Chapter 1:

1.1 Introduction:
 Any two-port network can be characterized using z, y, h or ABCD parameters.
 These parameters however can not be measured accurately at higher frequencies because
open and short test required are not feasible at broadband range of frequencies.
o In broadband range, short and open is subjected to wavelength of signal [ (𝜆⁄4) away from
short is open.]
o Also, for higher frequencies, active components like transistor might oscillate under
open and short condition. While S-parameters terminates one port (in case of two
port network) which means matched load and no reflections thus avoiding any
oscillation scenario.

1.3 Traveling waves and transmission line concepts:

 If we look at equation of z and y parameters, zm,n and ym,n are found using shorting (v=0) or
opening (i=0) the other port and then same is repeated for first port i.e., if voltage was short
for one port than voltage should be short for other port too. But if we want to find network
parameter by shorting one port and opening other i.e., for one port voltage is zero and for
other current is zero than we use hybrid network parameters or ‘h’ parameters.
 Instead S-parameters are used for characterization of two or n-port networks at higher
frequencies. S-parameters use travelling waves for their analysis.
 Propagation constant

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 At microwave frequencies, R and G are usually negligible, which means that transmission line
is lossless and for lossless transmission line we have following formulas.

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 In properly terminated transmission line we have following condition

 In short circuited transmission line, we have following condition

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 In open circuited transmission line, we have following condition

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 Another case is of quarter wave transmission line which transforms impedance of line

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1.4 Scattering parameters
 The Scattering transfer parameters or T-parameters of a 2-port network are expressed by the
T-parameter matrix and are closely related to the corresponding S-parameter matrix.
However, unlike S parameters, there is no simple physical means to measure the T parameters
in a system, sometimes referred to as Youla waves.
 T-parameters are not measured but are acquired from S-parameters.
 They make analysis of cascaded networks easy. As they only need to be multiplied in matrix
form to get final expressions for cascaded network.
1.5 Reference plane

1.8 Two port network conversion

 Complete transmission formulas are present to transfer each network parameter to another.

1.9 Scattering parameters of transistors

 Transistor either come in chip or package form. In chip form, best performance in terms of
BW, Gain and Noise can be achieved. On the other hand, package is easy to work with because
of their seal enclosure but package’s parasitic elements degrade the performance.
 Manufacturers give common-source or common-emitter S-parameters as a function of
frequency for a given DC bias point. However, conversion formulas are present in literature.
 Linearity, Gain and Noise are function of DC bias point of transistor so manufacturers provide
S-parameters for two or three DC bias points.
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