a4) = 5 a= 5-4 25 20k > a(0) = 2 > |alO)]=2 op ay = ylaP ak = VEO = 2 = 00) = (VT 42N = 2N con thet et sin OF-+ Views valet cos tet sin Dire sin te cos 5+ Veh sini Ylet cos tet sin t) +(e! sin t+ et cost) + (act) = Ve = 20! = oy = Bet > 04 (0) = 2% asc(et costae sin tet sin te! cas t)i 4 (el cin bet cor t +e! cos tae sin i+ Vet = (~2¢! sin t)i+ (et cos t)5-+ V Bele > a0) = + VIk = |o(0)|= V2? (V2) = VE jiaPaay = (Jey 2 = V2 = (0) = 27+ VON aySection 11.4 Curvature, Torsion, and the TNB Frame 1031 25. r= (con Wi + (6in Hj Kes v= (~sin tL cos Oj = vie y/oain DP + feos P= 1 = TH/E, = (sin oF + (ca 05 = (2) = =i YE, P= (con Wt (en Oh [28] coe P+ ain gt bo eran (@). con im (in 8h = NCB) = Biwetawa| nant cot 0 [oe ‘dt | cost -sint 0 =i ko Ps! (2-1) iron the 3 8()=1, the normal to oe cnesating plane; + osnig p= (2-2) vay) stents = te ening ln ra soc seran pane = (2x) s(LY-¥)r0e-cryane Yr ee => -x4+y = 0 is the normal plane; N is normal to the rectifying plane (A) a( Alo Beceem) co» Ee os aay = vie vig pa 28, r= 08 H+ (sn tk vo (sin + cos 4 Iv1= Vai TeFETT = VP T= hy iis (Spent phe GP =(~— genet) (paint = |gP ) Nabe = (cos thi (sin tj; thus Ls pik an sci onl (6 Hs ehuw 1) = Tas + Tek and NO) ‘ae igok => BO)=| 0 Vi % = Sight Sz the normal tothe orclating plane (0) = ¥ = P(I,0.0) ies on “10 0 She nating ane = G1) als 0) +20) = 9 y= =O tenting plane; Te norma (2-0) =0 = y+2=0 is the normal plane; N is normal to to the normal plane = O(e~1)+ Fxly 0) + J the rectifying plane => —I(x—1} + 0(y —0) + 0(2—0) = 0 =» x= 1 is the rectifying plane agT +ayN £0. B1, Yeu. Ifthe car is moving along a curved path, then x # O and ay = xvi #0 => 28. [v| constant => ap = ivi= 0 = a=ayN is orthogonal to T = the acceleration is normal to the path 28. ays ade apa Givin iviie constant1032 Chapter 11 Veetor-Valued Functions and Motion in Space 30. aft) aq T-tayN, where ap = divis 4 (10) =0 and ay = Kivi? = 1000 => a= OT+ 100KN. Now, from [reo] 2 (esceeep” beat? Ose apr 12] is the position vector of the moving mass => v=i+2j > 1vi= VIeat® Exercise 7(a), we find for y = f(x) = 22 that «= also, e =? yreat At (0,0): ‘T{0) =i, N(0) =j and x(0) = 2 => F = ma=m(100K)N = 200mj; A(Vn2): PV3) = A+ 2V%) yee ern 31, a= opT bag, where ap = ivi (constant) = 0 and ay = x vi? => F=ma= me lvPN => |F t= me iv? =(miv?)x, a constant multiple of the curvature x of the trajectory = « =0 (since the particle is moving, we cannot have zero speed) => the curvature is zero moving along a straight line pat ai (1 44a?” 3 w'(x) = $l ani +4022" (8%e)s thus, w(x) <9 x= 0. Now, w(x) >0 for x <0 and efx) <0 for > 0 ao that n(x) has an absolute maximum at x = 0 whieh is the vertex of the parabola. Since x = 0 isthe cooly critical point for (x), the curvature has no minimum value. ‘ax => y"" = 2a; from Exercise 7a), x(x} 2at( + 42%)” iF BA. c= (a con thi+(b sin tj = v= (—2 sin Yi + (b 008 tj > a= (-2 008 Oi-(b sin Yj > ve i i k =| -asint beost 0 [sabk + ]vxal=lab|=ab, since a >b>0; a(t) =| ves} iw —acost—bsint 0 = ab (a? sn? b? cots) 7, (e) = — Baa sin? 4B? con?) (2a? aint coe t— 264 sn t cos #) = = fab) et v2) sin 20)? sin? 4B? conte) thas, w= 0 > sin 28 = = (20, r identifying points on the major axis, or + = $, 3 identifying points on the minor axis, Furthermore, «'(0) <0 for O0. Now, >of prbya sah i the maxima vate Oi a> b = wis at a maximum for a=b and a(b) = De acband ms, son hte wet set onthe basv-rehe t Os vx . Sinee the curve 31, 1 {q+ ADE (Yq + BENS + (29 + Ck = v= ALT B) + Ck > o> is a plane curve, r= 0. 538, From Bxample 7, the curvature ofthe helix) = (a cos U4 (a xin {+ bt, a, B20 i x= Balto 33 and b=l apna = Wbsitnegt aad Vek $F, For the helix x(t) = (8 cos (i+ (3 sin tj + tk, OS tS 4r, ‘ sive Vib= k= f viba=[ Jou] =e [ avenge" me 39. (a) From Exercise 36, n=} andivist = K= [ (1)(e) dt =b- t t () yex a xe tand y=t, ~00 Ht) = H+ Ej v= id So ivis VIA aloo a= 3 tj - wpeeclt¥ale 2 sree] 2 a 6 feakensainte anlta B, the « ¢ ¥ we] ppma [deesom. [ ete | eee i, [tana + tip, [an 018 = og, (—tan2a) + in, (tan“426) =F i + {sin t)j => v= i+ (cos Oj > Iv) = 4/1? + (cos t= IFoo = WF ij k -sin js vxe=| 1 cot 0 |= (sin tks ivxaj= cornea ° 40. (a) r= © agers1034 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space () r= @men-(e4 f= B)- (1A =aiane coi “Cai iaik i = elvxall 4 = afl) = 21-2] > (vxa)(=]| 2 0 0 = tk Iv xai(l) 249 al) SNe ah ° apa Le? The chee of curvature io tangent to she curve at P(0,-2) = circle has same tangent asthe curve = vl His tangent to the circle => che center lies on the y-axis, Ift #1 (t>0), then (1-1)? >0 : se Ponat0a ty tame PELs ance i309 te} d= (crf) <2 y <2 on both sides of (0,2) = the curve is concave down => center of circle of curvature is (0-4) = x? +(y +4)? =4 {is an equation of the circle of curvature AL, Ifa plane curve is sufficiently differentiable the torsion is zero as the following argument shows: Wit gC > VEN SIS a= FEM + Be ML + eI ts) 0 FO so emt) a(t) 0 metal tp 2 42. From Example 7, 7 == a Mab 20> =P no set bao Ss ba te (a +b?) (ate vey dea since a, b>0. Also b a= 1!> Cand b> a= 17-<0 80 Tyyae EHP WhED B= 8 Tax = =2 Ye 43. 1(t) = (14 HCI + Nk > (i+ ef(t)i + h(t); v-k=0 = h'(t) =0 = h(t) =C a)i+ gal +Ck = 0 = fla) =0, g(a) =0 and C=0> (= 44, From Example 7, v= ~(a sin i+ (a cos ti tbk + ivi= Va eb THE ar (asin i+ (a coe + Bes GE = at aal8 oom ti in tj) => lf a i i 5 x Txn=| 8st, acest Valve Valse rs we scot ~sint 0 yo Be » rd 3 cos. sin t)j) = 4B.w = — BC = Jee opel ome Ot Cosa Ol GEN = TarL Varah, ofa) = De and te) =2 ie (enh? (4) see 46, y= 4 f(x) =x and f(x) = 3? ~ bel se (aor Oe” Se 47, y= sin x= f(x) ene x and P(x) = ~sin x [esin xl __isin xl OT cotta (recast) 48 y eo) eo and "=e ee a (ey)? rey? 49-56, Example CAS commands: Maple: ‘with( plots) XS te 03 2H Dt, Y= LD Betfsqrt(1 +02); Section 11.4 Curvature, Torsion, and the TNB Frame 1035 \(-aee)= set pe whieh i consistent with the rest in1036 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space £2 Blatt +> DEN: sat Pannen +(@7 010% -D abs(dx(t}ed2y(t) — dyft)ad2x(t))/((4s)(0) 73: ~> x0~ (1/kap(t))(dy(t)/da(t)): -> x0 + (1/kap(t))e(dxti)/ds(1)}, plot({x(thit), .5}, “15.5, 10.4, sealing=CONSTRAINED): lay(s1); 57-60. HCL = {thi xt] =13 = 2 er yi] = 3 & / Sarll+v9] {ab} 0 pl = ParametriePtot{ {xf vi {rab}, AspeetTnio => Antomati a fo = abe Stn yt) — 9G) x”) 0s NI { y(t}, x‘ [6] } / 90 0} = Hu 0 = 0 + 1/K0 0 Note: Plot the circle parametricaily rather than implicitly: cine = ParametricPlot[ EvaluatefeO + 1/K0 (Cos(t).Sin(¢]}} 2Pi}, AspectRatio -> Automatic } line = Graphicf{Line{{c0.00})}] Show{ pt, cite, Fine | ae Example CAS commands: Maple: with(linalg): ~> trees} > tasin(t); vector([x(t),y(t),2(t)]}: jetor((Dx)(20),D(y}(t0),D(2)(t0)l):evall”,5}: ector((D82\x)(t0),(DES2(y} (10) (D@S2}(z)(<0)))-evall(".5);, sta Shee Daas Hi)DBBIKEN) pall” 1 (dotprod(v,¥)):eval vec adalar—sealarrnl(eeca) eval");Section 11.5 Planetary Motion and Satellites 1037 an:e sart(dotprod(ni vec alvee) :evalf(5); nvee:= sealarmul(aivee,i/an):evalf”.5); Dvee:= erossprod(tvee;nvee)seval{”5)s k= an/s 2revalf(”,5); vea:= crossprod(y,a)evali(".8): (dotprod(vea5j)}/{dotprod(vea,vea) eval"): t Cosft} t Sinft) t Sart} N{ x! {to} | Nf cio) | N[ r’"[t0} J avec / an Cross twee, nvee | k= an / 52 vea = Cross[ v, a) tau = (Yea. j)/{oea « vea) 1.5 PLANETARY MOTION AND SATELLITES Bae? yids ys 1 Gee Uae eh : 6,808,900)? BIOS IO Rtg TS x LO gh oO 523.125 107 sec? => T = 9125 x 10" ooo? = 55.90 x 16? see & 93.2 min ror 2. @= 0.0167 and perihelion distance = 149,577,000 kin and e = yf (149,57, 000,000 moyv§ 6.6720 x10 NenPkg*)(1.00 x10" ke) 3 vg (9.02% 10" m/e ~ 3.00104 m/sec My a? = 00167 = = 1 3 vB 9.02 108 ra foc? (6.6720 10"! Nmtkg™?)(5,975 x 16 + a 3.095510 ma? 763 x 10° m a2 6763 km; the mean distauce from center of the Earth = 2257 hom +165 bn + 589 bem = 6765 km 18) 5595 sec)? = 3.094 10% m? = ax1038 Chapter 11 Vector Valued Functions and Motion in Space 4. (a) T= 1639 min - 3 po a = GM 7? 8.340 ecard mass of Mars = 6.418310 ig = at = GAL 410-1 Nag 2) 6.416 10° ve? (6.5720 107" Nmag"*)(6.418 « 107 bg)( 08,340 see)? Years 107s) (88,840 66) 5 1 949 «109 md 2 a Vino? 1.19 x 107 m = 21,900 kin (b) 2a = diameter of Mars + perigee height + apogee height = D + 1499 km + 35,800 km. <> 2(23,900) km = D + 87,800 kn => D = 6501 km 8. 9 = 22,030 km = 2.203 x 10" m and T? 28 4s? © (667201077 Neg 716-418 x 10 eg) => Tw 0.857 x 10" see? ws 9.928 x 10" see ms 1685 min 6. (a) Period of the satellite = rotational period of the Earth => period of the satellite = 1436.1 min > (2.208 x 107 see}* = 9.857 x 10° sect 2 gp {6.6720 10° Nin?kg"2){5.075 10%) (86,166 exe)? an = 86,166 secs a? = an 7.497310 mu? > a VIESTERIO™ wa ~ 4.2167 x10" m = 42,167 ken (b} The radius of the Earth is approximately 6379 kin = the height of the o (©) Symeom 3, GOES 4, and Intelsat 5 42,167 — 6879 = 35,788 ken 7 T= 14774 min (6.8720 x 10712 NmPkp~?)(6.418 x 10 kg) (88,64 sec)? _ = £66720 x 10 Neng 6-418 x 10 hg) 8,644 see) ar 2.048 107 mm = 20,480 ken 528 x 10? ma? => ame VSI IO me 8, Petiod of the Moon = 2.36055 x 10° sec => a? 10-1 mtg? x 104 keg) (2.36055 x 10° see)? ans 3 (gran 10 Nong 7)(6 975 OP hg) 2.36085 I a? 5 gr 08 mt op a VERT 3.832% 10 m = 363,200 km from the center of Use Earth, of about $76,821 kun from the surface = Netag? 7 0 (Gx. f{6-0720 x 1070 Nate: (5.975 x 10% kg) 1.9066 10%? m/sec r ast 9 gc? 10. Solar System: Tf = 2.97 x 10779 ecm”; stems 5 [perma x0 NmPeg (099 10 ke) ede 2 2 Bath, ae’ 19,908 x 107 c0c2/m’y 1B (66720 x10" Nmvkg VS. OTH x 10 Bg) OP fms Moon: 3 an? 22808610"! sei 2 = (CaO TO Wong 77 So LO eg) © MOO seesSection 11.5 Planetary Motion and Satellites 1039 3 (e. wh, g Med, 4 = GMet a Circle: © = 0 = vy = \/SM Blips Oe ct GH wy < yt Panto: ¢= 1 = vp= ype: ©> 1 = vp > fH 12, Sig = DBL v= GB hie is constant since , M, ad (the rade of ori) ae constant oa 13. Day | i in, [eel ge oc |= 4] xe) ge flexdl vw t=(tg8)viTe = (glo -21=($9) (4-1) Joon auton 22) rave rae bve ($9 )-Bi (el) (ee (4z%a4)(2GM— rox) ea tore) (ch) = 0° ZG) om Huan 6) 4 1 = HEE = 2g 18. (a) Let rapt) denote the veetor from planet A to planet B at time t. Then taa(t) = tal!) — tat) = [8 cos(t) —2 cos(2rt)}i+ [8 sin {nt} —2 sin 20} = [8 cos (xt) ~ 2(cos4 (xt) —sin® (at))]i + [8 sin (#1) —4 sin (nt) co0 et) [3 cos (xt) —4 cos? (xt) + 2]i + ((8~4 ens (at)) sin (rt) = parameteie equations for the path are x(t) = 24 [3 ~4 cos (nt}] cos(st) and y(t) = [3 — 4 cos(xt)] sin (xt)1040 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Punctions and Motion in Space (b) Setting # = rt and r= 3—4 cos @, we see that x-Der ans andy 2rsin 6m the gaph th ofthe path f plane's the Bnacon fo | 13-4. co shown at the iit. The planet A seated at = -2 Path of 8 16. (i) Perihelion is the time t such that |r(()|is a minimum. (3) Apbetion isthe vime ¢ such that [tis « maximum. (ii) Equinox is the time t such that r{)+w= 0. iv) Summer solstice isthe time sack that the angle between x1) and w is a maximum. (2) Winter solstice is the time t such that the angle between #(¢) and w is a minimum. CHAPTER 11 PRACTICE EXERCISES 1. a(l) = (4 608 i+ ( VF sin Uj > x= e08 Land 2 yt inte Bad Visine Hat co sin t) + (/2 cost} and 4 cos t)i—(/ sin t)j: (0) =H, ¥i0) 0) = A #($) = V+ o(B a(§) = -2V 81-5; i= Vib S Teo Lisp cost at t= 0; ap =O, ay = Via 0 4,0 oepegine or act! VIG sin?t +2 come =% ap=-yb = =? ay at? aah arma fianm GEE ee 2 (8) =( V3 see Oi4( Vi tan io x= Viet and y= V5 tan to EE a ee tanet =; a tay atv a (VF sect tan thi+( V3 sec?t)j and a=( VF occ t tante + V5 sec?t)i—(2VF sect tan this 110) = Vi, v(0) = V3. alo) = Ii;Chapter 11 Practice Exercises 104i Iwi= VS sect tant 53 weet — Ssec*e tans + 12 sect tant, aVB sect tant + Beectt a= 0. ay = ViaFTO = V8, Nov TO SCALE he ee 5 sine acer Pelee 7] = h. weaat co masinizeien 2 ay ve LY g 5 BL 9 po. Port <0, = so torts, 0 F1VIjagy OCcurs when a ee GseF (sey = (2021p =! 4. r= con thik et sin t)i > v= (et cov tet ain Dirt sin C4 & cost} op aclet con tet sin tet sin toe con t)it (et sin te con tet con tet sin tj = (—2e! sin t)i-+ (2et cos t)j. Let # be the angle between rand a, ‘Then =2e% sin t cos t+ 2c sin t cos t a] lg coe = e sent B,) =cos to =F forall ( Ket cos s} +(e sin) (24 sine) + (Ret cose} er ijk ay 34 0 [mks 1exal=aiivi= VIE 5 6 0 cn clet! Ww 6 ence? gee ee ee[- Bi eer en)] een seen ety etl getty 1 4 ee) aera era ge) 71-20%); a VB = y= fps therfore ea & de 05 (-a)<09 ahaa maximum at the pint (—In v3, +) In? x=—fin2=1042 Chapter 11 Veetor-Valued Functions and Motion in Space Hy 2 B=. Sic the pce moe aco the wit ile ay__x aoe jeypo veda y sxityie v= S14 Sj andy de at 4 my 4 Wyte x42 Pas S ‘and the motion is clockwise. aj at (1,0), v= ato 9 Mig? dx B ty aro 9 gaa > at Go Bat ee abt), whee x ad y a diferente incion then v =H HES, tee Py and 2 = (3x)( BY (Ln?) tence i= -2 =p FSA}? +3 (8)"(-2) = 26 at the point (x,y) = 42? E = PPA) = 12 at (3,3). Also, KG, a constant. If ¢= xityi, where K, which is the equation of a circle ar 7 9. $ orthogonal to r => 0 = $t x and y are differentiable functions of t, then centered at the origin. 10. (b) v= (7—m cos rt}it(m sin nt}j Hin = (mm = sin + 1 = cos eh as(s? sin rthi cos ZI ay ah = Are 1 -Paeaape pcon (0) = @ and af0) = 733; pata ¥(2) = @ and a2) = ¥(3) = 2ri and a(8) (c) Forward speed at the topmost point is | v(1) second, the center moves 7 ft parallel to the x-axis each second => the forward speed of C is = ft/sec. }v(3)|= 2x ft/sec; since the circle makes 4 revolution per 1. ¥= y+ (vg sim a)t Jat? > y = 6.5 + (44 f/sec)(sin 45.3 vee) — (32 ft/sec?) (2 sec}? = 6.5 + 662 — 144 % —A1.36 ft = the shot put is on the ground. Now, y = 0 => 6.5-4 22/2 — 161? = 0 = tm 2.13 vec (the positive root) => x = (14 ft/sec}(oos 45°)(2.13 sec) = 66.42 for about 66 f, 5 in. from the stopboard (vos a? ((80 ft/seeycin 489)? 12 Sua = Yo tO GO = TE ay aT (psn a)t—Jee? _ (yin 0) — at Woes aj ear 13. x= (vg 08 at and y = (vg sin at — fut? = tan ¢ = 2vg sin a 2vq cos a tan & 3 ¥pc0s a lan $= vo sin aot > t= which athe Kime when the golf ballChapter 11 Practice Exercises 1043 hits the upward slope. At this time 2vg sin a 2vy 008 a tan se toa Sate =(2)(sBsin acoso vBemsta tan 6). Kow costa tan ee) = -(Cs\ae-a) 605.6 ~~ cod 6 eos 6. mone) set0-a The distance OR is maximized when x is maximized: $8 = (28) con 2u-tsn 0 tan 9) =0- (ot 20a So tang) =0 9 cota tan 9=0 + cot 2a = tan (-) 3 a= Fegan $it 3 | R= BP sin 2 = vg = aft for 4925 yards: 4325 yards = 12,975 8 vo = 68 hr 58 5 18 y= ate og REEDED a (aR ; sin 2a, 19.5 fk = ~o sin v= P feec? = vq = sect seo mane (tba fe te = TTT 99.18 fi/fece (0) x (Yq con a} and y=44 (vp Hn o}t 2.90%, when the cork hits the ground, = 177.78 ft and y =0 = 110 =(s0 aan oe aTta)yT_ sara V3 a t ~ TBL75, + (0g) (10 10 ror 9 = EE 7 74.58 fi/see (0) x= vleos At and y = 65+ vlsn AO) fae? = 68-4 els 0) — 160%: x = 2608 andy OF or Y= 2024187 gd = 65 + [2524187 Vein 40-16? = 262 fy = volooe 409 or vq = HOIST and 0 = 65 + athe 40") ~ 1612 pt? = 14.2684 55.164 sec, ‘Therefore 1» voleos see) =P vy = PRAISE vy we EBA me, Theor, 260.4167 = vlcos 4090 TE we) => v9 = BORAT an ys 01 ft (rosin a}? 5, (O1ain 40) (9) ymax = Yor “OEE = 65 + Sw 60 0 cata) and (7 due?) = (Banta)? ox? 4(y ete”)1044 Chapter 11 Veetor-Vained Fonetions and Motion in Space 2 RY. ober SXSY ga 1 sad Vee ate Pate aE ay + 5?)(8? +9) (x? a oR RY Ht y792)_ Py Hy7K—meK DY _ (ey - yy ey? + +i 2 gay? 7 — 9 *| x+y? x? 497 presto ek Jn Sat ey, ey Jaa yeoe Py 3aT se we[ (bse f(r) ath wo n(n 22) = ors a veers a1 st + 6,100) =05 9(0) <0 C=0 naa 20. s a0 0 = since a> 0 Di (2 cos t)j + 2k => [w1= y/f—2 sin 1)? + (2 cos 1)? + (20)? “ a2ViF a tenga | VITA a[vTePeilevisely as fiesen( Es fie) o sés sts a te as +s DL. c= (2 cos Vit (2 sin O54 k= v = (+! 22. r= (3 cos thi +(3 sin 1} +219 > v= (-3 sin t+ {9 cos +30 2 2 Se ivis VC 8 ain OF 4 (8 c08 1? HGF = VOTH =a THT = Length = faveFta fate], a = na redo ty?ie ga oahu s veda goMi-20-oMiede sre (fa eofe[ duo P ay aro rafal go ode = M0) =F Fis das = Foro taj = Po ahh = [toeChapter 11 Practice Exercises 1045 — LL «Moye! 2-2 2 let jy Lj 4 tin, = MO) = Fat Jods BO=MO)xNO=| 3 Ff |emslaitghalrgtaki o fit }e> worxa vB ve xa ¢ 8 a= fie ft ivcal 3? = oo) eagle, aafosiyVs dao = a= f A em edo ° 22 1 3.73 3 bdo i "| Ol) a= fos Misha 975 = a) He at = Cay i OF, = (Sho) inthe pnt onthe curve sin 2)i+(et cos 2)j+2ek > ¥ + Bet cos 2t)i+ (et cos 2t—2et sin 2)j+ 2th Tay ny (act) a (et sin 2¢ + 20t cos 21) +(e! cos 2 ' = (fain 214 3 cos 20+ (feos mB ain mie Be > 10) Bibi Fhs SE 2 ($ oon 21-4 sin 23 +(—Q vin foe 2)i > MeO) = Fi-H |B O|= 25 ij k Ke Spi Fei =roxmO=| Fg | [esheets * kes a= (fe! con 263 sin 2091-4 (-Be con 22 Ae! sin 20) 426% = af0) = 41-3) 4 2K and w(0) = 21-41 +h ij ok ss vopxatoy=| 212 [+4 —r0k-p1exal= VETFIOTIOO = 6V5 and |¥(0)|= ao 2 == oy 26,1046 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Funetions and Motion in Space a= (He! cos 2¢— Be! sin 2.~ Se sin 2¢—Ge! cos 2)1 +(e cos M+ Ge sin Bt ~ de" sin 2¢— Bet cos 26)5 +264 2! cop 2t— Te sin 24) -+(U et cos 21-4 2e sine) 42h = AO “2-1 2 oO ivxar j= Tn 2) = oie Hoi: 2 Nl?) = -feit Hei: toi k B(lo 2) = T(n 2) x Nin 2) =| we fy 0 [= kia = 208i = allo 2) = 8) and vila 2) = 14 4} 4 4 0 7 VF ijk vin 2)xa(lnaf 1 4 0 Bs an tej (in 2) x a(ln 2) Toren ed o 8 0 1400 8 0 6 0 = (fn 2) = 165 = r(ln 2) = =0; t= In 2 (In 2,2,0) is on the curve Teal 26. r= (3 cosh thi +(3 sinh 20)j + 6tk > v= (6 sinh 21)i-+ (6 cosh 2¢)) + 6k = vis V6 sinh? t+ 86 cook? +36 = 6/7 cosh 2 > TH, (em ai it( a) Hgts Si gts B= (Syacta i (Fy ech 2 sah 2) ea 9 #- (gyi “aa aa > [ena|= ial ecail 48k; B(ln 2) = T(ln 2) xNUin 2) =| 28, a 5 os & 4 > Tin }= = Nin?Chapter 11 Practice Exercises 1047 25 (12 coh 25+ (12 si 2 alla 2) = 12(2D 12( #5 = 844 48) and ii win 2) = 6(B)i+ 6/7 + 8k = 4+ Sj +6 (in 2xan2y=| 4 Hg a z 7° = (24 sinh 254 (24 cosh 20) in 2) = 451-454) = rCin2) = =2: {=n 2 (88,456 m 2) onthe catve a, va (24 2437) + (41 4 412)j - (6 cos tk v= (9-4 60)-+ (4+ 8Eh4+ Gain Savis fs + 60)? + (4+ 80)? + (6 sin 8)? = 25 4 100 + 10007 + 6 sin = MY (05 + 1008 + 100%? + 36 sine) ”/"(100 + 2008 +72 sin t cost) = ag(0) = Zo-n LB + (Leos tk = tar= 6" +8 (6 cont) = VI00-4 0 conte = |a(0)|= Vi5 ay = fata = Vine? = Yi =6 + a0) = 10T +6 28 = (240422 HFK > vais (14 4uy 42k ei YP pO Seo TER BOP > Se B24 st +202) 7,8 4 400) > ap = HYCO) = 2%; a= 4h +k lara VGH = 90 = ay = ia? ah = 20 — (29) = TB = 23 @ alt) = 29+ VEN ca (in i + (4/2 cos t)5-+ (ain tk => v = (cos thi —(/2 sin t)5 + (eos tke ¢ siviz yi(cos 0)? +(—V sin t) + (cost)? = Y2 > 1 (arson es *(-4 in t)i (008 Bi-(p pins) (-¥ nye cos t)? + +(-JeomtY=1048 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Functions and Motion in Space os kk ‘d 2B Cpe Jyees)piB= TN] pees mint pont - dq cost -ye oy = Spin Sghi n= Con oi (Jeon Ok vee] coe int cont msint =V2 cost int = Bi VBK a vnal= fE= 2 EB Ae = los (ean (VA nin fen cost —V2sin& cos t =sint YBeos t =sin t were emt VE cot | (con ty(vB) LF sin 10) + 600 N-V8) _ ~ Iwxar ~ 7 ~ 3 r= i+ (5 cos Of +(3 sin Qk Sv =(-5 sin tj + (8 cos t]he =e a = (—5 cos Oj — (3 sin tk = 25 sin t cor t 9 sin t cos t = 16 sin t cos ¥-a=0 = 16 sin t cos t= 0 => sin t=0 oF cos t=O Of orn r=2i4(4 in §)i+(3~ =F (for the First time) 3. Jes 0210-9 =20)+(4sin$)(-1 30-2 -40in $9 in =} 9-8 a. x) 14 2 430% ets VITA TH Ss |] = VE TU) = fogh Fai + Fh, we is oral othe noma plane hot 1 (21) =0 oF x-+2y 482 = 6 is an equation of the normal plane, Next we Fabio ed ay et " a ‘calculate N(1) which is normal to the rectifying plane. Now, a= 2+ 6tk => a(1) = 2) +6k => v(1) xa(l) ik =}. 23 = 8-154 28 [HD ea = VE» a) = Bale & o 2 6 vay hat HHO sat eater aHe)| = Bi sonal reef) we BoChapter 11 Additional Exereises~Theory, Examples, Applications 1049 = Fy Bg ERs wR Hi fiat) He ton feon = or L1x-+ 8y ~ 92 = 10 is an equation of the rectifying plane. Finally, B(L) = (1) x N() (AVR 2 Oordx—iy +a 81-3) +k) = (e184 1 is ap equation of the osculating plane. i+5— ks 1(0) =1 > (1,0,0) ie on the line 14 (in gjtlad ok > vets (cw (La > ‘are parame eqatone ofthe lie 3 Sxslttystande= Ba. r=(JDeont)i+ (YBa t)i+ th > v= (—y2sin Ui (YP eee thik ¥(F) = (—V2sin Gi + (VT eos F)i+ k= 144 +h ie a vector tangent to the hele when fs parallel to v($)s also e(F)=( VB coe F)i+(/Esin Z)i+ Fk - the point (1,1,) i on the line 1 +t, and 2=E+t are parametric equations of the ine E> the tangent line 38, ASOT = ATOD = BO = OF 5 05 = 5380 2 70 * $F o> 8071 km; , a0 3 ‘ vas | ae fia() ay sn = on ‘63807 — 6380. dy vem (stp) ear =2r | 6380 dy = 20[6380y)s3r 1 = 16,395,469 km? a 1.639.x 107 km’; 16,395,469 kn” OT 2M 47(6380 km)? > G87 — percentage visible a CHAPTER 11 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 1. (a) The velocity of the boat at (x,y) relative to land is the sum of the velocity due to the rower and the -abg(y 80)? + 10]h~ 20). Now, $Y = 20-5 y= -204-re; w/o) = 100 velocity of the river, or v 362 1002 y = 2014-10029 v= [fg (208 +509? +10} —20j ($e? +81) —2051030 {b} ‘Phe boat reaches the shore when y =O => 0 = —20: +100 from part (a) => t Chapter 12 Vector-Vatued Functions and Motion in Space 2065+ Oy (0) = + 1005 => 100] = 6, = x2) =(-g+ 4v)i + (100 - 208) 5 8) = (125 44-25)i4(090— 20-09) = (2904 100) HMO; the tance downstream is hse 1 2, (a) Let ai+ bj be the velocity of the boat. ‘The velocity of the boat relative to an observer on the bank of the tno eatie(oee gam (co) 3. Let ont svris v=aia[s- 22029]; ie diane x ofthe bata teases he iver i eae tte “ 2 cant vecaie[p GE a in ME tie) 4) ante Oia 10) = 140) > C=0 = rt) = ath (o+222 82); he boatrenches the shore wien x= 20 0(20y? Ts moto andy 09 0=4( BO BHO —1200 oe apd fhe bea VBE ivi VOTE VSP sone 6 hr = 442 he ey of he bat “at 1202 To atin (21448202) oy pace Go, where Sts x= At ond y= 204 Ee = fe Bare Zalar any) = U2 —5)4-9), whieh she graph of the cubic displayed here 45+ be the vector from O to A and b= i+ 3)+2k be the vector ftom O to B, The vestor fhogonal to a and b = v is paraliel to bx a (since the rotation is clockwise), Now bxa. 45-28; jn b= (B2B)m = 21+ 25 + 2k = (2,2,2) is the center ofthe cireular path (1,3,2) takes = radius = VPI +O = Y= ane length per second covered by the point is 3/3 unite foe = vt (velocity isChapter 11 Additional Bxercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 1051 bua 15,152 bee constant). A usit vector in the direction of wis PX® = oj 4 15-2 yp yayyi( bea, ) Ibxal= Ye" Yeo Vek =n) =8y5(is tj 2) Vv, HEV Feit gal Fe) ri ve 4. re=(2y boon s+ (SV/Esin t)j + VST Ott x= DYE cont, y= BYE sin and 2 = TEE ay so 2 Sa dent and antes BaP oceot gti e gta lts tals Bae 2 yt 21 AE eta, an ligoid 5. (2) H(0) = (a cos #)i + (a sin Oj + bok => SE = [[a sin B}i-+ (a cos #)) + bk) 42; vi = Pee =| oe Vers Veer ot = (BG te citn0 00s c=0 3 0 FE 0 fe) v(t) ay =[omanaigieg tl Be) i 5 [a cos 9)— (a sin (BY + te sin 5+ (a con 93424) ood a from part (b) (a sin 81+ (9.008 Yj + bky $2 = [(—a sin + (@ cos oy + on (ft ey, : 5 » = (3) {la cos #)i— (a sin Oj] +[(-a sin 6)3 + (a 08 Og +01 (285) ~[essamiaee a pal tip) toon 2 = # T4a( se) I (there is no component in the direction of B). ae a+ sin 0) 6 (0) 8) = (08 cos + (a sin + > ME la cos Oa in 4 (asin 84 ad cos 6+] ME: de) vet eS de” Ferree * (ab ato via a= [ (ote ar a0 = | (or tr DAT on a a * ja’ 2 S ab+ bt = | af E ut dona [YEW as, where e= EE a1052 Chapter 11 Vector Value Functions and Motion in Space a analy eT Gnu VER] =B(VETA 2 tole + VETFI-2 ne) a 40% 5 ae _teralesind) deg 4 OHCINO y a orem ne Bre dpeam BS US yea A? TAPE O? Gre cege gi HOS (lt elele in #) = 0 Hsin 9=05 42 0or, Note that M5 > 0 when sn 0> 0 and $5 <0 when sin @< 0. Since sin @<1 08 Hr <0-<0 and sin 9 > 0 on <0 < m,¥ 8 0 minimum when # = 0 and 2(0) = ;2*2H a, — 8 (2) x) x= 1 fin x = 0-5 f(0) =—1 and f2) = 2=1 J in 23} ince in 15 ine Fis continuous ‘on [0,2], the Intermediate Value Theorem implies thece is @ root between 0 and 2 (b} Root a 1.4987011335179 8 (a) = Bbi a Ys and v= dtu, + May = (S208 + sn il +(ef)C=in a+ (en oh > wi Ean a as Hsin 64148 cos 8 ar 40 dx ode AP sin v j= 8% 4 cos 8242 sin 6 = GE = dE cond — 2 sin 6 vj = GE and v fe gn 04 aed inetd oe (w= (em 8+ in > n,n 4 ns = (Sf cos # -r48 sin 4) (cos 6) +(9F sin 6+142 cos &)(sin &) by part (a), S de _ dx ay 5 fs tector, $= 9 con 64 Bin uy = ~(in 8}: + (C08 Oj > ¥-ug = ~ 4% sin 9-44 cos @ sn 0)(-sin 0) + sn 6+ r 92 cos 90) by par (a) 0 = (0) 2 8 = 149) Bg Pt rey (BY g 14) XB, 10. ¥ = f0) = d= 149) E> SF = 119 (BY +t [eh ray] ater el, t= 1h o) Tet 2 band 0238» M1 ond df = bn (a) tet r= 2 and 0= 3» Hf -1 ana : ey caf aft oe a) =, (©) Ht sakes the beetle 2 min to crawl to the origin = the rod has revolved 5 radians ote | MioraR =| eC ef Bede (RE aot] fecoriw yes2 a a a ; 5 Vit Lin JAF 0) 6.5 fn veda, + 1G ag 2 vl) =u, +: i one = (wx my) +(rxma) = exma; - aL « 12, Ke) = 1) +mvit) de Fama -5r = 0 L=constant vector 18. (a) uxugs| coed sind 0 |=K = a right-handed frame of unit vectors sin ® cosB 0 ‘ 0 Basa +s be ay and MPa eo 0 t % (6) From Bq. (7) v= tu +s0uy tik > a=v=(iw, +76.) +(tbuy + ray + rhitg) +ek (rd), + (08 + 248) uy tk 14, (a) x= reve 0 > dx = cos 8 de—rsin 8 dB; y =r sin O = dy =sin 0 de-+r cos 9 9; thus dx? = cae? dr? —2r sin # cos 6 de d8-+1? sin?0 dd? and dy? = sin? @ de? + 2r sin 6 cos 0 dr dO +? cos? @ dg® = dx! + dy? + da? = ac? 41? dO? + de? fe) raha drsel do (b) ns aba Jaa Fast1054 Chapter 11 Vector-Valued Fonctions and Motion in Space 1B. (a) u, = (sin g cos O)i-+ (sin 6 sin 8} + (cos Alk, my = (c08 6 c08 J}i+ (cos ¢ sin 2)j— (sin AR, and wy | for unit veetors) {b) u,-ug = (in 6 co 8)(c08 ¢ cos 0) + (sin ¢ sin B}(eos & sin 8) + (cos d}(—sin 9 = (sin 6 cos d}(cos? 0) + {sin 6 cos 4)(sin?6)—cos @ sin ¢ = (sin & cos g) ~ (cus ¢ sin 9) = 0 uy Xty = {sin P+ (cos Aj (ee choose p i i k Co) ujxug =| sing cosd sin gsin® — cos |= (sin #)i+(e08 Bi = ug con § con® como sin sing (@) u,xuj = 05 > right-handed frame 16. (a) x ¥=psin osin = dy —sin § sin B dp + pcos d sin Odd +p sin # os 6a; cos g =) de = cos & dp —p sin o dd thus dx? + dy? + dr? = dp? + p? dd? + p? sin? y 46? {The shove conchuding statement involves much algebra and several tig identities} (6) p= 29 = dp = 26° dé; dg = 0; thos {b) ds? a:dp? + p? dg? + p? sin? 4 dd? = (se a0? +40? +429) BY ae = be ag? ws ms sin 9 €08 9 = dx =sin ¢ 05 0 dp + pcos ¢ cos db—p sin 6 sin #49;CHAPTER 12 MULTIVARIABLE FUNCTIONS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 12:1 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES 1. (a) Dornain: all points ia the xy-plane (©) Range: all real numbers {) level corves are straight lines y—x = ¢ parallel to the line y = x (2) no boundary points (¢) both open and closed @ unbounded 2 (a) Domain: set ofall (5,9) 80 that y—x 20 y Bx (b) Range: 220 {c) level eves are straight ines of the form y —x = were © > 0 (4) boundary is /7=# = 0. y=, astraight line {e} closed (8 unbounded 3. (@) Domain: all points in the xy-plane (b) Range: 220 (6) level curves: for f(x,y} =0, the origin; for f(x,y) = ¢> 0, ellipses with center (0,0) and major and minor axes along the x and y-axes, respectively (@) no boundary points (2) both open and closed (6 unbounded 4. (a) Domain: all points in the xy-plane (b) Range: all real numbers (©) level curves: for f(xy) =0, the union of the lines y = +x; for (x.y) = # 0, hyperbolas centered at (0,0) with foci on the x-axis fc > 0 and on the y-axis if'e <0 (4) no boundary points () both open and closed (9) unbounded 5. (a) Domain: all points in the xy-plane (b) Range: all resl numbers (c) level curves are hyperbolas with the x- and y-axes as asymptotes when f(x,y) # 0, and the x- and y-axes when f(x,y} = 0 (a) no boundary points {e) both open and closed () unbounded 6. (a) Domain: all (x53) # 0,3) (b) Range: all real numbers (6) level curves: for f(x,y) =0, the xaxis minus the origin; for f(x,y) =€ 4 0, the parsbolas y (a) boundary isthe Hine x = 0 ex? minus the1056 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives (e) open (8) unbounded (2) Domain: all (x,y) satisiying x? +y?< 16 (b) Range: 22} () level curves are citcles centered at the origin with tadii r <4 {d) boundary is the circle x? + y? = 16 {e) open (8) bounded 8 (2) Domain: ali (xy) satisfying x24 y? <9 (b) Range: 0<2 <3 (c) level curves are clrcles centered at the origin with radii r <3 (d) boundary is the circle x? + y?=9 (6) elosed (8) bounded 9. (a) Domain: (3,3) # (0,0) (b) Range: all real numbers {) level curves are citcles with center (0,0) and rai r>0 (4) boundary is the single point (0,0) (6) open (9) uabounded 10. (a) Domain: all points in the xy plane (b) Range: 0<2<1 (¢) level curves are the origin itself and the circles with eenter (0,0) and radii r > 0 (2) no boundary points (€) both open and dosed (® unbounded UL (a) Domains all (ny) satisfying -1$¥—x $2 (b) Range - S225 (c) level curves are straight lines of the form y—x =e where —1 Se <1 (@) boundary is the two straight lines y = 1-4 and y= —1 +x. (e) closed (0) unbounded 12. (@) Domain: all (x,y), 20 (b} Range: Buh {(@) level curves aze the steaight lines of the form y = ex, ¢ any real number and x #0 (@) boundary is the line x = 0 (2) open (unbounded wt ne 16.4 1c wd 1819. fad 20. (a) 21. fa) : (b) CER SEs Ss , (b) () Section Section 12.1 Functions of Severat Variables 10571058 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 22. (a) ary x y 23. (a) 24. (a) sea-(Gey) ®) ae oN co) Y ba CaN Qe te)2%. (a) 26. (a) Section 12.1 Functions of Several Variables 1059 ® © y v5 o y { et — z20.2=2 tte a Foe? — ret1060 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Deri 28. (a) (o) a1. 2 haa ne ee) gySection 12.7 Punetions of Several Variables 1061 33. 34. Saya)edeyrat SZ ZX, SEM So SS 3 36, fxyay= ? snd (2%, 2) = 2 = 16 ~ (22) -( 3 = 6 > 6 = 16 ~ 38. f(x,y) = We 1 and (1,0) > 2 = VPP 1 = 0 x y 39, ftas)= | Tar tba VB, V2) = = tay —ta0™ 32. flxyy) = 16-2? Poetry aio =0sx=lorx ja (V3, V3) 2 2 = tas ~ tan) =2tan“1 73 = tant y —tan?x = 2 tan"! V2 40, toa = & (5) ot 0,2) 2 he = pL gi at (2) 2 4 1) > yan1062 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives AL flxy.2) = ESV Ina at (3,-1.1) we EE V—In ay at (4-1) > w= VIET In 1 = 2 3 yesy-ine=2 42. fosyst) = tol y be)at (C121) pw Int ty +24) s at (1,21) wo $241) = Ind ind ainist ty sat) xt tyes a4 nyay= ER w= SCAM etree, ot da ain 4g) = wa ele 48, atny.2) = FST atte 2sin 4s) ow = FS at (In le 4,3) (ctvile 2g SEY oy 9 44 2) = xyz and x = 20—t, y=1,2 = 20 > w= (20 —1)(U)(20) along the line > w= 4008 — 201 100 — 404; 1% = 9 =» 400-404 0 ¢ =10 and $3§ — 40 for all «=> yes, maximum at t= 10 a 10-10 = 10, y = 10, 2 = 20 => maximum off along the line is {(10, 10,20) = (10)(19)(20) = 2000 46. flx,y\2) = xy—2 and yetea +7 = w = (t-1)(t-2)-(t-+7) =t? —4t—5 along the line au 4; du 450 t= 2 and PE =2 for mum i net a4 ME 0 4 05 ts 2 and LF = 2 forall t= yes, minimum ab ¢= 2 x= 2-1 +7=9 = minimum of f along the line is f(1,0,9} = (1)(0}-9 = =0,and 2= 1/2 ed an 0" = 4290 1)(06.8 kan) 3 Kj 4124.86 kon = man be $124.86) 69 kan nut of Nantucket 48. The graph of (x,.x,,%5,%)) isa set in a fivedimensional space. It is the set of points Comets Hg fl 9 4) fOr (55% 9.%y.X4) in the domain of & The graph of foxy.xp y+.) is a set in an (n+ 1)-dimensional space. It is the set of pointe (xy 2 3y0-es%ayflgyXg)%Xgre000%q)) for (2p 91-0 1p) im the domain of f 49-52. Wxample CAS commands: ‘with(plots): '= (xy) -> xasin(y/2) 4 yrsin(2ex): plot3d(f(xy), x = 0..BePi, y=0,.80Pi, axes contourplot(f(x,y), x=0.5+Pi, y=0..5«Pi); eg= fluy) = implicitplot(eq, =FRAMED, tith sin ¥/2 + y sin 2°}; y=0..106Pi};Section 12.1 Functions of Several V: 1063 Clearly] << GraphiesmplicitPlot! SetOptions{Plot3D, PlotPoints -> 25}; ‘SetOptions{ContourPlot, PlotPoints -> 25, ContourShading -> False]; fx] = x Sinfy/2} + y Sin[2x} taaaby = {0, 5 Pik; {yard} = {0, 5 Pi}: 4x00) = {3Pi, Si); Plos3D{ fixy], fxxa,xb}, {y,yayb) ] ContourPlot{ fly}, xxaxb}. {yyayb) ] ImplicitPlot flx,y] == fx0,y0], {xxaxb}, (yyayb} | 53-58. Example CAS commands: Manle with plots): eam In(x2 + y2 +22) = 02 implicitplotSd{eq, X=—1..1, y>=—Lsl,2=—LL, axes=BOXED scaling=CONSTRAINED); Mathernatica: ContourPlot3Di 4 Logiy'2+y2427), fx LUL, Geb}, eLbt.2}, Contours->{1.} | 57-60. Example CAS commands: fav) > 95 plotBa(te(u.y). y(ae), 2(0)], w = 0.2, v = 0.2sPI, axes=FRAMED): contourplot([x(u,v),¥(0,¥}a(0,")}: 2sPis Note: While in Maple it is trivial to get contours from any 3D surface, in Mathematica it is not obvious for parametric surfaces. In these examples, z only depends on one paraneter, so we can solve for that parameter in terns of 2, and substitute to get x &y in terms of z and the other parameter, then paratetrically plot level curves for several equally spaced values of 2 (using “Table”) ParametriePlot3D{_ {a Cos[y], u Siofy}, u}, {00,2}, {v,0,2Pi} ] ParamnetricPlot{_ Evaluate{Table| fe Cosfy], # Sinjv]}, {2,0,21/3} J} {v0.2Pi}, AspectRatio "> Automatic ]1064 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 12.2 LIMITS AND CONTINUITY btm, SAS _OP—oFs coll SEyTa OD 2 im wollen JF va! Viv yal = Pa =3 =3 cols © lipo Gey =f 5 glMfagy ety O( tm = OND = lim, cer t0.0) lime (xy na) fim in|. +2 veofaay Il OY in sin a ee (xsH0.0) (a9)"H0.0) 10. coal $Yav=1)= lim, (yt) a. kim = fuga) EL PE 12 tim = 13. im ttm See im en sa-= weahiay =F eal hay FF Geahhay ORG Da ten SHO ie egy t= natasha FAP ROHS? mm REYH WZ MG B)_ tart “ Liem boshata.ay xy 15 lim | (v¥-2)=0-2)=-1 Sealey GetaSection 12.2 Limits and Continuity 1065 we z+s im yea, 1 it teri 0, Bawa Po yb TTD hy) MEAT EF peop peaege oe vr lit 9 SEIMEI yg (VIVE) ae (es yes) fenton vy foo Vine (x2) 10,0) ty vey =(vo+ Yo+2 Note: (x,y) maust approach (0,0) through the first quadrant only with x # y. xtyn4 eg (VERY +2)(VERE- elthay YerFT™ a a ert “aghgy (WT) ste xt e ehy es =(VPFB42)=242=4 18 oft ny? gore * pally ETD rey FET EE oy ae va- JurT = lim 1 Fee VFFI( VR VFFT) Oran Vea VraT aay tye _ 2(0X—1) +) _ plaay eet Pet 28, yim 4 (int teoty tects) = = 24. ti tan? (xyz) = tan vhs) 25. | lim 207? cos 2x = 3e7™) cop Da = (3){1)(1) = 3 * p03) im ia Vaya =In fF +2 +0 =n YE =n 28. fi 9) 8 VEE = In YF (P+ = In VE =I 2 7 (a) All (uy) (b) AMI (x,y) except (0,0)1066 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 28. (a) Al! (x,y) 90 that x zy (b) All (x,y) 29. (a) All (x,y) except where x =O or y (b) All Gy) 30. (a) AML Guy) 60 that x?—9x4240— —2)(e—1) FO xf Band x1 (b) AML Gy) s0 that y# x? BL (a) All (xy,2) (0) AML (x5y,2) except the interior of the eylinder 32+ y 32. (a) AU (5,942) so that xyz > 0 {b) All (x¥,2) 33, (a) All (x,y,z) with 270 (b) AML (x,y,z) with of 42? £1 34, (a) All (xy,2) except (0,0) {(b) All (x.y,2) except (0,¥,0) or (40,0) ley Vere era I Tam” EB a Ve gaiteo TAR “ian SR anv % stiles EF wes in, = a, F.0y yr is aa slong = 0 sloag 7 xis xt ali fa hext at im Y= sien = Jig, oH = LOK alterent limits for different values of k GalSoo) Sey27 Ey Gap A EER IG slong =a? 38. lim, y= diy, 208) 15K > 0, the limit is 1; but if K-<0, the fi Gea} Sto) FI™ 2 Fates) Saree tho 39. eshte Hye SKS = Leh = alitterent timits for different values of ky k # =1 along 7 =e wy5 cable) EEF fig SERE=]EE = ctterent limite for dierent values of ky k #1 slong y= kx ke.Section 12.2 Limits and Continuity 1067 at 2ty ant fi, SP? 51 EE ae lini br difernt valor of #0 . tim, Ste {ny} ={0,0) x0 kx? along y = kx? tee 22. im big, se Mcy = phy = elierent limits for diferent values of kk #1 (2.7) 10,0) 7 2 ces # along y= hex? a 43, Noy the limit depends only on the values f(x.) has when (x) # (n%6) 44, If fis continuons at (xo.¥o), then lim ffx,y) must equal f(9,9) = 3. If fis not contimious at inven a oro) en lip fee) mst eave fre) conti ‘Gor¥o)s the limit could have any value different from 3, and need not even exist. “Jord ta, + ha Filey = svor(%) (4) crro,o) , Ly 20 Sag TAT “teaaw) A tahtoos (8) aye apa (2 ney (EE 2] ‘) G: oy TE Demitay <0 tim pe = te Gey +i0,0) PY csrhto,o} we (ax}-(0,0) #1 (y}(0,0) 7 - w)- Dg yg AACS VOT = eagle) (24 F)= 2 204 6 th oy TIT 2 ga fll oy app = 2 by the Sanewich ‘Theorem, 4, The init sO sne|sin(})]ct » 1 y or <0. Thus as (X,y) ~ (0,0), both -y and y approach 0 => y sin(}) ~ 0, by the Sandwich Theorem. 48. ‘The limit is O since eo) 14 -1-c on) <1 9 x cx coe(f) 0, and xx coe(4)> for x0. Thus as (x.y) — (0,0), both —« and x approach 0 => x cos(}) — 0, by the Sandwich Theorem. £9. (9) Aly wage = Ba = R= si 2 Th vale ff) =n 29 vases with 4, ie she ine’ angle of inclination. sin 26 and since -1 ny PT tx yto.o) PF. (0,0) = 0 Hox P os86— (econ 6)? sin?) _ con 8 in?) _ 5 oo) SSE “ =e Foor Orr one 52. tim cool SY ako, OUR 58 tim y= Ii oes teoy ey O and I depending on by the Sandwick Theorem, (x? +y?): ce ti, thas, tea}2ho.0) thes: define cm (asda) 1g oo Hoste aPe] eos! ain?) AB 7 in, (sn? 0) =P the inde nse sinc in? i Between ba 2x cos 8 cos 0 _ 2cos8 ted try Bach Golo) Fax OB Feros d HER Fear d= “eos 7 the limit docs not exist for cos 0 = 0 Ir cos 61-4! si ng taxes olin 2 lim tan“ 3 e 1 et Pty tim, (90,0) itt 0%, then li nts [beeen 0) i, tant [soe #0" then rot $!) 5 - the limit ie a x-¥ tose) Tey? Land I depending on 0 = the Imit does not exist lig, (cos! sin? 6) = lim (os 2) which ranges between 31? cos? — 14 cos? sin? @ + 3r* sing 3 dee 9) =e 2 xe cos 8) {r? sin® 58 = ty CERO? SAPO) iy de con 5 sin? #0 = define 10,0) =0Seetion 12.2 Limits and Continuity 1069 59, Im Ba, (2) if te point (c,y) tes within m disk centered at (x9,¥9) and radius less than 4, then [fe9) 1] <6 in Ba. (2), ifthe point (x9) Ties within a square centered at (Yo) sith the side lengeh less than 25, then [fr) =| <. Since every circle of radius 6 is circumscribed by a square of side fength 26, VOTO a0)? <6 |x Hg |< Sand |¥—Yo[< 6 likewise, every square of side length % is circumscribed by a citcle of rading E50 that x —n9|< fg and |y—al< Pao}

-0, there exists a corresponding 4 > 0 such that for all tera rg) BOO) o_ ending 6> 342) in the domain of g, 0< fix —xo}* + (¥ — ye)? + (eta)? <6 => [euysa) —L| 0 such that for all P in the domain of b, 0 < y/{x~ x9)? + (¥ ~¥p)? + (@ — ty)? + (to)? <6 [Mxyxit) LE] 0, there exists 61. Let 60.1. Then Vx? ty? <6 > Vx? Fy? <0 > xP +9? < 0.01 = [x? +y?~ 0 < 0.01 = |f(x,¥) — 0,0)| <0.01 62. Let § = 0.05. Then 1x} < 6 and jy |< 6 = |f(x,y) - 1(0,0)| =n |ealsin GA = 8; also 0 = 2b cos A+ (2be sin A) SH bean Se cos A~th = (tbcein A) 3h 2 SA at gee A (sin A) 92 —a eos A 60. srnaty = eB 3 (sn A) Sa cos A= 0 > SB = BSE, alo (gag) 9B = bl eve B cot B) => PE = —b eB cot B sin A 61, Differentiating each equation implicitly gives 1 =v, in u+()u, and 0=u, In v+(8)v, ot ae omy] ay ey |) t= 7 Gave +(a=1 (vy + On vu, =0 2 62, Differentiating cach equation implicitly gives 2 = (25)my—(2y)yq and 0-= (25)X,~ Yq oF (22)%q- @vlyy = 1 dy yy=0 2x 2xSection 12,8 Partial Derivatives 1076 we at 62, Fh = toe SE = 40777 cos 2x + 46°F cos De ay ae stot te nyt Bee Bag? | tay? EP oF Gra ae OF ara ip” Oe or GP Gey af 87. 2) ay) tay se Man = abt ry?+2) scriteytee ye Ba fabares Pot ey? 420g) = aly ey Payee yy aytitay? eel, ab ayt andy? 4 ated ay gat Sy HL, G2 yt eet? Beat ea at) BE OE [Gt ay sey? catty ey? (x2 y? et)? eset? a yt ty ye] sf (tay ety? 4328 eye mata ya)? 4 (an + ay? + 50)? 4 9? 422) 2+ oe fe PA nf SY a EY oe BE 8 co iy" a + = BPHY 006 82 + 164 cos 5 — 2504 cos 5x = 0 ae a oe aw snes, BF ed fete) Shae snes 69, aw =e coa(n tery FS cos(u $e) —2 sin QD), GM me conte + et) Be in Oe Be) in (x +f) —4 coe +2), OF = ae? in (x4 ct) 4c? cos (2x +2ct) = = aw OTE HEF Ot ae1076 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 18, Baten 2a, QE tee? (oe— Br, Bh =D) tn 2, 2 = se secon net) =p Bt = oe we (On— 2) 22 Saat (2x —2et) ta (2x — et) => FF = 8 se? (2x —2et) tan (28 2er)} =o? SH 14, Ge = 98 sin 9-4 30t) et, OF a 15 sin a4 Bet) cet Bw 45 con On + Bet) 4, Be 450? con x +t) + 7a FH P45 coo(de + Set) ret] =? ey oe. Sw _ of Gu aw et 2.2 FE, Ow _ of du _ at ew _ (or 1h Qn Bn Ben Memeo a ashe Bh Bea fm aw Bg (oP) a a8 Phan gate Mh aa(e Ma By aut oF 8 a oa) oF 124 DIFFERENTIARILITY, LINEARIZATION, AND DIFFERENTIALS (8) (0,0) = 1, fy) = 2x 4 6(0,0) = 0, 59) = 2y = 640.0) = 0 > L(y) = 14 0(2-0) + 009-0) = (6) $(0,1) =8, G04) = 2,4 (151) = 2 => L(y) =3 +2e~ 1) +29 =I) = 2x 42y=1 {a) 10,0) =4, f(x,y) = (x+y 42) > 1,(0,0) = 4, Key) = Ax ty +2} > 40,0) = 4 2 Lxy) 4440) + Aly 0) = ax + ay +4 4b) (1,2) = 25, f,(1,2) = 10, £,(1,2) = 10 => Lfx,y) = 29-4 1O{x 1) + 10(y ~ 2) = 10x + 10y —5 (2) 0,0} =5, fay) = 3 forall (uy), fay) = ~4 forall (ny) => Loy) = 5 + S(x—0) — AG —0) = dx—ay $5 (b) f(y} = 4 8.0141) = 8, F,(1y 1) = A => LOG y) = 44 B(x ~ 1) —A(y 1) = Sy 45 fa) (11) = 1, (29) = 82y8 = G1) 23, Gay) = 429? > (1,1) = 4 = Ley) = 14 Sx 8) +4(y = 1) = Se pay —6 (8) £(6,0} = 6, £,0,0) = 0, £,(0,0) = 0 > Lixy) =0 - (0) $0,0) = 1, Es¥) =e coo y = £,(0,0) = 1, (59) = —e* sin y = £,(0,0) = 0 = Ley) = 1+ x0) + Oly ~0) x41 {b) 1(0.5)=0, £,(0.5)= 0, £,(0.5)= 1 => x,y) = 0-4 0(x —0)— iy ~ 5) Bayt} (a) £(0,0) = 1, £049) =e = £,(0,0) = 1, Gey) = 29> = £,(0,0) = 2 > LGuy) = 1 = 10) +29 ~0) = eh 2y-41 (6) 11,2) = 8, 62,2) =e, £(1,2) = 26? = Lingy) eee — 1) + 2e8y 2) Kx 4 2e8y ~ 20710. un. 2 13. 4, 1 (2,2) Section 12.4 Differentiability, Linearization, and Differentials 1077 - f(2,1) = 8, fy(s,y) = 2x By = 402,1) = ay) = Be G21) = 6 = May) = 84 Sx 2) 671) Tx —6y; fel y) = 2 fyy(Ki¥) =O, fyylayy) = 3 => M = 3; thus [E(x,y)] <(4)(3)(x— 214 ]y— 1) <(§)io+ 03)? = 006 S11, f(y) = x+y +3 > 62,2) 57, Ky) SK +Z—3 L122) = 0 3 L(y) 114 1-294 0-2) = 7-8; fH) = hy yy) = M = 1s thus EG) [<($)) (x= Bey — 21 $f y00¥) = 2 4)oa +029? 002 1(0,0) = 1, 0,9) =e08 y = £,(0,0) = 1, Quy) = Lx sin y > 600.0) > Ly) = 1414 IG — 0) =x FFI GaOG9) =O, fyylHiy) = mx C08 Ys Gyyli9) = sin y => ME = thus fECuy)|<($)(V(ar+1y1)? <(4)(02+0.2)? = 0.08 1(1,2) = 6, G09) = ¥F -y sin (x1) = (1,2) = 4 L(y) = Day 08 =) > G2) =5 3 Udy) 64 4G— I) +8Ey —2) = 4x 4 By — 8; Leal) = “¥ 08 (=I), fyyhoy) = OK, fyyGOu9) = 2y —sin (x — U3 x= 11S 01 = 0.8. < x < Ll and |y—2| M= 4.35 thas |BGy}| ($4.9) Ix — 14 ]y—2 7 $ 2.15)(0.1 + 0.1)® = 0.086 (0,0) = 1, f(x,y} = e¥ cos y = (0,6) = 1, ff,y) =e sin y > £,(0,0) =0 2 Lay) = 14 10x 0)-4 0(y 0) = 145 fyalty) =O 008 ¥, Byles y) = —e8 £08 ¥, gba) = —e sin y5 Ix S01 > -O.1 1) = 1, GG.y) = f= (1) = 1 > Loy} = 0+ = +My 1) =xty— 25 fy uy) Sa Sylar) = ~ Jp gly) = Orbe Hs 0.2 = 0.98 y thea a Lunit change in y gives 0 greater change in 4A then a L-unit change in x. Thus, pay move attention to y whichis the amaller of the two dimensions. (2) f(x,9) = Defy 41) = §,(1,0) =2 and f(y) = 3? = 4,(1,0) 21 = at =2 dx + dy = tie more sinsitive to changes in () ata 0s 2axsdyo 029 +1s05 F=-}1078 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 15, TyGuy) =e +e? and Ty(xy) = x(e ~eY) = aT = T(x.) dx + Ty (Ry) oy (0 ped + xl ~e¥) dy = dT iy ag 9) = 25 dx +9.0 dy. If ]dx!< 0.1 and [ey |< 0.02, then the ‘maximum possible error in the computed value of is (2.5)(0.1) + (9.0)(0.02) = 0.81 in magnitude. Breh det xe? db _ 7h ab sco] 1 = [4-100 <|(25¢)cs0) +48). c00 |< 24-10] |b s00|c 2c +1 3 = a% 16, V,=2nth and Vy = ar? = AV =V, dr Vy dh WS Patt 17. Vy = Beth and Vy, = a1? > dV = V, drt Vp, dh => dV = eth de +3? dh = AV |g 39) = 120 dr-+ 25% dh [de] 0.1 em and [dh] < 0.1 cin => €V < (120")(0.1) + (25x)(0.1) = 14.5% om’; V(5,12) = 300" em™ dbx HABE x 100 = 44.89% 18. V, = Qeth and Vy, = #1? = dV-=V, dr-+ Vy dh => dV = 2erh dr = a1? dh; ossuming dr = dh 2 AV =2eth dt te? de = (neh +20?) de; AV £0.19 when 1=2 m and b =3 m = [2n(2X8) +#(2)"] ae 0.1 > de $9 = 0.001 1 (ounded dows). ‘Ths, the abvolte vali ofthe enor In meaning and b should be less than or equal to 0.002 m. => maximum percentage error 1. af = fa.9) d+ (2,9) dy = Sey" d+ dey dy = dll y= 8 dx +4 dy; foro equate, dx = dy > df =7 dx so thet [df] < 0.1 => Thdxl< 0.1 = fdxts %t 0.014 = for the square, |x —11.< 0.014 and ly-1<0.0u4 4 1 =(RY Ry 20.) Reahtph > pee = ea, — yan, 2an=(B) an +() aR, 21/4 1 aft L ‘i = = =R aR will be more {o) aR (BR) %-() |] 8R | 100,400) oy + gape] > IN be sensitive to a variatio 1 Br 80 Tae” Ciooy 0.1 ohm 2 2 21. Prom Exercise 20, dR. =(R) aR, +(8) GR, so that Ry changing from 20 to 20.1 ohms => dR, 300, e and Ry changing from 25 to 24.9 ohme => dR ohms (Fa, ity ABlen.a5) = Gage (OD + ye (0) 0.011 ohms = percentage change is SB ay 2x)x100 ohms; b= 24 > 1 obims: = at 100 0.1% ve). WD GaGa dySection 124 Differentiability, Linearization, aud Differentials 1070 = tates rh ao ail. =(gB) s00+ (B) enon = Fey apd ‘=> maximum change in dé occurs when dx and dy have opposite signs (dx = 0.01 and dy = —0.01 or vice versa) a9 = S201 ws onan # = tan* (4) 0.927255218 = [$0 100] = SOQ,» 00] 0.30% (b) the radius ¢ is more sensitive to changes in y, and the angle 0 is more sensitive to changes in x 23. (@) U1 = 340,50 = teh aay=% Ot) =x+2h yy =2 GL =¥F x.y =p L(x,y.z) = 3-4 2(x 1) + 20-1) + 22-1) = 2x + Dy + —3 (b) {(1,0,0) = 0, £,(1,0,0) = 0, f/(1,0,0) = 1, £,(1,0,0) = 1 > L(xy,2) =0 + O(x-1) + (y - 0) + (20) nytt 46) £(0,0,0) = 0, £,(0,0,0) = £(0.0,0) = 0, (00,0) = 0 => L(x, yz) =O MA, (a) A241) = 8, F(a 1d) = 2x fy 5,a) = 2 GCL) = Bfa ny =F KOoLD) = hy 2 = L(x yst) = 342(x—1) +2(y—1) 42-1) = Ox Byte 3. (©) (0,10) = f, &(0,1.0) = 0, f,(0,1,0) = 2, 6(0,1,0) = 0 = L(xyy,t) = 140-0) + 2y~ 1) +0(2~ 0) =2y-1 (e) §(2,0,0} = 1, £,(1,0,0) = 2, £,(1,0,0) = 0, ,(1,0,0) = 0 => L(x,y,2) = 14 2(e~ 1) + Oly 0) + 0(2- 0) 2-1 2) = =e = = ea = 25. (a) 4(2,0,0) = 1, £,(1,0,0) FF coo) 4, £,(1,0,0) BETTE on oO, £(,0,0) =k = 0.5 Leys} = 1416-1) 407-0) +0(2-0) =x Pleo (98) = 14 1-1) + Oly 0) + 0(3-0) () £0, 1,0) = V2, f,(1,1,0) oe 4,(1,1,0) =0 (0-0 #06 -9) = Spx doy 7 £,(252.2) = 3 (042.2) = 3 > L(xtve) = 3 + $R— 143 (9-2) + $ 0-2) 4 Lay2) = vE+ (©) £(1,2,2) = 3, £,01,2,2) ahrtdske x60 xy] 26. (a) (Fits t)= 1 ($12) aye £,(1)=25™| 4(p, () £(2,0,1) =0, &(2,0,2) = 0, 6(2,0,1) = 2, £(2,0,1) = 0 = L(x, ya) = 0 +0(x—2)+2(y -0) + 0(4— 1) = 2y = 2 Ux y2) = 14.0(x —F) + Oly ~ 1) — Mle -1) = 2-2 3, (a) 0,04 £,(0,0,0) = = 2, £,(0,0,0) = lo,o,0) = 3s 6(040,0) = si (9 +2) joo) =O HOsY8) = 2+ Us ~0) + Oly -0} + 0(2—0) = 24x sings +900)1080 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 29, a1. 32, 38 ) Ax y.2) =x? + xy tye + de? at Po(1 1,2) = ACL 1, ©) (05.0) =1, 4 (05.0) = 1.4,(0,5,0)=—1 (05.0) =—1 = Lea) = 14 1x0) -1(y—§) 1-0) =x-y 24 41 HLG(OEE SUG (ORF anh (ORE 5 B14 16 -1(9~8)-1(e- fee y-s4 fed 1p Lfxy,2) (2) £0,0.0) =0,60,0,0) =] 0, (00) = — |, GH o |” baa F Th oo) 464,051 50 Linya)=0 =» Gye) + 10 9.0) 1 1,140) = 0, (11,0) = 1 > Lfxy2) HOD =} 4010 => Ley,2) 0) (0.1.0) = 0, 40,30 (9 1041.2) =% 501.2 +0(%=1) +01) +1 = Feb +ho-1+h0-0 eferdyader gg Afxyys2) = x2 — Bye +2 at Po(141,2) = £(1,1,2) 32, f, =x—3y > Lys) S24 26x — 1) ~ Gly — 1) 208 —2) = 2x — Fy ~ 22 +65 fe =O, fyy = 0, fy =O, fey = Os fg = = M= 8; thus, [E(x.y.2)]< (})(0)(0.01 + 0.01 +-0.02)? = 0.0024 rety extn ieyeds = Lays) = 54H = 1) + 8(y 1) + 20z— 2) = BK HBY +225; Sy = 2 By = 0s Og = Bp Bey = bs Le = Os {, 219M thus | BGx,y42}| <(5)(2)(0.01 + 0.01 + 0.08)? = 0.01 f, hx, y,2) = xy + 2yn— Bur. at Po(1,1,0) = f(1, 1,0) = y-30,f, =x422,f, = 2y—3e 3 Lye) = 1+ = I) Hy BP (20) =x + Y— 2 Th fey =O) yy = Os fap =O) fey = yy = B= M = 3; thus | EX, yv2)| < (B)(9)(0.01 + 0.01 + 0.01)? = 0.00135 flx,¥,2) = 2 cos x sin{y +2) at Po(xi¥ 5) = £(0,0,2) 1; f= —V3 sin x sin(y +2), = Vicon x con(y +2) f= VB cos x cosy +2) = Us9.2) = 1-O(8-0) + (5-0) +(2-¥) $2~ G4 1s fgg = V9 008 x sin (y +2) f, = V3 cos x in (¥ 42)s fog = ~/7 008 x sin (y +2), fyy = VB sin x c00(y +2) fg =~ sin x co8(y +2), fy, = V2 cos x sin (y +2). ‘The absolute value of ‘each of these second partial derivatives is bounded above by /2 => M = y/2; thus |E(x,¥,}| = (3)(v2)(0.01 + 0.01 +0.01)? = 6.000686. (e505, 45 6048, d 18 oh =f an 2S ae 22 aw 2a) =0(BS)(her +h deh aw—fan)= Soi ae +d ads ae 2 2)Section 12.4 Differeatiablity, Linearization, and Differentiale 1081 = S9(;bg Ao-tde—5 dwe—30 dh), where py #100 N/m, y= My (8) Moe sensitive toa change in height 2m, hy = 0.1 m BA. (a) V = xcth = AV = 2sth dr tar” db = at r= 1 and h = 5 we have dV = 10s dr-+1 dh = the volume is about 10 times more sensitive to a change in r (b) dV = 0 = 0 = Orth dr tar? dh = 2h dete dh = 10 dr-¢dh = dr = dr =—0.15 = h=6.5 in, and r= 0.86 in 1 = ~ Fp dh choose dh = 1.5 ‘one solution for AV dV 35. fla,b,c.d ad ~be > f= 4, f = -b, fy dfad da—e db—b de +a dd; since otis much greater than [bl, {e1, and |dl, the funetion fis moat sensitive to a change in d. be da+ac db-tab de bedat eo db-+ ab de 100|= 2, and =[Gt-100 + 100-4500 §¢-100|+ 42-10] -100/= 242 +2.<6 or 31. V=lwh = V,= wh, Vy ath, Viale 2 dV = wh dl-+Ih dw-+li dh = dVlig 2) =6 41+ 10 dw 415 db; Qh in = pth dv = Lin. = ppt dh = fine = fy hop aV = o( fp) 410(h) + 19(,) =f 0? Jab sin C > A, = }bsin C, A, = Jasin C, A, = ab cos C = dh = (Jb sin C) da-+($a sin C) ab + (Jab cos C) aC; dC =|2"1=|0.0549| radians, da =10.51 ft, 4b =10.51 ft; at a= 150 f, b = 200 f, and C = 60", we see that the change is approximately 4A =} (200)(sin 607) 10.51+ } (150)(sin 607) 10.51-+ 4 (200)(150)(cos 607) 10.0340] = + 338 A? 89. ug =e, uy =KeF sin a, uy = y cos => du =e dx+ (xe! +sin 2) dy + (y cos 2) dz 3 dal(ags.g) "3 Ae47 dy +0 de = 9 de +7 dy => magnitude ofthe maximum posible eror <5(0.2)+7(0.6) = 48 . 40. = AREY"), exe = AMY (A) 2 6 = (240) "(2a + p(ammey (280 =" ox +28 an 26M ab) = 42 o009 Se a = Q is moat sensitive to changes in h .0125)(800 aK + 80 dM ~ 32,000 dh)1082 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives Al. If the first partial derivatives are continuous throughout ax open region R, then by Eq, (3) in this section of the text, fh) = flip) + flkor¥e) Ax +fCar¥9) AY + Ae + egy, where ey, & — Das Ax, Ay + 0, ‘Then as (69) = (soo AX O and AYO lim fx, (62) = Gove) yO lim He) Go¥9) in (Kos¥q) = Fis contimuous at every point 42. Yes, since fs yy fyy, and f,, are all continuous on R, use the same reasoning as in Exercise 41 with E009} = Elo ¥o) + Eex( Foro) OX + fy Xor¥o) A¥ + AR + egAy and f(xy} rove + fyalXor¥o) AK +f yfXo¥o) AY FEAR +E_Ay. Then lim 6,049) = f.Go.¥0) ort) (oogngy 2 = 56 00) ° 125 THE CHAIN RULE 1) Gia, BE ay, mn y= a5 sin t+ 2y cos t= —2 cos Usin +2 sin t cos de ty to x sin t+ 2y cos t= —2 cos t sin t +2 sin t cost =0; w= x? +y? = cost + ain” & a) = au aita0 2) Slate Bam, dain creer a nan tocar 9 = (2n}(—sin ¢4 08 t) + (2y)(—sin tens) = 2%cos t-+sin t)(cos t—sin t) — 2(cos t ~sin t)(sin t+eos t) = (2 cos? ~ 2 sin?t)—(2 cost —2 sin?) 2 Ow a3)? = (cont tain P+ (as t—sin P= 2eatt 4 2aiatt =? = AP =0 () S20) =0 3 oR beet gee, Ex 2 cos taint, Y= Din bcos 1, GE = fncoFaeon ste -4 - 4 cai safe sa sin t, = cos t, = 20-1? duct 2cos tain 49 ain con taal) cot taints I6L (cos? 4 sin? +161) =In (1+ 161) = d= 1 5. (@) Ot Lode tg de Ae tet 5 (a) Sew tyes, Bn es, Ba =f, = eh Fa yl dt net oo ME Arta" At tan 1; w= Dye" be 2 (2 tone) (F +1) HT O41Section 12.5 The Chain Rule 1083 = wag) r+e tan) Q)—1 4 tans 4 ) SEG) =(a(N(Z)t l= 41 dee ety dw, 00s mY gt Bh tt ap Sy 008 xy EE. 6. () Seay con ay, En cong, Ba at Lad i ent in) LEE tt need ng) 4M w in in (¢ In) 9 $8 =o) fcon(e tn vin eC 1 (1 In t) eos(¢ In t) () Hay = 1-40) =0 7 a) $= BE Ses Be Mo (4c inv) ( SO8B) 4 (AP in 0) = AEE , de gin ESO. le i co NO) Gn 9) (enn 0-4 B= Pe Oe 5 <4 tm 9)( 2 = (4 cos 4) in (x sin 6) + 4(2 cos 0)( 12-65) = (4 co) (an 6) 4 em fo BE = (Arn 8) n(n 2) aco (EB) arn jean) () At (245): Bia A cme Fla(2 sin §) +4 cos F=2VF lp VE-+2V3 = VHin 242); B= aye ana g)s GD AVE in fi a/3=-2/9 in 2 44VT of yf Teco Bice vsoe cane tein SOE [ef ey eee = tink 0 coo = 1,2 = a0™"(8) - 82 ana tan" (cot 4) = $8= 0 and $5 =1 = =-1 Sin? + coh (b) At(L3.g): $= 0 ana 35 1 9. Go) $e =e Pe De Oe Be ye) 4 (eta Hy tek KH SEM +9) & fa SGeeee = (uv) + (a=) 4 2av 4 v(t) = 2u + dav; Oe = Oe1084 Chapter 12 Multivariable Funetions and Pattial Derivatives Ey Fa) + (4 a)-1) 4+ xDLu) =y—a + (ya gy tye xa =(u? v8) +(uly = wv?) 4(u2e + wv?) y+ 2u? we tb) at(}.r)} $e = 2(4)+4(L)cy = 9 ana = -20) ¥2(2) =-3 10. (a) t= (aq Bga le se tee ods Bs Farce ter cos = ue" sin (aale) + (Ga )e sin w-+ ue" cos u) winta + ue! conta we 2 + (uu = ~2v + 20% va duty = $M = 2+ doy and + (Sareea lO om ee sina) emanates (wea) wsBea)or ele (ctecayon = ue in w) Goan + Gra Poe) m9 + (Sarg aaa) I we Petes Aen) = lake") Hin d+ Qinuy2v=> SY =F and = 2 () At (2,0): SY = 2 = a1 and SB = 9 90 4 u 94 , Oy Be pra, janttr=pteme ORR Bae Brel ae - wo a Ou _ Ou = -. ee rt+ptp-g_ = en Qe to monte? ° a @at = (OR + By + Ba) = (2x4 By = 22) 0 29 , du 6 7 ey mpg BORER RE = a Pao, aati popta 20-2, _—ty sabe gay Goo @-0F ent? Ga dy =-oh Gy? Sug ud Ou =2 8 (b) At (78,2,1)s Bea gy= qige band BebeSection 12.5 The Chain Rule 1085 12. (a) Be = ya x) + (re sin? p) (0) + (qe sin-*p)(0) syit-Bex $(2,3,6) = 4 BL. Let F(s,y,2) = sin (x+y) +8in(y +3) + sin(s +2) = 0 > F,(qys2) = cos(x + y) + coe +2), Py(x,y,2) = 008 (x+y) + 608 (y +2}, PaO ¥42) = 608 (y + 2) + 608(x +2) => fee - con (ety) +205 (x42) cos(x-+y) +e0s(y +a) © cosy #2) Foose 7) ‘cos (7 48) + eos (x Fe) = Rinan) > Reve = 1 32. Let P(x, y,2) = xe" + yeh 42 In x23 In B= O > Fy(eiyis) He + Fs By(%y2) = xe” Se Fyn, 7.9) = Ve eee Fy xe eet ae ee) ) 2 20m ata) =—yiby Pha ape EEE > Bat ang) =p hy 33, Gun Gu Seg Oa Oe A nex py pat) easy tall-sin(e tol) 42x ty talles(e +s) = Ux+y +2)[l —sin (e+) + 0s (r+3)] = Ir —s + cos (r-+s}+sin (x +5)][1 —sin(r +s) +eos(¢+5)) 4m +0) +(2)0 = 04 9(R) +a = el a7 O4)(4) 2)+(2u) = [poe] edtSection 12.5 The Chain Ruie 1089 > Bal Bele. wes © Blea a Cartier BOTS = (gto GS) 2 BL vetn> Manan a1 WY = Wal BEAR «dh 4B 001 vote = (600 ohms) $F + (0.04 amps)(0.5 chms/sec) => dL = —0.00005 amps/sec 40. Vmabe se eat Re ae ge d= OO + OCR + ON gE aw = (2 m)(3 m)(1 ma/see) + (i m)(B mnj(L m/sec) + (1 xa)(2 m)(—3 m/sec) = 3 meee FE) baa,ena and the volume is Increasing; = 2ab + 2 + Bbc = $8 = 38 da 4 95 db. 8 de s2b+ogrrero eres fee] = 26 mt m/sec) + 2(4 mE m/sec) + 2(8 m)(—3 ste) =O occ and the surface area isnot changing: 2D da, BD db, Dee av, de) DA VETIS RRB RES aceasta s) Ea =(o4 ‘n)(1 m/sec) + (2 m)(1 m/sec) + (3 m)(—3 m/sec}] = Soe m/sec <0 = the diagonals are = (pkg) 04 mre +2 0 fe) +0 9 fe =e ne <0 te agra decresing in length a La My Oe Oe Mays Moya nes, ERR Bes fay + flo =e Be, an Hoes oe = Heo) 4 Mey My - HH > va eaten1090 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 2.) ae a1, % ico 8 sin 6 and BE = (sn 644, co 8) => 1 8 (0) BS sin 8 =f, sin O cos 944, sin? and (209-6) oe sin 9 cos O44, cote =f, = (in) 8 (FO) 9 ten BY =F, co + [sn ) SE (992) $5 ano) = 4, cos 8 = FE sin? 9) (6) (tg) = (cos?e)( Sef —(2sin ¢con (ge Bu) y+ (2s §.00n 8)(Se Se 4 ow ‘aw du, dew av aw Ou bw. ap r( Some eR) ol Cs Ox * a? ax) = au 1% Gy (Brent +S) a Aa) + eH) = 1) + 8) > Hg = END) + BOM) = Ca} +8"): Sf (u)G) + BOI) = Wyy =u) lP) + gMVN(P) = E(u) — 80) > Wet yy 45, fey42) = 08 4 fey4) =n t and Louse} = 412 ap Mm BE de 4 ED BE de cos (){—sin t) + (sin t)(cos t) +(0? +t-2)) =? 41-3; Gotcescreve or (= 1; t= “2 = x 606-2), y =sin(-2), 2= ~2 forthe point (cos(—2),sin(—2),-2)5 6 y=sin 1, 2= 1 for the point (cos isin 1,1) 46. Sh ud OY 4 Bu (ogc eo 38) — sin t) +(2x20 eos 32)(=ty) +(x sin 32)(1) = ~2xe cos ba sin t+ 2020 ops Bt _ 352227 sin 3; at the point om the curve x =0 = ¢=2=0 dw a0 AV) 9 atlagan totSection 12.6 The Chain Rule 1091 AT. (2) FE = 84 Ay and GE by — tu =p SE a OEMs 4 OEY = (ge —ay)(~sin t) + (By ~4x)(e08«) = (cor (A in (Clo 418 nt 4 cs 000) = Ah — cate = EE mre ain co we Pd cote = 0 ant cost = sin = om tor in t= en 5 45, BF, BF, TE op GPa tainted cote 0— sabe est sn 0 or sin t= cont op Co $B, H, the interval 0 < t < 2; Fs 6 sin Feo F057 hase minimam at (xx) =(2,¥2), SF 1 sin M co <0 1 hana maximum at (xy) =(-¥,¥2), v2 va = 16 sin 25 cos 9£ > 0 =» T has a minimum at (x,y) = (-¥.- 8), a @r at hse EE] = tes Econ If co Thana maim (3) =(¥2,-¥2) (b) T= 4x? — dy + dy? > FE = x — dy, and SP = ay — 4x 0 the extreme values occur at the four points x by tod in pare a): 7( 2,2) (2-98) (3) a(-1) 24(H) 6, he asian and MB) = 6(B)~4() +4() 2, te sintmam 48. (a) Bavena hana ihe Fee y(-2VB sin t) + x(/% cos t) (V2 sin t)( 273 sin £) + (2/5 cos 0 VF cos t) ~bsinte > LE = 16 .in cont SE 0 4.8 sin? = 0 sinh =} nt A sin®h 44 cos?t = 4 sine 4 4(1 sine) xia erval O< 1 < 2r; Se TF on the interval 0(#) = (aD + YA) + (190) + (cos #9(0) = 1-2 yy [a] Ly [ose BREE BG GB 0 ma me texty = (2x)(0) + (1}(0} + (—1)(2) + (e02 1)(0) 3 (BE), = Xd) + 1N0) + (YO) + (008 (2) = 608 t+ 2 008 +2069)1094 Chapter 12 Multivariable Punetions and Partial Derivatives 3. U=((P,V,T) and PV = aR Oty? +? and y sina -+2 sin x = & 8 (5 )=[ sos |= BB gp ae ae oe eh (0082) $24 (cin x) $2 cos x= 0 > B= ae AL (Ota >) {28D +H) + NN y= 2 loan yy (eee o( : )- yer = 00 B+ 27)0) +20) 2 (00 $26 Now (in) My cova tian + (cons) GB = 0 and BE oy cos rtsin x (pcos x) =O 9 = PASEON a (1,9), B= Lod (8) = 20)(1) +2 =r |(o.2) 5. we xtytt ya —a8 and t+ y? 42? = 6 nex * ~ oe oe 8 w( * )- yer |+wa (9) of geegeee soem raxx,y) * = (2x92) (0) + (Bey 42) (0) 4 (ya?) BE = Daly 24 (y 302) BE. Now (2x) BE 4 2y + (22) HE =O andSection 12.6 Partial Derivatives with Constrained Variables 1095 Hav wei Rao Ba-} Ab (9,948) = 4.2.11), #e=-d- =$Q FW +-Y]+ 1-3-4710) = = (2x99) BE (2s +2) (0) +(y 3?) = (2y) FE + 2029 2, Now (28) 4 Dy + (22) HE = 0 and S=0= 00 Btw 09 Bah a (aya) = (ests, B= b> (BE) sle2.5. 19 = @20)'(-$)+ MEPA)4(-)=5 2402 and BE = 04 0= 20 842 Oo Be (¥) +? and BE = 0 = 0 = 2u Sug av St > Se (peer ae “(Be o()-Catt}-@, ay yoe BY <9, I ang OF s Ba Be 0) Pa yta a a4 ry Wr and U0 rea Ho (oD B > Ba ae Men EB =a tae Wa, ycand x ae independent, then (Be) = 9 Ge WB Bea Se = xX) + (29910) + (0) + (BE) = 2x + BE, Tus x +22 +t = 25 104M = Oop Beam (GE), -=2-1. On te otter band, yan ae independ hen (38 a Be 90) Ge BB Be Ba) an) 4A BLN RBA BE Tha x BEES s1s2ftsonos fab (Qe) =eeta(-f=m-2 ). If x is a differentiable function of y and z, then Mays) =O POE OY Heo My A oo ay a Oe weys ~(8) = $Y statin ant) = =i te Aitfzentiable function of x and y, ($6) = 3g Then (@)@.@, “(BN ABHB)=3096 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 10, 2= 24 f(a) and a= xy = Se = 140 Sue aie f Gg Te an yo independent, he ya) = $6 Ba BBE BEB 0 aa 0 9 BE BE Be oe Ag/oy > (8) -- BB wins 12 etx andy be independent. Thea 44) = 0, ryt) =U and =o BE Bx , Ot ay, oF Oe ire af aw _ + PGE fa GE Oe Oe 0s > Bx Bx * By Bx * Be Ox” Ow Gx ow ox Os ox 4 98 2 90% 4 28 Oe 4 28-20 = 6 im SERGE get Fe Ret 5h Oe = FEE Be 3s Ge = 8 is Likewise, f(xsy,2)%) = 0, e942.) = Ow itary) 28 4 28 32 4 28 Bw 9; = B+ oe BE Geo and (similarly) 35 + 3p et Sw oy = 8 ily a _ot Be Oy 6 On, ot aw Se 98) _ardu 88 pf gt a _ oF os E+ he HWW | Rete BARE inc og ae ao | He Ma ode of de’ os & OR ) Rew Wau oe Og & oe 12.7 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES, GRADIENT VECTORS, AND TANGENT PLANES 1 i455 (21) y~x ia the level curve 1 fits vieSection 12.7 Directional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 1097 9 Hem 5 81) a1, Ho : BT Tagt aD TN Ge * = Fay a1> Viaivis fl) =n2> m2 A. = in(x? + y") = 2 =x? +y? is the levet curve 4 yea gaat et sp as yn x? is the level curve 4 an = Bva= vage= = BVA == Ve= Voie VES} 2 1x 935" y or 1= x? =y? is the level curve fie -tetin x > Bany= o. Harti Zany = thus Vf= di+ 2j—4k awe Fauy= Ys Fa -on os Bans si+}e eet ab y+ es +42 H-1.2-2) = -Bi thus v= i+ Bi Be3098 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives = BEB <4 $i: t0u9) = 24 = 66.5) = 105 Gon) = D6 5,5) = 00 “A Ve 3 2 Vix Wi mj = (0,p, = vira= 10(§)-20(8)= Sin4i 344 pays 1,1) = 4; = —3,1)= = = Fifi; toy) = du S10) = i fyfeay) = By (391) = [itp e® 423) (Dp, = View=-B-B= 4 Fase Be hs elod = 1 Bat ey = eet = 8 Co) =-4, ws, =-1= Ve= Tyee 7 =k Ve ws SF 8 s+ (-2y v8 a avi oye). OY a vayades on fish 2 a= Phung 2 aity ‘0 WR Wis 31+ 6-7) [38 +08 + (2) £0, -1,2) 3; Gye) Sy x GL -1,2) = 0 Vis ie3} = Dypy= Views __iti+k ee re = hh poem it valet tet Via 244 —Bk= (Dp, = VE-w 38. $)— Fe: Gouna) ye GQ) = Gaya) sete feG¥s2) = 2x => f(y hy 1) Hoare) = — A 2245-24 a are 18. = it HB: lone) <9 om 90 (0,00) = lose) = Bee in ye 2 3 84(0,0.0) = 0: g(sys2) = —dye* sin yt = 60,00) =O. Vex Si (ype, = Var 16. on Ae = pais hylaya) = oy sin ey +f 4,(1,0,4) = 85 dny(xy.t) = x sin ay tae hy (10,4) =} hycxy.e) syot+h > b,(1,04)= 2 Vhai+dj +2 > Dghlp,= Vh-vahegeg a2Section 12.7 Directional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 1099 we. siti 3 8= TF your odie ve and decreases most rapidly in the direction Sixt y)i+ et ie WL ) ‘most rapidly in the direction (Dp, = Vi-u=1 Vil= V2 and (D_,Op,=-Vv2 v y+e' con y}i ne V1,0) #2) > 0 (ony + ye in y)i + 4x0 rapidly in the direction w= j and decreases most rapidly in the direction -u= ~j; (Dyp, = Vi-w=[ VTi = and (D_wpy tous? insi-! iva" Jescpecr Lj 55 Lew and decease aya aya ayae ins Vie Hi-( (aeepooe vee : increases most rapidly in the direction of u Raa “ snost apily inthe dzeetion -u= ——bpi t Boj + Tek; (Dgp, = Views | VEl= avi and 5 rapidly ‘i sige shai sgh Oar, i=3Vi (Dave, -8VF Veet neti tak> Va(hlo af) mts tk w= BS = AEBS = Ba Bia ds sncrets mot apy in the destin w= $54 35+ cand deter aid in he dri 2-25-Les Oop, = Vew=| Vel=3 and Dae, ke ds Disb pie (Bes iii arte +m we Sh a tet ies = 2/3 and nce mos ply a he etn w= J Seb t Jeb (DDpy = ws © afg=-2V5 ve (e254) (Beg) ree oO) ashe aa BB = SE (easier > tsi oer ROE 14354 $k: b inceeases most rapidly in the direction w= 2148) +8 and decreases most rapidly in the =F direction — 3) Shes (Dyh)p, = Vh-w=1 Vht= 7 and (D_yh)p, = — sv ja fgit dB: vie (ear + ya} Gane ware ra) +a) 8.4022) = yy + pda + Ta B46 a; 9 = 9 i$} 2k View and df = (Wi-u) de (0.1) ~ 0.000760 reaap BF Ts fas)1100 Chapter 12 Multivariable Punctions and Partial Deri 2149) 2k 24, VE=(e* cos yz)i—(ze* sin y2)j —(yeF sin ya) > V1(0,0,0) a DP + -2y 1 1 1 a gk Views Feand af (Vw) ds (0.1) = 0.0577 jake 5 C uy val ) 5 2. Vg all teos 2)i+ {1 sin 2)j + (x sin e—y cos ak > Vg(2,-1,0) = 245 +l, A= POP, = 24 254% AL wae Lot sank aw aapis eis tpk Veen 0 and dg = (V 5-0) a (A Jeapaatent vaya NE ee (Few) (0)(0.2) 28, Vh=[-ay sinrxy) +22)i— [x sin (a) ]§ +280k = Vh{-1, (rain r+ 1+ (a sin wij 42k =i cbs i4jak where P, = =A itdth 1. bjy Sith: A= PoP sit+k where Fy = 0.00) u=(hi= art = i+ tet to 3 Phew Be = VE and dh = (Tho0) do = VON) = 01792 27, VE=2i+2yj 4 2ek > VML,1,1) = 25425 +-2k > Tangent plane: 2x-~ 1) +2y~1)-+ 22-1) = > xtyta= 3 Normal lines x= 142 y= 142251426 28, VE = xt Sy +4 = 18; Normal line: x= 10j-+ 8k = Tongent plane: 6(x~3) + 10(y—5) +8(2-+4) =0 461, y=54 Mi, 2= 4+ 8 wv > tetree= ~2xi+ Be > V42,0,2) }; Normal Tine: 41+ 2k = Tangent plane: —4(x—2) +2(4—2) = 0 —tx +22 4=0 nat y 022242 30. Vi (x4 2y)i 4d (Be ~2y)h 4 Bak > VELL 1,3) = 2y +3257; Normal line: x=1,y = -1-44t,2= 46k > Tangent plane: A(y +1) +6(2—3 +61 31 mr sin xx — Day + 26% Ji +(x? + 2)j + (x08 + y)k > VA(0,1,2) = 21+ 25 +k => Tangent plane: 2x ~0)-+ Ay ~ 1) +1 2) 0 2x4 2y +e~4=0; Normal line: x= 2, y= 14242 = D4e 32. Vix Qx—yi— (e+ 29k VACLL—1) =k > Tangent plane: I(x—1)— Sy —1)—1@-+1) =0 1-3a=-1-t > x-3y—2 =a; Normal line: x=I+t,¥ 33, VE=i4j4+k for all points => V4(0,1,0) =i4j+k = Tangent plane: (x —0)-+1(y ~1) + 12-0) =0 = xtyb2+1=0; Normal line x=t,y=14t, uv S(« —2) = (y+ 8) ~ 1(2— 18) =0 = Sx Ty 2 2x —2y ~ i+ (2y— 2x +3)j—k > V2, 3,18) = 9-7) —k => Tangent plane: "i Normal line: x= 2+9t, y=—3~7l2= 18-1 My) =te(aP 497) = Gy) = gy and fy) = pg = (2.0) = 2 and (1,0) = 0 = from Eq, (10) the tangent plane at (1,0,0) is 2(x— 1) ~2= or 2x—2—2= aye 2) 5 0) <0 and 40.9) a6, ve tag) =) tga) = tee (and d= “tom Ba, (20) the age plane 0.0, a =0orz3 38. 40. al. 12. |. VE = 2nd + 2yj > VE V2, 2) = 2/214 2V2j Section 10.7 Directional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 1101 ns flay) = JPR > Gay) = 30-9)? and foxy) = 3 — x)? = £,(1,2) = =f and 0,2) = = from Ea, (10) the tangent plane a (1,21) -4~ 1) + y= 2)—(e=1) 2029 xy 422-120 z= Hey) = 4x? +9? = £, (uy) = 8x and f,(8,9) = 2y = f,(1s1) = Band f,(1,1) = 2 = from Bg. (10) the tangent plane at (1,1,5) is &(x~ 1} + 271} ~ (2-6) =O or Sx +29 ~2—5 =O = Tangent line: 273(x ~ 73) +2V3(y— V3) = 0 => Vint fly=4 Visti-j> Viv2U=2v2i-5 > Tangent line: 2/2(x = V3)=(y 1) =0 ay =2yix—3 Vis vita ViQ,-2)= 8435 => Tangent line: ~2(x—2) +2(y +2) =0 sysx-4 Ves Qx—yli+ Qy-xhi > Vel—t,2) => Tangent line: ~4(c-+1) +5(y-2) = 0 = + by— 40 + 5]1102 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Deri 43. Visit yj +k VIC 1) +2) 42kand Vg ii k sv=|1 2 2 2k => Tangent line: x 1 0 0 y= 142, a= 1-2 44, Ves ysit aaj payk > WiLL SE tj ky Vga Pei + dyi+tok > Vg(11)= 2445+ 6k; iy Sve vin Ves] 11 1 [as ajaak Tongent nes x= 142% y= 1=44,2= 14 24 6 $5. Vea 435 ¢2k- UE If) = 242) + 2k and Vee fora points v= Utx Ve 1+ 2k => Tangent line: y i 46. +2)+kand V: 1 deat Vix Ve = Va(ll3) $+ %9+6ks v= Vix Vg ve] 13 = 90, 2=3 14904, ¥ $8. Via 2xi+2yj > VT, V2.4) = 22+ 22); Ve= id Vix Vesve| 2V¥2 2% 2b 28 S24 AVI kG v Vi-2V 24, y= VB4 BVI 4 jk 13 = 901-90) => Tangent line: 2 6 dit 2yi—k > Vel v2. v2.4) k 0 |= -2VF5 42/35 > Tangent tne =Section 12.7 Directional Derivatives, Gradient Vectors, and Tangent Planes 1103, xy? i ; n ; 0.91 28 pa tit) <-ds a etn cog 9 Voie Aid ee oe sunk wee = iia dj and = 1 {Lj are the directions where the derivative is zero in Ee Ya piaetiee the deriva SL VE = (2x Sy)i+ (Ix +8y)} = VILL) = A419 =] VLD = VP + (3) = VTE: no, the maximum rate of change is VBS < 14 1.1)= ERP LPT = VE; no, the 82 VT = i+ xa} —yk > VTU,-11) it i4k 3] VT, minimum rate of change is —/6 > —3 si vee nines abana =H : = 2VE = Es 2) 41,2) = 45 Uy = FF (Dy, 91,2) = 61,2900) +400, 21-1) + qh ,902)= (12)(Jq)*41023(Jp) -3% HL? > f(1,2) = 8; then £612) +3=4 = £,41,2) = 1s thus V4(1,2) =-4ti-4is = Ve-us~+_ 6 =~ gi Yqie Oude. = VE eve BA. (a) = =2V%u=A = te thus w= FE 4. (a) (Dgflp = 2V3 =| VEl=2V3 a Taney Yat hn Tk thes = SF = Vial vtlus Wt =2vi(Jpb+ Jah Joh) = 2142) thy Aataj sun y= TES = doit Sad m utp Vu )+2(dq)-10 = avi ivi 55. (0) The unit eangont weeor at (4%) inthe direction of motion is w= i353 VE (in wien ces W= VT) (on (coe VOi> OI(JB)- vT-w =P sin Jaf cos Vi x 0.986 Ct dx, grey (0) 8) = (on 295+ (cn 285 v0) = (2 cos B)~C2sin 2} and yi = 2, AT = BT de 4 OS Sy 2 (DAT) vt, where w= Yj at (8) we have u = 355 4B = (Yo sin Vif eon V)-2 = YA in 8 cos VB x 187 C/o = VT-v=(9T iy 56, (ons t+ sin s)i+ 2(6in tt cos tj and v= (bcos i+ (Lia Yj > w= J cos + (sin 4) = Yoos t +t sin t)(cos t) + sin tt cos t)(sin t) = 21104 Chapter 12 Multivariable Funetions and Partial Derivatives ST. VE = 25i-4 2g) 4 Dek = (2 cos i+ (sin Oj + 2k and v= (sin i+ (c08 i+ ks w=, = GESMSEES (pe ( eke tan = (cont) (=SEt) +2 an 0 S58) 4 20( Jp) = er OF afer (PaO) = 0 and on(g 88. (a) VP = (4e— ye) — na —ayk > VTS 6,4) = 565+ 22) — 48k; rt) = 20% + 38} — he = the particle is at the point P(B,6,—4) when t= 2; v(t) = 4ul+ 3) 24k = v(2) = 814.3) —4ke =p w =H, = Jatt yi Fpre atienns vee ) PAM AS. vtva(vrw vio atin Darl _v@= (FB)va =r 070 156-8 492-3~48-(-4)] = 38° Cm, ago 8 +92-9~ 48-44) = Tc 59. If (&,y) is a point on the line, then T(syy) = (x xg)i+ (¥ ~ Yo} is @ vector parallel to the line => ‘T-N=0 = AG xq) + BY ~ yo) = 0, as claimed. 00. @) 1= Vis Vi} ayes vet and v(1) =$i+d3 435 -pej tela xshy ates 1s Pps (11-1) Jas fxyn) sx? ty?-2-350 > VE= 2+ 2yj ke VACL,L 1) = 214 8k: ‘herfoe v= (V1) = the cv is normal to the aface (b) r= Vit M+ (2t- Dke v= Lars tte n= ly <1 25 1 Py = Chl) and + vl) = bit Bi + 2k: fleay2) S0 o> Viadd+2yj—k > VEIL) = %+2)—k; thereone v= VE= f(2) +4(2) 420-1) <0 the env i tangent to the surface whos t= 2 soit boy Visio + oP 2a Hy) > Ha Be ES Mele) Moy = VET, IE g(O,b(d) =o, then GL. x= gt) and y =A) > r= gli NO = v= KHIFH(O) > T=E = He + Hm = 05 V8-T=0 = Vis normal toT = 0 > Bye) flayy) = slayee) = Mls,9) — 6). gy0uya) = Buy) and g,(4,9,2) = — = Bal Youll ¥0)) =f rY0) Bylo YorC¥or¥0)) = fy 080,90) and (Hor ¥oslXq.¥g)) = —t = the tangent plane at the point Pp is (to) 3a)(x—Xo) + fy lho: ¥o)Y — Yo) ~ [2 ~ fxoy¥g)] = 0 oF 2 aloo a) + fy YoY — Yo) + hor¥0) 63, The directional derivative is the scalar component. With Vf evaluated at Pg, the scalar component of Vf in the direction of wis Vf-u= (Dylp,, GA. DE = Vii (A+ 45+ 04) i= fy similarly, Df = UFJ =f, and Df = VESection 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1105 os (ay ean = MG A, yf (ey vera) = AGE A ME = fis Fei Bs Gln Be = (Sh (©) Vlg) = VE~ V4 (Subettate for i pat (b) above) (ve = eH 28 (Bg fhe (Be Bis (SoS) «(BeBe Biodeo(aee =i(Si- fsa) oo ie ifr) roe 291 128 EXTREME VALUES AND SADDLE POINTS 1. Guy) = 2x ty 43-0 and G(x.y) =x +2y —9= 0 x= ~9 and y = 3 critical point is (~3,3); Fax(—3:3) = 2 fy(—8,8) = 2 fy(—33) = 1 £45, 6, = 3 > 0 and f, > 0 = local minimum of (3,3) =-5 2. G(ey) = 2x4 By —6 = 0 and f(x,y) = 9x 4 6y +9 = 0 x= 15 and y = ~8 = critical point is (15,~8); fgy(15,-8) = 2, fyy (15,8) = 6, fy (15,8) =3 > ff, = 9 >0 and £,, > 0 = local minimum of £05,-8 2 a9) By =10e +40 and fyy3) = x= 4y +4= 0-9 x= Band y =f > crite point ie($.f) 2-2 fey ~ fy =36 > 0 ond f,, <0 = local maximum of B=» 4. Slay) =2y 108 +4 = 0 and (9) 15g (88)=2 hay en ty=05 3 > cate point is (48) 36 > 0 and f,, <0 = local maximum of1106 Chapter 19 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives B Kiny) = ety +3 +2=0=% = critical point is (-2.1}: fg(-21) = 2, fyg (2.1) =, Gy (21) = 1 fly 2, = 1 < 0-5 sade point 6 and fix) Band y 6. (uy) =y-2 = Fyy(-2.2) = fyyf—202) and f(y) = 2y $x—2= 0 = x= -2 and y = 2 = critieal point is (~2,2)5 2 f,(-22) = 1 tal 8, +1 <0 = saddle point f,(ey) = Sy = Hx +5 20 and (uy) = 5x6 =O = x=$ and y = $9 > critical point is teal B88) = 14. ($8) =0. by ( S48) =8 © felyy By = -28-< 0 ane pot 8. buy) = By 2x43 =O and (9) = 2x—4y = 0 = x=3 and y = $ = critical point ia (3,3) feal8)= ~2, (88) = 4 (3.8) 22 2 Qf, -B, =4> 0 and f,, <0. local maximum of 9. f(y) = 2x dy =O and f,(s,9) => x=2and y= 1 = critical point is 2.1); Feel2 1) = % fyyl21) = 2 HD) = 12. <0 = saddle point 1. f,05,y) = 4x + 8y—5 = 0 and f(x,y) = 3x4 8y +2=0 > x=2 and y =—1 = ctilical point is (2,-1); fpg(2—1) = 4s fy 1) = 8, Syg(2.nt) 3 2 falyy fy = 28 0 and fey > 0 = local minimum of 2,1) =-6 6x+ 10y 426 =0 > x= 1 and y = -2 => critical point is (1,2); 6 > faalyy —f = 44> O and fy, > 0 = local minimum of 12. f,Qxy) = Bx ~ by —20=0 and f(x,y) fpg(ls=2) = 8, gC —2) = 10, fyg (2) f,-2) = 36 By $4=0 x= 1 and y = 2 = critical point is (1,2); fyg(ly2) 18. f(x,y) = 2x-2 = 0 and fx, fyy(1.2) = 2 fyy(ts2) = 0 => fyghy ~ B, = 4 <0 = saddle point M4. £649) = 2x ~2y —2= 0 and (ayy) = 2-4 4y 420. x= Land y => critica point is (150): Fag 0) = 2 fy (1.0) = 4, fay 10) 11,0) =0 15. f(y) = 2x 4 2y =O and f(x,y) = 2x = 0 => x =0 and y = 0 = critical point is (0,0); £,,(0,0) = 2, f (0s 0) =O; £55 (0,0) = 2 = fgylyy =f, = -4 <0 => aaddle point 2.2 fayy y= 4 > 0 ad fgg > 0-2 local minimum ofSection 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1107 = 2x dy =0 = x =O and y=1 = critical point ie (0,1); 16. f(x) =2— 4x —2y = 0 and f(x,y) = Seal) = 4, fy4(0)1) = =2, Gy (0,1) = ~2 = yfyf, 4 > O and f, <0. local maximum of (0.1) =4 or x= Zand y = = erin points 17. (xy) = 8x - 2y = 0 and f(x,y) = “Sy? 2 = 0 =F x = O and aze (0,0) and $F) for (0.0): (000) = Bx) =O, fy (Os 10) = Br], 4 =O S(O.) hay “th =< 8 mae pin tn (Bi) fa -$8) = tte $8) = ht 3.8) # > faxlyy “Gy = 12 > O and fgg <0 = local maximum of (3.3 38. Guy) = 3x74 Sy =O and f(xy) = 3x4 3y? = 0 = x= 0 and y =O, or x= —1 and y = —1 = critical points 86 (0.0) and (151) FOF (56) fy(0.0) = 8g) =f (0,0) = BY gy =O S000) = 9 Kaeyy~ hy 8s fyg(“L 1) = —6, fy(1, 1) = 3 > faalyy — By = 27> O and fyy <0 = local maximum of (1-1) =1 9.< 0 = saddle point; for (=1,—1): fy(-1,—1 Land y= ~1 = critical = taby — 2, Soy) = 12x ~ 6x? + by points are (0,0) and (1,1 1s. and f(y) = 6y + 6x = 0.5 x20 and y =0, oF for (0,0): fey(.0) = 12 ~ 32% 5) = 12 fy (0.0) ~ 6, fy (050) = =96>0 and f,, > 0.5 local minimum of f(0,0) = 6; for (1,~1): fya(1y—1) = 0, y(1,—1 fy(h-1) = 6 = ff, —B, = -36.< 0 = saddle point f, fol — By 20. f, Guy) = 6x 4 by = 0 > x = yi L (my) = by —6y? + Ox = 0 = 12y — Oy? = 0 = By(2—y) =0 > y =O or y=2= (0,0) and (2,2) aro the ertical points f,(%4y) = ~6, f,, (89) = 6 12y, fey) = 6 for (0,0): f (0,0) = 6, fy(0,0) = 6 = fly, = -72 <= andale points for (2.2) fyg(22) 18. (2,2) =6.= fly “1B, = 72 > 0 and f,, <0 = local maximum of f(2,2) = 8 DL. Ey(s,y) = 27x? — Ay = O and f,(x,9) =y?—4x = 0 > x=0 and y = 0, or x = 4 and y=4 = critical points are | ‘iy a 3 0.0) & (0,0) = A = fay — By (6.0) ane ($4) fo (0.0) 0.0) = 54 loos B)=bty G)=-12 ty Rye =-16-<0-> andae points or ($4): 5 and f,, > 0 => local rmininvum of f(§ 22 fray) = DAP 6y = 0 y = =H, Gay) = 94 H6x=0 5 abe +O =O Lot Hox =0 37> (0,0) and (—$,-1) are the critical points; §.(2,¥) = 48%, = (8041) =05 x= 00rx= fyC09) = 69, and f(y) = 6: for (0,0): f,4(0.0) = 0, 64(0.0) =0, (0.0) = 6 > ff, 2, = -36-<0 sade point for (—-t): el f-t)= 24 (ft) = 6, (—f-t)=6 = faafyy fly = 108 > O and fy, <0 = local maximum of f(—41108 Chapter 12 Muitivariable Funetions and Partial Derivatives 2B. ey) = 8 46x = 0 or x = ~2; fy(a,y) = Sy? 6y = 0 > y= 0 or y= 2 => the critical points are (0,0), (6,2), (-2,8), and (-2,2) fo (0,8) fy(0.0) = 6+ gg) = 6: f(0.0)= 68], fyy(0s0) 0 = Leglyy Gy = -96 <0 = saddle points for (0,2): f5(0,2) = 6, fyy(0,2) = 6, f,4(0,2) 20 = Sanlyy ~ fey = 36 > 0 and £,, > 0 > local minimum of 10,2) = —125 for (2,0): fyy(~2.0) Syyl 2.0) = 6, fy(-2.0) = 0. faalyy 12, = 86 > O and f,, <0 = local maximum of f(—2,0) = for (2,2): fygl 2,2) = 6, fyl-2.2} =6, Gy(-2,2) =O = fly = = 26 <0 = saddle point 24 E629) fyCey) = 67? + 6y 12 =0 = Oly +2)(y— 1) =0 sy = the ertieal points ace (0,2), (0,1) (3,2), and (8,1); f(y) = 12x ~ 18, FyyOGy) = 12y +6, and f(y) = 05 for (0,=2): by (0,—2) = —I8, 40,2) = =18, f,,(0,~ lyy By = 924 > O and fy <0 local maximum of (0,2) = 205 for 0,1} fy(0,1) = —18, Syy(0,1) = 18, fy(0,1) = 0 > beady Ry = ~324 <0 = saddle points for (3,—2): f,4(~2) = 18, §y(8,-2) = =18, by (8,~2) = 0 = foelyy = 324 < 0-5 saddle point; for (3,1): fyy(8,1) = 18, fyy(251) = 18, fy (8,1) = 0 fyalyy By = 824 > O and f, > 0 = local minimum of f(3,1) = -34 2 6x(x—3) = 03 x=Oorx > fy! 25, fey) = Ay — 48 = 0 and fy) = x= 4y 20. xy = (1-92) 20-2 x0, 1, “1 the critical Point are (8), (1st) and (As: (08 (00) 124g) 0: 050) = =I], =O, (000) = 4 => Galyy 8, = ~16 <0 = saddle points for (1,1): fyy(Io1) = “12, fy(¥s1) = 12, fC) =4 = Fay = hy = 128 > O and f,, <0 = local maximum of (1) = 25 for (1-1): fy.) = 12, f(D) =, = 128 > 0 and fy, <0 = local maxizaum of f(—1,—1) = 26. f,uy) = 4x3 +4y = 0 and f(x,y) = 4y? + 4x = 0p y= -y > Pex 05 x(1-)=05x=0,1,-1 => the etitical points are (0,0), (1,—1), and (1,1); fya(63) = 12%, fyp(9) = 129%, and Gy(zy) = 4; for (0,0): fy4(0,0) =, fyy(0,0) = 0, f5(0,0) = A => fygfyy —F2, = 16 < 0 = saddle point; for (1,—1): fee(1y a1) = 12, Gy(1-1) = 12, fyg(L = > fel ~f, = 128 > O and fy > 0 = local minimum of (1,1) = 2 for (1,1): fat —1, 1) = 12, fy(—1ed) = 12, fy(—Iy1) <4 = fyahy B, = 128 > 0 and fyq > 0 = local minimus of f(=1,1) = 2 =D oy = cal poi 27. 6 (ey) = — 2 5 = 0 and 6,9) = = 0 x=0 and y +05 the critical point i (0,0); Gay ay Gay ay axtaayh ho, a2 bayt42 Gry = y= + fay = 5 f4(0.0) = 2, 6,(0,0) = ~2, (0,0) = fe Oa eaiP OT Gap ay bayer fyy{0s0) = -2, (0,0) = 0 3 fugly Hy = 4> Vand fy <0 = local maximum of 0,0) 1 28. Gouyp=— Sy =O and finy) =x 4 205 x5 t andy =1 = the er ¥ y faa Buy by I point is (1,1); Fea(1s 1) 52 fyy Ged) = 2 yd) = = beahyy ff, = 3 > O and f,, > 2 = cal0. aL 32 33, Section 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1109 minimum of §(3,1)=3 f,(4:7) =y eos x= 0 and f(xy) = sin x =0 = x= nm, nan integer, and y= 0 — the critical points are (a7,0), n an integer (Note: cos x and sin x cannot both be 0 for the same x, so sin x must be O and y =O); fee =Y 8-H fy =O. fyy = 05x fe (0450) = 0, f,,(n3,0) = 0, fy,(09.0) = 1 if mis even and L(nz.0) = min odd > Eyfyy —F, = 1 < 0-2 saddle point; fam, 0) = 0 for every m f(x,y) = 2e% cos y = 0 and £(x,¥) sin y = 0 = no solution since e™ #0 for any x and the functions cos y and sin y cannot equal 0 for the same y => no critical points => no extrema and no saddie points i) On AB, Mx,9) = 3,2) = 2x? 4x3 on OSE <1; (5,2) (iil) On OB, f(x,y) = f(x, 2x) = 6x7 - 12x41 on O x = 0 and y= 0: 1(0,0) = 0 and (1,0) = 1 (i) On AB, f(x,y) = ffx 28-42) = Bx? 8x 44 on OSS 1; HG -2142)= 10x80 x= f and y =2; 1($.2) = Gand 1(0,2) =4 Fon 0 ‘and x= 0, but (0,0) is not an interior point of AO For intetor points of the rectangular region, Ty(x,y) = 2x +y—6 =0 and Ty(x,y) = x+2y = 0 and y = 2, an interior critical point with T(4,~3) = 10. ‘Therefore the abtolute maxinsum is 11 at (0,3) and the absolute minimum is —10 at (4,—2). On OA, f(x,y) = -24y? on <9 <1) f(0,y) = ~48y = 0 = y =0 and x =0, but (0,0) is ‘ot an interior point of OA; (0,0) = 0 and £(0,1) = On AB, (4,9) = f(x 1) = 48x- 328 —24 on Ox <1; G1} = 48 - 96x? = 0 => Ygmra hors and y= 1, but (¢- ¥) is not im the interior of AB; 1Section 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 11L1 tf 1.1) = 16/2 - 4 ond (1,1) = (Jet) = tse ato ii) On BC, f(x,y) = f(1,y) = 48y —32—24y? on O x =O and y =0, but (0,0) is not an interior point of OC; f(0,0) = 0 and f(1,0) = ~32 (&) For interior points of the rectangular region, f,(x,¥) = 48y — 96x? = 0 and f,(x,y) = 48x — 48y = 0 ‘Therefore the absolute maximum s 2 at (jsf) andthe able enim i 82a (1,0). 37. (i) On AB, fle.) f(y) = 3 sin (6-8) =F, ena (1.3) 8 (ti) On CD, ffx.) = 13,y) 1,y) = 3 cos yon Fey S95 $05 y =O and x= 1; {(1,0)=3, cos yon -E sy ck 3 cos y sysh {(3.y)= 8 sin > y =O and x = 3; (13,0) 2). 3v2 n\_3v2 (3.3) = 9? ana (0.5) = 297 Yi (6) On, tony) = (x) = Ysa Aon ree () (2-3) =2va.t(1 (©) For interior points ofthe region, {buy = (= 2x) eos y =0 and f(y) = —(4n—x)sin y = 0-9 x = and y-=0, which i an interior critical point with (2,0) = 4. "Thetefoc the abyolute maximum ie at (2,0) andthe motte minimum is 294 a (3,~3), (8.9), (40), and (15) 38, Ci} On OA, fix,y) = f(0,y) = 2y+]om0Sy shy £(0,y) = 2 => no interior eritical points; (0,0) = 1 and f(0,1) =3 Gi) Om OB, x,y) = 1x0 (5,0) 54 > no inter On AB, (4,9) = (x41) = 87 Gx +8 on 0S SI; Ey-x41) = 1x6 = 0p x= Gand y = 9; 1(8§)= 48. 00.1) =, and 10,0) =5 (Gv) Fer intesor points ofthe triangular region, f(y) =4—8y =O and (ay) = B49 = 0 > 4} whieh is an interior esti x + Lon , there is only one critical point (4,6) and J (es Therefore, a = —4 and b 13 F(-4,6) tx —x?) dx gives the area under the curve y =(24—2x—x?)” that is above the x-axis, p-istaee_fanty Xt 2 for “1x <1 Txy) -4-¥)= $:T-1,0) =, and 70,0) = £0 = the hottest is 23° at (3.48) ana Fa (}0). 42. Ruy) sy +2-R=0 and fxy) = sfrtoan}aty aa ta(hs) Bhp = 1s (§2)=1 = ayy f= 15 0 and fy > 0 a lca minim of (2) 43. (a) fylmiy) = 2x —4y $0 and finy) = 2y - 4x = 03 x= 0 and y= fyy(0,0) = 4 > Eady ~18, = 12 < 0-— sade point at (0,0) 0) fysyy) = 2x2 =O and f(xy) = 2y 4 = Oe = Land y = 2 fyy(1,2) =2, fy(2) = Gy(li2) = 0 fyafyy “By = 4 > and f,, > 0 = local minimum at (1,2) f(0,0) = 2, fy (0,0) = 2,4 45 46. a 48. 49. 50. Section 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1113 (6) ffxy) =9F 9 =D and (a9) = 2944 = 0 x= Land y= 2 fa(l,—2) = Ixy) = 18 Syl = fyglb-2) 0 heal, 8, Fgh 1)-2) = 18, fyg(—y 2) = 2, fags 2 86> 0 and f,, >0 = local minimum at (1,2): 09 faglyy Ry = B68 < 0 = saddle point at (—1,—2) (2) Minimum af (0,0) since f(x,y} > 0 forall other (x,y) (>) Maximum of 1 at (0,0) since f(x,y) < 1 for all other (x3) {e) Neither since f(x,y) <0 for x <0 and ffx,y) > 0 for x > 0 (8) Neither since f(x,y) <0 for x 0 for x > 0 {e) Neither since (4,3) <0 for x <0 and y > 0, but f(x,y) > 0 for x> 0 and y >0 (9) Minimum at (0,0) since f(x,y) > 0 forall other (x,y) Wk =0, then f(x,y) =x? 4 y? = f(x,y) = 2e = 0 and f(x,y) = 2y 0 = x= 0 and y= 0 = (0,0) is the only critical point. Wk #0, fey) = Ix ky = Oo4 y= Bx: f(x,y) = lc + 2y = 0 = kx +2(—2x)=0 ob B=0(k-f)e-05 = £25 y=(-)0)= ory =x in ay case (0,0) a xk pit. (Gee Exercise 45 above): {yy} = 2, fyybay) = 2 and fyy(ouy) =k = fyglyy Ey = 4-82; f will have a saddle point at (0,0) if 4—K? <0 = k>2 or k < =2; f will have a local minimum at (0,0) if 4—? > 0 > -2. k= +2, (2) No: for example f{3,y) = x¥ has # saddle point at (a,b) = (0,0) where f, = f= {) 1 fyy(a.b) and fyy(0,b)difer i sign, then f(a) fsb) <0 80 fgg — fy <0. Phe surface rine < therefore have a’saddle point at (a,b) by the second derivative test, * Suppose that f has a local minimum valve at an intetior point (a,b) of its domain. ‘Then 4) =a is an interior point of the domain of the eutve x = f{x.b) in which the plane y = b cuts the surface Alx,y). (Gi) ‘The funetion 2 = f(x,b) is a differentiable function of x at x=a (the derivative is f,(a,b)) (Gli). ‘The funetion 2 = f{x,b) has a local minimum value at x = a. iv) The value of the detivative of z = f(x,b) at x =a is therefore zero (Theorem 2, Section 3.1}. Since derivative is (a,b), we conclude that f,(a,b) = 0. lar argument with the function 2 = f{a,y) shows that f,(2,b) Ag We want the point on x= 10? —y? whete the tangent plane parle to the plane x 25-426 = 0, Ta find a normal vector to x= 10—x?—y? let w= 2-2? 4 y?—10, Then Vw = 2xi+25j +k is normal to x2 —y? at (x,y). ‘The vector Vw is patallel to i+2j+9k which is normal to the plane x +2y +32 1 satis (4410-3) or (44 88 Pas the point is (44.10 dp =f) or (9.4 85). ‘We want the point on 2 = x?+-y? 410 where the tangent plane is parallel to the plane x+2y—z=0. Let wesz—x?—y?—10, then Vo = —2xi—2yj +k is normal to 2 = x?+y?+10 at (xy). The vector Vw in paral! to +2 ~K whichis normal othe plane x= and y= 1, Thon the point (144-+1-410) or (1,48) ate point onthe urace = 32-4 y?-+10 near the pla x +2y = Oif Oxi 4 Oy) + 3k =1+2)+3korx =F ond1514 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 51. No, because the domain x > and y > 0 is unbounded since x and y can be as large as we please. Absolute exttema are guaranteed for continuous fusetions defined over losed and hounded domains in the plane. Since the doriain is unbounded the continuous function fix.y) = x+y need not have an absolute maximum (although, im this ease, it does have an absolute minitaum value of {(0,0} = 0). 52. (a) (i) On x=, f(x,y) = M(0.y) = (0) =3, Gi) Ony 21, fle y) = Mel) =P Het for Ox ch Mal =2eF1= 05 mys forO y =~ 5 and x = 1, bat (s.-f) onside he domain; £0) = 1 and f,1)=2 Gi) On y = 0, ey) fl, 0) 7 — x4 1 for 05x < 15 M4,0) = 2x— 102 40,0) = 1, and (1,0) 1 = bond y= (On the interior of the square, (sx) = 2x4 2y = 1 = Vand f(x) ox + 2y = (ty) sh. Then Muy) =x? 92+ Oxy ny +1 (x+y) (x ty) +1 = Bis the absolute minimum value when 2x + 2y = 1. (b} The absolute maximum is {(1,1) = 8 and the absolute minimum is $ along the line x+y 0 0, the endpoints give f(0,2) = 2 and (2,0 ‘Therefore the absolute minimum is (2,0) = 2 and f{0,2) = 2 when t= 0, J respectively; the absolute maximum is f{ V2, 2) = 27/8 when t =F. ae _ 85 ay , Om ay dey oY () ae dx dt PBy ae a 3) On the semicitele x+y? =4, 9 > 0, we abtain x = Then @( V2, V2) = ‘Therefore the absolute minimum is g(—V/3, /2). (JBI) =2 when t= 5 (ii) On the quastercccle 2-4 y? = 4, x20 and y > 0, the endpoints give (0,2) = 0 and ¢(2,0) =0. 4 sin" t+ 4 cos? t = 0 = cos ty. Vi ott=Fand x= V3, y= VI and ¢(-V2, V2) = ~2, At the endpoints, (2,0) ~ g(2.0) = 0. sin t > x 1 2 when t = 32; the absolute maximum is ‘Therefore the absolute minimum is (20) maxinum is g( V2, ¥2) = 2 when t =F O and g(0,2) = 0 when t= Frespectvelys the absoluteSection 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points 1215, Co) BeBe DME see ry = (6 con OER sn) in YO con = 8 coe sn = 150, §, « yielding the points (2,0), (0,2), and (2,0), respectively. (i) On the semicitete x? +y? =4, y 3 0 we have h(2,0) = 8, h(0,2) =4, and h(~2,0) = 8. Therefore, the absolute minimum fs h(0,2) = 4 when t=; the absolute maximum ie h(2,0) = 8 and (2,0) = when t= 0, respectively. (3) On the quarterciele 32497 = 4, x 20 and y > 0 the absolute minimum is (0,2) = 4 when t = the absolute maximum is b(2,0) = 8 when t af. Ode, OCA ods go A, (a) f= Fide a GE = ode 4 ot On the strives, 427 <1, » 20, fag) = 2x +3y=6 eos +6 sin t= 6(¥2) 4 6(¥2) 68 tr ae) +o The absoltesnimam i 3,0) = —6 when 6 sin L46 cos t= 0 = sin t= cop tpt = Flor OSt sa, att= J. At the endpoints, (8,0) = —9 and 1(9,0) = «=the abeoute maximum i ((8Y2, 8) = e/F wea t= 5 ‘ |. ‘The absolute rinimurn is (8,0) = 6 (i) On the quarter ellipse, at the endpoints f(0,2) = and £(3,0) and §(0,2) = 6 when t = 0, Eseapetively; the abwofute saxium is (3% v2) = 6Y% when t= ¢ 6 cos 2 =0 stat, Etro = 0,5, 3 for 0 StS x, yielding the points (3,0), (0,2), and (8,0) (On the semiellipe, y > 0 50 tha: A(3,0) = 9, (0,2) = 12, and ht-8,0) = 9. The absolute (3,0) = 9 and I(—3,0) =9 when t = 0, = respectively; the absolute maximum is h(0,2) = 12 when ‘=5. (Gi) On the quarter ellipse, the absolute minimam is b(3,0) #9 when t= 10,2) = 12 when t= the absolute maxiranm is1116 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives ax 8 Yar? ar stele a4) +) =4+2502t=-b> tnd y= Sith {(-1g)= J. Te acta minimum et( 1) d —}ohen fisher ino abenute (ii) For the endpoints: t Lopx= —2and y {(0.1) =0. The abate mininum ie f(-28 ad {(-2,0)=0 when += 1, 0 expecta. (i) Thee ae noite pont. forthe endpints: = Ox 0 and y= 1 with (41) =O 122 and y=2 with 2,2) = 4. The abet minima (0,1) =0 when (= the able maximum is £(2,2) with (2,0) 1 —} when = 0=x=0and y=1 with 5 the absolute maximum is f(0,1) = 0 4 when ah Od, OOF aad 58. (0) SL Gx at ty at eg and y =2—26 = = (201) +200 291-2 siectatet efor demra ae 1(82)= H+ $4. The absolute minimum i ($2) = f when t= 4; thee is no absoate ‘maximum along the line. (8) For the endpaints =O 9 x= D and y = 2 with 02) 45 v= Lo x= ‘he absolute minimum ie 35. £(0,2) =4 at the endpoint when t= 0. oS BBE tly ot? = 84.4 => $B = — (50 at +4) 2c) + (292 22)(-2)] with «(82 a2)o8 = £; there is no absolute minimum along the line since x and y can. snaximum is ¢(4.2) = when t= fs thee tno abecate minimum along the ay can be @ and y =0 wit 1,0) =1 =f atthe intros evel point when t= $; the absolute masimom ie band y= 2-2-9 x 94 =(5? 44) 71m +8) sot 3. Phe absolute as large as we please. For the endpoints: += 0-9 x= and y =2 ith (0,2) =f;t= 15 <1 andy <0 with 1.0 “The absolute minimam is (0,2) = the absolute masimom ic @(4.2)—9 when t=. m= 2-13-14) __ 29 x z a7 m= aag) 7 ase kf a] | ot] an rfp 2h) F 20) ))=2 v=4a--Da]=-% 2[ of af] e apap) 9) =e aye Met hiyl =] 2 =f wf -a xt58. m = 205) = 308) _ 8 ang waa) 59. m veafs-d0]=4 _(162)(42.32} ~ 6(1192.8) 8. m= asada Pan b= parse (0.129,160)|~ 3.58 122x 43.58 Section 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points KT fo |e | on aff 0/4 oo 2] of 2[ ol] 0 3] 2] 3/4] 6 Bio] §| s| 6 kK iat nl «| on yfPelalo;o afilt2)i] 2 3/2) 3{4| 6 e/a] s| sls kialu| ¢] an rpelo. @ 2f2f2 a 3] 3] 2 6 a) sf sa] 0 a_i ow | | sm 12 | a7 | ia | esd ig | 508 | 22 { 10224 ma | 625 | 576 | 150 30 [721 | 900 | 2163 36 | &20 | 1296 | 295.2 42 | 871 | 1764 | 365.82 elel=]=]°1 8] “1 162 | 44.32 | 5004 [ria 171118 Chapter 12 Multivariable Fanctions and Partial Derivatives __ (0.001863)(91) ~ 4(0.065852) me susts aT raat £2. m= (9 ooigea)? — 4(0.000001828) © «f (A) dnl y 1)», D « D pb} he h h and b = }(01 ~51,546(0,00186) = 1.26 Tear for Poor [ows 7 [000s | 22 | ecoonea% [0.011 3 Fass bis 5 [o.oo | 14 | o-ccooan0576 | 0.086 Zt wanoias | 4 | o0000a158 | adeox0! © {wonises_[ or [o-000001328 | onnsese F bo Sane ES bar 20) one ei 2.000125 § o0000s 2005, 01 20 damete) __ (3201)(17,785) — 10(6,710,292) 6: (b) (3201)? — 10(1, 430,389) ss 00427 and b = fyl2,785~(.0427)(201) A 1TH y= LOT + 1764.8(e) K = 364 > y = (0.0027)388) = y= (0.0627) 904) + 1764.8 = 1780 = (228)(140) ~ 1664431) Oh m= Goa) ~ 1601267) 1.04 and yglt40 — (1.04)(123)| = 0.763, 20x + 0.763 65-70. Example CAS commands; Maple: with (plots): Section 12.8 Extreme Values and Saddle Points Te Ta Te a T{ 1} 178 [yer 2] a | am | seme | rane a | im | re | 2802 | _2a060 Tp me | as | aoe | aaa b pan | | vaan | aai,ser =| ae | ve | 1230 | eoar80 7 | ae | ies [_tenees | Tan. @ | sos | i7a6 | 55000 | a06.soe a | ars | treo | _ss0,625 | 10as.6rs 10 | 66 | iat | wwis76 | 1azi.t06 © [sor | ras | 1Aa0ae0 | 5,770.202 Be (ey) > Dead yA Dead Doy2 495 2] 9) i]s 8] i] a) 80 wo] is) te | ee | 08 if [a] tee | ee wl] af 5) 3] 6 Fc we) i3[ 1] io] at | [i] 100 | 180 ie] tn {a5 [ase [2a | avs | 140 | 1287 | tag ‘Tal «ft [am That at ste 7] 2]_2| af 4 apa) 6) wt a ape) 3, ate 3] 3} 4] 12 e| 3/3, 31s 7 =| =] 8 | 3 @ 3 1g1120 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 1.1, axes=BOXED); 3/2, yo~8/2.9/2, axee-NORMAL); plotsd(f(x.y), x=: eontourplt(t(xy), = isttCay9) aistf(y)9) = trical evalf(slve({explexp2), {.9))s aifK( ai T(E xay)-x).x): fox= unapply(!.(%9)}i apply (x) mapply(""(x,3)); cunapply(""(x.y)}5 foxbsy) hy Gay) —(Berexa) subs(ritical{l) fox(ay disc(.y)]}i sua riicalf2}bex(ayy) et) subs(critical[3), [fxx(x,y),dise(x.y)]);, subseritinl x(x.) tex; subortialf x(a) tex); subs(critical) [Bex(x) ise(x)} ‘Clearlzy] SetOptions{ContourFlot, PlotPoints -> 25, Contours -> 20, ContourShading -> Falsels xy] = 2x44 ¥4—Bx2-2y743 feaad} = (-3/2,3/2); Gayb} = {-9/2,3/2), PSD freyh, {xxaxb}, {yray>) | Consort ts tenzard) asayb) ] fix thy — fy? (andental a 12.9 LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS Veayitj and Vg =2xi-+ 4yj so that VE= AV g = yi-txj = Aad 4 fyi} op y = Aah and x = Aya arabe da CASE 1s fx =0, then y orx=0 0. But (0,0) is not on the elipse so x #0. casbaxfo-+ A= 4¥Bg x= Vivo (aveP ata sy= ah ‘here fakes on ts exteme vals as( = VE.) and (4 V2.—J). The extreme values fon the pee v2 are 2 VE yit xj and V g= 235-4 2yj so that VE=AVg = vit xj = AQai+ 29) 3 y = OKA and x = 2yd = 40? + x=00rd= +h xn ta? xa0ord= +hSection 12.9 Lagrange Multipliers 1121 CASE 1: If x =6, then y =0. But (0,0) is not on the circle x” +y?~10 = 0 so x #0. CASE 2x #0= A= tho y=m(a))= dee P Has? -05K= 4¥i eye t ‘Therefore f takes on its extreme values at (4 ¥/3,/5) and ( /5,-\/5). ‘The extreme values of fon the circle are and ~5. 3. Vi=—2ei—2yj and Vg =i+3j 50 that Vf=AVg = ~2x) - 29) = Mi+8i) => x= 2(a “The extreme value is {(1,3) “2.5 x= Land y = 3 f takes on its extreme value at (1,3) on the lise 9-1-9=39. js hat 062 AVG > Bayi txt = its) = Oey =A and x? = 4 Vie dyi txt and Vg = oxy CASE I: fx =0, then x+y CASE 2: If x £0, then 2y =x 80 that x+y = ‘Thorefore f takes on its extreme values at (0,8) and (2,1). ‘The extreme values of f are f(0,3) = 0 and fQ,1)=4. =0or2y =x. dayas Sy tysdayalx=2 5. We optimize f(x,y) = x7 +92, the square of the distance to the origin, subject to the constraint ayy) = xy? 840. Thus Vis 2xi42yj and Vg —y%i4t 2xyj so that VPs AV eg = xi +2¥5 = M yi Qnyj) = 2x = Ay? and dy = Bary, CASE 1: If y = 0, then x= 0. But (0,0) does not satisfy the constraint xy? a Pa A= tps £5. Since xy? sxaSendy = +3¥2. ‘Therefore (3, 4 3/3) are the points on the curve ny? = 54 nearest the origin (since ay? 4 has points increasingly far away as y gets close to 0, no points are farthest away). 6. We optimize f(x,y) = x+ y?, the square of the distance to the origin subject to the constraint a(x.) 0, Thus Vi= 2xi+ 29) and Vg = 2xyi 42% co that V. (but (0,0) £0). Thus x # 0 and 2 = (2y?)y— 220 > y=1 (since y > 0) x= + V¥. Therefore (+ 2,1) are the points on the curve sxly =2 nenest the origin (since xy = 2 has points increasingly far away as x gets close to 0, no points are farthest away). 1. (a) Vixitjand Vg =yit-xjoo that Vi=AVg = i+) =Myi4a) a lady andi ko ystand nahe datos ah. taeda ince 0 and y>0. Then x4 and y==4 = the mininsm value is 8 at the point (4,4). Now, xy = 16, x > 0, y >0 is a branch of a hyperbola in the first quadrant With the x-and y-axes as asymptotes. The equations x+y = give a family of paraliel lines with m1122 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives ‘As these lines move away from the origin, the mumber ¢ inereases. ‘Thus the minimum value of ¢ occurs where x-Fy = is tangent to the hyperbola’s branch, tb) Vi=yitajand Vg=i+js0 that Vi=AVE> yitsi= Mit}) sy =A=xayty = 16 > + x= 8 = f[8,8) = 64 is the maximum value, The equations ay =e (x> O andy >Oorx <0 andy <0 to get a maximum value) give a family of hyperbolas in the fist. and third quadeants with the x. and y- axes as asymptotes. The maximum value of ¢ occuts whore the hyperbola xy = is tangent to the line xty=16. = x! +? be the square of the distance from the origin. Then VE 8 Let tiny Vg =(2x+y)i + Qy +s} so that V1 2yj and Vg = 2x = 2x-+y) and dy = AOy+3) > tea oto ( gg )euty) oxtrt) artery oxayto y= tx CASE A: y =x 2 + x{x) +x? Opus dtp and yaa y= x oF 4x(> =x}? = x= = = = 4emand h= 1 em = gives no physical ean, sor #0 => A => h=4; thus += em and h= ccm give the only extreme surface area of 24x cm”, Since 16 cm? and 8 = 40x cm*, which is a larger surface area, then 24x cm? must be the minimum surface area. 10, Fora cytinder of ain + and eight we want to maximie the wsface aren = Det abject to the coostaint Hot) = 4(Q) a= 0. Thos VS = Ona Ong and Og = 24+ iw that VS = Ag > Bah = DA and a (B)Q)oataw sets e raat 2 ast or so haalin 82 7( $)(av/D)= st Bos ha aand er : A 2 nt) = tay adj cg) =e (5+ 33) = oy = ({)Aand oe=(%)a > = 3F and =(Z)EB) Hit Bio that VA 5 VAs dyi + dx and Vg = HAV gS dyit ad 23,) aye apa ge Lota 8 x= £2V2. We use x= 207 since x represents distance Then y = 323) = 222, oo the length in 2x = 4/8 and the width ie 2y = 2/31, re us 16. Section 12.9 Lagrange Multipliers 1123 0; VP oy ay, te 4y abject t0 guy) = +E +Ajand Ve= Bit Fei so that VP=AVg = t= (Sate (G)po seth neee( QP 1-(So3 staan tag sie xo 0eya(E)s- es Pe 4a + 4b? ay sine Pte ty EE = VT 1a 2s 25 aad Og = (2x24 Oy Avo hat VE= AV = Beth = ACOA BH (22) and 9 = Ay =A =o x= gy and 9 = yA fs w= aE a Ab) =0>x=0and or x=2and y=4. Therefore {(0,0) = 0 is the minimum valve and f(2,4) = 20 is the navi value, (Soe hat X= sve 2x = 24-2 or 0» -2, which is imposible) > v. Vg 3=2Axand=1 Si=j and Vg = 2xi+ 29) 0 that VE sys-Joxt+(-j)a4s tao x= tfgr* 2 y=. Therefore (85,25) = 2 6 = 2/0 + 6 = 10.3% vie (Fa 0) v0 = 82) = 2/10 + 6 ~ ~0.825 fa the minimum value. cf Jia) 24/10 + 6 = ~0.325 Is the mini r the maximum value, and VT = (8x — Ay) (4x + 2y}h and g(a,y) = x2 4 y?~ 250 Vy = xi t 2yj ao that VT =AVg = (8x AY) (AA + 2y)j = Aad + 2yj) <> Sx Ay = De and dx Py <2) mtorkedorae wi a(Bt) eames n= torn tordes, CASE A: x =0 = y = 0; but (0,0) is not on x? +y? = 25 90x £0. CASE 2: Ox = x? + (2x)? = 25 = x= + YE andy CASE 3: Bh Bao att(—$) a px 425-9 x=2V5 andy =05 — andy = Vi. ‘Therefore T( 5,25) = 0 = 1(—V5, 2/5) is the minimum value and T(2/5,-/5) = 125° = T(-2/5, /5) is the maximum value. (Note: A= 1 => x =0 from the equation —4x + 2y = 2Ay; but we found x 40 in CASE 1.) “The surface area is given hy S = dar? + Orth subject tothe constraint V(qh) =40° + m17h = 8000. Thus = (Gnr + Beh) 42th and VV = (Are? + 2ath)i + 21%) so that VS = AVV = (Bar + 2eh)i+ 2m Allaar? + 2ach)i-+ we3j] => Sart Qeh = A(4er? 42th) and 2er Aer? = r= Oor2=rd. But ZO Aap Nx Bap arth 2(20? + ch) o> h= 0 > the tank isa sphere (there is no eylindrical part) anc 4nr° = e000 => «= 10(§)”.1124 Chapter 12 Multivariable Punetions and Partial Derivatives 17. Let f(x.942) = (= P+ (y— 1)? 4 (2 — 1)? be the squate of the distance from (21,1). ‘Then Vi =2e— Di +2 = N54 2%e— Dk and Vg =i+2)+3k w that VE= AVE =p Ae i+ Ay — Dj + Ale = Hk = MEF + IR) > A= 1) = A, My—1) = 2A, Aw—1) = 3d 3 My 1) = 2246 — and Ae) = 8a Hex Hp eg ens(ME ore Bh thw YE soy ca(BZt) 103 y= 25 xe fends §. Theeore the point (9.2.8) is closest ince no point on the plane is farthest from the point (1,1,1)). 18, Let f(xyy2) = (x= 1)?-+ (y +1)? + (a I}? be the square of the distance from (1,—1,1). Then = U(x +209 + +22 land Ye 2yj + 2xk so that VE= AV g =e x-1 = yy tidy for ate (Phy +( Ah) (As) = agora dq Fe Re Re ‘The largest. value of f ‘occurs here x <0, y 20 and x <0 a atthe print (--Je.Za,- Fe) on the sphere. 19, Let f(x,y.2) 237 + y? +2? be the square of the distance from the origin. Then Vf'= 2xi-+ 2yj-+2zk and Ves dst tyj—2ek so that OLAV g = 2xit 2yi-+ Bek = Axi — 2y9 — Bak) = 2x = Bd, By = -2yd, and 2e = ~22) = x=Vor A=) CASE 1: A= 1 2y = -2y > y =0; 22 =e a= 0-9 x?-1=05 x= d) andy =2= CASE 2: x =0 => ~y?=2? = 1, which has no solution “Therefore the points (1,0,0) ate closest to the origin => the minimnm distance from the surface to the origin ie 1 (since there i no maximutn distance from the surface to the origin} 20. Let flxyy43) = 32 +? 427 be the square of the distance to the origin. Then Vf =: Dei + 2yj + 20k and Vg =yitxj—kso that VE=AVg = Dxi4 29) 420k = Myit xj —B) 2 2x = Ay, 2y = Ax, and 2e-= (3)= CASE i: y 209x205 -241= CASE 2 A=? x=yand r= —1P—(-1)+ CASES: A= 2 x= -y and 2=19 (-y)y-141 again. ‘Therefore (00,1) is the point on the surface closest to the origin since this point gives the only extreme value and there is no maximum distance from the surface to the origin. or +2, anon Sas ate = 0, s0 no solution. =y 21. Leb f(xsy.s) =x? +y2-+2? be the square of the distance to the origin, Then Vf = 2xi+ 2yj-+2ak and Vga ~~ xj-+ 22k so that Vf = AV g = Wxi + 29-4 20k = A—yi— xj + 2k) = 2x = yA, Dy = WI, and = Mdm alore=d. CASE 1: A=) = 2x —-y and 29y=-x => y=Oand x-0 327 - CASE 2 2=0s-ay 40 y= —$. Then =f = =p xt =16 x= 42, Thus, ‘Randy ‘Therefore we get four points: (2,~2,0), (—2.2,0),(0,0,2) and (0,0,~-2). But the points (0,0,2) and (0,0,~2) ae closest to the origin since they ate 2 Unite away and the others are 2y/2 units awaySection 12.9 Lagrange Multipliers 1125 22, Let fhuy,2) = x7 +y? +2" be the square of the distance to the origin, Then Vf'= 2xi+2yj+2ak and Vg = ya taht xyk co that Vie A Vg = Be = Aya, 2y = Ayz, and 2a = dey => 2x? = Anya and 2y? = Aya Syste ses dus xox ix)s 15 x= 415 the points are (41,2) (4-1-1), (1,-1.2), and (1,1, 1). 2. 0 = 254 Bk and Vg = 2x1 + 2yj + Dek go that VF AV g > 1-25 48k = Axi + 2yj + Bek) > 1 = 28d, 2x, and Bx xh + (-2x}? + (Bx)? = 30 x= BL and 5 = 20h = x= gy a Thos, <= aeBors=-hy 5, "Therefore f(1, 2,5) =30 is the maximum value and 4(-1,2,-8) = ~30 is the minirmum valne. aM. Vie = oxi + 29) E42} 4 Sk = Aad + Dy) + Bak) = = 20d, 2 = By, an exe th 2yA. and 3 di Jct 14 25. aya) =P yh? and giny.e) saxty $e 90> Via Pei +2yj +2ek and Ve ait it ko that VSS AVE = Dxit yj + Sak = Mit 5+) Ix =A Dy =A. and We = Sxtxbr-9=0 SxsSy=Sande=3 26, E(x,y.2) = xyz and atx.ysa) =x-+y +2216 =0 => VE = yak bx) + xyk and Wg = i+) + 20k so that v But 2 > Oso that y =x => x? = 2h and x =>, Then x? = De(xs) => x xyk= Mitj + 2ck) => yz = Aaa = A and sy = 2A => yo= xz > a= Dory or x= 22, But x>0 s0 that Vigo vei tea} xamtoyatt sutemass ib oen tt since 2> 0, Then x= Band y = 3 which vias (BB, Se) = FE 21, Vx bays ond ghasyia) = P-4y?4 x? = 10-9 VV = Oy Gah 4 Gayl and Vg = 2a 2-4 Dak vo shat Vv se tetaxtais Veg = ye = Ax, Bx Av end ny = At Saya = A and Se = AY y= txerstx 1 2 4 since x > 0 = the dimensions of the box are 2. by -2. by -2: for maximum Vi vost " Ow A evel volume, (Note that there is no minimum volume since the box could be made arbitrarily thin.) 28, V= aye with x.ys2 all positive and E4240 = 15 thus V = ays and g(x,y,2) = bex tacy + abe ~ abe =p VV = paid naj txpk and Vg = bei + acj+ abl so that VV = AV g > yx = Abe, xx = dnc, and xy = Aab ob xya = Mbox, xyz = Aacy, and xyz = Aabe = AZO. Also, Abex = Aacy = Anbr = bx = ay, ey = be, and Gx Then FE gars g+d(Rx)+U(ga)ats Bats ak and 2 =(§)(§)=§ Vax BC) = SRE is the maximum volume. (Note that there is no minimum volume since the box could be made arbitrarily thin.)1126 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 29. WT = Lixi + 4aj + (4y — 16)k and Vg = 8xi + 2yj + Bxk so that 7 Veg > l6xi+ aaj + (ay — 16) = MBxi+ 2yjt Stk) = 16x = 8xA, 42 = 2yA, and 4y — 16 = 8A => A CASE 1: A= 2 > dr = 2y(2) =o ey, Then de ~16= 162 > 2 ata(-dfea(-ay CASE 2: x= 0. Am 3 > dy ~ 16 = 84( 34) = y? —dy = a2? = 400)? 49? +(y? - ay) ~ 16 = 0 = yl-2y-8=0> (yA 42) =0 > y =A ory =-2 Nowy =4 = 42? = 4? (4) and y = 29 42? = (2)? 4-2) oe av The vemperatures axe T( 24,—$,-) = 6424, 1(0,4,0) = 600, T(0,-2, 5} = (600 — 24/8), ana T(0,-2,-V3) 30, VT = 400y2% + 400x27) + 800ayzk and Vg = Ini +2y}-+ 22k so that VT = AV g = 400y2% + 400x2%) + 8O0xyzk = A(2xi + 29) + 22k) => 400y2? = 2A, 400e24 = 2yA, and BOOxy = 22d. feye-$ Then boxe sf (600 + 24/8) 641.8, Thersfoe (4,4, -f) ae the hodtet points onthe space pobe Solving his sytem yes the pointe (0, 41,0) (10,0), and}, 44,2), Te conmponding wT temperatures are (0, £1,0)=0,7(£1,0,0)=0, and T( ef, 24,422 )a 50, Therefore 50 the rmasimmom temperature at (3,4, 22) an (4,4, 42); 50 the minima temperate at 31 fy +2) + xj and Vg = 2+] so that VU = AVE = (y +245 = ABI) > y+ KSA yt 2= Oxy = Pen 2 Met (2x2) HW x= Band y = 14. Therefore U(E, 14) = $128 is the maximum value of U under the constraint. 32. UM = (6-42)i—2yf 4 xk and Vg = 2-4 yj +20k so that VM = AVg = (64 2)i—2y5 +xk = Mei + By 4 Bek) > O42 = 20, ty = 2Yh, = Bd = CASE 1: 4 22 => § +2 = -2(—2r) > a= 2and x (4 4y? 427-36 = 0,6-+2= 28), and = (ete )+042 216 = 2 t4oTs x= 435, “Therefore we have the points ( 4 3/9,0,3),(0,0,~6), and (4,2, 4). Then M(3V/%.0,8) = 27/3 + 60= 106.8, M(~2V%.0,3)= 60-27 V3 = 18.2, M(0,0,~6) = 60, and M(—4,4,2) = 12 = M(=4,—4,2), ‘Therefore, the weakest field is at (4, 4,2). lory 16 +222 and x sys ae BA> d= fo 6+2= 2x(E) = eta ~Gax2=05% CASE 2: -6or2=3. Now +k, and Vs 2xi-+2j— 2k 2 — Dak = 261+ (Mi + ok 22-2 so that 2x—y =0 0. This equation coupled with y+2 3B, Let gy(saysa) = 2x —y =U and gylssys2) = +2= 0 Va =2i-5, Vey so that Vi=A Vay + Vag = 2h +25 —Bok = M3) + w+ 8) = Bai wx = 2A, 25 mA, and 22 A. Then 24 2-2 =2)-y = 0 Hea > exe a4 ies 2 = — fa O implies 2=—4 andSection 12.9 Lagrange Multipliers 1127 34. Let ey(aysa) = VE: yb m0 and gxssya) =A y +O 9= 058 Vg, <1 24 ak, 9k, and VE Oe 29} 4 Dek mo that VE AV gy te V ey Bh yl Bak +2] +k) + uli + 3j 4 Ok) = Ox = A+ pf, 2y = 2A 43y, and 22=3A4+9u, Then 0 = x + 2y +32—6 Ja +043 +(Ga4 Hy) 0.9 124 tea 6 OKAY He 9 404+ (904 $u)+(Fa4Gy)-9 = 340 4.01218 Solving these two equations for A and y gives 40 18 -AtH_ 8 At Sy BA 9 _ og is i = BO and p= — Fh ap x APH ASE, y = ASE 8, an DESH $ The minimum val is 1 13,9) 2477 _ 359 se no maa : , (RhARE, &)=2AET 962. (oe chat there no maximum vale off sbjet wo the consent beens at leat one ofthe wile x, yor # canbe made ab ry and assume a value as large as we please.) 35, Let flx.y,2) to the constraints gy(x,¥,2} 2 y2 +22 be the square of the imize f(x,y,2) subject and g3(%,y,2) i+ Dy) + Qa, Vey af42k, and Vg, sitjsothar VIS AV ge, + eV gy = 2x=p2y =Atpyand 22 =22. Then Oayim—ita(}sB)s2\- 22 Se}eeit a si tueth Ooty jstence from the origin. We want to +%-12 +y-6 fatwa 6 A+ 12 Solving these two equations for Xand y gives = 4 and 2 ; ; ; AGH 4 and 2== 4, The point (24,4) on the line of intersection ix closest tothe origin, (There is no taxi distace fom the org sine points onthe Hine can be arbitrarily far aay) 36. The maximum value in ($=) = fom Exerie 3 above 37. Let gyosrsa) =2 and gy(x¥.2) =32 4 y! 42-1002 Vg, =, gy = Bai +29) + Dek, and VE = Deyei-t xPej +x2vk co that VE= AV gp, + u Vy = Dayal t x29) +3°yk = ACh) + al2ai + 295 + 22k) => Says = xu, xz = Dy, and x?y = QewtA =p xye= xp => x= Dor ye= ead way since s= 1. CASE 1: x= 0 and «= 1 y?—0=0 (From ga) > y = +3 yielding the points (0, 9,1} CASE 2: wy 3 222 = 29? = x8 = 29? (since 2 = 1) = 29? Fy? + 1-10 = 0 (from gy) = By? -9=0 = f85 2H 2 2 Vil x= 4 V6 yielding the points (+ v&, 4 V3.1). Now (0, 9,1) = 1 and (( V6, & VI,1)= 6 VI)41=146V5, Therefore the maximum of Fis 1464 at (+ 6, /5,1), and the minimum of f is 1-63 at (4 ¥6,-V.1). 38. (a) Let gy(x,y,2) x+y +2—40 =O and go(zy.2) = x+y Vw = yai- naj +xyk so that Vw = AV 54 0 gy = yet ws bak > 0 Vmrititk, Vgp=i+i-Kk, and Mi+5 +k) +uliti-b) 3 YEH Adg ad, andy Sdn yea p20 CASE L 0 and at y CASE 2 x= y 3 2x2 ~40 =O and 2x —2= 0 2 = 20 x= 10 and y = 10 => w =(10)(20)(20) 000 => no solution.1128 Chapter 12 Multivasiable Functions and Partial Derivatives ijk Was) roa oa +2) is parallel to the line of intersection => the line is x= ~2t-+ 10, poral y=26410,1220, Since 1 =20, we see that w 41? + 300)(20) which has its maximum when ¢= 0 => x=10, aye = (~2e4 10)(2 + 10)(20) 10, and 2 = 20. Oand gn(,y,2) =x2+y? 422-420. Then Vfsyisx]-+2ek, Vg, =-i4j, and Wey tu V gy = pit a) + Dak = N+) + aad + 2p) + 20k) 39. Let gy(z.y,2) =¥ Vay = 2xi + 2yj + Dek so that T6= yA Day x= Ab Dy and Be = ays = or A=. CASE i: 209 x+y? 420.5 Bn? Ae (ence x= y) => x= + Band y = V7 yielding the poins (+ v2, + V0). CASED: p= ley =-24 Du and w= AG 2 ox ty=Dxty) + x= 228) since x=ysxZ0sy=0

x= Or w= Hh CASE 1 x = 0 40)? 44y? 2? =O = a= By = By +409) —5 Bor ty +4(-2y}-5=0 eldng the pointe (0,5,2) and (0,-2.8). Sy sAby 2 320 22 HO) —29(}) 9 509 27 440) <5 y= Sand (3) = no solution. (3 +4) yitxjsothat VE=AVg > i+) =Myita}) > 1=yAand |= xd > y 18 = y= £4 => (44) and (~4,~4) are candidates for the location of extreme values. But as x +c, ym 00 and fly} — 005 a8 x = a0, y 0 and f(x,y] 20. ‘Therefore no maximum or minimum vatue ‘exists subject to the constraint. BE ee point (0 is closest to the origin. 42, Let A,B.C) = EB (Ax, + By + C0)? = CFs (B+ C= + (AFBEC— IP H(AT C12, We want to minimize £. Then {4(A,B,C) =4A + 2B +4C, f(A,B.C) = 2A +4B +40 —4, and fo{A,B,C) = 4A 44B+8C—2. Ses each partial derivative equal to 0 and solve the system to get A=—4, B=H,and © =—forse rita point ot is(—4.9,~4). 43, (a) Maximize flaybye) = a%b?c? subject to a? +b?4.c? = 12, Thus Vi= 2ab'e%i + 287%) + 2a?b%ck and Vg = 2ai-+2j-+2ck so that VE= Vg = Zab’? = al, 2a°be? = 2bA, and 2a*bPe = 20dSection 12.9 Lagrange Multipliors 1129 = 2th? 2 262) = 2b = 22d CASE 1: A= = atte? = 9, CASE 2: {b) The point (Ya, v5, ve) ison the sphere if a+ b+ = tbo =(i2) ithe masini alae 2. Moreover, by part (a), abe = (Ya. vB, ye) <() = ota 21h 22845, ae caine, a) aad tad gad =. Then we $4 et Ayr szy cs) = BE ay many taka tosh AM RG want VE= AV g = a, = MIX), fy = MI), oo, ty = ADeq)s ALO = a=H>7 he the .+abel 2) tent ote E the maximum value, 45-50. Example CAS commands: fxj¥s8) <> xay + yazt (xyi2) -> x2 + y? (uysa) > x2 4 22 2 (x.¥.2) > flay) ~ lambda logl(xy.2) —lambdadeg2(x,9.2); it(h(a.y.2).x) = 05 expn2:= dif(h(xys8)3) Fax) 2) = 0; ‘diff(u(x.y,2), lambdal) = 0; ltt(u(xy.2), lambda?) = 0; = evalf(ealve(fexpn lexpn2,¢xpn3,expa4expn8), {9,2,lambdal.larmbda?})); . : 5411961001} (19:2): 5411961001} fx), 306562965} f(x,y.2))5 1,306562965) ,f(x,y:2))5 ey 2] Reva) — 11 ellxyel — 12 saya) Dfb,x] ert = h12==0}] {lxyst) fleya)} /-1130 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 12.10 TAYLOR'S FORMULA 1. fay) = xe > 6, = xe Pf, = 07 fy =O fey = flay) (0,0) + xf (0,0) +91, (050) + [°F 54(060) + dex (0,0) + 9%%9(050)] SO4ne1ty-0+ st 0+2ey 14x70) = x+y quadratic approximation; Seen = 9 fer = 9: Fey = 2 yyy = 287 3 flay) w quadratic + Hc (0.0) + 387 yfy—,(00) + 319°, (0.0) +9°F9(0.0)] axtay + eto ey 04 897-14 yO) =x tay + fa, cubic approximation 2. fQuy} =e cos y = fy =e* C08 yy fy = eT sim Y, fay = AF 608 Y, yy =O sin yy Fy = —e¥ cos FEI 2) & 1050) + (0,0) + 965000) + 4[32F,(0,0) +239 (0,0) + 3% y(0,0)] Daa Ley 0a pe d+ 2ny-O4y?t)}= 1x4 fe? = 27), quadeatic approximation: Sean = 608 ¥, fe ay = WE 8 Ys yy = E808 YsFyyy OE SY 3 09) = ava + Af (0) BHP (0) + 899% (0.0) 49% (0.0)] antl v4 bid 2.0 pay? C1) 492-0] Lane at y7)4 408-192), cubic approximation Be fheay) = y sn x = fy =y c00 y= sim Hs fy = HY Hi, fyy = 608% yy => A, ¥) #£(0,0) +6,(0,0) + ¥44(0,0) + J] Fe (0,0) + 250 9(0,0) + ¥ hy (0,0)] ‘ 204 4-04y-0-4 f (02.04 249-1920) = xy, quadratic approximation; fn = AY 08 fegy = SIN Fy =O. fyyy =O = Hay) quadratic + fot, (00) +33 phy (060) + 3x94 (0.0) 49% 9(0:0)] = xy + H(s9-04322y 0-4 Bey4-04 95-0) = xy, cubic approximation 4. flx,9) = sin x cos y > f 08 x 008 ¥) fy = sin x sim ¥4 foe cos x sin Y, sin X.€08 95 fy = yy =~ #50 x 06 ¥ = Hy) M050) + 3,(0,0) +98, (0,0) + Hf x4y(0.0) + 23454 (0.0} + yh 9(0,0] txcL+y0+h (07-04 2ny 04 y?-0) = x, quadratic approximation; fgg = — C08 X £08 Yy Egy im yyy = 608 X 608, yyy = in Xin y % Hlny) © quadratic + Bf ty4(0,0)+IN°Yf (0,0) + 819 %59(0,0) + 9% 9(0,0)] ees? (1) 43x29 04 3x97. (1) 490] =H — J Say?) cube approximationSection 12.20 Taylor's Forrmula 1131 =e in(lty), fe TF be = GER fay) =e nL 4y) + et Inlays 5 =P, = Hy} 1040) + (0,0) + 9f,(0.0) + Jf °F, (0,0) + Any (0,0) + 92f 60,0) SOE Oy ed + fet O4 Bay eT ty? (1) = y+ flay = y?), quadratic approximation; fae = 8 4 fay = TES l= aE be 5 Flay) = quadratic + Jf eh (0,0) + Bx7¥b 94 (030) + Bxy"t, (0,0) + PE yy(0,0)] sy (Qey —y2) 4 fa8 04 Sty 1 Say? (1) 499-2] Hy tfloey— 92) + fle) 02 427), bic approsimation — Oxy =n = haat } fay) =O 9 +1) Ga TT = aE P ET! Oo BE Me "Gaya? Alx,y) (0,0) + xf,(0,0) + yf,(0,0) +: 3[F%.(0.0) + 2xyfyy (00) + yf (0) 0] dety h(t try —¥2) SOg x Day THB (-8) 4 Ony (2) 49? (1) x+y) —} (2+ y)?, quadratic approximation; 8 4 2 a bow = fogy = Bary Fi Gxsy sh PY Gey ey ETP => f(x,y) © quadratic + £x%pe5(0,0) + 34° ¥f,49(0,0) + xy, (0,0) +P yyy(0.0)] = ery) fe ty)? + BOS 164 Sey 8 4 3xy? 4 + y4-2) = (xy) floes y)P a Mea? 4 1209 4649? +92) = (2x49) — fle + 997 + 40a +9), cubic approximation n(x + y2) =f, = 2x costa? +99), fy = 29 cools + ¥2), fy = 2 coo(x? +92) = Ae? sins? +92), xy sin(x? +92), fy = 2 cos(x? + y?)~ dy? sin(x? + y?) fey 4, > s.y) 100, 0) +, (0,0) + ¥f,(0,0}-+ J] (0,0) + 2rpf9(0,0) +74 y(0,0)] =x? +y%, quadratic approximation; 04x04 9-04 f62-2etay Dey? Sygu = — 12K sin (x2 + 94) Ba cons? +92), fggy = Ay sina? +2) — By coma 92), Egy =~ si X2-+92)~ By? cs l+ 92), yy = —12y sin a9) cone? 2) 3 fly} = quadcatict ff tyay(Os0) #357 9 (0,0) + B8YF59(0,0) +9°fy99(0,0)] 238+ y84Jo9-0-4 3027.04 592-04 99-0) =32-+92, cubic approximation1182 Chapter 12 Multivariable Punctions and Partial Derivatives 8 flay) = 008602 +92) = fy = Bae sin(a? + y2), 4 = —2y sine? +), fgg = HB inl? y2) =x? con +92), yy = Any cools? +9), fy = in{x? +-y7) — ay? cos(x? + y?) => Hrsg) (0,0) + (0,0) + ¥f,(0,0) + 3[2%F4 (0,0) + 2xyf, (0,0) +¥%9(0.0)] 1h a-04y-04 ffe2-04 2ny-0-4y?-0] 1, quadratic approximation; Sag = —12K e062 492) + 89 sin? +9") feng = ~Ay e260? 492) + 89 sin? +92), fayy = Wt cos? +y?) + Bay? sin a? +92), fgg = Ty 05x? + 92) + 69? ain (x? 492) = f(xy) avadratic + ff x54,44(0,0) $3779 (0,0) + Ixy heyy (0,0) +¥°Fyy (0) 0) = 14 la?-0-48¢¢y-04 3x/2- 0499-0) = 1, cubic approximation aorta 1=x=y) 9% foxy) = my =f, 7 Foy} 0,0) +x, (0,0) + ¥6 (0,0) +3] ef (0.0) + Rey (0,0) + 9% (0,0)] Sd x Ley LHe 24 any 24 y? 2) a Lt (ety) +(x + Bey ty?) — a ar Tox cgi = fos 7 fase = Say =14(z4y)4(x+y)*, quadratic approximation; f..= Hey) = auaratic +f fgg (00) + 8x7 (050) + 359559 (0,0)-+ 3% y9(0,0)] 1a bytes yt +a 6487-6 4397-64976) SL tty) ety) (x84 Bey 4 Say? ty) 14 (ety) txt yF + O-+y)%, cubic approximation 10. f(x,y) = 1 ivy = 1 = 20-y)? 0. s(x.y) yay Toany ta 8 Gey Oo 1 3x-ay +3 —__a-xP fey = Foscy pag 8 oP 0 Ga xay tay OF Gay tay = Hay) & 10,0) + fy(0,0) +7, (0,0) + 32°F, (0,0) + 2ayfy(0.0} +9%4,(0.0)] Seely HP 24 day 14 y22) 2 cky +x? tay +92, quadtati approximations; = Slav og fA oxo ty) 16-9) -9) | m2 Tox ny ayy (xy say) (oO ax-y tore 9G -J0-9 , =x? “7 (xy Fay) ve Os a => f(x,y) = quadratic +; §[=ot0.0) + 3° YLpey(0,0} + BxY"E,, (0,0) +: 2%y9(00)] SLaty ss enrsy? eH 0 aty 24397-24976) SL txchy tat tay ty? +9 424y ty? 4 y9, cubic approximationChapter 12 Practice Pxercises 1133 11, fy) = cos x 08 y =F by sin x sin y, in x 008 ¥, 6, = ~€08 x sia ¥, yy = — 008 ¥ 608 ¥ 4, iy 0s x cos y = Mlxy) © 10,0) + xf(0,0) + (0,0) + Hint, (0,0) + 2xyf, (0,0) + ¥%F,,(0,0)] 2 txe0+y OF} [2 (1) + 257-04 y7-(-1)]= 1-3-4, quadratic approximation. Since all partial derivatives of fare products of sines and cosines, the absolute value of these derivatives is less than oF equal to 1 = Boy) < Hf (0.1)? + 340.1)? +.3(0.1)9 + 0.1)°] < 0.00134, 12 flay) et in y = Get sin y, Fe cy fg BOF sin YG, = 608 Ys hy =e sia y = Ha 3) = 10,0) + (0.0) + (0.0) + Jf, (0.0) +2296, (0,0) +3, (0,0)] sin y, = 04x04 9-14 E2204 2xy-L+y2-0)-=y 4x7, quedtatic approximation. Now, ey = fgg = 8 008 ¥, Iggy = ME SY, ad Lygy =e" cosy, Since x1 SOL, je" sn y} < le sin 0.10.11 and Jet cosy] |e" cos 0.1} 111. ‘Therefore, B(xy) < £(0.11)(0.2)8 + 9(.21)(0.1)8 + 3(0.11}(04) + (1.11)(02)°F-< 0.000824. (CHAPTER 12 PRACTICE EXERCISES 1, Domain: All points in the xy-plane Range: 220 Level curves are ellipses with major axis along the y-axis ‘and minor axis along the xaxis, 2 Domain: All points in the xy-plane Range: 0<2 <0 Level curves ate the straight lines x-+y = In x with slope I, and 2 > 0.1134 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 3. Domain: AM (y) such thac xO and y #0 y Range: 2 #0 Level curves are hyperbolas with the x- and y-axes 4 asymptotes. 4. Domain: All (cy) 20 that x? y > 0 Range: 220 Level curves ate the parabolas y 5. Domain: All (x,y,2) such that (x,y.2) # (0,0,0} Range: All real numbers feyayeBeyfaes orzat gyfer Level amrfaces ate paraboloids of revelution with the axis as axis.Chapter 12 Practice Exercises 1135 6 Domain: All points (x,9,2) in space 2 Range: Nonnegative real numbers guy axteaf est Level surfaces are ellipsoids with center (0,0,0)- T. Domain: All (x,y,2) stich that (x,912) # (0,0,0) Range: Positive real numbers Level surfaces are spheres with center (0,00) and radius r > 0. 8. Domain: All points (x,¥,2} in space Range: (0,4) hvade wor fs Tyee orttey estat Level surfaces ate spheres with center (00,0) and Y radius + > 0. 8 lim | o con x =e? coe w= (2)-1 (xy) Orn 2), acy 0. dim BEY _ 240 xallMo oy Fe eey > Treo o Me ti aot jim oY = tim = batey Pay? walt REET Gg) FEF OTT vees wey (y= Wey? 4 xy 41) ay 242 im = tim vba =e Leis (ax)a(1) 3 ) 7 bor) (vt taytt) whit 1 fim Injxty +a]=inft + (=i) +e 3 da, 9) inity sal pent1136 Chapter 12 Multivatiable Punetions and Partial Derivatives M4 an (-1) tan“! (x+y 42) = tant (0 + (1) +1) i x Poh 4 a 15, Let y Skat k #1. Then = sp which gives different limits for lm, in (wFIQ0) Pe” (atet)o,0) PW? T= yan different values of k => the limit does not exist. : jn. 9) ta = LEE which given cifecent Limits for 16. Let y= kx k #0, The allo) FF ~ cash Boo) Sep = LE whic given cifecen Hts different values of k => the limit does not exist. 24d? tim, soy Gy}te.o) xP Fy? PH! of k = the limit does not exist so 1(0,0) cannot be defined in a way that makes f continuous at che origi vay? 17, (a) Lety =kx. Then = 14 which gives different limits for different valves Tee 5 a UY) sing J 1 x30 a long the x-axis, y=Oand lim, = Tim, R= 80 the limit fils to © (B) Along the x-axis, y=Oand | lino Tyryp = Lith SEM) yg cg 00 the limit fils to exist = fis not continuous at (0,0) = Jim, =26 80.05 —9 (applying Hopital’ rule twice) fiee4h)—t.0) gg OR)" ) 0g tr és m HR be sin 04 cos 0 x ep ae a () ose sty Qy Say ag ey? 22. he(xs9.a) = 2x cos (rx ty ~ 3), hy(y,2) = cos Oe ty Be), hos cos(2ax + y ~32) 95, G2 2 RT OP nT OP _nR OP __oRT Gn VOR VAT VON yeChapter 12 Practice Exercises 1137 As Ta) = — ges fees OT 8) = avs igly6,T,w} = (Pann) aa eat oh eto (oe ad VF & = 299? toe+ a Gait ay” 28. (5,3) = —BY, fy(9) = By Besa y+ TO? fel 7) =O, fyghsy) = 2—C08 9472, feyle9) = hay = 1g (Z7) = ~sin xa =-1 £08 08 Yeae/ay =H (Fg) = 88 XA le apey =F Hor) BRB) HIE 10x sin y. Thus an upper bound for E depends on the bound M used fo" jfe<|s [fay fs an |fyy | we have [Blxy)]S (2 -4lHy-4l) <2 eo2y coos; ht dds haa) = in x 008 y, fy ly) = — ain x coe, and fyCor) With M= vith M= 1, [Bay] $0N(|#-F]4[y~ FI) =} (0.9 = 0.02, 30. 60,0, 40,1) sy], y= bs GMB] = 8 = LO y) = Oe 1-8) ax By \ lo. Geabs9) = 0, fy (a9) = 6, and fy(siy) = 1 > maximam of [fas [fy | waa and |Syy]is 6 = M = > |Boy)|< (6) (Ix 1+ |y—a))? =$ (6)(01 40.29" = 0.27 31. £(1,0,0) £,(1,0,0) = y 3 leon eo = Lxyy2) = O(x = 1) + (y 0) = 320) = y — Ss £01,1,0) = 1, £141, 0) = 1, £,(1,1,0) = 2, (0,1, 0) 3 Uuy.2) 14 &-N+-D-1e0 =, 5100) a4 De gg = Is hla) = 29a xtynz-} £(0.0.5) = 1 (W0.5)= V3 sin x sin (y+ 2) 9,2) = 0 (8104f)= V2 ems x cos (y +29, £(0.0.8)= Some tena senses Lhyte-ks 2 Uy) = i‘ ee ae fe pee feo Be of,1438 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 3. = ith = dV 2 Dah dere? dh AV les, gaqn) = 2A(1-8)(5280) dr 2(1.5)? dh = 15,8408 de 42.25% dh You should be moze careful with the diameter since it has a greater effect on dV. 34, d= (2 —y) dx + (e429) dy = al, gy = 8 dy = fis moe aenstive to changes in y; fn fact, near the point (1,2) a change in x does not ehange f 0.01 + (480)(.0008) = 0. ahav-¥ Sw alep- fae or inretes by 0.038 amp change in V = (100)(—f¢)> 4.17%: ehange in R= (~ 24)¢200) 1 Bh 0.28 = estimated % change in 14 109 = B88 100 15.89% 36, A= rab 2 dA = nb da+-xa db = dAlio, 1g) = 16x da+ 10% db; da = £041 and db = 20.1 dA = £260(0.1 2.6m and A (:0)16) = 1602 = 28100 28 x 100) 1.025% 37. (@) yeu a dy= du +u dv percentage change in u < 2% = Idul< 0.02, and percentage change in v <3% =rlavls 0.03; 8 = "au by 68 — dug dy = | 5100] 42 x 100 4 4¥ x 100| <[$2 x 100] +|4* x t00| 5H 13% = 8% (b) 2sutby a B= Mey _ dae 4 de dU MY (since w > 0, ¥ > 0) = |Bxr00l¢ 100+ 100] =|$% 100] (-0.425)(7) 4-0.725)(7) Hawt eee,o7 4 Cy Fanos Tadwl 38. C z =e 2G Th gaw SOS 075, FigawO 5 TE = dC = AB 81 dwt, so dh; thus when w 71 BtwT aS " 70 and h = 180 we have Cz, ya ® ~(0-00000225) dv ~ (0,0000149) dh => 1 em error in height has more effect on & 30, y con (sy +1), SY = x cos ay +), = By coolay + a)le + x cos(xy +I): =) sontt-Cing hy aw _ gy, Ow in 2, 8 = dx 40, Go, Ge = xe? + sin 2, SE = y con a tin 2, GE = BE 5 (xe tin 2)(1 44) + (y cos xt sin 2x5 S114 (261-0)(2) +040) =5Chapter 12 Practice Exercises 1139 41 $82 osx), BH = ean(2e~ 9), BE 1, Boss > GE = [2 c0n(2x — y(t) + [-cos(2x—y)lf)s r= w and s= 05 x= and y=0 ue _ dw Ob (5) J ang 94 = dw Oy) dee dw, Om _5 Dug dwg de 4, Ge Se Boy gE ana Ba de Bey Ge ade Oe nde de 5 dz ae ~Y can xy and Fy = =2y ox cn ny oP = opt = SO = ESS 3 wa = (0.1) we have “yee? Fi 4 ry see OY a at a Sto 46. Flay) = day beh 2 > By = ty tet and Fy = Ox ports = YW = = 24 ~2in242_ = at (my) = (In 2) we have lesa? 2p 242 = dn 243) * Ox by ~yis0= van Be ty + $s therfore, 47. (a) y, # ate independent with w = x29 and z= x7 —y? = 9 = Oe Oe Shae 7) E+ (axe) (1) 4 (ys*)(0); = = mon) euter- 2y baxter (©) tx are independent with w = 220" and 21x? —y? = Ow = Oe Ge Ox 1 Gu Ob 4 be Oe & = (2104) (0) + (axe) BY Gynt) (0; ge Foyt a0 ty a (3), = (odor) ene =x10(y—) ~ af therefore,1140 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 2, on (©) ey ate independent with w =37e!* andy =x?—y? = 5% = = (2xe) $6 4 (oxtet*)(0) +(yPe*) Cn) a (22) = (20h) + nter alt vety)e" 48, (a) T, P are independent with U = {(P,V,T) and PV = nRT = SF oe _ au £ +h MO 4 Oe oe 2) 0) +(BY)( SY) +(BR)tar Pv = ane + P Bpean = OY = AB: cures, Gt), =F) ot (©) V,T ae independent with U = ((P, VT) and PV = nket = $ = QU 9P 4 QU WS =(22)( 98) +(BB) cn + (Blox pv ane 3 v 4p = (any(ME) =o (B= GX-B vy nthe dn -u= 4%, 21 VH= and ooh BRR Bb 0.94 = PDO DO iA Va =a sl vil= YP oD = fincreases most rapidly in the direction w= we ~yAi ‘and decreases most rapidly in the direction 50, VE = Pee“ 27-85 VElis.9) = iti ayy dy Vest ve vt ood gits i Op, =1V t= 2V2 and (Dale, = -2V35 wy =A) ~o(h) ee) a v= (sete) (mebee) (rete) Villa Bea to; _ Bask 2 VERE decreases most rapidly in the direction — > (ap, = Ve 1+ 9)+$k = f increases most rapidly in the direetion ~Fi-Fi—$ki yp, =I VAl=7, Dp, Fis Fi + Gk > (Dy, Op, = (Dud, 2543549) + 31+ Scand vt zi ev k 3 f increases most 82. Sines eta 0a Veie.o.0) = 5+K:53. 54. g 57. Chapter 12 Practice Exercises 141 iti vet a vat pith = (Dey = Vio =O) CR) OR) ae al 1 = (cos 3Uji-+ (sin 3t)) + 3tk = vit} qin, 71 981= VE and (D-afing = V5 ~B sin Sei + (9.008 34) + 3k > v(F) it i yi is Eo flay y.2) = xyz > Vi yai + aaj + xy: 1 =F yields the point on the hetix (=i, 0, abt Pgk flwna) = mes Vis yaks ba =F Pe « (1.0.2) = Vil, aris Vt a={-2j)-(-4,j++ 1) (0.0.0) (“Fg He) a f(x,y.) = aye <> Vi = yal + xaj + xyks at (1,1,1) we get V1 +) +k > the maximum value of Daflaanay ah VAs v8 (8) Let Vf= ai + bj at (1,2). ‘The direction toward (2,2) is determined by vy = (2— Dit (2-2) so that Vf-u=2-+ a= 2, ‘The diceetion toward (1,1) is determined by vy +(1~1i# (1 -2)) = so that VI 25 b=2 Therefore VE= +2}. (b) The direction toward (4,6) is determined by vy 253 = View (e) True (b) False (e) True (@) True Vistisjton > Vile ViI¢9,0,0)1142 Chapter 12 Multivariable Functions and Partial Derivatives 89. Vis 5-5 Vile.) = dye si ~J—5k = Tangent Plane: 4(x-2)-(y +1) 82-1) =0 a 24d, formal Line: -tnts=1-5 60, Vix ds +2y) + => Vile ao) = 2+ 25+ k > Tangent Plane: 2{x— 1)+2%y 1) + (2~2)= Soxt dy $26 1420240 Normal Line: x= 142, Be 2y Be ; od Ba = 2; thas the tangent plane i BT Blas ae My -1) (4-0) 2008 Ay 2-20 ae (a4) 62, B= ax? +? =k, fend SE = —2y(0? 492)? = ~ }5 thus the tangent 4) plane Ht) f=) -(o-f)=<0orx ty tt = 63, VPs cos 1459 Vilee.ay = i452 the tangent, line is (x3) +(¥-1) =0 2 x4y =r; the normal line is y (x-n) py axortl oa. 31> VEle.a) =—i+2) > the tangent line is ~(x 1) + 2(y -2) = 0 = px +9; the normal line is y-2 = -2-1) + y= -2n 44Chapter 12 Practice Exercises 1143 65. Let fix,y,2) = x? +2y +22 —4 and gix,y,2) = y— 1. Then intake 49) 42k ii k 2 2 2 |otie2k telineisx=1-2,y=1,2=} 40, v1.8 66. Let fixy2) =xty? 4-2 and gleyse) =y—L. Then VE=i+2yj+k| i+} +kand ijk Varia Vixvg=] 1 2 +k thelineisx=4-tyste=doe o 1 oO 67. fey) = xy $2-= 0 and 6,(x,3) = —x+2y 42 =0 > x= 2 and y = 2 = (~2,-2} is the critical point; 1 byhy -, um value fyx(-2,-2) = 2, fog of (-2,-2) = 8 22.2) = 2S ( 2-2 = S>Oand f,, > 0 = local mini 68. f(x,y) = 10x 4 4y +4 = 0 and f(x,y) = dx — Ay — 420s x= land =1 = (0,=1) is the critical point; FyglO.—1) = 10, fy(0,-1) = 4, yl) =4 = fylyy 2, = 88 < 0 = saddle point with f(0,—1) =2 89, f(x,y) = 632 4 By <0 and f, (2,9) =3e-46y2 = 0 > y = 2x? and ax +6(4x4)=0-= x(1-+8x) =0 Jeet and y =O,orx=—pandy=—B-> the rita punts are (0.0) and(—3,—3). Foe (0,0) Sal) = 1B lg gy =O fl.) = RY, =O (050) = 8 = aly “Hy = ~9 <0 saddle point with 100.0) =0. For(—},-3} = value of fyy = Bs fay 282 Gyalyy fy =27 > 0 and fy <0 = local maximum TO. £,(x.y) = 3x? —3y = 0 and f(x,y) = ay? 8x = 0 = y sx? and x4—x = 0 > x(x9-1) = 0 > the critical points are (0,0) and (Ist) FOF (0) fy(0.0) = 8) =O 50) = 6}, 4 = 1 flO) =~ yy) $6, fyy(s1) = 3 leo) = fyahy ~ By = -9 <0 = saddle point with £(0,0) =15. For (1,1}: f(s!) © faa “fy = 27> O and fg, 9 local nininnuim value of f(,1) = TL Guy} = 3x? + Gx =0 and f(y) = 39? — by = 0 x{x-42) = 0 and yly—2}= 0.2 x= 0 or x= —2 and =O or y =2 > the critical points are {0,0}, (0,2), (=2,0}, and (2,2). For (0,0): f,,(0,0) + 5c) = 6.9 (010) = By— 8), =F (0,0) = 0 Fadl fh, = 36 <0 = sale point with (0,0) = @. For (O.2): fl 2) inimum value of 61 fyy(O,2) = 6, fy(0,2) = 0 = fealyy —, = 96 > 0 and f, > 0 = local 10,2) = 4. For (=2,0): fyy(-2,0) = 6, f,,(-2,0) = 6, fyy(-2,0) = 0. yfyf, = 36 > 0 and fy <0 = local maximum value of (2,0) =4. For (2,2): fyg(2,2) = 8, fyy(—2,2) =O, fy (2,2) = 0 2 Faby “fy = 4 <0 o sade point with ((=2,2) =0.