Std09 Maths TM PDF

g{g<G!
ye<hkil<!uGh<H!
kQ{<mijl!yV!hius<osbz<!
kQ{<mijl!yV!ohVr<Gx<xl<!
kQ{<mijl!leqkk<!ke<jlbx<x!osbz<!
klqp<fim<Mh<!
himF~z<!gpgl<!
gz<Z~iqs<!sijz?!ose<je – 600 006.
© klqp<fiM!nvS
Lkz<!hkqh<H! ! .!2003
kqVk<kqb!hkqh<H!.!2004
! lXhkqh<H!!!!!!.!2006
GPk<kjzuI!
LjeuI!si. dkbhi^<gve<
g{qk!-j{h<OhvisqiqbI?!
lifqzg<!gz<Z~iq (ke<eim<sq),
ose<je – 600 005.
Olzib<uitIgt<!
kqV!w/!nIs<See<! kqV!gq. kr<gOuZ!

OkIUfqjzg<!g{qk!uqiqUjvbitI? LKfqjzg<!g{qk!uqiqUjvbitI?
d/!fi/!nvS!gz<Z~iq? hs<jsbh<he<!gz<Z~iq?
ohie<Oeiq − 601 204. ose<je − 600 030.
NsqiqbIgt<!
kqV uQ. >vil< kqV g. nxqupge<!

hm<mkiiq!NsqiqbI!)g{qkl<*? ht<tq!dkuq!NsqiqbI!)g{qkl<*?
h/os/g/g/!nvsqeI!Olz<fqjzh<!ht<tq? nvsqeI!N{<gt<!Olz<fqjzh<!ht<tq?
Ogiml<hig<gl<? ose<je − 600 024. dTf<K~IOhm<jm − 606 107.
kqVlkq vi. fl<hqg<jg!o\bvi\< kqVlkq! Os. uq\bi

LKfqjzh<!hm<mkiiq!Nsqiqjb!)g{qkl<*? LKfqjzh<!hm<mkiiq!Nsqiqjb!)g{qkl<*?
Heqk!ne<eit<!oh{<gt<!Olz<fqjzh<!ht<tq? hib<zI!hqti{<m<!oh{<gt<!Olz<fqjzh<!ht<tq?
-vibHvl<?! ose<je − 600 013. jgzisHvl<?!kqVs<sq − 620 014.
ohiVtmg<gl<!
hg<gr<gt<!
1. w{<Ljxgt< 1 - 31
1.1 w{<Ljxgt< 1
1.2 olb<ob{<!OfIg<OgiM 18
2. ntjugt< 32 - 48
2.1 hvh<H!lx<Xl<!Sx<xtU 32
2.2 %m<M!dVur<gt< 37
3. sqz!Lg<gqb!GxqbQM 49 - 90
3.1 nxquqbz<!GxqbQM 49
3.2 lmg<jgbqe<!GxqbQM 52
3.3 g{g<!GxqbQM 73
4. -bx<g{qkl< 91 - 121
4.1 hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijugt< 92
4.2 -bx<g{qk!Lx<oxiVjlgt< 97
4.3 giv{qh<hMk<kz< 107
4.4 yV!hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijujb!lx<oxiV!hz<ZXh<Hg<!
Ogijubiz<!uGk<kz< 116!
5. kQIUgt<!gi[l<!Ljxgt< 122 - 134
5.1 nElier<gt<!lx<Xl<!fq'h{r<gt< 123

5.2 g{qk!likqiqgt< 131
6. nxqLjx!ucuqbz< 135 - 168
6.1 siqhiIk<kZg<Giqb!Okx<xr<gt< 135

6.2 kVg<g!iQkqbig!fq'hqg<g!Ou{<cb!Okx<xr<gt< 158
7. hGLjx!ucuqbz< 169 - 186
7.1 giICsqbe<!ns<S!K~vLjx 169

7.2 Ogim<ce<!sib<U 173
7.3 (x1, y1) lx<Xl<!(x2, y2) Ngqb!-V!Ht<tqgTg<G!
! ! !!!-jmObBt<t!okijzU 179
8. Lg<Ogi{uqbz< 187 - 204
8.1 Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt< 189

8.2 Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!Lx<oxiVjlgt< 198
8.3 fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gTg<gie!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt< 202
9. osb<Ljx!ucuqbz< 205 - 216
9.1 yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<!yVHt<tq!upqg<!OgiMgt< 206

9.2 svisiqgtqe<!ucuqbz<!uqtg<gl< 213
10. uquvr<gjtg<!jgbiTkz< 217 - 228
10.1 jlbfqjzh<!Ohig<G!ntjugt< 219

11. ujvhmr<gt< 229 - 240
11.1 OfIg<OgiM!ujvhmr<gt< 229

11.2 OfIg<OgiM!ujvhmr<gtqe<!hbe<hiM 233
lmg<jgh<!hm<cbz< 241 - 242
wkqIlmg<jgh<!hm<cbz< 243 - 244

!
1. w{<Ljxgt<!
fl<! ne<xim! uip<uqz<! w{<gt<! wr<Gl<! Okie<Xgqe<xe/ “njek<kqZl<! w{<gt<!
dt<te” we! hpl<ohVl<! gqOvg<g! g{qk! uz<Zfi<! hqkigv^<! %xqBt<tii</! w{<gjth<!
hx<xq! fqjxb! nxqf<K! ogi{<Omioleqz<, g{qkk<kqje! fil<! fe<G! gx<xuIgtiOuil</!!
giIz<! h<vm<iqs<! gi^<! wEl<! o\Ileq!fim<jms<! siIf<k!g{qk!uz<Zfi<, “uqR<Rier<gtqe<!
nvsq! g{qkl<! lx<Xl<! g{qkr<gtqe<! nvsq! w{<gtqe<! ogit<jg” weg<! %xqBt<tii</!
w{<gt<! lqg! dbiqb! h{<Hgjth<! ohx<Xt<te/! nju! uqR<Riek<kqz<! wPl<! hz!
uqeig<gTg<G!uqjm!gi{!dkUgqe<xe/!-f<kqbg<!g{qk!Oljk!-viliE\e<!“w{<gt<!
weK!f{<hIgt<” weg<! %xqBt<tii</!o\Ileq!fim<M!GOviofg<gI!wEl<! uz<ZfI “-bz<!
w{<gjt! gmUt<! hjmk<kiI; lx<xju! leqkeqe<! kqxjlbiz<! Wx<hm<mju” we! uqbf<K!
%xqBt<tiI/! Lf<jkb! uGh<Hgtqz<! -bz<! w{<gt<, LPg<gt<, uqgqkLX! w{<gt<,
uqgqkLxi! w{<gt<! lx<Xl<! olb<ob{<gt<! Ngqbux<jxh<! hx<xq! nxqf<K! ogi{<Omil</!
w{<[ukx<G! dku! -bz<! w{<gt<! Wx<hm<me/! OkjugTg<Ogx<h! lx<x! w{<gt<!
dVuibq<e/!-h<himk<kqz<!w{<gtqe<!h{<Hgjth<!hx<xq!nxqf<K!ogit<Ouil</!
1.1. w{<Ljxgt<!
1.1.1 -bz<!w{<gt< (Natural Numbers)

1, 2, 3,…. we<he! -bz<! w{<gtiGl</! -ju! w{<{qm! dkUl<! w{<gt<! weUl<!
njpg<gh<hMl</! -bz<! w{<gtqe<! okiGkqjb! N weg<! Gxqh<Ohil</ N e<! dXh<Hgt<!
njek<jkBl<!hm<cbzqm!Lcbiuqm<miZl<, N = {1, 2, 3, …} we!wPKOuil</!-r<G "…"!
wEl<! GxqbQM N! e<! lx<x! dXh<Hgt< 1, 2, 3, e<! Ljxjb! yx<xq! hm<cbzqmh<hMgqe<xe!
we<hjk!d{i<k<Kgqe<xK/!-r<G!1, 3, 5,… we<he!yx<jxh<hjm!-bz<! w{<gt<! weUl<,
2, 4, 6, … we<he! -vm<jmh<hjm! -bz<! w{<gt<! weUl<! njpg<gh<ohXl</ x − 9 = 0,
x −16 = 0, x − 54 = 0 Ohie<x! sle<hiMgTg<Gk<! kQIU! okiGh<H N zqVf<K! ohxzil</!
Neiz<? x + 5 = 5, x + 9 = 9 Ngqb! sle<hiMgtqe<! kQIUgt<<! N z<! -z<jz/! Woeeqz<?!
-s<sle<hiMgt< N!z<!-z<zik!w{<!0 Nz<!fqjxU!osb<bh<hMgqe<xe/!
1.1.2 LP!w{<gt< (Whole Numbers)

0, 1, 2, … we<he! LP! w{<gtiGl</! LP! w{<gtqe<! okiGkqjb! W weg<!
Gxqh<Ohil</! NgOu! W = {0, 1, 2,…}. -h<OhiK, x + 5 = 5, x + 9 = 9 Ohie<x! sle<gtqe<!
kQIU?!w{<! 0 NGl<; -K!W z<! dt<tK/!-bz<! w{<gt<! njek<Kl<! LP!w{<gtiGl<;
Neiz<, 0 wEl<! LP!w{<! -bz<! w{<! nz<z/!nOk!Ofvk<kqz< x + 25 = 15, x + 12 = 9
1
we<he W-z<! kQIUgjtg<! ogi{<cvi/! Woeeqz<?! nux<xqe<! kQIUgtie −10 lx<Xl< −3
we<he!LP!w{<gtigi.
1.1.3 LPg<gt< (Integers)

0, 1, −1, 2, −2, … we<hju! LPg<gtiGl</! -ux<xqz< 1, 2, 3, … we<he! lqjg!
LPg<gt<;! ! −1, −2, −3,… we<he! Gjx! LPg<gtiGl</! LPg<gtqe<! okiGh<H Z! weg<
Gxqh<hqmh<hMgqe<xK/!NgOu, Z = {…, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…}. njek<K!LP!w{<gTl<!
LPg<gtiGl</! Neiz<! Gjx! LPg<gtie −1, −2, −3,… we<he! LP! w{<gtigi/!
-h<OhiK x + 25 = 15, x + 12 = 9 wEl<!sle<gtqe<!kQIUgtie!−10 lx<Xl< −3 we<he Z z<
dt<tkiz<, ns<sle<hiMgt< Z z<!kQIUgjth<!ohx<Xt<te/!Neiz<?!!
2x + 5 = 12, 3x + 9 = 4
7 −5
Ngqbe!Z z<! kQIUgjth<! ohx<xqVg<giK/!Woeeqz<?!-ux<xqe<! kQIUgtie lx<Xl<!
2 3
Z z<!njlbiK/!!
1.1.4 uqgqkLX!w{<gt< (Rational Numbers)

p
p, q LPg<gtigUl<, q ≠ 0 weUl<! ogi{<M! wEl<! ucuqz<! wPkh<hMl<! w{<gt<!
q
p
uqgqkLX! w{<gtiGl</! uqgqkLX! w{<gtqe<! okiGkqjb! Q weg<Gxqh<Ohil<. wEl<!
q
uqgqkLX! w{<{qz<, q lqjg! LP! w{<{igUl<, p lx<Xl< q gTg<G 1-Jk<! kuqIk<K
p
Ouoxf<k! ohiKg<! giv{qBlqz<jz! weqz<, NeK! OfIucU! nz<zK! kqm<mucuqz<!
q
7 −2
-Vg<gqe<xK! we<Ohil</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig, , we<he! OfIucuqZt<t! uqgqkLX!
11 5
12 24
w{<gtiGl</! lixig, lx<Xl<! we<he! OfIucuqz<! -z<zik! uqgqkLX!
15 − 22
w{<gtiGl</! Neiz<! yu<ouiV! uqgqkLX! w{<[l<! keqk<k! yV! sllie! OfI! ucu!
12 4 24 − 12
njlh<jhh<! ohx<xqVg<Gl</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig, = lx<Xl< = we<he!
15 5 − 22 11
OfIucuk<kqz<! njlgqe<xe/!yu<ouiV!LPUl<! uqgqkLX!w{<! NGl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig,

− 19
−19 we<x! LPju! we! wPkzil<; -r<G −19, 1 Ngqb! w{<gt<! Z z<! dt<te!
1
lx<Xl<! 1 ≠ 0. !weOu!−19 NeK!uqgqkLX!w{<! NGl</!weOu!njek<K!LPg<gTl<!
2
uqgqkLX! w{<gtiGl</! Neiz<! LPg<gtx<x! uqgqkLX! w{<gTl<! d{<M/!
4
wMk<Kg<gim<mig? NeK!uqgqkLX!w{<; Neiz<, -K!LP!nz<z/!
5
1.1.5 N, W, Z lx<Xl< Q okiGh<Hgtqz< +, −, ×, ÷ Ngqbux<xqe<!sqz!h{<Hgt<

%m<mz< + lx<Xl<! ohVg<gz<! × Ngqb! -v{<Ml<! Q z<! hqe<uVl<! h{<Hgjth<!
ohx<xqVh<hjk!w{<gTme<!dt<t!flK!nEhuk<jkg<!ogi{<M!nxqbzil</
1. x, y Ngqbe! uqgqkLX! w{<gt<! weqz<, x + y l<! uqgqkLX! w{<{iGl</!
−2
wMk<Kg<gim<mig, 11!lx<Xl<! -v{<Ml< Q!z<!dt<te/!nux<xqe<!%Mkzie
3
11 + ⎛⎜ − 2 ⎞⎟ = 11 + ⎛⎜ − 2 ⎞⎟ = 33 + (−2) = 31 .
⎝ 3 ⎠ 1 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 3
-KUl< Q z<!dt<tK/!-h<h{<H Q z<!%m<mZg<gie!njmUh<!h{<H!weh<hMl</!!
2. x, y Ngqbe!uqgqkLX!w{<gt<!weqz<, x + y = y + x. wMk<Kg<gim<mig,
⎛ − 4 ⎞ ⎛ − 2 ⎞ ( −12) + ( −22) − 34 lx<Xl<! ⎛ − 2 ⎞ ⎛ − 4 ⎞ ( −22) + ( −12) − 34
⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ = = ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ = = .
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 33 33 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠ 33 33
weOu ⎛⎜ − 4 ⎞⎟ + ⎛⎜ − 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎛⎜ − 2 ⎞⎟ + ⎛⎜ − 4 ⎞⎟ . -K!%m<mZg<gie!hiqlix<Xh<!h{<H!we!njpg<gh<hMl</
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠
3. x, y, z Ngqbe!uqgqkLX!w{<gt<!weqz<, x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z. wMk<Kg<gim<mig,
2 − 4 − 2 Ngqbju Q z<!dt<te;
, ,
3 5 7
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎡⎛ − 4 ⎞ ⎛ − 2 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎡ (−28) + (−10) ⎤ = ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ − 38 ⎞ = 70 + (−114) = − 44 ,
⎜ ⎟ + ⎢⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎢ ⎥ ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣ 35 ⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 35 ⎠ 105 105
⎡ 2 ⎛ − 4 ⎞⎤ ⎛ − 2 ⎞ ⎡10 + (−12) ⎤ ⎛ − 2 ⎞ = ⎛ − 2 ⎞ ⎛ − 2 ⎞ = ( −14) + ( −30) −
= 44 .
⎢ 3 + ⎜ 5 ⎟⎥ + ⎜ 7 ⎟ = ⎢ ⎥ +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎝ ⎠ ⎣ 15 ⎦ ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠ 105 105
∴ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎡⎛ − 4 ⎞ ⎛ − 2 ⎞⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎛ − 4 ⎞⎤ ⎛ − 2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ + ⎢⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟⎥ = ⎢ + ⎜ ⎟⎥ + ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 7 ⎠
-K Q-z<!%m<mZg<gie!OsIh<Hh<!h{<H!we!njpg<gh<hMl</!
4.!!0!NeK!uqgqkLX!w{</!OlZl< 0 + x = x + 0 = x. wz<zi!uqgqkLX!w{<!!
x-g<Gl<!-K!ohiVf<Kl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig,
11 0 11 0 + 11 11 lx<Xl< 11 11 0 11 + 0 11
0+ = + = = +0= + = = .
3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3
uqgqkLX!w{<!0 ju Q z<!%m<mzqe<!Lx<oxiVjl!dXh<H!we<gqOxil</
5. yu<ouiV! uqgqkLX! w{; x g<Gl< −x wEl<! uqgqkLX! w{<{qje

x + (−x) = (−x) + x = 0 we! njlBliX! gi{zil</ −x J x e< Gjx! nz<zK! x-e<
− 11
%m<mzqe<!OfIliX!weg<!%XOuil</!!wMk<Kg<gim<mig, we<gqx!uqgqkLX!w{<{qx<G,
3
3
11 ! we<x! uqgqkLX! w{<{qje ⎛ − 11 ⎞ + ⎛ 11 ⎞ = ( −11) + 11 = 0 = 0 we! -Vg<GliX! gi{!
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3⎠ 3 3
− 11
LcgqxK/!weOu! 11 NeK! e<!%m<mzqe<!OfIlixiGl</ !
3 3
6. x, y Ngqbe!uqgqkLX!w{<gt<!weqz<, x × y uqgqkLX!w{<{iGl</!x × y J xy
2
we<Ox!wPKOuil</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig, −5, we<he!uqgqkLX!w{<gt</!OlZl<,
3
⎛2⎞ ⎛ − 5 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ (−5) × 2 − 10
(−5) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = = , yV! uqgqkLX! w{</! -f<kh<! h{<hqje! Q z<!
⎝3⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ 1× 3 3
ohVg<gZg<gie!njmUh<!h{<H!weg<%XOuil</
−5
7. x, y Ngqbe! uqgqkLX! w{<gt<! weqz<, xy = yx NGl</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig, −3,
7
⎛ − 5 ⎞ 15 ⎛ − 5 ⎞ 15
we<he!uqgqkLX!w{<gt</ (−3)⎜ ⎟= , ⎜ ⎟(−3) = . !!
⎝ 7 ⎠ 7 ⎝ 7 ⎠ 7
⎛ −5⎞ ⎛ −5⎞
weOu? (−3) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟(−3). -f<kh<! h{<hqje!Q z<! ohVg<gZg<gie! hiqlix<Xh<! h{<H!
⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
we!njph<Ohil</!
8. x, y, z we<he uqgqkLX!w{<gt<!weqz< x(yz) = (xy)z.

wMk<Kg<gim<mig, 2, −3, − 7 we<he!uqgqkLX!w{<gt</ (2) ⎡⎢(−3)⎛⎜ − 7 ⎞⎟⎤⎥ = (2)⎛⎜ 21 ⎞⎟ = 42 ,
5 5 ⎣ ⎝ 5 ⎠⎦ ⎝5 ⎠
[(2) (−3)] ⎛⎜
−7⎞ ⎛ − 7 ⎞ 42 weOu! ⎡ ⎛ − 7 ⎞⎤ ⎛−7⎞
⎟ = (−6)⎜ ⎟= . (2) ⎢(−3)⎜ ⎟⎥ = [(2)(−3)] ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ 5 ⎠ 5⎝ ⎠
5 ⎣ 5 ⎝ ⎠⎦ 5 ⎝ ⎠
-f<kh<!h{<hqje!Q z<!ohVg<gZg<gie!OsIh<Hh<!h{<H!we!njph<Ohil</!
9. w{< 1 NeK! uqgqkLX! w{<{iGl</ 1x = x1 = x we<hK! njek<K! uqgqkLX

⎛ 5 ⎞ 1× 5 5
x-g<Gl< d{<jlbiGl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig, (1) ⎜ ⎟ = = . fil<!gueqh<hK?!
⎝3⎠ 3 3
(−x) y = [(−1)(x)] y = (−1)xy = −xy; −(−x) = (−1)[(−1)x] =[(−1)(−1)x] = 1x = x.
10. yu<ouiV!H,s<sqblqz<zik!uqgqkLX!w{< x-g<Gl<, 1 NeK!uqgqkLX!w{<!NGl</!

x
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
OlZl<? x⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ x = 1. wMk<Kg<gim<mig, x = − 21 , yV!uqgqkLX!w{</!-r<G, x ≠ 0,
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠ 4
1 1 4 − 4 , yV!uqgqkLX!w{<!NGl</!OlZl<!
= = =
x ⎛ − 21 ⎞ − 21 21
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
x ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ = ⎛⎜ − 21 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ − 4 ⎞⎟ = 84 = 1 . !w{< 1 J Q z<! x e<!kjzgQpq!nz<zK!ohVg<gzqe<!gQp<!
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 21 ⎠ 84 x
OfIliX!we<gqOxil</
4
11. x, y, z we<he!uqgqkLX!w{<gt<!weqz<?! x(y + z) = xy + xz, (x+y) z = xz+ yz NGl</
2 −1
wMk<Kg<gim<mig, x = , y = , z=5 weqz<,
3 2
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎡⎛ − 1 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎡ − 1 + 10 ⎤ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 9 ⎞
x (y + z) = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ ⎟ + 5⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 3,
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ − 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ − 1 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ ( −1) + 10 9
xy + xz = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟(5) = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = = = 3. weOu, x(y+z) = xy + xz.
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 3 3
⎡⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ − 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡ 4 + ( −3) ⎤ ⎛1⎞ 5
-u<uiOx, (x + y)z = ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟⎥5 = ⎢ 5 = ⎜ ⎟ 5 = ,
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ 6 ⎥⎦ ⎝6⎠ 6
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1⎞ 10 ⎛ − 5 ⎞ 20 + ( −15) 5
xz + yz = ⎜ ⎟5 + ⎜ ⎟5 = +⎜ ⎟= = . NgOu, (x+y) z = xz + yz.
⎝3⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 6 6
-f<kh<!h{<hqje Q z<!ohVg<gZg<gie!%m<mzqe<!hr<gQm<Mh<!h{<H!we!njph<Ohil</
1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 lx<Xl< 11 Nl<! h{<Hgt<! Q z<! dt<t! Gxqh<hqm<m! dXh<Hg<gjts<!

siIf<kqVg<guqz<jz/! weOu?! OlOz! osie<e! h{<Hgt< N, W lx<Xl< Z gtqe<!
dXh<HgTg<Gl< d{<jlbiGl</
Neiz<! h{<H 4 NeK!0 jus<! siIf<Kt<tK/!0 we<x!w{<! N z<! -z<jzbikziz<,
h{<H 4, N z<! d{<jlbz<z/! lixig 0 we<x! w{< W lx<Xl< Z! z<! dt<tkiz<, h{<H 4!
NeK W, Z gtqz<!d{<jlbiGl</
h{<H 5, Gjx! w{<gjts<! siIf<Kt<tK/! weOu N lx<Xl< W gtqz<! -K!
d{<jlbz<z/!Neiz<?!-h<h{<H Z !z<!ohiVf<Kl</!
h{<H 9 NeK!w{<! 1-Js<! siIf<kqVh<hkiZl<, N, W, Z gtqz<, 1 dXh<H!we<hkiZl<
N, W, Z gtqz<!h{<H 9!d{<jlbigqxK/
h{<H! 10 NeK, H,s<sqblx<x! w{<gtqe<! kjzgQp<! w{<gjth<! ohiVk<K!
njlukiZl<, N, W, lx<Xl< Z gtqz<! dt<t! H,s<sqblx<x! dXh<Hg<gtqe<! kjzgQpqgt<!
nux<xqz<!-Vg<giK!we<hkiZl<!N, W, Z gtqz<!h{<H!10 d{<jlbigiK/!
gpqk<kz< −, wEl<! osbzqjb! %m<mz<! + &zl<! ujvbXg<gzil</ Q z<! x, y!
dt<teoueqz<, x − y = x + (−y) NGl</ − osbzq, Q! z<! hiqlix<Xh<! h{<hqje! fqjxU!
osb<biK/ wMk<Kg<gim<mig, 4 − 5 = −1, 5 − 4 = 1. weOu?! 4 −5 ≠ 5 − 4.
uGk<kz< ÷ wEl<! osbzqjb!ohVg<gz<! Gxq × &zl<! hqe<uVliX!ujvbXg<gzil</
⎛1⎞
Q z<! x, y dt<te!lx<Xl<! y ≠ 0 weqz<, x ÷ y = x × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ . osbzq!÷ NeK Q z<! hiqlix<Xh<!
⎝ y⎠
4 5
h{<hqje!fqjxU!osb<biK/!wMk<Kg<gim<mig, 4 ÷ 5 = , 5 ÷ 4 = . weOu 4 ÷ 5 ≠ 5 ÷ 4.
5 4
gpqk<kz<! osbzq − NeK Q z<! OsIh<Hh<! h{<hqje! fqjxU! osb<biK/! wMk<Kg<gim<mig,
2
− 3, 11, !we<x! Q uqZt<t!w{<gjtg<!gVKg/
3
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ ⎡ 33 − 2 ⎤ 31 − 9 − 31 − 40
(−3) − ⎢11 − ⎜ ⎟⎥ = ( −3) − ⎢ ⎥ = ( −3) − = = ,
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦ 3 3 3
5
( −42) − 2 − 44
[(−3) − 11] − 2 = (−14) − 2 = = .
3 3 3 3
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ ⎛2⎞
weOu, (−3) − ⎢11 − ⎜ ⎟⎥ ≠ [(−3) − 11] − ⎜ ⎟.
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝3⎠
-u<uiOx,
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ ⎡⎛ 11 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞⎤
(−3) ÷ ⎢11 ÷ ⎜ ⎟⎥ = (−3) ÷ ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ ⎣⎝ 1 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎛ 33 ⎞ ⎛ − 3 ⎞ ⎛ 33 ⎞ ⎛ − 3 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ − 2
= (−3) ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟÷⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ,
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠⎝ 33 ⎠ 11
[(−3) ÷ 11] ÷ ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢⎛⎜ − 3 ⎞⎟ ÷ ⎛⎜ 11 ⎞⎟⎤⎥ ÷ ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟

⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎡⎛ − 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ − 3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ − 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ − 9
= ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ ÷ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ÷⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = .
⎣⎝ 1 ⎠⎝ 11 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 11 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ 22
⎡ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ ⎛2⎞
weOu, (−3) ÷ ⎢11 ÷ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ≠ [(−3) ÷ 11] ÷ ⎜ ⎟ .
⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ ⎝3⎠
gpqk<kz<! osbzq − NeK! N z<, njmUh<! h{<hqje! fqjxU! osb<biK/! Woeeqz<, 5, 7
we<x N e<! dXh<Hgjtg<! gVKg/ 5 −7 = −2, N e<! dXh<hz<z/!-u<uiOx!osbzq ÷ NeK!
5
N z<!njmUh<!h{<hqje!fqjxU!osb<biK/!Woeeqz<, 5 ÷ 7 = , N e<!dXh<hz<z.
7
N, W, Z lx<Xl< Q gtqe<! h{<Hgjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! yV! sleqe<! kQIU! Gxqh<hqm<m!

w{<gtqe< okiGkqbqz<! dt<tki! we! nxqbzil</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig, sle< 5x −10 = 0 e<
kQIU x = 2 NGl<. 2, N e<! dXh<hikziz<, 5x − 10 = 0 we<x!sleqe<! kQIU!N z<! dt<tK/
5x = 0 we<x! sleqe<! kQIU x = 0! NGl</! w{< 0! NeK N z<! -z<jz/! Neiz<?! w{< 0!
NeK W z<! dt<tK/!weOu? 5x = 0 wEl<! sle<! NeK N z< kQIU ogi{<cVg<guqz<jz/!
lixig,!nke<! kQIU W z<! dt<tK/ 5x + 10 = 0 we<x!sljeg<! gVKOuil</!-ke<! kQIU
x = −2. w{< −2 NeK N lx<Xl< W -v{<cZl<! -z<jz;!Neiz?< −2 NeK Z z<! dt<tK/
weOu, 5x + 10 = 0 we<x!sleqe< kQIU N lx<Xl< W uqz<! -z<jz;!Neiz<, Z z<! dt<tK/
−5 −5
3x + 5 = 0 we<x!lx<oxiV!sljeg<!gVKOuil</!-ke< kQIU x = . w{< !NeK N!z<!
3 3
−5 −5
-z<jz, NeK W uqZl<! -z<jz lx<Xl< NeK Z zqZl<! -z<jz/!weOu, N, W
3 3
lx<Xl< Z!Ngqb!w{<!okiGkqgtqz<!sle< 3x + 5 = 0 NeK!kQIuqjeh<!ohx<xqVg<guqz<jz/!
−5
Neiz<?! w{< NeK Q uqz<! -Vh<hkiz<, sle< 3x + 5 = 0 NeK Q uqz<! kQIuqjeh<!
3
ohx<xqVg<gqxK/ -Vh<hqEl< 2, 3, π, … we<he! uqgqkLxi! w{<gt<! we!
nxqf<kqVh<hkiz<, x − 2 = 0, x − 3 = 0, x − π = 0 Ohie<x!sle<hiMgt< Q!z<! kQIUgjth<
6
ohx<xqVg<giK/! uqgqkLxi! w{<gjth<! hx<xq! nxqf<K! ogit<ukx<G! Le<hig! uqgqkLX!
w{<gjt!ksl ucuqz<!wPKl<!Ljxjb!lQ{<Ml<!Nvib<Ouil</!
1.1.6 uqgqkLX!w{<gjt!ksl!ucuk<kqz<!Gxqk<kz<!
fQt<uGk<kz<! Ljxbqz<! uqgqkLX! w{<gjt! kslg<! GxqbQm<cz<! wPKl<!
− 15 51
Ljxbqje!nxqOuil</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig, lx<Xl< !gtqe<!ksl!hqe<e!njlh<Hgt<!
32 7
LjxOb!!
− 15 51
= −0.46875. = 7.28571428…
32 7
Olx<Gxqh<hqm<Mt<t! fQt<! uGLjxbqz<! hqe<hx<xqb! uqkqjb! fil<! nxqf<K!

ogit<Ouil</! -kx<G! LPg<gjt! wu<uiX! Gxqg<gqOxil<! we<hjkg<! gi{<Ohil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig! 324 J 3 F~Xgt<, 2 hk<Kgt<, 4 ye<Xgt<! Ngqbeux<xqe<! %Mkzigg<!
gi{zil</!nkiuK, 324 = 3 × 102 + 2 × 101 + 4 × 100. -u<uiOx
2003 = 2 × 103 + 0 × 102 + 0 × 101 + 3 × 100.
weOu 0, 1, 2, …, 9 wEl<! w{<! -zg<gr<gjtg<! ogi{<M! nux<xqe<! Lglkqh<Hg<gjt,
100, 101, 102, …gtqe<! lmr<Ggtig! LcU! osb<K! wPKgqe<Oxil</! -K! OhizOu!
hqe<er<gjtBl<, 0, 1, 2, …, 9 Jg<! ogi{<M, 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, … Ngqbeux<xqe<!
lmr<Ggtigh<!ohxzil</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig,
6 2 5 600 + 20 + 5 625 5 × 125 5
6× 10-1 + 2 × 10-2 + 5× 10-3 = + 2 + 3 = = = = .
10 10 10 1000 1000 8 × 125 8
5
weOu? J! 0.625 weg<! Gxqh<Ohil</! -r<G! Ht<tqbqe<! uzKhg<gk<kqz<! Lkz<! w{<{ie
8
6 2
6 e<! Lglkqh<H , -v{<miuK! w{<! 2 e<! Lglkqh<H we! nxqbzil</! Ht<tqjb!
10 100
hkqe<lieh<! Ht<tq! nz<zK! kslh<Ht<tq! we! njph<hI/! kslh<Ht<tqbqe<! -mh<Hxk<kqz<!
5
dt<t 0 e<! lkqh<H 0 × 100 = 0!NGl</!weOu!kslh<Ht<tq!NeK!kslucuk<kqz< J!
8
wPKl<OhiK! LPjlh<! hGkq, hqe<eh<hGkq! nz<zK! kslh<hGkq! -ux<jxh<! hqiqk<K!
wPkqmh<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/
7
Olx<%xqb!GxqbQm<cz<, 3.025!e<!ohiVt<
0 2 5 25 1 121
3 × 100 + 0 × 10-1 + 2 × 10-2 + 5 × 10-3 = 3 + + + =3+ =3+ = .
10 100 1000 1000 40 40
− 15
-h<ohiPK, we<x!hqe<ek<jk!wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</!-kqz<?
32
15 1 ⎛ 150 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 22 ⎞ 4 1 ⎛ 22 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟= ⎜4 + ⎟ = + ⎜ ⎟
32 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠
4 1 ⎛ 220 ⎞ 4 1 ⎛ 28 ⎞ 4 6 1 ⎛ 28 ⎞
= + 2⎜ ⎟= + 2 ⎜6 + ⎟ = + 2 + 2⎜ ⎟
10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 10 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠
4 6 1 ⎛ 280 ⎞ 4 6 1 ⎛ 24 ⎞
= + 2 + 3⎜ ⎟ = + 2 + 3 ⎜8 + ⎟
10 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 10 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠
4 6 8 1 ⎛ 24 ⎞ 4 6 8 1 ⎛ 240 ⎞
= + 2 + 3+ 3⎜ ⎟ = + 2 + 3 + 4⎜ ⎟
10 10 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠
4 6 8 1 ⎛ 16 ⎞ 4 6 8 7 1 ⎛ 16 ⎞
= + 2 + 3 + 4 ⎜7 + ⎟ = + 2 + 3+ 4 + 4⎜ ⎟
10 10 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠ 10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠
4 6 8 7 1 ⎛ 160 ⎞
= + 2 + 3+ 4 + 5⎜ ⎟
10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 32 ⎠
4 6 8 7 5
= + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 (osb<Ljx!Lx<Xh<ohXgqxK)
10 10 10 10 10
= 0.46875
− 15
∴ = −0.46875.
32
nMk<K, hqe<uVl<!osb<Ljxjbg<!gVKOuil</
51 ⎛2⎞
= 7+⎜ ⎟ (A)
7 ⎝7⎠
⎡ 1 ⎛ 20 ⎞⎤ ⎡1 ⎛ 6 ⎞⎤ ⎡2 1 ⎛ 6 ⎞⎤
= 7 + ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 7 + ⎢ ⎜ 2 + ⎟⎥ = 7 + ⎢ + ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
⎡2 1 ⎛ 60 ⎞⎤ ⎡2 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞⎤
= 7+⎢ + 2 ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 7 + ⎢ + 2 ⎜ 8 + ⎟⎥
⎣10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
⎡2 8 1 ⎛ 4 ⎞⎤ ⎡2 8 1 ⎛ 40 ⎞⎤
= 7+⎢ + 2 + 2 ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
⎡2 8 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞⎤ ⎡2 8 5 1 ⎛ 5 ⎞⎤
= 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 ⎜ 5 + ⎟⎥ = 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 3 ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣10 10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
⎡2 8 5 1 ⎛ 50 ⎞⎤ ⎡2 8 5 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
= 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 4 ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 4 ⎜ 7 + ⎟⎥
⎣10 10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣10 10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
⎡2 8 5 7 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ ⎡2 8 5 7 1 ⎛ 10 ⎞⎤
= 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
8
⎡2 8 5 7 1 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤
= 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎥
⎣10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
⎡2 8 5 7 1 1 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤
= 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣10 10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
⎡2 8 5 7 1 1 ⎛ 30 ⎞⎤
= 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣10 10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
⎡2 8 5 7 1 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤
= 7 + ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 ⎜ 4 + ⎟⎥
⎣10 10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦
⎡2 8 5 7 1 4 ⎤ 1 ⎛2⎞
= 7×100+ ⎢ + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 ⎥ + 6 ⎜ ⎟ (B)
⎣10 10 10 10 10 10 ⎦ 10 ⎝ 7 ⎠
1 ⎛2⎞ osb<LjxbieK!(A)-zqVf<K!
= 7.285714 + ⎜ ⎟.
10 6 ⎝7⎠ lQ{<Ml<!Nvl<hligqxK/!
− 15
e<! ksl! ucul<! wPKl<OhiK! fQtu < Gk<kz<! Ljx! Lx<Xh<ohXujkg<!
32
− 15
gi{zil< (lQkq 0 uVgqe<xhcbiz<). weOu! Lx<Xh<ohXl<! ksl! uqiqjuh<!
32
51
ohx<Xt<tK/! Neiz<! e<! kslucug<! Gxqk<kzqz<?! fQt<uGk<kz<! Ljx! wf<fqjzbqZl<!
7
Lx<Xh<ohxuqz<jz (lQkq ≠ 0 we! wf<k! fqjzbqZl<! dt<tK). nOk! Ofvk<kqz< (B)!
gm<mk<kqz<! ohxh<hMl<! lQkLl< (A) gm<mk<kqZt<t! lQkLl<! ye<Ox! we! nxqg/! ! weOu?!
gm<ml< (A), gm<ml< (B) -ux<xqx<gqjmOb! uVgqe<x! -zg<gr<gt< 2, 8, 5, 7, 1, 4 uiqjs!
51
lixilz<! kqVl<hk<! kqVl<h gqjmg<Gl</!weOu e<! kslucug<! Gxqk<kjz!Lx<Xh<ohxi!
7
lx<Xl<!lQt<!okimi<!Ljx (Non-terminating and Recurring)!we<Ohil</!-kje
51
= 7 .285714285714285714… = 7.285714 ,
7
51
we! wPKOuil</! -r<G! 285714 e<! lQK! -mh<hm<Mt<t! OgiM! (bar)?! e<! fQtu
< G!
7
Ljxbqz<! 285714 kqVl<hk<! kqVl<h! nOk! uiqjsbqz<! -ml<ohXujkg<! Gxqg<Gl</
15
g<gie! Lx<Xh<ohXl<! ksl! uqiquie 0.46875! J! Lx<Xh<ohxik! lQt<! okimvigUl<!
32
gVkzil</!Woeeqz<,
4 6 8 7 5
0.46875 = + 2 + 3+ 4 + 5
10 10 10 10 10
4 6 8 7 5 0 0
= + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + ..... = 0.468750 .
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
OlZl<!nOk 0.46875 g<G,
9
4 6 8 7 5
0.46875 = + 2 + 3+ 4 + 5
10 10 10 10 10
+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 (4 + 1)
4 6 8 7 1
=
10 10 10 10 10
4 6 8 7 4 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 +⎜ 5 ⎟
10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 10 ⎠
+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 (10 )
4 6 8 7 4 1
=
10 10 10 10 10 10
+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 (9 + 1)
4 6 8 7 4 1
=
10 10 10 10 10 10
4 6 8 7 4 9 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 +⎜ 6 ⎟
10 10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 10 ⎠
+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 (10 )
4 6 8 7 4 9 1
=
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
+ 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 (9 + 1)
4 6 8 7 4 9 1
=
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
4 6 8 7 4 9 9 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + ⎜ 7 ⎟ = 0.468749.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 ⎝ 10 ⎠
NgOu, yu<ouiV! uqgqkLX! w{<[l<! Lx<Xh<ohXl<! nz<zK! Lx<Xh<ohxik! lQt!<

okimv<! Ljxbqz<! ksl! uqiquig! njlgqxK/! fQt<! uGLjxbqz<! ohxh<hMl<! lQkr<gt<!
Gjxbqz<zi! LPg<gtigUl<?! uG! w{<gjt! uqm! GjxuigUl<! -Vh<hkiz<kie<,
uqgqkLX! w{<gt<! -k<kjgb! sqxh<Hh<! h{<hqjeh<! ohx<Xt<te/! Lf<jkb! fqjzbqz<!
ohxh<hm<m! lQklieK! OuoxiV! fqjzbqz<! lQklig! lXhcBl<<! uVujkg<! gi{zil</!
weOu?! =uqz<! dt<t! -zg<gr<gt<! kqVl<hUl<! uv! Nvl<hqg<gqe<xe/! -ke<! lXkjz!
d{<jlbi!we!Nvib<Ouil</!Lx<Xh<ohXl<! nz<zK!Lx<Xh<! ohxik!okimI!ujg!ksl!
uqiqUgt<!wkjeg<!Gxqg<gqe<xe@!-f<k!uqeiju!wMk<Kg<gim<Mgt<!&zl<!Nvib<Ouil<.
(i) ksl!uqiqU 0.45 Jg<!gVKg.

4 5 40 + 5 45 9
0.45 = + 2 = = = .
10 10 100 100 20
(ii) ksl!uqiqU! 0.45 Jg<!gVKg/!
x = 0.45 = 0.454545… we<g/!weOu 100x = 45.454545…
45 5
∴ 100 x − x = (45.4545…) − (0.4545…) nz<zK! 99x = 45 nz<zK!x = = .
99 11
(iii) ksl!uqiqU − 0.349 Jg<!gVKg/
x = 0.349 = 0.349999… we<g/!NgOu!100x = 34.9999…
∴ 1000x = 349.9999…
∴ 1000x − 100x = (349.9999…) − (34.9999…)
315 35 7
∴ 900x = 315 nz<zK! x = = = .
900 100 20
10
7
∴ 0.349 = .
20
⎛ 7 ⎞ −7
∴ − 0.349 = − ⎜ ⎟ = .
⎝ 20 ⎠ 20
weOu, yu<ouiV!Lx<Xh<ohXl<!nz<zK!Lx<Xh<ohxik!lQt<okimI!ujg!ksl!uqiqU,!yV!
uqgqkLX w{<{qjeg<! Gxqg<Gl</! nkiuK, yV! Lx<Xh<ohXl<! nz<zK! Lx<Xh<ohxik!
lQt<okimI!ujg!ksl!uqiqju!“LPuqe<!gQp<!LP” we<x!ucuk<kqz<!njlg<g!-bZl</!
1.1.7 uqgqkLxi!w{<gt<
Lx<Xh<ohxik! Neiz<! okimI! uiqjsbx<x! ksl! uqiqUgjtg<! gVKOuil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig, 0.101001000100001000001… . -u<uqiquqz< 0 lx<Xl< 1 gOt! dt<te/!
OlZl< 1 gt<! NeK 1 H,s<sqbl<, 2 H,s<sqbr<gt<, 3 H,s<sqbr<gt<, 4 H,s<sqbr<gt<, …
Ngqbeux<xiz< hqiqg<gh<hm<Mt<tjk! nxqg/! -kqz<! kqVl<hk<! kqVl<h! uVl<! okimI! ujg!
nMg<Ggt<! -z<jz/!weOu?!-k<kjgb!ksl!uqiqUgt<! uqgqkLX!w{<gjtg<! Gxqg<giK/!
nk<kjgb! ksl! uqiqUgt<! uqgqkLxi! w{<gjtg<! Gxqg<Gl<! we<gqOxil</! uqgqkLX!
lx<Xl<! uqgqkLxi! w{<gjtOb! olb<ob{<gt<! we<hv</! yV! ksl! uqiquieK!
hqe<uVueux<Xt<!WOkEl<!yV!ucuqz<!lm<MOl!-Vg<Gl</!!
(i) Lx<Xh<ohXl<!ucuqz<!-Vg<Gl</
(ii) Lx<Xh<ohxik!Neiz<!kqVl<hk<!kqVl<h!uVl<!okimI!ujg!ksl!uqiqU/!
(iii) Lx<Xh<ohxik!lx<Xl<!kqVl<hk<!kqVl<h!uvik!okimI!ujg!ksl!uqiqU/
NgOu!yu<ouiV!ksl!uqiqUl<!yV!olb<!w{<{iGl</!yu<ouiV!olb<!w{<{qx<Gl<!ksl!
uqiqU!d{<M!we!fil<!%xzil</!yV!olb<ob{< x-e<!ksl!uqiquqz<!10n e<!G{gr<gtqz<!
Gjxf<khm<sl<! ye<xiuK! lqjg! LP! w{<! Ng! -Vf<kiz<? nkje! lqjg! olb<! w{<!
we<Ohil</! -u<uiOx, olb<ob{< x NeK! lqjgbigOui! nz<zK! h,s<sqbligOui!
-z<zikqVh<hqe<!nK!Gjx!olb<ob{<!weh<hMl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig,
0 0 2 5 2 5
7.00252525… = 7 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + ....
10 10 10 10 10 10
we<hK!lqjg!olb<ob{</!Neiz<,
⎡ 0 2 0 2 2 0 ⎤
− 3.0202202220… = − ⎢3 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + ...⎥
⎣ 10 10 10 10 10 10 ⎦
Gjx!olb<ob{<{iGl</
olb<ob{<gtqe<! okiGkqjb R weg<Gxqh<Ohil</! NgOu! R NeK! uqgqkLX! lx<Xl<!

uqgqkLxi! w{<gtqe<! okiGh<hiGl</! -bz<! w{<gt<, LP! w{<gt<, LPg<gt<, uqgqkLX!
lx<Xl<! uqgqkLxi! w{<gt<! njek<Kl<! olb<ob{<gtiGl</! wf<kouiV! uqgqkLX!
w{<[l< uqgqkLxi! w{<{igiK/! -jkh<OhizOu?! wf<kouiV! uqgqkLxi! w{<[l<!
uqgqkLX! w{<! NgiK/ R z<! upg<glie! %m<mz<, gpqk<kz<, ohVg<gz<! lx<Xl<! uGk<kz<!
uqkqgt<! biUl<! d{<jlbiGl</! Gxqh<hig, R z<! dt<t! hiqlix<X! lx<Xl<! hr<gQm<Mh<!
h{<Hgtiue;!x, y lx<Xl< z WOkEl<!&e<X!olb<ob{<gTg<G?!
(i) x + y = y + x, xy = y x; (ii) x(y + z) = xy + xz; (iii) (x + y)z = xz + yz,
11
Olx<!%xqBt<t!h{<HgtqzqVf<K!hqe<uVueux<jxg<!gi{zil</!!
(i) x (y − z)=x [y + (− z)]=xy + x(− z) = xy − xz.
(ii) (x + y)2 = (x + y)(x + y) = (x + y) z, -r<G z = x + y weh<!hqvkqbqm
= xz + yz = x (x + y) + y (x + y)
= xx + xy + yx +yy
= x2 + xy + xy + y2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 .
(iii) (x − y)2 = (x − y)(x − y) = (x − y) z, -r<G z = x − y weh<!hqvkqbqm!
= xz − yz = x (x − y) − y (x − y)
= xx − xy − (yx − yy)
= x2 − xy − xy + y2 = x2 − 2xy + y2 .
(iv) (x + y) (x − y) = (x + y) z -r<G z = x − y!weh<!hqvkqbqm
= xz + yz = x (x − y) + y (x − y)
= xx − xy + yx − yy
= x2 − y2 .
wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: 0.75 Nz<!Gxqg<gh<hMl<!uqgqkLX!w{<{qjeg<!gi{<g/!

kQIU: x = 0.75 we<g/ x = 0.757575…
∴ 100x = 75.757575…
∴ 100x − x = (75.757575…) − (0.757575…) = 75.0000…
75 25
∴ 99x = 75 nz<zK! x = = .
99 33
wMk<Kg<gim<M 2: 1.0 = 0.9 we<hjk!fqbibh<hMk<kUl</!

9 ⎛1⎞ 9
kQIU: -r<G! 1.0 = 1 =
1
(10) =
1
(9 + 1) = +⎜ ⎟= +
1
(10) = 9 + 1 (9 + 1)
10 10 10 ⎝ 10 ⎠ 10 100 10 100
9 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 9
=
9
+ +⎜ ⎟= +
9
+
1
(10) = 9 + 9 + 1 (9 + 1)
10 100 ⎝ 100 ⎠ 10 100 1000 10 100 1000
9 9 9 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= + + +⎜ ⎟.
10 100 1000 ⎝ 1000 ⎠
OlOz!dt<t!LjxbieK!Lcuqe<xq!ose<Xogi{<OmbqVg<Gl</!NgOu,
1.0 = 0.9999… nz<zK! 1.0 = 0.9.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 3: 2.52 + 2.52 J!LPuqe<!gQp<!LP!ucuqz<!gi{<g/

kQIU: x = 2.52 we<g/ x = 2.525252….
∴ 100x = 252.5252…
250
∴ 100x − x = 250.000… nz<zK! 99x = 250 nz<zK! x = .
99
y = 2.52 we<g/ y = 2.52222…..
∴ 10y = 25.2222…
12
∴ 100y = 252.2222…
227
∴ 100y − 10y = 227.0000… nz<zK! 90y = 227 nz<zK y = .
90
250 227 2500 + 2497 4997
weOu? 2.52 + 2.52 = + = = .
99 90 990 990
wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: 0.101001000100001… lx<Xl< 0.010110111011110…Ngqb! uqgqkLxi

w{<gjtg<! %m<Mg/! uqjm! yV! uqgqkLX! w{<{ig! -Vg<Glieiz<,! nkje! LPuqe<!
gQp<!LP!ucuqz<!gi{<g/
kQIU: x = 0.1010010001… lx<Xl< y = 0.0101101110…we<g/
x + y = 0.1010010001… + 0.0101101110…= 0.111111… = 0. 1 .
-r<G x + y e<!ksluqiqU!Lx<Xh<ohxik!Neiz<!kqVl<hk<!kqVl<h!uVl<!okimI!ujgjbs<!
siv<f<kK/ weOu, x + y yV!uqgqkLX!w{</!a = 0.11111…we<g/!hqe<H!10a = 1.1111…
1 1
∴ 10a − a = 1.1111… − 0.1111 = 1.0000…. nz<zK! 9a = 1 nz<zK! a = . ∴ x + y = .
9 9
Gxqh<H; Olx<g{<m! wMk<Kg<gim<czqVf<K, -V! uqgqkLxi! w{<gtqe<! %Mkz<! yV!
uqgqkLxi w{<{ig!-Vg<g!Ou{<cb!nusqblqz<jz/!-jkh<! OhizOu, -V!uqgqkLxi!
w{<gtqe<! ohVg<gx<hzEl<! yV! uqgqkLxi! w{<{ig! -Vg<gOu{<cb! nusqblqz<jz/
( 2 yV!uqgqkLxi w{</!Neiz< 2 × 2 = 2, yV!uqgqkLX!w{<).
2 we<x! uqgqkLxi! w{<j{g<! gVKOuil</ 2 -uqe<! ksl! uqiqju! gi[l<!

Ljxjb!fqjeU!ogit<Ouil</!!
weOu 2 = 1.414213562… . filxquK?! 2 e<! ksluqiqU! Lx<Xh<ohxilZl<, kqVl<hk<!

kqVl<h!uVl<! okimI!ujg!-z<zilZl<! dt<tK/!weOu 2 yV!uqgqkLxi!w{<{iGl</!
-u<uiOx, 3 , 5 , 7 , … uqgqkLxi!w{<gt<!we!fqXuzil</
13
g{qkk<kqz< π lx<Xl< e wEl<! keqs<sqxh<Hlqg<g! -V! uqgqkLxi! w{<gt<!
-ml<ohXgqe<xe/! wf<kouiV! um<mk<kqZl<! nke<! Sx<xtU! lx<Xl<! uqm<ml<!
Ngqbux<xqx<gqjmOb! dt<t! uqgqkl<! yV! lixqzq! NGl</! -l<lixqzqjb! gqOvg<g!
wPk<kie! π Nz<! Gxqh<Ohil</ π e<! ksl! uqiqU! 3.1415926… we<hkiGl</! -K!
22
Lx<Xh<ohxik, kqVl<hk<! kqVl<h! uvik! okimvig! dt<tK/ wEl<! uqgqkLX!
7
w{<{qje!π e<! Okivib!lkqh<higg<! g{g<gqmzqz<! hbe<hMk<kqBt<Otil</!-f<kqbg<! g{qk!
Oljk! -viliE\e< π J! dt<tmg<gqb! hz! $k<kqvr<gjt! dVuig<gqBt<tiI/ 1973 l<
N{<M!ujvbqz<, π g<gie!ksl!uqiquqz< 1,000,000 !-zg<gr<gt<! -ml<ohXgqx!ujgbqz<<
gi{h<hm<Mt<tK/! hz! Ogic! -mk<! kqVk<kk<Kme< π e<! uqiqjug<! gi{<hK! we<hK!
kx<OhiK fjmohx<X! uVgqx! gcelie! Neiz<! uqbk<kG! h{qbiGl</ nMk<kkig?
2 4 5
⎛3⎞ ⎛4⎞ ⎛5⎞ ⎛6⎞
3
⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , … we<x! Ljxob{<gtqe<! lkqh<Hgjtg<! g{g<gqMjgbqz<!

⎝2⎠ ⎝3⎠ ⎝4⎠ ⎝5⎠
-jubjek<Kl<! yV! Gxqh<hqm<<m! olb<ob{<{qx<G! lqg! lqg! nVgijlbqz<! njlujk!
nxqbzil</! nf<k! w{<{qje e weg<! Gxqh<Ohil</ e e<! ksluqiqU e = 2.7182818284….
-KUl<! Lx<Xh<ohxik! lx<Xl<! kqVl<hk<! kqVl<h! uvik! okimvig! dt<tK/! -f<k!
uqgqkLxi!w{< e!Jh<!hx<xq!OlZl<!dbI!uGh<Hgtqz<!fQr<gt<!hck<kxqbzil</
1.1.8 R-z<!uiqjs!dxU
sqz! ohiVm<gjt! njugtqe<! h{<HgTg<Ogx<h! uiqjs! hMk<Kl<OhiK, nju
uiqjsh<hMk<kh<hm<mju! weh<hMgqe<xe/! wMk<Kg<gim<mig, li{uIgjt! nuvuI!
dbvk<kqx<Ogx<h, lqgg<! Gjxf<k! dbvk<kqzqVf<K! lqg! nkqghm<s! dbvl<! wEl<!
nch<hjmbqz<! fqx<gs< osb<kiz<, nl<li{uIgt<! ! uiqjsbqz<! fqx<hkigg<! %Xgqe<Oxil</ x
lx<Xl< y olb<ob{<gt<! we<g/ y − x NeK! lqjg! w{<! weqz<, x! NeK y-J! uqmg<!
Gjxf<k! w{< nz<zK! y NeK x J! uqmh<! ohiqb! w{<! weh<hMl</ x! NeK y J! uqmg<!
GjxuieK we<hjkg<! Gxqg<g x < y we<x!GxqbQm<jmBl<, y NeK x J!uqmh<! ohiqbK!
we<hjkg<!Gxqg<g y > x we<x GxqbQm<jmBl<!hbe<hMk<KOuil</!NgOu, x < y lx<Xl< y > x
we<he! y − x yV lqjg! w{<! we<x! yOv! ohiVt<! kVue/ y − x ! Gjx! w{<! weqz<,
−(y − x) = x − y lqjgbiGl</ weOu? y < x nz<zK! x > y/!wMk<Kg<gim<mig, 19 lx<Xl< 17
we<x!-V!w{<gjt!wMk<Kg<! ogit<Ouil</!19 − 17 = 2 NeK!lqjg!we<hkiz<, 17 < 19
nz<zK 19 > 17 weg<! gqjmg<gqxK/! nMk<K, −19 lx<Xl< −17 gjtg<! gVKOuil</!
filxquK?!
(−19) − (−17) = −19 + 17 = −2, yV!Gjx!w{</!weOu, −19 < −17 nz<zK! −17 > −19.
x lx<Xl< y we<he!olb<ob{<gt<! we<g/!hqe<uVl<! &e<xqz<! WOkEl<! ye<X!lm<MOl!

d{<jl/ (i) x − y yV!Gjx!w{<; nkiuK, x < y (ii) x − y yV!lqjg!w{<; nkiuK, x > y
(iii) x − y = 0; nkiuK, x = y. x < y nz<zK! x = y we<hjk x!NeK y J uqms<! sqxqb!
nz<zK! sl! w{<! we<Ohil</! -kje x ≤ y! we! wPKOuil</! -K?! x! NeK! y! J! uqm!
14
lqjgbz<z! we<X! Gxqh<hjk! nxqf<K! ogit<g/! -u<uiOx, x > y nz<zK! x = y weqz<,
x NeK y J! uqmh<! ohiqb! nz<zK! sl! w{<! we<Ohil</! -kje!x ≥ y! we! wPKOuil</!
-K?!x!NeK!y!J!uqm!Gjxf<kkz<z!we<X!Gxqh<hjk!nxqf<K!ogit<g/ x NeK!lqjg!
w{<! weqz<? x > 0 NGl<. x NeK!Gjx!nz<z!weqz<? x ≥ 0 NGl</ x Gjx!w{<! weqz<,
x < 0! NGl</ x NeK! lqjg! w{<! nz<z! weqz<? x ≤ 0 NGl</! ! NgOu wu<uqV!
olb<ob{<gt< x lx<Xl< y gTg<G, hqe<uVl<!&e<xqz<!ye<X!lm<MOl!d{<jlbiGl</!
x < y, x = y, x > y.
-kje!olb<ob{<gTg<gie!Lh<hqvqh<H (trichotomy) uqkq!we<Ohil</ x, y lx<Xl< z we<he!
x < y lx<Xl< y < z, wEliX! dt<t! WOkEl<! &e<X! olb<ob{<gt<! weqz<, y − x lx<Xl<
z − y gt<! lqjg!w{<gtiGl</!weOu, (y − x) + (z − y) lqjg!NGl</!nkiuK, z – x lqjg!
NGl</! weOu? x < z. ∴ x < y lx<Xl< y < z weqz<, x < z d{<jlbiGl</! -h<h{<hqje!
lix<Xh<! h{<H!we<Ohil</ x < y lx<Xl< y < z! we<hjk x < y < z!weg<! Gxqh<Ohil</!-r<G y !
NeK x lx<Xl< z!gTg<G!-jms<!osVgzig!dt<tK!we<Ohil</
olb<ob{< x lx<Xl< 0 Jg<! gVKg/! hqe<uVhjugtqz<! ye<X! lm<MOl!
d{<jlbiGl</
x < 0, x = 0, x > 0.
x < 0 weqz<, x2 = x × x = Gjx!w{< × Gjx!w{< = lqjg!w{</
x = 0 weqz<, x2 = x × x = 0 × 0 = 0.
x > 0 weqz<, x2 = x × x = lqjg!w{< ×!lqjg!w{< = lqjg!w{</
weOu! wf<kouiV! olb<ob{< x-g<Gl< x2 ≥ 0/! Gxqh<hig! H,s<sqblqz<zi! wu<ouiV!
olb<ob{<! x (> 0 nz<zK! < 0)-g<Gl<! x2 > 0. WOkEoliV!olb<ob{<! x Jg<! gVKg/!x ≥
0 we<xohiPK?!x e<!lm<Mlkqh<H!x we<Xl<;!x < 0 we<xohiPK?!x e<! lm<Mlkqh<H!−x we<Xl<!
ujvbXg<gh<hMgqxK/! x e<! lm<Mlkqh<hqje! |x| we<x! GxqbQm<ceiz<! Gxqh<Ohil</! weOu?!!!
|x| = x, x ≥ 0 we<xohiPK; |x| = −x, x < 0 we<xohiPK/ filxquK?
|x| ≥ 0, |−x| = |x| lx<Xl<! |x|2 = x2. !
22
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5: π lx<Xl< -ux<jx!!uiqjsh<hMk<K/!
7
22
kQIU: π = 3.141528…, = 3.142857 = 3.142857142857…
7
22
∴ − π = 3.142857… − 3.141528… = 0.0013…
7
22
∴ − π NeK!lqjg!w{</
7
22
∴ π< .
7
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: uqgqkLX! w{<gt< 1.201 lx<Xl< 1.202 -ux<xqx<G! -jmbqz<! WOkEl<!

fie<G!w{<gjt!-jms<osVgzigs<!OsIg<gUl</!
15
kQIU: -r<G 1.202 − 1.201 = 0.001 > 0 weOu 1.201 < 1.202. 1.2011, 1.2012, 1.2013, 1.2014
Ngqb! w{<gjtg<! gVKg/! -jugt<! Lx<Xh<ohXl<! ksl! uqiqU! ucuqZt<tkiz<,
njek<Kl<!uqgqkLX!w{<gtiGl</
1.2011 − 1.201 = 0.0001 > 0. weOu!1.201 < 1.2011.
1.2012 − 1.2011 = 0.0001 > 0, we<hkiz< 1.2011 < 1.2012.
1.2013 − 1.2012 = 0.0001 > 0,!we<hkiz< 1.2012 < 1.2013.
1.2014 − 1.2013 = 0.0001 > 0, we<hkiz< 1.2013 < 1.2014.
1.202 − 1.2014 = 0.0006 > 0, we<hkiz< 1.2014 < 1.202.
∴ 1.201 < 1.2011 < 1.2012 < 1.2013 < 1.2014 < 1.202.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: 1.201 lx<Xl< 1.202 gTg<gqjmOb! fie<G! uqgqkLxi! w{<gjt!

-jms<osVgzigs<!OsIg<gUl</!
kQIU: 1.202 − 1.201 = 0.001 > 0. weOu?!1.201 < 1.202.
a = 1.201101001000100001…,
b = 1.201202002000200002…,
c = 1.201303003000300003…,
d = 1.201404004000400004…,
wEl<! fie<G! w{<gjtg<! gVKg/! -jubiUl<! Lx<Xh<ohxik, kqVl<hk<! kqVl<h! uVl<!
okimI!ujgjbs<!sivik!ouu<Ouxie!ksl!uqiqUgjtg<!ogi{<Mt<tkiz<?!ouu<Ouxie!
uqgqkLxi!w{<gtiGl</!OlZl<,
a − 1.201 = 1.2011010010001… − 1.2010000000000… = 0.0001010010001… > 0,
b − a =1.2012020020002… − 1.2011010010001… = 0.0001010010001… > 0,
c − b =1.2013030030003… − 1.2012020020002… = 0.0001010010001… > 0,
d − c=1.2014040040004… − 1.2013030030003….= 0.0001010010001… > 0,
1.202 − d =1.202000000000… − 1.2014040040004… = 0.0005959959995… > 0.
∴ 1.201 < a < b < c < d < 1.202.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 8: 2.001 lx<Xl< 2.003 uqgqkLxi! w{<gTg<gqjmOb! WOkEl<! -V!

uqgqkLX!w{<gjt!-jms<osVgzigs<!OsIg<gUl</!
kQIU:
∴ 2.001 = 1.41456… lx<Xl< 2.003 = 1.41527…

∴ 2.003 − 2.001 = 0.0007 (Okiviblig*!> 0.
16
∴ 2.001 < 2.003 .
1.41461 lx<Xl< 1.41462 Ngqb! w{<gjtg<! gVKg/! Lx<Xh<ohXl<! ksl! uqiqjug<!
ogi{<Mt<tkiz<,!-jubqv{<Ml<!uqgqkLX!w{<gtiGl</!OlZl<!
1.41461 − 2.001 = 1.414610000… − 1.41456…= 0.00004… > 0
∴ 2.001 < 1.41461.
1.41462 − 1.41461 = 0.00001 > 0
∴ 1.41461 < 1.41462.
2.003 − 1.41462 = 1.41527… − 1.41462 = 0.0006…> 0
∴ 1.41462 < 2.003 .
∴ 2.001 < 1.41461 < 1.41462 < 2.003.
Olx<%xqBt<t! wMk<Kg<gim<Mg<gtqzqVf<K, a, b! wEl<! wu<uqV! ouu<OuX!
olb<ob{<gt<! a < b we! -Vh<hqe<, r we<x! uqgqkLX! w{<{qje a < r < b wEliX!
gi{zil<. a lx<Xl< b ye<Xg<ogie<X! lqg! nVgijlbqz<! -Vh<hqEl<,! OlOz! %xqBt<t!
h{<H! d{<jl/! -h<h{<hqje R z< Q uqe<! nmIk<kqh<! h{<H! we<gqOxil</! yV!
OfIg<Ogim<cz<! njlf<k -V! ouu<OuX! Ht<tqgTg<gqjmOb! OuoxiV! keqk<kh<! Ht<tq!
-Vg<Gl<<! we<x! d{<jlBme<! R e<! nmIk<kqh<! h{<hqje! yh<hqmzil</! -k<kjgb! yh<hQM?!
olb<ob{<gjt!OfIg<OgiM!ye<xqeiz<!Gxqg<g!upq!uGg<gqxK/!!
njek<K! uqgqkLX! w{<gTl<! olb<ob{<gOt! we<hjk! fqjeuqz<! ogit<g/!

Neiz<?! uqgqkLX! nz<zik! olb<ob{<gTl<! d{<M! we<hjk! nxqOuil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig, 2, 3 , π, … Ngqbe! olb<ob{<gt<;! Neiz<! uqgqkLX! w{<gt<!
nz<z/!-h<OhiK, sle<gt< x − 2 = 0, x − 3 = 0, x − π = 0, R z<! kQIjuh<! ohx<Xt<te/!
Neiz<? x +1 = 0 we<x! sleqx<G R z<! kQIU! -z<jz/! Woeeqz<? x2 = −1 we! wf<kouiV
2
olb<ob{<! x JBl<! ohx! -bziK/! -k<kjgb! sle<hiMgjt! flK! uGh<hqz<! gVkh<!

Ohiukqz<jz/!
hbqx<sq 1.1
1. hqe<uVueux<xqx<G!ksl!uqiquqjeg<!gi{<g.
21 11 −7 11
(i) (ii) − (iii) (iv)
64 6 20 24
2. hqe<uVl<!uqgqkLX!w{<gjt!!LPuqe<!gQp<!LP!ucuqz<!gi{<g:
(i) 0.34 9 (ii) −0. 7 (iii) 0. 125 (iv) 0.5 21 (v) 8. 9
3. siqbi!nz<zK!kuxi!weg<!%Xg/!
2
(i) we<hK!yV!LP!w{<.
7
(ii) − 11 we<hK!yV!LP/!
17
1
(iii) we<hK!yV!uqgqkLX!w{</!
3
(iv) 0.16 we<hK!yV!uqgqkLX!w{</
(v) yu<ouiV!ksl!uqiqUl<!yV!olb<ob{<!NGl</!
(vi) yu<ouiV!olb<ob{<[l<!yV!uqgqkLX!w{<!NGl</
(vii) 0.1212212221… yV!uqgqkLX!w{</
1.2 olb<ob{<!OfIg<OgiM!
Le<! uGh<Hgtqz<! olb<ob{<! OfIg<Ogim<cje! nxqOuil</! olb<ob{<gt<! wu<uiX!
OfIg<Ogim<ce<! Ht<tqgtigg<! Gxqg<gh<hMgqe<xe! we<hjk! ! lQ{<Ml<! nxqf<K! ogit<Ouil</!
yV!OfIg<Ogim<cz<! WOkEl<! yV!Ht<tqjbg<! gVKg/!-h<Ht<tqjb O weh<! ohbiqMOuil</!
w{< 0 J! -h<Ht<tq! Gxqh<hkigg<! ogit<Ouil</! Ht<tq! O-g<G! uzh<Hxlig! w{< 1Jg<!
Gxqg<Gl<! Ht<tqbig! OfIg<Ogim<cz< A Ht<tqjbg<! gVKg/! OfIg<Ogim<Mk<K{<M OA NeK!
YvzG! fQtLjmbK! we<g/! Ht<tq! A-jbh<! ohiVk<K! fQtl<! OA -Vg<Gl<<! we<hjk!
fqjeuqz<! ogit<g/!Ht<tq A,!w{< 1!Jg<! Gxqg<gqxK!we<X!ogi{<m!hqe<H A fqjzbie
Ht<tqbiGl<; OAe<! fQtl< 1! nzgiGl</ OA! J! ntUOgizigg<! ogi{<M! yu<ouiV!
olb<ob{<{qjeBl<! ng<Ogim<cz<! yV! Ht<tqbigg<! Gxqg<gzil</! -k<kjgb!
OfIg<Ogim<jm! olb<ob{<! OfIg<OgiM! nz<zK! olb<g<OgiM! (Real Number Line)! we!
njph<Ohil</!
olb<g<Ogim<cz<! wu<uiX! lqjg! LPg<gt<! Ht<tqgtigg<! Gxqg<gh<hMgqe<xe!

we<hjk! lQ{<Ml<! fqjeU! ogit<Ouil</ O lx<Xl< A LjxOb! w{<gt< 0 lx<Xl< 1 gjtg<
Gxqg<gqe<xe/ O–g<G! uzh<hg<gk<kqz< 2 nzGk<! okijzuqZt<t! Ht<tq (OA-uqe<!
fQtk<jkh<! Ohiz 2 lmr<G), 3 nzGk<! okijzuqz<! dt<t! Ht<tq, …, -ju! LjxOb!
w{<gt<!2, 3, … Ngqbux<jxg<!Gxqg<Gl<!(!hml< 1.1 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<).
hml<!1.1
!
-u<uiOx, O-g<G!-mh<Hxlig − 1, − 2, −3,… w{<gjtg<! Gxqg<Gl<! Ht<tqgjt!LjxOb
1 nzG, 2 nzGgt<,< 3 nzGgt<, … okijzUgtqz<!Gxqg<gzil</!!
!
uqgqkLX! w{<gjt! olb<g<Ogim<cz<! Gxqg<Gl<! Ljxjb! kx<OhiK!
okiqf<Kogit<Ouil</! wMk<Kg<gim<cx<gig, uqgqkLX! w{< 2 Jg<! gVKOuil</! uqgqkLX!
3
2
w{< 2 e<! hGkqbqZt<t (Denominator of ) 3-Jg<! Gxqg<Gl<! Ht<tq! P we<g/ OP-g<G!
3 3
18
2
osr<Gk<kig PQ we<El<! Ogim<cje! 2 e<! okiGkq 2 (numerator of ) nzG fQtk<kqz<!
3 3
ujvg/!OQ-jus<!OsIg<g/ PQ-g<G!-j{big! A-upqs<!osz<Zl<!Ofi<g<Ogim<cje!!
ujvg/!-g<OgiM OQ J R we<x!Ht<tqbqz<!
2
sf<kqg<gqxK! we<g/! AR = ! nzGgt<!
3
NGl</! Woeeqz<? ∆OAR lx<Xl< ∆OPQ
we<he! ucouik<k! Lg<Ogi{r<gt</! weOu,
PQ OP 2 3 2
= nz<zK = !nz<zK AR = .
AR OA AR 1 3
O-ju! jlbligUl<> AR-g<G! sllie!
fQtk<jk! NvligUl<! ogi{<M! yV! um<ml<!
ujvg/! -u<um<ml<! olb<g<Ogim<jm O-g<G hml< 1.2
uzh<Hxk<kqz<!yV!Ht<tqbqz<!oum<Mgqe<xK/!!
2
-h<Ht<tqbieK uqgqkLX! w{< Jg<! Gxqg<gqe<xK! (hml< 1.2! Jh<! hii<gg< Ul<*/! nOk!
3
−2
um<ml< O-g<G! -mh<Hxlig! olb<g<Ogim<jm! oum<Ml<! Ht<tpbieK wEl<! uqgqkLX!
3
w{<{qjeg<! Gxqg<gqe<xK/! -Ok! Ljxbqz<?! wf<kouiV! uqgqkLX! w{<{qjeBl<!
olb<g<Ogim<cz<! Gxqg<gzil</! olb<g<Ogim<cz< P, Q we<he! ouu<OuX, nVgijlh<!
Ht<tqgt<! weqz<! nux<xqx<gqjmbqz<, P lx<Xl< Q gjtk<! kuqv! OuoxiV! Ht<tqbqjeBl<!
gi{zil</! nkiuK! olb<g<Ogim<cz<! wf<kuqV! Ht<tqgTg<Gl<! -jmObBl<! -jmoutq!
-z<jz! we<hjk! nxqgqe<Oxil</! weOu?! olb<g<OgiM! okimIs<sqh<! Ht<tqgtiz<!
(continuum of points) NeK/! yu<ouiV! uqgqkLX! w{<{qx<Gl<! olb<gO < gim<cz<! yV!
keqk<k! Ht<tq! d{<M! we<hjk! -Kujvbqz<! hiIk<Okil</! Neiz<! olb<g<Ogim<cZt<t!
njek<Kh<Ht<tqgTl<! uqgqkLX! w{<gjt! lm<MOl! Gxqg<Gli! we! uqei! wPh<HOuil</!
-kx<Giqb! uqjm “-z<jz” we<hKkie</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig, 2 we<x! uqgqkLxi!
w{<j{g<!gVKOuil</!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! hml<< 1.3
!
hg<gl< OA = 1 weg<!ogi{<M!!sKvl< OABC ujvg/!hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc?!!
OB2 = OA2 + AB2 = 1+1 = 2.
weOu!OB = 2. O-ju!jlbligUl< OB J!NvligUl<! ogi{<M yV!um<ml<! ujvg!
)hml<! 1.3 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*/! -u<um<ml<, olb<ob{<! Ogim<cje O g<G! -mh<Hxl<! Ht<tq
Q uqZl<, O-g<G!uzh<Hxl<! Ht<tq!P-bqZl<! sf<kqg<Gl</ OP = OB = 2 , OQ = OB = 2!
we<hkiz<!Ht<tqgt< P, Q uqgqkLX!w{<gjtg<!Gxqg<giK/!NgOu!Ht<tq P, 2 wEl<!
uqgqkLxi!w{<{qjeBl<, Ht<tq Q, − 2 wEl<!uqgqkLxi!w{<{qjeBl<!Gxqg<Gl</!!
19
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: 3 , 5, − 3 ,− 5 Ngqb! uqgqkLxi! w{<gjt! olb<ob{<! Ogim<cz<!
Gxqg<gUl</!
kQIU: olb<ob{< 2 g<Giqb Ht<tq! P-J!
olb<g<Ogim<cz<!Gxqg<gUl<. 3 lx<Xl< − 3
hqe<uVliX gi{zil<;
OP= 2 lx<Xl< PD = 1 wEliX! osu<ugl<!
OPDC (hml< 1.4 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*! ujvg/!
hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc,
hml< 1.4
OD2 = OP2 + PD2 = ( 2 )2 + 12 = 3.
weOu OD = 3 . O-ju! jlbligUl<, OD J NvligUl<! ogi{<M! yV! um<ml<! ujvg/!
-u<um<ml<! olb<g<Ogim<cje Q lx<Xl< Q′! gtqz<! sf<kqg<gm<Ml</! hmk<kqzqVf<K filxquK?!
OQ = OQ′ = OD = 3 . Q lx<Xl< Q′!wEl; Ht<tqgt< O-g<G!uz!lx<Xl<! -mh<Hxr<gtqz<!
LjxOb! njlukiz<, Ht<tq Q! NeK 3 JBl<?! Ht<tq Q′ NeK − 3 JBl<!
Gxqg<gqe<xe/
5 , − 5 -ux<xqx<G{<mie!
Ht<tqgjtg<! Gxqg<g! Olx<%xqb!
dk<kqjbg<! jgbit<Ouil</! olb<ob{<!
Ogim<ce<! lQK!O uqzqVf<K!2 nzGgt<!
okijzuq<z<!O uqx<G!uzh<hg<gk<kqz<!R
we<x! Ht<tqjbg<! Gxqg<gUl<!!!!!!!!
(Wx<geOu! uqgqkLX! w{<gTg<G!
d{<mie! Ht<tqgjt! olb<ob{<! hml< 1.5
Ogim<cz<! wu<uiX! gi{<hK! we<hjkg<!
g{<cVg<gqe<Oxil<)/!osu<ugl< ORFC J!!
fQtl<!OR = 2, !ngzl<!RF = 1 we<xuiX!ujvg ( hml<!1.5 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<).
hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc,
OF2 = OR2 + RF2 = 22 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5.
weOu?! OF = 5 . O J! jlbliUl<, OF J! NvligUl<! ogi{<M! yV! um<ml<! ujvg/!
nu<um<ml<! olb<ob{<! Ogim<cje O uqx<G!uzh<hg<gk<kqz<! S we<x!Ht<tqbqZl<, O uqx<G!
-mh<hg<gk<kqz< S′ we<x!Ht<tqbqZl<! oum<Mgqe<xK/ -r<G!OS = OS′ = OF = 5 we<hkiz<,
S NeK! 5 JBl<?!S′ NeK − 5 JBl<!Gxqg<gqe<xe/
Olx<gi[l<! Nvib<uqzqVf<K, wf<kouiV! olb<ob{<[l<, olb<ob{<! Ogim<ce<! lQK!

keqk<k! yV! Ht<tqBme<! ohiVk<kh<hMgqxK! we! nxqgqe<Oxil</! lXkjzbig?! olb<ob{<!
Ogim<ce<! lQKt<t!yu<ouiV!Ht<tqBl<! keqk<k!yV!olb<ob{<{qjeg<! Gxqg<Gl<! weUl<!
nxqgqe<Oxil</! O uqx<G! uzh<hg<gk<kqz<! dt<t! Ht<tqgt<! lqjg! olb<ob{<gjtBl<?! O
uqx<G! -mh<hg<gk<kqZt<t! Ht<tqgt<! Gjx! olb<ob{<gjtBl<! Gxqg<gqe<xe/!
20
olb<ob{<gt<! a lx<Xl<! b -ux<xqx<gie! olb<ob{<! Ogim<ce<! Ht<tqgt<! LjxOb! P
lx<Xl<!Q we<g/!a < b weqz<!P NeK!Q e<!-mh<hg<glig!-Vh<hjk!nxqf<K!ogit<tUl</!
nkiuK?! Q uieK! P g<G! uzh<hg<gk<kqz<! njlf<k! Ht<tq! we! nxqf<K! ogit<tUl<!
)hml<! 1.6 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*/! OlZl<?! a < x < b we<xuiXt<t! x we<x! olb<ob{<{qx<G!
olb<ob{<!!
!
!
!
!
hml< 1.6
!
!
Ogim<ce<! lQK! ohiVk<kh<hm<m! Ht<tq! R weqz<?! R NeK! P g<Gl<! Q g<Gl<! -jmh<hm<m!

Ht<tqbig!-Vh<hjk!nxqgqe<Oxil</
1.2.1 uqgqkLxi!w{<gtqz<!g{g<gqmz<
2 , 3 , 5 , … Ohie<x!uqgqkLxi!w{<gt<!wu<uiX!dVuibqe!we<hjk!fqjeU!
%IOuil</! fil< x − 2 = 0 we<x! sle<him<cjek<! kQIU! gi{! uqjpOuioleqz<?! flg<G!!!!
x = 2 !kQIuigg<! gqjmk<kK/!-jkh<OhizOu!xn = r we<x!sle<him<cx<G!olb<! lkqh<H! x
kQIuigh<!ohx!uqjpgqOxil<!we<g/!-r<G!r yV!uqgqkLX!w{<?!n yV!lqjg!LPuiGl</
ujg!1: r < 0, n = 2, 4, 6, … weqz<? xn = r we<xuiX!yV!lqjg!olb<ob{<!x gi{!
LcbiK/! Woeeqz<?! yV! olb<ob{< x x<G?! x2 = x × x > 0, x4 = x2 × x2 > 0, …, xn > 0;
Neiz< r < 0 .
ujg!2: r > 0, n = 2, 4, 6, … weqz<?!xn = r we<xuiX!yV!lqjg!olb<ob{<!x gi{!
-bZl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig? x4 = 625 g<G!x = 5 gi{zil</!
ujg!3: r > 0, n = 1, 3, 5, … weqz<?!xn = r we<xuiX!yV!lqjg!olb<ob{<!x gi{!
LcBl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig? x3 = 64 g<G!x = 4 gi{zil</!!
ujg!4: r < 0, n = 1, 3, 5, … weqz<?!xn = r we<xuiX!yV!lqjg!olb<ob{<!x gi{!
LcbiK/!Woeeqz<?!yV!lqjg!olb<ob{<! x g<G!x > 0, x2 = x × x > 0, x3 = x2 × x > 0, …
xn > 0; Neiz<!r < 0.
Olx<gi[l<! Nvib<uqzqVf<K?! fil<! nxquK?! n yV! lqjg! LP! (n = 1, 2, 3, …)
lx<Xl< r! yV! lqjg! uqgqkLX! w{<! weqz<?! xn = r we<xuiX! yV! lqjg! olb<ob{<! x
gi{! -bZl</! -f<fqjzbqz<! ohxh<hMl<! lqjg! olb<ob{<! x J! n
r we! wPKgqOxil<;
nkiuK?!xn = r ⇒!x = n r ; OlZl<! x J!r e<! n uK!&zl<! we<gqOxil</!-r<G n r yV!
uqgqkLX! w{<{igOui! nz<zK! uqgqkLxi! w{<{igOui! -Vg<Gl</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?
3
64 = 4, 4
4 = 2. Gxqh<hig?!fil<!gueqh<hK?!
21
p
ujg! 1: r NeK! we<x! yV! lqjg! ! uqgqkLX! w{<{qe<! n uK! &zlig!
q
n
⎛ p⎞ p
-Vh<hqe<, nkiuK?! r = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ weqz<?! n r = yV!uqgqkLX!w{<{iGl</!
⎝q⎠ q
ujg! 2: r NeK! wf<kouiV! lqjg! uqgqkLX! w{<{qe<! n uK! nMg<gig!
-z<jzobeqz<?! n
r yV! uqgqkLX! w{<{ig! -Vg<g! LcbiK; Woeeqz<?! n
r yV!
n
p ⎛ p⎞
uqgqkLX! w{<! weqz<?! r = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ?! ! yV! uqgqkLX! w{<o{e! Lv{<himig!
q ⎝q⎠
gqjmg<gqxK/! weOu?! yV! lqjg! uqgqkLX! w{<! r NeK! OuX! wf<k! yV! uqgqkLX!
w{<{q<e<! n NuK!nMg<gig!-Vg<guqz<jzobeqz<?! n r NeK!yV!uqgqkLX!w{<{ig!
-Vg<giK; nkiuK?! n r yV!uqgqkLxi!w{<!NGl</!!
r! yV! lqjg! uqgqkLX! w{<{ig! -Vf<K?! n
r we<x! lqjg! olb<ob{<?! yV!
uqgqkLxi! w{<{ig! -Vh<hqe<?! n r J! yV! LVm<om{<! )surd) nz<zK! yV! uqgqkLxi!
&zl<!we<gqOxil</!!
!
Gxqh<H: yV! LVm<om{<! we<hK! Gxqh<hqm<m! ucuqz<! njlf<k! uqgqkLxi! w{<{iGl</! r!
NeK!wf<kouiV!uqgqkLX!w{<{qe<! n!NuK!nMg<gig!-z<jz!we<xOhiK?! n r yV!
uqgqkLxi! &zliGl</! -r<G! n! we<hK! uqgqkLxi! &zl<! n r e<<! Gxqob{<! we<gqOxil</!
n !we<x!GxqbieK!&zg<Gxq (Radical) we<gqOxil</!Gxqob{<! n = 2 weqz<, 2
r J!r e<!
uIg<g&zl<! we<xjpk<K! nkjes<! SVg<glig! r we<Ox! wPKgqe<Oxil</! n = 3 weqz<,
3
r J!r!e<!ge!&zl<!we<gqOxil</!
LVm<om{<gt<! olb<ob{<gt<! we<hkiz<?!nux<Xme<! -bx<g{qk!osbzqgt<! +, −,

×, ÷ -ux<jxs<! osbz<hMk<kzil</! -V! uqgqkLxi! &zr<gjtg<! %m<m! yV! uqgqkLxi!
w{<! gqjmh<hqe<?! nf<k! uqgqkLxi! w{<{qjeBl<! yV! LVm<om{<! we<Ox!
njpg<gqe<Oxil</!-u<uiOx?!yV!LVm<om{<{qje?!yV!uqgqkLX!w{<{qeiz<! ohVg<g!
yV! uqgqkLxi! w{<! gqjmh<hqe<?! nf<k! uqgqkLxi! w{<{qjeBl<?! yV! LVm<om{<!
we<Ohil</! wMk<Kg<gim<<mig?! 3 2 ?! 5 7 ?! 2 ! we<he! LVm<om{<gt</! 3 2 + 5 7 , − 3 2
we<he!uqgqkLxi!w{<gt</!-ux<jxBl<!fil<!LVm<om{<gt<!we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</!!
a lx<Xl< b we<he! -V! ouu<Ouxie! uqgqkLX! w{<gt<! we<g/! a , b

-v{<MOl! uqgqkLxi! &zr<gt<! )uIg<g! &zr<gt<*! we<g/! a + b , a − b , a + b ,
a − b Ngqbju! uqgqkLxi! &zr<gtiGl</! -r<G a − b NeK! a + b e<!
Kj{bqb!uqgqkLxi!&zl<! we<gqOxil</!-u<uiOx?! a + b NeK a − b e<! Kj{bqb!
&zl<, a + b NeK! a − b e<! Kj{bqb!&zl<?! a − b NeK! a + b e<!
Kj{bqb!&zl<!we!nxqgqe<Oxil</
22
uqgqkLxi! &zk<jkBl<?! nke<! Kj{bqb! uqgqkLxi! &zk<jkBl<! ohVg<gg<!
gqjmh<hK!yV!uqgqkLX!w{<{iGl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?
(2 + 3 ) (2 − 3 ) = (2) − 2 3 + 2 3 − ( 3 ) = 4 − 3 = 1 lx<Xl<
2 2
( 3 + 5 ) ( 3 − 5 ) = ( 3 ) − 15 + 15 − ( 5 ) = 3 − 5 = −2.
2 2
!
uqgqkLxi!&zr<gjtg<!jgbit<ukx<G!hqe<uVl<!uqkqgjth<!hbe<hMk<KOuil</
a, b we<he!lqjg!uqgqkLX!w{<gt<;< !m, n we<he!lqjg!LPg<gt<!weqz<?

(i) ( a ) = a.
n
n
(ii) ( a) ( b)=
n n n
ab .
n
a a
(iii) n
=n .
b b
(iv) p n
r +q n
r = ( p + q) n
r , -r<G!p lx<Xl< q -v{<MOl!olb<ob{<gt</
(v) n m
a = mn
a.
(vi) n
a= n m
am .
(vii) a < b weqz<, n
a < n b NGl</!
fil<! gueqh<hK?! uqkqgt< (ii), (iii) lx<Xl< (iv) z<, uqgqkLxi! &zr<gt<! njek<Kl<!
sllie! Gxqob{<! ogi{<mjubiGl</! weOu?! ouu<OuX! Gxqob{<gt<! ogi{<m!
uqgqkLxi! &zr<gt<! kvh<hm<M! nux<jxg<! ogi{<M! fie<G! nch<hjms<! osbzqgjt!
fqgp<k<k! Ou{<Moleqz<?! nf<k! uqgqkLxi! &zr<gjt! sl! Gxqob{<! djmb!
&zr<gtig,!uqkq!(vi) Jg<<! ogi{<M!lix<xqb!hqxG!osbz<hm!Ou{<Ml</!uqkq!(vi) NeK!
uqkq!(i), uqkq!)v*!-ux<xqe<!-j{h<OhbiGl<!we<hjk!hqe<uVliX!nxqbzil<:!!
uqkq!(i) e<!hc?!a = m
am . ∴ n
a =n m
am .
uqkq (vii) Jg<!ogi{<M?!sllie!Gxqob{<!djmb!uqgqkLxi!&zr<gjt!yh<hqmzil</
1
Gxqh<H: n
a J! a n weg<!Gxqh<Ohil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 10: hqe<uVue!uqgqkLxi!&zr<gti?!-z<jzbi!we<hjk!giv{r<gTme<!

uqjmbtqg<gUl</
121 49 7
(a) (b) (c)
225 25 5
144 32
(d) (e) 3
(f) 3
4 × 3 16
72 216
kQIU:
2
121 ⎛ 11 ⎞ 11 121
(a) = ⎜ ⎟ = , yV! uqgqkLX! w{</ ∴ , yV! uqgqkLxi!
225 ⎝ 15 ⎠ 15 225
&zle<X/!
23
2
49 ⎛7⎞ 7 49
(b) = ⎜ ⎟ = , yV! uqgqkLX! w{</ ∴ , yV uqgqkLxi!
25 ⎝5⎠ 5 25
&zle<X/
7 7
(c) yV! uqgqkLxi! &zliGl</! Woeeqz<? NeK! yV! uqgqkLX!
5 5
w{<{qeK!uIg<glz<z/
144
(d) = 2 = yV!uqgqkLxi!&zliGl</
72
32 16 × 2 16 × 2 4× 2 2 2
(e) = = = = .
3
216 3
6×6×6 3
6 3 6 3
2 2 32
yV!uqgqkLxi!w{<!we<hkiz<, 3
yV!uqgqkLxi!&zliGl</
3 216
(f) 3
4 × 3 16 = 3 4 × 16 = 3 4 × 4 × 4 = 3 4 3 = 4 , yV!uqgqkLX!w{<.
∴ 3 4 × 3 16 yV!uqgqkLxi!&zlz<z/
uqgqkLxi! &zr<gjt?! +, −, ×, ÷ ogi{<M! jgbiTl<ohiPK! gqjmg<Gl<!

uqjtuieK!yV!uqgqkLX!w{<{ig!-Vg<gzil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: hqe<uVue!uqgqkLxi!&zr<gti?!-z<jzbi!we<hjk!giv{r<gTme<!

uqjmbtq:
(i) (5 + 54 ) + (4 − 3 2 )
3 3
(ii) (2 + 3 ) − (3 + 3 )
(iii) (3 + 4 2 )(3 − 32 ) (iv) 4
432 ÷ 4 2187
kQIU:
(i) (5 + 3
) ( )
54 + 4 − 3 3 2 = (5 + 4) + (
3
27 × 2 − 3 3 2 )
=9+ (3
3 3
×3 2 −3 3 2 )
(
= 9 + 3 × 3 2 − 3 × 3 2 = 9. )
-K! yV! uqgqkLX! w{<?! nkiuK?! 5 + 3 54 , 4 – 3 3 2 Ngqb! -v{<Ml<! uqgqkLxi!
&zr<gtig! -Vh<hqEl<! nux<xqe<! %Mkz<! yV! uqgqkLxi! &zlz<z/! weOu! uqgqkLxi!
&zr<gt<!%m<mjzh<!ohiVk<K!njmUh<!h{<hqje!fqjxU!osb<buqz<jz/
(ii) (2 + 3 ) − (3 + 3 ) = (2 − 3) + ( )
3 − 3 = −1 + 0 = −1 , yV!uqgqkLX!w{</
∴ kvh<hm<m!Ogiju!yV!uqgqkLxi!&zlz<z/!
(iii) (3 + 4 2 ) (3 − )
32 = (3 + 4 2 ) (3 − 16 × 2 )
= (3 + 4 2 ) (3 − 4 2 )
= 3 × 3 − 3 × 4 2 + 4 2 × 3 − 16 × 2 × 2
= 9 − 12 2 + 12 2 − 32 = 9 − 32 = −23.
-K!yV!uqgqkLX!w{</!weOu?!kvh<hm<m!OgijubieK!yV!uqgqkLxi!&zle<X/
24
(iv) 432 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 27 = 24 × 27.
∴ 4 432 = 2 4 27.
2187 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 27 =34 × 27.
∴ 4 2187 = 3 4 27.
2 2 4 27
∴ 4 432 ÷ 4 2187 =
. =
3 4 27 3
-K!yV!uqgqkLX!w{</!weOu?!kvh<hm<m!OgijubieK!yV!uqgqkLxi!&zlz<z/
wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: hqe<uVueux<Xt<! yu<ouie<jxBl<! yV! keqk<k! uqgqkLxi! &zlig!

wPkUl<;!
(i) 20 − 225 + 80 (ii) 3

40 − 2 3 135
(iii) 2 6 27 + 50 (iv) 3 3 128 − 3 2000
kQIU:
(i) 20 = 4 × 5 = 4 × 5 = 2 5 , 225 = 9 × 25 = 9 × 25 = 3 × 5 = 15,
80 = 16 × 5 = 16 × 5 = 4 5 .
∴ 20 − 225 + 80 = 2 5 − 15 + 4 5 = 6 5 − 15.
(ii) 3
40 = 3 8 × 5 = 3 8 × 3 5 = 2 3 5 lx<Xl<! 3 135 = 3 27 × 5 = 3 27 × 3 5 = 3 3 5 .
∴ 3
40 − 23 135 = 2 3 5 − 2 × 3 3 5 = ( 2 − 6) 3 5 = −43 5.
(iii) 6
27 = 2×3 33 = 2 3
33 = 2 3 = 3 lx<Xl< 50 = 2 × 25 = 5 2 .
∴ 2 6 27 + 50 = 2 3 + 5 2 .
43 × 2 = 4 2 lx<Xl<! 3 2000 = 3 10 3 × 2 = 10 2 .
3 3 3 3
(iv) 128 =
∴ 3 3 128 − 3 2000 = 3(43 2 ) − 10 3 2 = 12 3 2 − 10 3 2 = (12 − 10) 3 2 = 2 3 2 .
wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: hqe<uVueux<Xt<! yu<ouie<jxBl<! yV! keqk<k! uqgqkLxi! &zlig!

wPkUl<:
(i) 7 × 3
6 (ii) 3
5 × 4
3.
(iii) 8 3
4 ÷6 4
2 (iv) 3
81 ÷ ( 5 + 20 )
kQIU:
(i) -r<G! 7 NeK!Gxqob{<!2!djmbK/! 3 6 NeK!Gxqob{<!3!djmbK/ 2, 3
-ux<xqe<! lQ/ohi/l! = 6. weOu? 7 , 3 6 Ngqb! -v{<jmBl<! Gxqob{<! 6 djmb!
uqgqkLxi!&zr<gtig!wPKOuil</!-r<G! 7 = 2
7 = 2 3
7 3 = 6 343,
25
3
6 = 3 2
6 2 = 6 36. weOu, 7 × 3
6 = 6
343 × 6 36 = 6 343 × 36 = 6 12348 .
(ii) 3
5 × 4
3 = 12
625 × 12
27 = 12
625 × 27 = 12
16875 .
83 4 4 12 256 4 12 256 4
(iii) 8 3
4 ÷6 4
2 = 4
= × = × = 12
32.
6 2 3 12 8 3 8 3
( ) 27 × 3 3× 3 3
3 3 3 6
81 3 9 9
(iv) 3
81 ÷ 5 + 20 = = = = = = 6 .
5 + 20 5 + 4×5 3 5 5 6
125 125
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 14: 4 3 , 6 10 , 12 25 we<heux<jx! nux<xqe<! lkqh<Hgtqe<! WXuiqjsbqz<!
njlg<gUl</!
kQIU: Lkzqz<?! kvh<hm<m! uqgqkLxi! w{<gTg<gie! ohiKuie! Gxqob{<! gi{<Ohil</!
kvh<hm<m! uqgqkLxi! &zr<gtqe<! Gxqob{<gt<! 4, 6, 12. -ux<xqe<! lQ/ohi/l! =12 NGl</!
weOu! kvh<hm<m! uqgqkLxi! &zr<gjt! Gxqob{<! 12 dt<t! uqgqkLxi! &zr<gtig!
lix<x!Ou{<Ml</!
4
3=4 3
3 × 3 × 3 = 12 27 6
10 = 6 2 10 × 10 = 12 100 .
∴kvh<hm<m!uqgqkLxi!&zr<gt< 12
27 , 12
100 , 12
25 .
-h<ohiPK!uqkq!(vii) Jh<!hbe<hMk<k?! 12 25 < 12 27 < 12 100.
nkiuK?! 12 25 < 4 3 < 6 10.
!
x
sqz!slbr<gtqz<?!uqgqkl<! !z<! dt<t!hGkq!y NeK yV!uqgqkLxi!&zlig!
y
-Vg<gzil</! nh<hch<hm<m! uqgqkr<gtqz<?! yV! kGf<k! Ljxjbg<! ogi{<M! hGkqjb! yV!
uqgqkLX! w{<{ig! lix<xzil</! -l<Ljxjb?! hGkqjb! uqgqkLX! w{<{ig<Gl<! Ljx!
we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</!-l<Ljxjb!hqe<uVliX!kVgqe<Oxil<:
(i) hGkq! y NeK! a we<x! njlh<hqz<! -Vf<K?! a yV! uqgqkLX! w{<! weqz<?!
okiGkq?!hGkq!-v{<jmBl< a Nz<!ohVg<gUl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig,
3 3× 5 15
= = .
5 5× 5 5
(ii) hGkq! y NeK a + b we<x! njlh<hqz<! -Vf<K?! a lx<Xl< b uqgqkLX!
w{<gt<! weqz<?!okiGkq?!hGkq!-v{<jmBl< a − b Nz<! ohVg<g!Ou{<Ml</!-h<ohiPK?!
hGkq = (a + b ) (a − b ) = a 2 − a b + a b − b = a 2 − b , yV! uqgqkLX! w{</ ( ) 2
wMk<Kg<gim<mig,
2 2 × (3 − 2) 2×3− 2× 2 6−2 2 6−2 2
= = 2 = = .
3 + 2 (3 + 2 )(3 − 2 ) 3 − ( 2) 2
9−2 7
(iii) hGkq! y NeK a − b we<x! njlh<hqz<! -Vf<K?! a lx<Xl< b uqgqkLX!
w{<gt<!weqz<?!okiGkq?!hGkq!-v{<jmBl<!a + b Nz<!ohVg<g!Ou{<Ml</!-h<ohiPK?!
hGkq!= (a − b ) (a + b ) = a2 − a b + a b − ( b) 2
= a 2 − b , yV!uqgqkLX!w{</!
26
3+ 2 (3 + 2) × (3 + 2) (3 + 2 ) 2
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!! = =
3− 2 (3 − 2 )(3 + 2 ) 32 − ( 2 ) 2
=
32 + 2 × 3 × 2 + 2
=
9 + 6 2 + 2 11 + 6 2
= .
( ) 2
9−2 7 7
(iv) hGkq y NeK! a + b !we!-Vf<K?!a lx<Xl< b -ju!uqgqkLX!w{<gt<!
weqz<?!okiGkq?!hGkq!-v{<jmBl<! a − b Nz<!ohVg<g!Ou{<Ml</!-h<ohiPK?!
hGkq = ( a + b )( a − b ) = ( a ) 2 − ( b ) 2 = a − b, yV!uqgqkLX!w{</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!
2
=
2× 3 − 5
=
(
2 3− 5 ) ) (
3+ 5 (
3+ 5 3− 5 )( ) ( ) ( )
2
3 − 5
2
2( 3 − 5 ) 2( 3 − 5 )
= = = −1( 3 − 5 ) = 5 − 3.
3−5 −2
(v) a − b we<x! njlh<hqz<! -Vf<K?! a, b -ju! uqgqkLX!
hGkq y NeK!
w{<gt<! weqz<?! okiGkq?! hGkq! -v{<jmBl<! a + b Nz<! ohVg<g! Ou{<Ml</!
-h<ohiPK?! hGkq! = ( a − b )( a + b ) = ( a ) 2 − ( b ) 2 = a − b, yV! uqgqkLX! w{</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?
5
=
5× ( 5+ 7 ) =
( 5 ) + 5 7 = 5 + 35 = − 1 (5 +
2
)
5− 7 ( 5− 7 )( 5+ 7) ( 5) − ( 7)
2
5−7 22
35 .
1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 15: e<!hGkqjb!uqgqkLX!w{<{ig!lix<xUl</
5 + 14
1 1 × 5 − 14
=
(
5 − 14 )
kQIU:
5 + 14
=
(
5 + 14 5 − 14
2
5 − 14
2
)(
) ( ) ( )
= ( 14 − 5 ) .
5 − 14 5 − 14 1
= =
5 − 14 −9 9
x
Gxqh<H: we<x! uqgqkk<kqe<! okiGkq! x NeK! a nz<zK! a + b nz<zK! a − b
y
nz<zK! a + b nz<zK! a − b we<x! njlh<hqz<! dt<tK/! x J! uqgqkLX!
w{<{ig! lix<x! Ou{<Moleqz<?! okiGkqbqe<! Kj{bqb! w{<{qeiz<! okiGkq, hGkq!
-v{<jmBl<!ohVg<g!Ou{<Ml</
11 − 3
wMk<Kg<gim<M 16: e<!okiGkqjb!uqgqkLX!w{<{ig<Gg/
4
11 − 3 ( 11 − 3 )× ( 11 + 3 ) = ( 11) − ( 3 ) 2 2
4 × ( 11 + 3 ) 4 × ( 11 + 3 )
kQIU: =
4
11 − 3 8 2
=
(
4 11 + 3 ) =
(
4 11 + 3 ) =
11 + 3
.
27
1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 17: = a + b 2 + c 6 weqz<, a + b + c Jg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
1− 2 + 3
1 1× 1 − 2 − 3 ( )
kQIU:
1− 2 + 3
=
(
1− 2 + 3 1− 2 − 3 )( )
(1 − )2− 3
(1 − 2 ) − ( 3 )
= 2 2
(1 − 2 − 3 )
=
(1 − 2 2 + 2) − 3
=
(1 − 2 − 3 ) = (1 − 2− 3 )× 2
−2 2 −2 2 2
2− 2 2− 3 2 2 −2− 6
= =
−4 −4
2− 2 + 6 1 1 1
= = − 2+ 6.
4 2 4 4
1 1 1
∴ a+b 2 +c 6 = − 2+ 6.
2 4 4
1 −1 1
∴ a= ,b= ,c= .
2 4 4
1 1 1 1
∴ a+b+c = − + = .
2 4 4 2
Gxqh<H;! p, q uqgqkLX! w{<gt<? n

a yV! uqgqkLxi! &zl<! weqz<?! p+ q n a we<x!
uqgqkLxi!&zk<kqz<, p J!uqgqkLX!w{<!hGkq!we<Xl<?! q n a J!uqgqkLxi!w{<! hGkq!
we<Xl<! njpg<gqe<Oxil</! -V! uqgqkLxi! &zr<gt<! sllibqVg<g?! nux<xqe<! uqgqkLX!
w{<! hGkqgt<! sllibqVg<g! Ou{<Ml<! lx<Xl<! nux<xqe<! uqgqkLxi! w{<! hGkqgt<!
sllibqVg<g!Ou{<Ml</
3 −1 3 +1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 18: + = x + y 3 weqz<?!x2 + y2 Jg<!g{<Mhqc/
3 +1 3 −1
3 −1
=
( 3 −1 )(
) = ( 3) − 2 3 + 1 = 3 − 2 3 + 1 = 4 − 2
3 −1
2
3
= 2− 3.
3 +1 ( 3 + 1)(
3 − 1)
kQIU:
( 3) −1 3 −1 2
2 2
3 +1 1 1 × (2 + 3 ) 2+ 3 2+ 3
∴ = = = = = 2 + 3.
3 − 1 2 − 3 (2 − 3 )(2 + 3 ) 2 − ( 3 ) 4−3 2 2
3 −1
3 +1
+
3 +1
3 −1
( ) (
= 2− 3 + 2+ 3 = 4= 4+0 3 . )
28
∴ x+ y 3 = 4+0 3
∴ x = 4, y =0
∴ x2 + y2 = 16 + 0 = 16.
3+ 2 1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 19: x = weqz<?! x + Jg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!
3− 2 x
3+ 2 ( 3+ 2 )( 3+ 2 ) ( 3+ 2 )
2
kQIU: x =
3− 2
=
( 3− 2 )( 3+ 2)
=
( 3) − ( 2 )
2 2
3+ 2 3+ 2
= = = 3 + 2.
3− 2 1
∴
1
=
1
=
( 1
×
)
3− 2
x 3+ 2 ( ) (3+ 2 )
3− 2
( 3 − 2) = ( 3 − 2) = 3− 2
= 3− 2
( 3) − ( 2 ) 3 − 2
= 2 2
1
∴ x + = ( 3 + 2 ) + ( 3 − 2 ) = 2 3.
1
x
3+ 2 2
wMk<Kg<gim<M 20: a = weqz<?!a2 (a− 6)2e<!lkqh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqc/
3− 2 2
(3 + 2 2 ) × (3 + 2 2 ) = (3 + 2 2 ) = 3 + 2 2 = 3 + 2 2 2
kQIU: a =
(3 − 2 2 ) (3 + 2 2 ) 3 − 4( 2 ) 9 − 8 2 2
∴ a − 6 = (3 + 2 2 ) − 6 = −3 + 2 2.
∴ a (a − 6) = (3 + 2 2 ) (− 3 + 2 2 ) = [(2 2 + 3)(2 2 − 3)]
2 2 2 2 2
= ⎡(2 2 ) − 3 ⎤ = (8 − 9 ) = 1.
2 2
2 2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
2 +1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 21: 2 ≈ 1.414 weqz<?! e<!Okivib!lkqh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!
2 −1
kQIU:
2 +1
=
2 +1
×
2 +1 ( 2 + 1) = ( 2
2 +1 ) =(2
2 +1 . )
2
2 +1 ( 2) −1
=
2 −1 2 −1
2 2 2 −1
∴
2 +1
= ( 2 +1 )
2
= 2 + 1 = 1.414… + 1 = 2.414…
2 −1
29
hbqx<sq 1.2
1. hqe<uVue!uqgqkLxi!&zr<gti!-z<jzbi!we<hjk!giv{r<gTme<!uqjmbtq/
3 5 4 4
(i) 16 (ii) 2 4 (iii) 729 (iv) 2 2 (v) 50 2
2. hqe<uVue!yu<ouie<jxBl<!SVg<gucuqz<!wPkUl<;
(i) 5 2 + 32 (ii) 3
320 − 3 40
(iii) (5 )(
2 −2 3 4 3+3 2 ) (iv) ( 20 − 12 )( 75 + 45 )
(v) 3
5 5 (vi) 3 ÷ 3
6
(vii) 5
4 ÷ 15 12 (viii) 4
3 ÷3 5 (ix) 3
25 ÷ 5
3. WXuiqjsbqz<!njlg<gUl<;
(i) 3, 3
5 , 6 11 (ii) 5, 3
7, 4
9 (iii) 3
2, 5, 4
3
4. hqe<uVue yu<ouie<xqe<!hGkqjb!uqgqkLX!w{<{ig!lix<xUl<:
18 4 5 +1
(i) (ii) (iii)
6 1+ 2 3 5 −1
1 2− 3 3 2 −2 3
(iv) (v) (vi)
3+ 5 2+ 3 3 3+2 2
5. hqe<uVue!yu<ouie<xqZl<!x lx<Xl<!y !-ux<jxg<!gi{<g/

2+ 3 5+4 3
(i) =x+y 3 (ii) = x+ y 3
2− 3 4+5 3
3+ 5 3− 5 5− 7 5+ 7
(iii) + = x+ y 5 (iv) − = x + y 35
3− 5 3+ 5 5+ 7 5− 7
2+ 3
6. a= weqz<?!a2 (a − 4)2 e<!lkqh<jhg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!
2− 3
2 +1 1
7. a= weqz<?!a2 + e<!lkqh<jhg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
2 −1 a2
3 +1
8. 3 ≈ 1.732 weqz<?! e<!Okivib!lkqh<jhg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
3 −1
1
9. 2 ≈ 1.414 , 3 ≈ 1.732 weqz<? !e<!Okivib!lkqh<jhg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
2+ 3
30
uqjmgt<!
hbqx<sq 1.1
1. (i) 0.328125 (ii) − 1.83 (iii) − 0.35 (iv) 0.4583

7 7 125 258 9
2. (i) (ii) − (iii) (iv) (v)
20 9 999 495 1
3. (i) kuX (ii) siq (iii) siq (iv) siq
(v) siq (vi) kuX (vii) kuX!
hbqx<sq 1.2
1. (i) LVm<om{< (ii) LVm<om{<!nz<z!! (iii) LVm<om{<

(iv) LVm<om{< (v) LVm<om{<!nz<z
2. (i) 9 2 (ii) 23 5 (iii) 14 6 + 6 (iv) 4 15 (v) 6
3125
3 16 27 6
(vi) 6 (vii) 15 (viii) 12 (ix) 5
4 3 625
3. (i) 6 11 , 3
5, 3 (ii) 9, 3
4
7, 5 (iii) 3
2, 4
3, 5.
4. (i) 3 6 (ii)
4
11
(
2 3 −1 ) (iii)
1
2
3+ 5( )
(iv)
1
2
( 5− 3 ) (v) 2 6 − 5 (vi)
1
19
(
13 6 − 30 )
40 9
5. (i) x = 7, y = 4 (ii) x = , y=
59 59
(iii) x = 7, y = 0 (iv) x = 0, y = 2
6. a2 (a − 4)2 = 1 7. 34 8. 3.732 9. 0.318
31
2. ntjugt<!
!fl<! ne<xim!uip<uqz<! hz<OuX!fqjzjlgtqz<! fil<! ntjugt<! !osb<gqe<Oxil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig? fil<! K{q! jkh<hkx<gig! fQtk<jkBl<? out<jtbch<hkx<gig! Sux<xqe<!
hvh<htuqjeBl<? OuzqbqMukx<gig!fqzk<kqe<! Sx<xtuqjeBl<? fqvh<Hukx<gig!hik<kqvk<kqe<!
ogit<ttuqjeBl<! ntg<gqe<Oxil</! ntjugjt! nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<M! fl<!
Okjug<Ogx<h! OlZl<! g{g<gQMgt<! osb<gqe<Oxil</! kt! lx<Xl<! ge! dVur<gtqe<!
fQtr<gt<?! Ogi{r<gt<? hvh<htUgt< Sx<xtUgt<! lx<Xl<! ge! ntUgt<! hx<xqb! g{qkh<!
hqiquqje! ntuqbz<! we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</! Lf<jkb! uGh<Hgtqz<! fil<?! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<?
fix<gvr<gt<! lx<Xl<! um<mr<gt<! Ohie<x! sqz! kt! ucu! dVur<gjth<! hx<xq!
gx<xxqf<Kt<Otil<! )wz<zi! ucu! dVur<gTl<! ktk<kqz<! ujvbh<hm<mjubigg<!
ogit<Ouil<*/! -f<k! nk<kqbibk<kqz<? -v{<M! nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<m! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<?
fix<gvr<gt<! nz<zK! um<mr<gt<! -ux<jx! ye<xe<Olz<! ye<xig! fqXk<kq! gqjmg<gh<ohXl<!
sqz! kt! %m<M! dVur<gjth<! hx<xq! gx<Ohil</! fil<! gVKl<! njek<K! dVur<gTl<!
ktk<kqz<!njlf<kju!we<hkiz<?!kt!dVuk<jk!dVul<!we<X!njph<Ohil<.
2.1! hvh<H!lx<Xl<!Sx<xtU!
fil<?!kt!ucuqbz<!dVur<gtqe<! Sx<xtUgt<! lx<Xl<! hvh<Hgtqe<! uib<h<hiMgjt!
lQt<hiIjubqMOuil</!
!
2.1.1 osu<ugl;:
hvh<H!= l × b!sKv!nzGgt< hml<!2.1

Sx<xtU = 2 (l + b) nzGgt<
d= l 2 + b 2 !nzGgt<
2.1.2! -j{gvl;:
hvh<H = b × h sKv!nzGgt< hml< 2.2

Sx<xtU = 2(a + b) nzGgt<
2.1.3 ogiMg<gh<hm<m!nch<hg<gl<!lx<Xl<!dbvk<jkBjmb!Lg<Ogi{l<;
1
!hvh<H = b × h sKv!nzGgt<. hml<!2.3
2
32
2.1.4! osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<;
1 hml< 2.4
hvh<H = b × h sKv!nzGgt<
2
Sx<xtU = b + h + d!nzGgt<
d= b 2 + h 2 !nzGgt<
2.1.5 slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<;
3
dbvl< = h = a!nzGgt<
2
3 2 hml<!2.5
hvh<H = a !sKv!nzGgt<
4
Sx<xtU = 3a!nzGgt<
2.1.6! -Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<:
hvh<H!= h a 2 − h 2 !sKv!nzGgt< hml< 2.6

( )
Sx<xtU = 2 a + a 2 − h 2 !nzGgt<
2.1.7! nslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l;:
hvh<H = s( s − a)(s − b)(s − c) s/n

a+b+c
-r<G s = nzGgt<! ! hml< 2.7
2
Sx<xtU = a + b + c nzGgt<
2.1.8 siqugl<;
1 hml< 2.8
hvh<H = (a + b) × h sKv!nzGgt<
2
2.1.9! fix<gvl<;
1
!hvh<H!= d × (h1 + h2).
2 hml<!2.9
sKv!nzGgt<
2.1.10!sib<sKvl<;
1
hvh<H!= d1 × d2!s/nzGgt< hml< 2.10
2
Sx<xtU = 2 d1 + d 2
2 2
= 4a nzGgt<
33
2.1.11!um<ml<:
um<mk<kqe<!hvh<H = πr2!sKv!nzGgt<
um<mk<kqe<!Sx<xtU = 2πr!nzGgt<
1
njvum<mk<kqe<!hvh<H= πr2!sKv!nzGgt<
2
njvum<m!uqz<zqe<!fQtl< = πr!nzGgt<
1
giz<um<mk<kqe<!hvh<H = πr2!sKv!nzGgt< hml<!2.11!
4
1
giz<um<m!uqz<zqe<!fQtl<!= πr!nzGgt<
2
Gxqh<H: A lx<Xl<! B Ht<tqgjt! -j{g<Gl<! Ofi<g<Ogim<Mk<! K{<cje AB ! nz<zK! AB

weg<!Gxqg<gqe<Oxil</!OlZl< AB!we<Ox AB e<!fQtk<jkBl<!Gxqg<gqe<Oxil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: yV! osu<ug! ucu! SuI?! nch<hg<g! fQtl<! 26lQ! weUl<! dbvl<! 21lQ!
weUl<! ogi{<Mt<tK/! ns<Sux<xqx<G! u{<{l<! H,s! sKv! lQm<mVg<G! '/27!!
oszuiGoleqz<? olik<k!Sux<xqx<Gl<!u{<{l<!H,s!NGl<!oszjug<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU: b = 15 ? h = 10!NGl</!!
∴ osu<ugh<!hvh<H!= b × h = 15 × 10 = 150 s/lQ.
1 s/lQ!u{<{l<!H,s!oszU = !'/ 16
∴ 150 s/lQ!u{<{l<!H,s!oszU = 16 × 150 = '. 2400.
hml<!2.12
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M! 2: yV! osu<ugk<! kgm<ce<! ntUgt<! 5lQ! ×! 4lQ/! nk<kgm<cje! 5! os/lQ!
hg<g! fQtl<! ogi{<m! sKvk<! kgMgtig! oum<m! Ou{<Ml</! sKvk<! kgMgtqe<!
w{<{qg<jgjbg<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU: osu<ugk<!kgm<ce<!hvh<H = 400 × 300 = 12?0000!os/lQ2.
yV!sKvk<!kgm<ce<!hvh<H = 4 × 4 = 16 os/lQ2.
12,0000
∴ sKvk<!kgMgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg = = 7500.
16
hml< 2.13
wMk<Kg<gim<M! 3;! 40! os/lQ2! hvh<Hjmb! -j{gvk<kqe<! dbvl<! 15! os/lQ! weqz<?! nke<!
nch<hg<gl<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU:!hvh<H = b × h. ∴ 40 = b × 15.
40 8
∴ b= = .
15 3
8
∴ nch<hg<gl<!= os/lQ.
3
hml< 2.14
34
wMk<Kg<gim<M! 4: 11 os/lQ? 60 os/lQ! lx<Xl<! 72! os/lQ! hg<g! fQtr<gt<! ogi{<m! yV!
Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!hvh<jhBl<? Sx<xtjuBl<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU:!hvh<H = s ( s − a)(s − b)(s − c) .
-r<G 2s = a + b + c = 11 + 60 + 61 = 132.
∴ s = 66? s − a = 66 − 11 = 55?
s − b = 66 − 60 = 6? s − c = 66 − 61 = 5.
∴ hvh<H = 66 × 55 × 6 × 5 = 330!s/os/lQ.
Sx<xtU = a + b + c = 11 + 60 + 61 =132!os/lQ. hml<!2.15
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5:! hml<! 2.16! z<! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! fix<gvl<! ABCD e<! hvh<hqjeg<!
g{<Mhqc/!
1 1
kQIU:!hvh<H = d ( h1 + h2 ) = × 50 × (10 + 20)
2 2
= 25 × 30
= 750 lQ 2/
hml< 2.16
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6:!hml<!3/28!z<!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!siqugl<!ABCD!e<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqc/!!
1
kQIU: hvh<H!= (a + b) × h
2
1
= (12 + 5) × 4
2
= 34 sKv!nzGgt</!
!
! hml<!2.17
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: fqzk<jk! slh<hMk<k! sKv! lQm<mVg<G! '/12! oszuiGl</! siqug! ucu!
fqzk<kqe<! -j{! hg<gr<gtqe<! fQtr<gt<! 18lQ! lx<Xl<! 12lQ/! lx<x! -V! hg<gr<gt<!
yu<ouie<Xl<! 6lQ! fQtLjmbK! weqz<?! olik<k! fqzk<jk! slh<hMk<k! NGl<! oszjug<!
g{<Mhqc/
kQIU: ABCD! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! siqugl</! -r<G! AB = 18! lQ? CD = 12 lQ? AD = BC = 5 lQ/!!!!
DA! g<G -j{big! CE! J! ujvg! )hml<! 2.18! Jh<! hii<gg < Ul<*/! ∆EBC! YI! -Vslhg<g!
Lg<Ogi{l</!nke<!dbvl<!h = 5 2 − 32
= 16 = 4!lQ/
siqugl<!ABCD!bqe<!hvh<H!
1 1
= (a + b) × h = (18 + 12) × 4
2 2
= 2 × 30= 60 s/lQ/ hml<!2.18
1!s/lQ!slh<hMk<k!NGl<!oszU =!'/12.
∴olik<k!fqzk<jk!slh<hMk<k!NGl<!oszU = 60 × 12 = '. 720.
35
wMk<Kg<gim<M!8: yV!sib<sKvk<kqe<!Sx<xtU!31!os/lQ/!nke<!yV!&jzuqm<mk<kqe<!fQtl<!
9!os/lQ/!nke<!lx<oxiV!&jzuqm<mk<kqe<!fQtk<jkBl<!hvh<jhBl<!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU: d1? d2 we<he!&jzuqm<mr<gt<!weg<!ogit<g/!
Sx<xtU = 2 d1 + d 2 /Neiz<! Sx<xtU! 31! os/lQ!
2 2
weg<!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/
∴ 2 d1 + d 2 = 20 os/lQ! nz<zK! d 1 + d 2 = 100.
2 2 2 2
-r<G!yV! &jzuqm<mk<kqe<! fQtl<! 8!os/lQ/! ∴!d1 = 8

we<g/! hml<!2.19
∴ 64 + d22 = 100 nz<zK!d22 = 36. ∴ d2 = 6!os/lQ/
1 1
∴ sib<sKvk<kqe<!hvh<H = d1 × d2 = × 8 × 6 = 24 os/lQ2.
2 2
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: 264 os/lQ! fQtLt<t! gl<hq! -V! sl! higr<gtigh<! hqiqg<gh<hMgqxK/! yV!
higk<jk! um<mligUl<! lx<oxie<jx! slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{ligUl<! ujtk<K!
22
osb<bh<hMgqxK/!nju!dt<tmg<Gl<!hvh<Hgtqe<!uqgqkk<kqjeg<!g{<Mhqc (π ≈ !we<X!
7
hbe<hMk<K).!
264
kQIU: um<mk<kqe<!Sx<xtU = =132!os/lQ/!
2
Neiz<!um<mk<kqe<!Sx<xtU = 2πr.
22
∴2× × r = 132!nz<zK r = 21!os/lQ/
7
22 hml< 2.20
∴!um<mk<kqe<!hvh<H = πr2 = × 21 × 21 = 1386 os/lQ2.
7
slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!Sx<xtU = 3a
Neiz<!Sx<xtU = 132 os/lQ/!!
∴ 3a = 132!nz<zK!a = 44!os/lQ/
3 3
∴ slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!hvh<H = × a2 = × 44 2
4 4
= 484 3 os/lQ2
∴ um<ml<! lx<Xl<! slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! hvh<Hgtqe<! hml< 2.21
uqgqkl<!= 1386 : 484 3 = 21 3 : 22
!
hbqx<sq 2.1
1. gQp<g<g{<m!Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!hvh<Hgjtg<!gi{<g/
(i) !!nch<hg<gl<!= 18!os/lQ?!dbvl<! = 3 os/lQ/
(ii) Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!&e<X!hg<gr<gtqe<!fQtr<gt<!31!os/lQ? 48!os/lQ?!63!os/lQ/!
(iii) slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!hg<g!fQtl<!9!os/lQ/!
36
2. ABCD we<x!fix<gvk<kqe<! &jzuqm<ml< AC e<! fQtl; 44 os/lQ! lx<Xl<! B? D! zqVf<K
ACg<G! ujvbh<hMl<! Gk<Kbvr<gt<! LjxOb! 31! os/lQ! lx<Xl<! 12! os/lQ! weqz<?!
nf<fix<gvk<kqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqc.
3. yV! fix<gvk<kqe<! yV! &jzuqm<mk<kqe<! fQtl<! 26! os/lQ! lx<Xl<!!
nl<&jzuqm<mk<kqx<G! ujvbh<hMl<! osr<Gk<Kg<OgiMgtqe<! fQtr<gt<! 4! os/lQ!
lx<Xl<!6!os/lQ!weqz<?!nf<fix<gvk<kqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqc/!
4.! 260lQ! Sx<xtUt<t! yV! sib<sKvk<kqe<! yV! &jzuqm<ml<! 66lQ/! lx<oxiV!
&jzuqm<mk<kqe<!fQtl<!gi{<g/!OlZl<!ns<sib<sKvk<kqe<!hvh<H!gi{<g/!
5. yV!-j{gvk<kqe<!hvh<H!723!os/lQ3!lx<Xl<!nke<!dbvl<!29!os/lQ!weqz<?!nke<!
nch<hg<gk<jkg<!g{<Mhqc/
6. 8! os/lQ! lx<Xl<! 8 os/lQ! -j{! hg<gr<gtigg<! ogi{<m! siqugk<kqe<! hvh<H! 41!
os/lQ2. -j{!hg<gr<gTg<gqjmh<hm<m!K~vl<!g{<Mhqc/!
7. yV! siqugk<kqe<! -j{! hg<gr<gTg<G! -jmh<hm<m! K~vl<! 5! os/lQ! lx<Xl<! yV!
-j{h<hg<g! fQtl<! 8! os/lQ/! ns<siqugk<kqe<! hvh<H! 45! os/lQ2 weqz<? lx<oxiV!
-j{!hg<gk<kqe<!fQtl<!gi{<g/
8. 22 os/lQ × 14 os/lQ! ntUt<t! yV! osu<ug! fqzk<kqe<! hvh<hqx<G < s<! sllie!
hvh<Hjmb!yV!um<m!fqzk<kqe<!Sx<xtU!gi{<g/
2.2 %m<M dVur<gt<!

yV! fix<gvl< ABCD Jg<! gVKg! (hml<! 2.22 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<*/ BD jb!
-j{g<gUl</! kx<ohiPK! fix<gvlieK ∆ABD lx<Xl<! ∆BCD we! -v{<M!
Lg<Ogi{r<gtigh<!hqiqg<gh<hMgqe<xK/!-v{<M!Lg<Ogi{r<gTg<Gl<! BD hg<gl<!!
ohiKuieK/!hqe<Oeig<gqh< hii<g<Gl<!OhiK? Lg<Ogi{r<gt< ABD lx<Xl< BCD!J BD Jh<!
ohiKh<hg<gligg<! ogi{<M ye<xe<! Olz<! ye<xig! jug<g! fix<gvl<! ABCD
ohxh<hMgqe<xK/!weOu?!fix<gvl< ABCD NeK!-V Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!Osi<g<jgbiGl<!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! hml< 2.22 hml< 2.23
!
nz<zK ABCD yV!%m<M!dVuliGl</!-u<uiOx?!siqugl<! yV!%m<M!dVuliGl<<! nK!
yV! osu<ugk<kqe<! -V! hg<gr<gtqz<! -V! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! Osi<k<K!
dVuig<gh<hm<mK!)hml<!2.23 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<*/!fil<!nxqf<K!ogi{<mK we<eoueqz<?!-V!
dVur<gjt! ye<xe<! hg<gk<kqz<! ye<jx! juk<K! yV! %m<M! dVul<! dVuig<g!
Ou{<Moleqz<! Lkz<! dVuk<kqe<! WkiuokiV! hg<gl<! -v{<miuK! dVuk<kqe<!
37
WkiuokiV!hg<gk<kqx<Gh<! ohiVf<Kukig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!sqz!%m<M!dVur<gt<? hml<
2.24!Lkz<!hml<!2.35 ujv ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
hml< 2.24 hml< 2.25 hml< 2.26
hml<! 2.29
hml< 2.27
hml< 2.28
hml< 2.31
hml< 2.30
hml< 2.33
hml< 2.32
38
hml< 2.34
hml< 2.35
ye<xqe<! Olz<! ye<xig! -Vg<Gl<! hg<gr<gjt! Ht<tqg<! OgiMgtiz<! gim<cbqVg<gqe<Oxil</!!

hml<! 2.24 zqVf<K! hml<! 2.35 ujvBt<t! %m<M! dVur<gjt! wtqkig nxqbzil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig? hml<! 2.25 NeK!yV!Lg<Ogi{l<? Yi<! njvum<ml<! Ngqbux<xqe<! %m<M!
dVuliGl</!nK!yV!hl<hvk<kqe<!fqjzg<Gk<K!GXg<G!oum<Mk<!Okix<xligk<!okiqgqxK/!
hml<!2.27 NeK!yV!osu<ugl<!lx<Xl<!Yi<!njvum<ml<!Ngqbux<xqe<!%m<M!dVuliGl</!
-u<UVul<? Yi<! njvum<mk<kqje! Olz<! Wx<Gl<! osu<ug! se<ez<! Ohiz<!
Okix<xltqg<gqe<xK/! hml<! 2.29 NeK! yV! osu<ugl<! lx<Xl<! -V! sllie!
giz<um<mr<gjtg<! ogi{<m! %m<M! dVuliGl<.! hml<! 2.33 NeK! yV! osu<ugl<? yV!
Lg<Ogi{l<? yV! siqugl<! Ngqbux<jxg<! ogi{<m! %m<M! dVuliGl<; -K! YI!
WUgj{bqjeh<! Ohiz<! okiqgqxK/! %m<M! dVur<gtiue? Lg<Ogi{r<gt<? fix<gvr<gt<?
um<mr<gt<! Ngqbux<xqe<! %m<mig! -Vh<hkiz<? nux<xqe<! Sx<xtUgt<? hvh<Hgt<!
Ngqbux<jx Lf<jkb!uGh<hqz<!gx<x!$k<kqvr<gjtg<!ogi{<M!g{g<gqmzil</!
%m<Mk<! kt!dVur<gtie!siqugr<gt<! lx<<Xl<! hz<Ogi{r<gjth<! hx<xq!-h<OhiK!

fil<!hii<g<gzil</!!
2.2.1 siqugl<
siqugl<! we<hK! fie<G! hg<gr<gjtBjmb! yV! kt! dVul</! -kqz<! -V!

hg<gr<gt<!-j{bieju!)hml<!2.36 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<*/ ABCD we<x!siqugk<kqz< AB Bl<!!
DC Bl<! -j{bieju/ AB = a ? CD = b!we<g/
-j{OgiMgTg<G! -jmh<hm<m! K~vl< h we<g/!
fil< siqugl<! ABCD J! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! ABC!
lx<Xl<! ACD gtqe<! %m<M! dVuligg<!
ogit<tzil</! Lg<Ogi{l< ABC! z<! nch<hg<gl<!
AB ?!Gk<Kbvl< h. NgOu?
glk; 2.36
1
∆ABC bqe<!hvh<H = ×a×h !
2
1
∆ACD bqe<!hvh<H!= ×b×h
2
1 1 1
∴siqugk<kqe<!hvh<H!= ×a×h+ ×b×h= (a + b)h sKv!nzGgt</
2 2 2
39
2.2.2 hz<Ogi{l<
hz<Ogi{l<! we<hK n Ofi<g<Ogim<Mk<! K{<Mgtiz<! ucujlg<gh<hm<m! kt! dVul<!
NGl</!hz!Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!%m<M!dVuOl!hz<Ogi{l<!we<hjk!fil<!nxqgqOxil</!
hz<Ogi{k<kqe<! hg<gr<gt<! slligUl<? Ogi{r<gt<!
slligUl<! -Vh<hqe<? nh<hz<Ogi{l<! Yi<! yPr<G!
hz<Ogi{l<! weh<hMl</! NX! hg<gr<gjtg<!
ogi{<m! yPr<G! hz<Ogi{l<! Yi<! yPr<G!
nXOgi{l<! weh<hMl</! Yi<! yPr<G!
nXOgi{k<kqz<! njek<K! hg<gr<gTl<!
slligUl<? dm<Ogi{r<gt<! yu<ouie<Xl<!
120°g<Gs<! slligUl<! -Vg<Gl< (hml<! 2.37! Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<). -f<k! Gxqh<hqm<m! yPr<G! hz<Ogi{l<!
ncg<gc! hbe<hMk<kh<hMukiz<?! nke<! Sx<xtU!
glk; 2.37
lx<Xl<!hvh<htU!hx<xqg<!gi{<Ohil</ ABCDEF<!!
we<hK!Yi<! yPr<G!nXOgi{l<! we<g/!hg<gr<gt< AB? BC? CD? DE? EF lx<Xl< FA sllie!
ntUjmbju/!yu<ouiV!hg<gk<kqe<!fQtLl<!a nzGgt<!we<g/!yPr<G!nXOgi{k<kqe<!
Sx<xtuieK a + a + a + a + a + a = 6a nzGgt</! fil<! -h<OhiK! yPr<G!
nXOgi{k<kqe<!hvh<H!gi[l<!$k<kqvk<kqje!!uVuqh<Ohil</!!&jzuqm<mr<gt< AD ? BE ?
CF sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqbqje? O we<g/!Lg<Ogi{r<gt< OAB? OBC? OCD? ODE? OEF? OFA
3 2
slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! NGl</! weOu? yu<ouiV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! hvh<H a NGl</!
4
3 2 3 3 2
weOu? yPr<G!nXOgi{k<kqe<!hvh<H!= 6 × a = a sKv nzGgt</
4 2
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M!10:!hml< 2.38e<!hvh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqc/!
!
kQIU;!hml<!ABCDE NeK!hg<gl< BD bqjeh<!
ohiK!fqjzbigg<!ogi{<m ABDE lx<Xl<
BCD e<!%m<miGl</ ABDE we<x!siqugk<kqz<!
-j{!hg<gr<gtie! AE ? BD gtqe<!
fQtr<gt<!LjxOb 10 os/lQ?!16 os/lQ!NGl</!
hml< 2.38
-j{!hg<gr<gTg<G!-jmh<hm<m!K~vl<!9 os/lQ/!!!
NgOu? siqugl; ABDE!e<!hvh<H !
1 1
( a + b ) × h = (10 + 16 ) × 9 = 117 os/l P 2 .
2 2
BCD yV!Lg<Ogi{l</!-ke<!nch<hGkq BD bqe<!fQtl<!16!os/lQ ? Gk<Kbvl< 8 os.lQ.

NgOu!-ke<!hvh<H
1 1
b × h = × 16 × 8 = 64nrkP 2 .
2 2
40
∴!%m<M!dVul< ABCDE!e<!hvh<H!= ABDE !e<!hvh<H + BCD e<!hvh<H!
= 117 + 64 = 181 os/lQ2.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: yV! fqzl<! nth<huI! yV! fqzk<kqe<! ntUgjth<! hqe<uVliX!

Gxqk<Kt<tii/!fqzk<kqe<!hvh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqc/!
hml<!!2.39
kQIU: A! bqzqVf<K! D ujv! dt<t! fqzlth<huiqe<! Gxqgt< P? Q? R? S! we<g/! hqe<H

AP = 5 lQ? AQ = 7 lQ? AR = 12 lQ? AS = 15 lQ? AD = 17 lQ? BP = 10 lQ? FQ = 8 lQ? CR = 8 lQ?
ES = 9 lQ. ogiMg<gh<hm<m! fqzlieK! siqugr<gt<! PRCB? FESQ lx<Xl<! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<
AQF? APB? DSE? CRD -ux<xqe<!%m<miGl< )hml< 2.40 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<).
siqugl< PRCB! e<! hvh<H! : BP ? CR -j{
hg<gr<gt</!Gk<Kbvl< PR. fil<!nxquK?
BP = 10 lQ? CR = 8 lQ?!lx<Xl<
PR = AR − AP = 12 − 5 = 7lQ.
NgOu? PRCB e<!hvh<H!= 1 (BP + CR) × PR
2
= 1 (10 + 8) × 7 = 63 lQ2 hml< 2.40
2
siqugl<! QFES e<! hvh<H; ES ? FQ -j{! hg<gr<gt</! Gk<Kbvl<! QS. ! fil<! nxquK!
ES = 9 lQ? FQ = 8 lQ ? QS = AS − AQ = 15 − 7 = 8lQ/!NgOu?
QFES e<!hvh<H!=! 1 (ES + FQ) × QS = 1 (9 + 8) × 8 = 17 × 4 = 68 lQ2
2 2
Lg<Ogi{l<!AQFe<!hvh<H! = 1 × AQ × FQ = 1 × 7 × 8 = 28 lQ2
2 2
Lg<Ogi{l< DSE e<!hvh<H!= 1 × DS × ES = 1 ×(AD − AS) × 9
2 2
= 1 (17 − 15) × 9 = 1 × 2 × 9 = 9 lQ2.
2 2
Lg<Ogi{l<! CRD e<!hvh<H! = 1 × RD × CR =1 × (AD − AR) × 8
2 2
= 4 × (17 − 12)= 4 × 5 = 20 lQ2.
Lg<Ogi{l<!APB e<!hvh<H! = 1 × AP × BP = 1 × 5 × 10 = 25lQ2
2 2
∴!fqzk<kqe<!hvh<H!= 63 + 68 + 28 + 9 + 20 + 25 = 213!lQ2.
41
wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: hml<!2.41 z<!gi{<hqg<gh<hm<m!ucuk<kqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<!(π ≈ 22
7
weh<!hbe<hMk<kUl<).
hml< 2. 41
kQIU;! osu<ugl< ABDE? njvum<ml< AFE lx<Xl<! slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{l< BCD Ngqbux<xqe<!
-j{h<Oh!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!lje!we!fil<!nxqgqOxil</
osu<ugl< ABDE e<!hvh<H = 20 × 14 = 280 os/lQ2.
njvum<ml< AFE e<!hvh<H = 1 π × r2 = 1 × 22 × 7 × 7 = 77 os/lQ2
2 2 7
slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<!BCD!e<!hvh<H = 3 a = 3 × 14 × 14 = 49 3 os/lQ2.
2
4 4
∴ ljebqe<!hvh<H = 280 + 77 + 49 3 = 357 + 49 × 1.732
= 357 + 84.868 = 441.868 os.lQ2
wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: hml<! 2.42 z<! gi{<hqg<gh<hm<m! ucuk<kqe<! hvh<H! g{<Mhqcg<gUl< (π≈ 22
7
weh<!hbe<hMk<kUl<*/
glk; 2.42
kQIU; osu<ugl< ABCD? njvum<ml<! CDE lx<Xl<! giz<! um<mh<! hGkqgt<! AFD? BCG! e<!
-j{h<Oh ogiMg<gh<hm<m!lje!we!fil<!nxqgqOxil</!
osu<ugl<!ABCD!e<!hvh<H = 12 × 4 = 48!os/lQ2.
njvum<ml< CDE!e<!hvh<H!= 1 π × 6 × 6 = 22 × 3 × 6 = 396 = 56 4 os/lQ2.
2 7 7 7
4
giz<!um<mh<!hGkq AFD e<!hvh<H!= 1 π × 4 × 4 = 22 × 4 = 88 = 12 os.lQ2.
4 7 7 7
4
giz<!um<mh<!hGkq BCG e<!hvh<H = 12 os.lQ2.
7
4 4 4 5
∴ ljebqe<!hvh<H = 48 + 56 + 12 + 12 = 129 os.lQ2.
7 7 7 7
42
wMk<Kg<gim<M 14:!hml<!2.43 Nz<!$ph<hm<Mt<t!hvh<H!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!
hml< 2.43
kQIU;! -h<hml<?! osu<ugl< CDFG? njvum<ml< DEF lx<Xl<! siqugl<! ABCG Ngqbux<xqe<!
Osi<g<jgbiGl</!
osu<ugl< CDFG e<!hvh<H!= 28 × 13 = 364 os.lQ2.
siqugl< ABCG!e<!hvh<H = 1 (36 + 28) × 14 = 64 × 7 = 448 os.lQ2.
2
njvum<ml< DEF e<!hvh<H = 1 × 22 × 14 × 14 = 22 × 14 = 308 os.lQ2
2 7
∴ ogiMg<gh<hm<m!njlh<hqe<!hvh<H = 364 + 448 + 308 = 1120 os.lQ2.
sqz! slbr<gtqz<! fil<! ohiqb! kt! dVur<gtqzqVf<K! oum<c! fQg<gqb! lQkq!

dVur<gjtg<! gVk! Ou{<cBt<tK/! nux<xqe<! hvh<Hgjtg<! gi{! Olx<g{<muiX!
hvh<Hgjt!%m<Mukx<G!hkqzig!kvh<hm<m!dVuk<kqe<! hvh<hqzqVf<K?!oum<c!wMg<gh<hm<m!
dVur<gtqe<!hvh<Hgjtg<!gpqk<K!lQkq!dt<t!dVur<gtqe<!hvh<jhg<!gi{zil</!
um<m!ucu!ujtbk<kqe<!hvh<H!
yV! um<m! ujtbl<! we<hK! ohiK! jlbk<jkBjmb! -V! um<mr<gTg<G!
-jmh<hm<m!hGkqbiGl<!)hml<!2.44 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<*/!um<m!ujtbk<kqe<!hvh<hieK!outq!
um<mh<hvh<hqzqVf<K!dt<!um<mk<kqe<!hvh<jhg<!gpqk<kkx<Gs<!slliGl</!nkiuK?!
ujtb!hvh<H! = π R2 − π r2 = π (R2 − r2).
hml<!2.44
∴ njvum<m!ujtbk<kqe<!hvh<H!= 1 π (R2 − r2) sKv!nzGgt</

2
43
wMk<Kg<gim<M!15: hml<!2.45 z<!fqpzqmh<hm<m!hGkqbqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!-f<k!hGkq!
giz<!um<mr<gtiz<!$ph<hm<Mt<tK!(π ≈ 22 weg<!ogit<tUl<).
7
hml< 2.45
kQIU;! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! fqpzqmh<hm<mh<! hGkq?! 28 os/lQ! hg<gLt<t! sKvk<kqz<! fie<G!
&jzgtqZl<!14 os.lQ NvLt<t!giz<!um<mh<!hGkqgjt!fQg<gqbkx<Gs<!slliGl</
sKvk<kqe<!hvh<H!= 28 × 28 = 784 os.lQ2.
yV!giz<!um<mk<kqe<!hvh<H = 1 π × 14 × 14 = 1 × 22 × 14 × 14 = 154 os.lQ2.
4 4 7
∴!Okjubie!hvh<H = 784 − 4(154) = 784 − 616 = 168!sKv!os/lQ/
wMk<Kg<gim<M 16: 7lQ ngzLt<t! YMhijk! hml< 2.46 z<! gim<cbuiX!

njlg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/! -ke<! dt<um<ms<! Sx<xtU! 720lQ lx<Xl<! yu<ouiV! OfIg<OgiMh<!
hGkqbqe<! fQtl< 140lQ. ujtUh<! hGkqgt<! njvum<m! ucuk<kqz<! dt<te/! YMhijkbqe<!
hvh<jhg<!g{<Mhqc (π ≈ 22 !weh<!hbe<hMk<kUl<).
7
!
!
!
!
! glk; 2.46
!
kQIU;! dt<! njvum<mk<kqe<! Nvl<! r we<g/! weOu! dt<! Sx<xtU 2 × 140 + 2 × (π × r)
nz<zK 280 + 2πr.!Neiz<!-ke<!lkqh<H 720lQ!we!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK.
∴ 280 + 2πr = 720 nz<zK!2πr = 440 nz<zK!r = 440 = 440 × 7 = 70 lQ.
2π 2 × 22
weOu!dt<!njvum<mk<kqe<!Nvl< r = 70lQ.
∴outq!njvum<mk<kqe<!Nvl< R = 70 + 7 = 77lQ.
-h<ohiPK! YM! hijkbqe<! hvh<hieK! njvum<m! ujtbr<gtqe<! hvh<H! lx<Xl<! osu<ug!
ucu!hijkbqe<! hvh<Hgtqe<! %MkZg<Gs<! slliGl</!Neiz<?!yV!!njvum<m!hijkbqe<!
hvh<H= 1 π (R2 − r2) = 1 × 22 × (772 − 702) = 11 × 147 × 7 = 1617 sKv lQ/
2 2 7 7
44
yV!osu<ug!ucu!hijkbqe<!hvh<H = 140 × 7 = 980 sKv lQ.
∴!hijkbqe<!hvh<H!= 2 × 1617 + 2 × 980 = 3234 + 1960 = 5194 sKv lQ.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 17: 4.2lQ/! hg<g! ntUt<t! yV! sKv! ucu! gm<cmk<kqe<! yV! outqh<Hx!
&jzbqz<! yV! hS! gm<mh<hm<Mt<tK/! gbqx<xqe<! fQtl< 4.9 lQ weqz<?! hS! Olbg<%cb!
hGkqbqe<!hvh<H!g{<Mhqc!(π ≈ 22 !weh<!hbe<hMk<kUl<).
7
kQIU;!sKvk<kqe<! A!we<x!Ljebqz<! hS!gm<mh<hm<M!dt<tK (hml< 2.47 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<*/!
gbqx<xqe<! fQtl< 4.9lQ lx<Xl<! Sux<xqe<! fQtl< 4.2lQ/! hSuieK! Sux<jxg<! gmg<g!
-bzikkiz<?!!nke<! gbqX!sKvk<kqe<! B lx<Xl< E!Ljegjtk<! ki{<c D!lx<Xl< G
ujv fQt<gqxK/! weOu?! hSuieK 4.9lQ NvLt<t! Lg<giz<! um<mh<hGkq! lx<Xl<!!!!!!
4.9 − 4.2 = 0.7lQ!NvLt<t!-V!giz<um<mh<!hGkqgt<!Ngqbux<jx!Olb!LcBl</!!
∴ hS!Olbg<%cb!hvh<H!
!!!
= 3 × π × 4.9 × 4.9 + 2 × 1 × π × 0.7 × 0.7
4 4
= 3 × 22 × 4.9 × 4.9 + 1 × 22 × 0.7 × 0.7
4 7 2 7
= 33 × 0.7 × 4.9 + 11 × 0.1 × 0.7
2
= 56. 595 + 0.77
= 57.365lQ2.
hml< 2.47
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M! 18:! hml<! 2.48! z<! fqpzqmh<hm<m! hGkqbqe<! hvh<hqjeg<! g{<Mhqc! (π≈ 22
7
weg<!ogit<tUl<*/
hml< 2.48
kQIU;!fqpzqmh<hm<m!hGkqbqe<!hvh<H!= (14 os.lQ NvLt<t!njvum<mk<kqe<!hvh<H)

− (7 os.lQ. NvLt<t!njvum<mk<kqe<!hvh<H*!
= 1 × π × (14)2 − 1 × π × (7)2
2 2
= 1 × 22 × 14 × 14 − 1 × 22 × 7 × 7 = 11 × 2 × 14 − 11 × 7 = 308 − 77 = 231 os.lQ2.
2 7 2 7
!
!
45
hbqx<sq 2.2
1. fqzlth<huiqe<! Ofim<Mh<! Hk<kgk<kqZt<t! hqe<uVl<! Gxqh<HgtqzqVf<K! dkuqh<hml<!

ujvf<K!nux<xqe<!hvh<Hgjtg<!g{<Mhqc;!
(i) (ii) (iii)
hml<! 2.50
hml<!2.49 hml<!2.51!
2. yV! uqjtbim<M! jlkiel<! hml<! 2.52 z<!

gim<cbuiX! -V! OfIOgim<Mk<! K{<Mgt<!
lx<Xl<! -V! njvum<m! uqz<gtiz<!
dVuig<gh<hmOu{<Ml</! yu<ouiV! njv!
um<mk<kqe<! Nvl<! 21lQ. yu<ouiV! glk; 2.52
Ofi<g<Ogim<Mk<!K{<ce<!fQtl< 85lQ.
uqjtbim<Mk<!kqmzqe<!hvh<jh!g{<Mhqc (π ≈ 22 weg<!ogit<tUl</).
7
3. yV!siqugk<kqe<!-V!-j{!hg<gr<gtqe<!fQtr<gt<!22 os.lQ lx<Xl<!12 os.lQ. nke<!
lx<x!-V!hg<gr<gt<!yu<ouie<Xl<!10 os.lQ fQtl<!weqz<?!nke<!hvh<H!gi{<g/!!
4. YI!yPr<G!nXr<Ogi{k<kqe<!hvh<H!150 3 os.lQ2 weqz<?!nke<!hg<gk<jkg<!!!!

!!!!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!!
5. hml<!2.53 z<!fqpzqm<mh<!hGkqbqe<!hvh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqc/!
!
hml<!2.53
46
6. gQp<g<gi[l<!hmr<gtqe<!fqpzqm<mh<!hGkqgtqe<!hvh<Hgjtg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!
(i) (ii)
hml<!2.54
hml<!2.55
(iii) (iv)
hml<!2.56
hml<!2.57
7. yV!um<mk<kqe<!uqm<ml< 54 os.lQ.> nke<!yV!uqm<ml< AB OfIOgim<Mk<K{<M AB e<!

lQK C we<x! Ht<tq?! BC = 10 os.lQ we<xuiX! dt<tK/! AC ! J! uqm<mligg<!
ogi{<M! yV! um<ml<! ujvbh<hMgqxK/! nu<um<mr<gTg<gqjmh<hm<m! hvh<jhg<!
g{<Mhqcg<gUl</ π ≈ 22 weg<!ogit<tUl</!
7
8. hml<!2.58 z<!fqpzqm<m!hGkqbqe<!hvh<H!lx<Xl<!Sx<xtjug<!g{<Mhqc/!
hml<!2.58
9. 14 lQ hg<gLt<t! sKv! ucu! ubzqe<! fie<G! &jzgtqZl<! fie<G! hSg<gt<!

gm<mh<hm<Mt<te/! yu<ouiV! hSUl<! lx<x! -V! hSg<gjt! sf<kqg<gqe<x! ntuqx<Gg<!
gm<mh<hm<Mt<tK/! -h<hSg<gt<?! nux<xqe<! wz<jzg<Gm<hm<m! fqzh<hGkqbqe<! Hz<jz!
Olb<gqe<xe/!hSg<gt<! Olbik!fqzh<hGkqbqe<! hvh<hqjeg<! g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!π ≈ 22
7
weg<!ogit<tUl</!!
10. ABCD? 36lQ × 24lQ ntUt<t!yV!osu<ug!ucu!fqzliGl</!fie<G!&jzgtqZl<!

fie<G! Gkqjvgt< yu<ouie<Xl<! 10lQ. fQtg<! gbqx<xqeiz<! gm<mh<hm<Mt<te/!
yu<ouiV! GkqjvBl<! nkx<G! wm<cb! ujvbqz<! Olb<gqxK/! Gkqjvgt<! Olbik!
fqzh<hGkqbqe<!hvh<hqjeg<!g{<Mhqc. π ≈ 22 weg<!ogit<tUl</!
7
47
uqjmgt;
hbqx<sq 2.1
1. (i) 27 os.lQ2 (ii) 480 os.lQ2 (iii) 27.71 os.lQ2

2. 704 os.lQ2 3. 60os.lQ2 4. 112 lQ? 3696 lQ2
5. 34 os.lQ 6. 4 os.lQ 7. 10 os.lQ
8. 62.22os.lQ
hbqx<sq!2.2
1. (i) 27?200 s/lQ (ii) 15?100 s/lQ (iii) 7?525 s/lQ

2. 4?956!s/lQ 3. 147.22 os.lQ2 4. 10 os.lQ
5. 140 lQ2
6. (i) 36.39!s/os.lQ (ii) 25 lQ2 (iii) 37.71 os.lQ2 (iv) 240.28 os.lQ2
7. 770 os.lQ2 8. 354.37 os.lQ2? 94 os.lQ 9. 42 lQ2 10. 549.71lQ2
48
3. sqz!Lg<gqb!GxqbQM
3.1 nxquqbz<!GxqbQM
uieqbz<?! -bx<hqbz<?! Oukqbqbz<?! dbqiqbz<! lx<Xl<! ohixqbqbz<! Ohie<x!
himr<gtqz<! fil<! lqgh<ohiqb! w{<gjtBl<?! lqgs<! sqxqb! w{<gjtBl<! g{<cVg<gqe<Oxil</!!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!
(i) H,lqbqzqVf<K!gkqvue<!dt<t!okijzU!92,900,000 jlz<gt</
(ii) yV!svisiqbie!osz<zieK!200, 000,000,000,000 &zg<%Xgjt!ogi{<cVg<gqxK/
(iii) nch<hjmk<!Kgt<!ye<xqe<!uip<fitieK 0.000000000251 uqficgt</
(iv) yV!lqe<e[uqe<!uqm<ml<!Slivig 0.000000000004!ose<clQm<mviGl</
-jkh<Ohie<x! w{<gjt! nh<hc! wPKkZl<?! jgbiTkZl<! nu<utU! wtqkz<z/!!
-Vh<hqEl<?! nux<jx! nMg<Gg<! Gxq! uqkqgjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! wPkq! jgbit! LcBl</!!
nMg<Gg<Gxq!uqkqgjt!fqjeU!%i<Ouil</!!-bz<!w{<! m, olb<ob{< a -ux<xqx<G!
am = a × a ×…. m giv{qgt</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! a5 = a × a × a × a × a. -r<G! a we<hK
ncliel< we<Xl<? m NeK hc nz<zK nMg<G we<Xl<! njpg<gh<hMgqe<xe. am we<x!
GxqbQm<cje!a e<!nMg<G m nz<zK m hc!dbi<k<kqb a!weh<!hcg<gqe<Oxil</
nMg<Gg<!Gxq!uqkqgt<!hqe<uVliX!kvh<hMgqe<xe:
(i) am × an = a m+ n (ohVg<gz<!uqkq)
am
(ii) n
= a m − n , a ≠ 0, m > n (uGk<kz<!uqkq)
a
(iii) (am)n = amn (nMg<G!uqkq)
(iv) am × bm = (a × b)m (Osi<g<jg!uqkq)
1
a ≠ 0! -Vg<Gl<! OhiK m
J a−m weg<! Gxqh<hqMgqe<Oxil<</ a0 = 1! we!
a
ujvbXg<gqe<Oxil</! nMg<Gg<Gxq! uqkqgjth<! hbe<hMk<kq?! wf<kouiV! lqjg!
olb<ob{<{qjeBl< a × 10n!we<x!njlh<hqz<!wPk!LcBl<A!-r<G 1 ≤ a < 10, n yV!LP!
NGl</!!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?
(i) 7.32 = 7.32 × 100
(ii) 11.2 = 1.12 × 10 =1.12×101
(iii) 226 = 2.26 × 100 = 2.26 × 102
(iv) 6435.7 = 6.4357 × 1000 = 6.4357 × 103
(v) 92900000 = 9.29 × 10000000 = 9.29 × 107
2.56
(vi) 0.256 = = 2.56 × 10−1
10
7.86
(vii) 0.00786 = = 7.86 × 10−3
1000
(viii) 0.000000537 = 5.37 × 10−7
(ix) 0.0000000279 = 2.79 × 10−8
49
-eq?!w{<! we<xiz<! lqjg!w{<j{!lm<MOl!Gxqg<Gl</!!yV!w{<{qje!a × 10n!
we!nxquqbz<!GxqbQm<cz<!wPkqeiz<? a e<!ksl!uqiquqz<!uVl<!LPh<hGkqbieK!NeK 1
zqVf<K 9 ujvbqzie! w{<{ig! -Vg<Gl</! OlZl<! n yV! LPuiGl</! ! OlZl<! kvh<hm<m!
Yi<!w{<{qje!nxquqbz<!GxqbQm<cz<!lix<xq!wPKl<OhiK?!fil<!kvh<hm<m!w{<{qz<!dt<t!
kslh<!Ht<tqbqje!-mKhg<guig<gqz<!r -mr<gt<!fgi<k<kqeiz<!njk!=M!osb<b!10r!Nz<!
ohVg<GgqOxil</! nu<uiOx?! kslh<! Ht<tqjb! uzKhg<guig<gqz<! r -mr<gt<! fgIk<kqeiz<!
njk!=M!osb<b!!10−r !Nz<!ohVg<GgqOxil</ wMk<Kg<gim<mig?
!
lqgh<! ohiqb! nz<zK! lqgs<! sqxqb! w{<gjt! nxquqbz<! GxqbQm<cz<! njlg<g?! nux<jx!
nf<k!njlh<hqz<!ohVg<gOui!nz<zK!uGg<gOui!wtqjlbig!-Vg<Gl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: hqe<!uVl<!w{<gjt!nxquqbz<!GxqbQm<cz<!wPKg;
(i) 7493 (ii) 105001 (iii) 3449099.93
(iv) 0.00567 (v) 0.0002079 (vi) 0.000001024
kQi<U:
wMk<Kg<gim<M 2: hqe<uVl<!w{<gjt!ksl!ucuqz<!wPKg;
(i) 3.25 × 105 (ii) 1.86 × 107 (iii) 9.87 × 109
(iv) 4.02 × 10−4 (v) 1.423 × 10−6 (vi) 3.25 × 10−9
50
325
kQi<U: (i) 3.25 × 105 = 2
× 105 = 325 × 105 − 2 = 325 × 103 = 325000.
10
186
(ii) 1.86 × 10 = 2 × 107 = 186 × 107−2 = 186 × 105 = 18600000.
7
10
987
(iii) 9.87 × 109 = 2 × 109 = 987 × 109 − 2 = 987 × 107 = 9870000000.
10
402
(iv) 4.02 × 10−4 = 2 × 10−4 = 402 × 10−4− 2 = 402 × 10−6 = 0.000402.
10
1423
(v) 1.423 × 10−6 = × 10−6 = 1423 × 10−6 − 3 = 1423 × 10−9 =0.000001423.
10 3
325
(vi) 3.25 × 10−9 = 2 × 10−9 = 325 × 10−9 − 2 = 325 × 10−11 =0.00000000325.
10
wMk<Kg<gim<M 3: g{g<gqmjz! fqgp<k<kq! hqe<uVueux<xqe<! uqjmbqje! nxquqbz<!

GxqbQm<cz<!wPKg;
(i) (3000000)3 (ii) (4000)5 × (200)3
(iii) (0.00005)4 (iv) (2000)2 ÷ (0.0001)4
kQi<U :
(i) 3000000 = 3.0 × 106.
∴ (3000000)3 = (3.0 × 106)3 = (3.0)3 × (106)3

= 3 × 3 × 3 × 106×3
= 27 × 1018
= 2.7 × 10 × 1018 = 2.7 × 1019.
(ii) 4000 = 4.0 × 103, 200 = 2.0 × 102.
∴ (4000)5 × (200)3 = (4.0 × 103)5 × (2.0 × 102)3

= (4.0)5 × (103)5 × (2.0)3 × (102)3
= 1024 × 103×5 × 8 × 102×3 = 1024 × 1015 × 8 × 106
= 8192 × 1021= 8.192 × 103 × 1021= 8.192 × 1024.
(iii) 0.00005 = 5.0 × 10−5
∴ (0.00005)4 = (5.0 × 10−5)4 = (5.0)4 × (10−5)4 = 625 × 10−5×4

= 625 × 10−20 = 6.25 × 102 × 10−20 = 6.25 × 10−18.
(iv) 2000 = 2.0 × 103, 0.0001 = 1.0 × 10−4
(2.0 × 10 3 ) 2 (2.0) 2 × (10 3 ) 2 4 × 10 3×2

∴ (2000)2 ÷ (0.0001)4 = = =
(1.0 × 10 − 4 ) 4 (1.0) 4 × (10 − 4 ) 4 1 × 10 − 4×4
4 × 10 6
= −16
= 4 × 10 6−( −16 ) = 4 × 10 22 .
10
51
hbqx<sq 3.1
1. hqe<uVl<!w{<gjt!nxquqbz<!GxqbQm<cz<!njlg<gUl<;
(i) 29980000000 (ii) 1300000000
(iii) 1083000000000 (iv) 4300000000
(v) 9463000000000000 (vi) 534900000000000000
(vii) 0.0037 (viii) 0.000107
(ix) 0.00008035 (x) 0.0000013307
(xi) 0.00000000011 (xii) 0.0000000000009
2. hqe<uVl<!w{<gjt!ksl!uqiquqz<!wPkUl<;
(i) 3.25 × 10−6 (ii) 4.02 × 10−5
(iii) 4.132 × 10−4 (iv) 1.432 × 10−3
(v) 3.25 × 106 (vi) 4.02 × 105
(vii) 4.132 × 104 (viii) 1.432 × 103
3. hqe<uVueux<xqe<!lkqh<Hgjt!nxquqbz<!GxqbQm<cz<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<;
(i) (100)3 × (40)5 (ii) (21000)2 × (0.001)4
(iii) (18000)4 ÷ (30000)2 (iv) (0.002)8 × (0.0001)3 ÷ (0.01)4
(v) (120000) × (0.0005)2 ÷ (400000)
3.2 lmg<jgbqe<!GxqbQM
\ie<! Ofh<hqbi<! we<El<! Nr<gqOzb! g{qk! Oljkbieui<! g{g<gqmjz!
wtqjlbigUl<?! uqjvuigUl<! osb<K! Lcg<g! lmg<jgbqe<! GxqbQm<cje!
nxqLgh<hMk<kqeii</!‘lmg<jg’jbg<!Gxqg<Gl<!Nr<gqzs<!osiz< ‘logarithm’!NeK!‘logos’!
lx<Xl<! ‘arithmos’! we<x! -V! gqOvg<gs<! osix<gtqzqVf<K! uVuqg<gh<hm<mkiGl</ ‘logos’
we<xiz<! Äg{g<gQMosb<kz<}! lx<Xl<! ‘arithmos’! we<xiz<! ‘w{<’! we<X! ohiVt<hMl</!!
NgOu! ‘logarithm’ we<xiz<! ‘w{<! g{g<gQM! osb<kz<’! NGl</! lmg<jgbqe<! GxqbQm<cje!
nxqLgh<hMk<k?!Lkx<g{<{ig!nMg<Gg<!GxqbQm<jmh<hx<xq!nxqOuil</
3.2.1 nMg<Gg<!GxqbQM
a we<hK! yV! lqjg! w{<! we<g/! ! x yV! LP! weqz<! ax we<x! GxqbQm<cje!
p
Wx<geOu! nxqLgh<hMk<kqBt<Otil</! ! x yV! uqgqkLX! w{</! ! nkiuK x = , -r<G! p!
q
yV!LP? q!yV!lqjg!LP!weqz<?!ax NeK!hqe<uVliX!ujvbXg<gh<hMgqxK/!!
p
⎛q ⎞
ax = ⎜ a ⎟ .
⎝ ⎠
wMk<Kg<gim<mig,
( ) ( )
8 −4
−4
5 = 5 , 7 = 11 7 .
3 3 8 11
x we<hK! yV! uqgqkLxi! w{<! we<xohiPK? ax we<hjk! yV! olb<ob{<{qjeg<!

Gxqh<hkig! ujvbXg<gzil</! ! Neiz<! -f<k! ujvbjx! osb<ukx<G! flg<G! dbi<g{qk!
52
gVk<Kg<gt<! Okjuh<hMgqe<xe/! -Vh<hqEl<?! a > 0 we<xuiXt<t! wf<kouiV!
olb<ob{<{qjeg<! ogi{<M!x!wEl<! yu<ouiV!olb<ob{<{qx<Gl<?!ax we<x!keqk<k!yV!
olb<ob{<{qje! ujvbXk<K u = ax! we! wPKgqOxil</! -f<fqjzbqz<! u NeK! nMg<G!
njlh<hqz<! nz<zK! nMg<Gg<! GxqbQm<cz<! wPkh<hm<Mt<tK! we<Ohil</! -r<G! a J!
ncliel<! we<Xl<?!x J!nMg<G!nz<zK!hc!we<Xl<! njph<Ohil</!LPg<gTg<G!wPkqb!
nMg<Gg<Gxq! uqkqgjt! njek<K! olb<ob{<! nMg<GgTg<Gh<! ohiVf<Kukigg<!
ogit<Ouil</!!-u<uqkqgjt!-r<G!hqe<uVliX!wPKgqe<Oxil</
x+ y
(iv) a − x =
y 1
(i) a x × a =a
ax
ax x− y
(ii) =a (v) a x × b x = (a × b ) x
y
a
y
(iii) ⎛⎜ a x ⎞⎟ = a
xy
(vi) a 0 = 1
⎝ ⎠
Olx<%xqb! uqkqgjt! nMg<Gg<Gxq! uqkqgt<! we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</! -h<ohiPK!

lmg<jg!GxqbQmc
< je!ujvbXg<g!Lx<hMOuil</
3.2.2 lmg<jgg<!GxqbQM
b ≠ 1!we<xuiX!b we<hK!yV!lqjg!w{<!we<g/!!x!we<x!yV!olb<ob{<{qx<Gl<
b NeK!keqk<k!yV!olb<ob{<!a Jg<!Gxqg<Gl<!we!Wx<geOu!nxqf<Kt<Otil</!!a = bx!
x
we! wPk?! -r<Gt<t! nMg<G! x J b ncliel<! ogi{<m! a! e<! lmg<jg! we<X!

njpg<gqe<Oxil<. ! -kje! x = log a! we! wPKgqe<Oxil</! ! weOu! x = log a we<hK!!!
b b
x
a = b we<hke<! sllie!njlh<hiGl</!!OlZl<?!x = log a we<x!lmg<jg!njlh<hieK!!
b
x
a = b we<x! nMg<Gg<! Gxq! njlh<hqe<! sllie! njlh<H! we<gqOxil</! ! -v{<M!
njlh<hqZl<!ncliel<!)b)!ye<Ox/ x = log a we<x!GxqbQM?!lmg<jgg<!GxqbQM!weh<hMl</!!
b
x
-K! a = b !J!Gxqg<gqe<xK/ wMk<Kg<gim<mig?
(i) 3 = log 9 729 we<hK 93 = 729!e<!sllie!njlh<H;
1
1
(ii) = log 8 2 we<hK 8 3 = 2 e<!sllie!njlh<HA
3
(iii) −3 = log 10 0.001 we<hK 10−3 = 0.001!e<!sllie!njlh<H;
(iv) 2 = log 7 49 we<hK 72 = 49!e<!sllie!njlh<H;
1
1
(v) = log 9 3 e<!sllie!njlh<H 9 2 = 3 nz< zK 9 = 3 ;
2
−3
3 ⎛1⎞ 1
(vi) − = log 4 ⎜ ⎟ we<hK 4 2 = e<!sllie!njlh<H/
2 ⎝8⎠ 8
53
Gxqh<H: lmg<jgg<! GxqbQm<cz<! ncliel<! Gxqh<hqm! Ou{<Ml</ y = log x we<X! wPKuK!
ohiVtx<xK;! Woeeqz<! nkx<Gs<! sllie! nMg<Gg<Gxq! njlh<ohPk! ncliel<!
okiqf<kiz<kie<! LcBl</! ! -Vh<hqEl<?! sqz! fqjzgtqz<?! ncliek<kqjeg<! Gxqh<hqmilz<!
lmg<jggjt! wPKl<OhiK?! nr<G! njek<K! lmg<jggTl<! yOv! ncliek<jkh<!
ohiKuigg<!ogi{<Mt<te!we<X!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: hqe<uVl<!lmg<jg!njlh<hqje!nMg<Gg<Gxq!njlh<hig!lix<xUl<;
1 ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞
(i) log 25 5 = (ii) log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = −2 (iii) log 216 6 = (iv) log 3 ⎜ ⎟ = −2
2 ⎝4⎠ 3 ⎝9⎠
kQi<U: ncliel<!-v{<mjlh<HgtqZl<!slliekiGl</!!weOu
(i) log 25 5 = NeK! (25) 2 = 5 g<Gs<!slliekiGl</!
1 1
2
⎛1⎞
(ii) log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = −2 NeK (2 ) = g<Gs<!slliekiGl</
−2 1
⎝4⎠ 4
(iii) log 216 6 = NeK (216 ) 3 = 6 g<Gs<!slliekiGl</
1 1
3
⎛ ⎞
1 1
(iv) log 3 ⎜ ⎟ = −2 NeK (3)−2 = g<Gs<!slliekiGl</
⎝9⎠ 9
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5: hqe<uVl<!nMg<Gg<Gxq!njlh<hqje!lmg<jg!njlh<hig!lix<xUl<;
2
⎛1⎞3 1
1
1 1
(i) 2 = 64 6
(ii) 9−3 = (iii) ⎜ ⎟ = (iv) = 7 −1
729 ⎝8⎠ 4 7
kQi<U: -v{<mjlh<HgtqZl<!ncliel<!ye<xig!-Vh<hkiz<?
1
1
(i) 2 = 64 6 NeK = log 64 2 g<Gs<!slliekiGl</
6
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
(ii) 9−3 = NeK −3 = log 9 ⎜ ⎟ g<Gs<!slliekiGl</
729 ⎝ 729 ⎠
−2
⎛1⎞ 3 1 2 ⎛1⎞
(iii) ⎜ ⎟ = NeK − = log 1 ⎜ ⎟ g<Gs<!slliekiGl</
⎝8⎠ 4 3 8⎝ ⎠
4
1 ⎛1⎞
(iv) = 7−1 NeK −1 = log 7 ⎜ ⎟ g<Gs<!slliekiGl</
7 ⎝7⎠
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: lkqh<hqMg;
⎛ 1 ⎞
(i) log 9 729 (ii) log 4 8 (iii) log 9 ⎜ ⎟ (iv) log 3 ( 243) −1 .
⎝ 27 ⎠
kQi<U : (i) x = log 9 729 we<g/!!hqe<H 9 = 729 = 93. ∴ x = 3.
x
(ii) x = log 4 8 we<g/!!hqe<H 4x = 8 = 23. Neiz< 4x = (22)x = 22x.

3
∴ 22x = 23. ∴ 2x = 3 nz<zK x =
2
54
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 1
(iii) x = log 9 ⎜ ⎟ we<g/!hqe<H 9x= = 3 = 3 −3 . Neiz<!9x = (32)x = 32x.
⎝ 27 ⎠ 27 3
−3
∴ 32x = 3−3, 2x= −3 nz<zK x = .
2
1 1
(iv) x = log 3 ( 243) −1 we<g/ hqe<H 3x = (243)−1 = = 5 = 3−5
243 3
nz<zK 3x =3−5 nz<zK x = −5.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: hqe<uVl<!sle<hiMgjtk<!kQi<g<gUl<;
(i) log 3 x = −2 (ii) log b 100 = 2
(iii) x = log ⎛ 1 ⎞ 512 (iv) x + 2 log 27 9 = 0.
⎜ ⎟
⎝8⎠
kQi<U:
1 1
(i) log 3 x = −2 . ∴ 3−2 = x nz<zK! x = 2
= .
3 9
(ii) log b 100 = 2 . ∴ b = 100 = 10 . ∴ b = 10.
2 2
x
⎛1⎞
(iii) x = log ⎛ 1 ⎞ 512. ∴ ⎜ ⎟ = 512 = 8 3 nz<zK (8−1)x = 83 nz<zK 8−x = 83.
⎜ ⎟
⎝8⎠
⎝8⎠
∴ −x = 3 nz<zK! x = −3.
−x
(iv) x + 2 log 27 9 = 0 . ∴ x = −2 log 27 9 nz<zK = log 27 9
2
−x −x −3 x
− 3x −4
∴ (27) 2
= 9 nz<zK (33 ) 2
= 3 2 nz<zK (3) 2
= 32 . ∴ = 2 nz<zK! x = .
2 3
-h<ohiPK! lqjg! w{<gtqe<! lmg<jggtqe<! h{<Hgjtg<! %xq! fq'h{l<!

osb<Ouil</!!2Jk<!kuqv!njek<K!lqjg!w{<gjtg<!gVKgqe<Oxil</
(i) ohVg<gz<!uqkq: a, m, n we<he!lqjg!w{<gt<? a ≠1!weqz<?

log (mn) = log m + log n .
a a a
fq'h{l<: log m = x , log n = y !we<g/
a a
hqe<H m = ax, n = ay .
∴ m × n = ax × ay nz<zK! mn = ax+y.
-f<k!nMg<Gg<Gxq!njlh<hqje!lmg<jg!njlh<hqx<G!lix<xq!wPk?
! log (mn) = x + y = log m + log n .

a a a
!
!
uig<gqbk<kqz<?! Olx<%xqb! uqkq! %XuK?! -V! lqjg! w{<gtqe<! ohVg<gx<hzeqe<!
lmg<jgbieK?!nu<uqV!w{<gtqe<!lmg<jggtqe<!%MkZg<Gs<!slliGl</
(ii) uGk<kz<!uqkq: m, n, a we<he!lqjg!w{<gt<!lx<Xl< a ≠ 1!weqz<?
55
⎛m⎞
log ⎜ ⎟ = log m − log n .
a⎝ n ⎠ a a
fq'h{l<: log m = x , log n = y !we<g/!!hqe<H
a a
m = ax , n = ay.
m ax
∴ = = ax − y.
n ay
-K!nMg<G!njlh<hqz<!dt<tK/!!-jk!lmg<jg!njlh<hqz<!lix<x?
⎛m⎞
! log ⎜ ⎟ = x − y = log m − log n.
a⎝ n ⎠ a a
!
m
uig<gqbk<kqz<?! uGk<kz<! uqkq! %XukiuK?! wEl<! uqgqkk<kqe<! lmg<jgbieK
n
log m − log n !we<x!uqk<kqbisk<kqx<Gs<!slliGl</
a a
(iii) hc!uqkq: a, m we<he lqjg!w{<gt<? a ≠ 1 lx<Xl< n yV!olb<ob{<!weqz<?

log m n = n log m .
a a
fq'h{l<: log m = x !we<g/!!hqe<H m = a !NGl</!!-VHxl<!n nMg<G!wMg<g?
x
a
n x n xn
m = (a ) =a . -K! nMg<G! njlh<hqz<! -Vg<gqe<xK/! ! -kje! lmg<jg! njlh<hqz<!
wPk?
log m n = nx = n log m.
a a
(iv) a lqjg!w{<!weqz<?!
log 1 = 0 .
a
fq'h{l<: log 1 = x we<g/!!hqe<H a = 1 = a0. ∴ x = 0. nkiuK!)n.K*!
x
a
log 1 = 0.
a
(v) a yV!lqjg!w{<!weqz<?!!
log a a = 1.
fq'h{l<: x = log a we<g/!!hqe<H ax = a = a1. ∴ x = 1 n.K
a
log a = 1.
a
(vi) nclie!lix<xz<!uqkq: m, n, p lqjg!w{<gt<?!n ≠ 1!lx<Xl< p ≠ 1!weqz<?
n ⎝ p ⎠
( )
log m = ⎛⎜ log m ⎞⎟ × log p .
n
fq'h{l<: x = log m , y = log p !we<g/
p n
56
( ) x
hqe<H!px = m, ny = p.!-ux<xqz< p J!fQg<g? n y = m n . K n xy = m.
-K!nMg<G!ucuqz<!dt<tK/!!-kje!lmg<jg!njlh<hqx<G!lix<x?
log n m = xy n.K
log n m = (log p m )× (log n p ).
(vi) kjzgQp<!uqkq: m , n we<he 1!fQr<gzie!lqjg!w{<gt<!weqz<?!
1
logn m = .
log m n
!
x
1
×x ⎛ 1x ⎞
fq'h{l<: log x
n = x !we<g/!!hqe<H m = n = n x ⎜ ⎟
= ⎜n ⎟ .
m
⎝ ⎠
1
∴ m = n x . -K!nMg<G!njlh<hqz<!dt<tK/!!-kje!lmg<jg!njlh<hqx<G!lix<x?
1
log m =
1
nz<zK log n m = .
n x log m n
log a
(viii) a, b we<he!-V!lqjg!w{<gt<? b ≠ 1!weqz< b b = a .
fq'h{l<: x = log a !we<g/!!hqe<H! bx = a!NGl</!!-kqz<! x x<Gh<! hkqzig! log a Jh<!
b b
hqvkqbqm!
log a
b b = a.
(ix) m, n lx<Xl< a lqjg!w{<gt<? a ≠ 1!we<g/!! log m = log n, weqz< m = n!NGl</

a a
fq'h{l<: x = log m !we<g/!!hqe<H x = log n .
a a
log m
∴ ax = n n.K a a = n n.K m = n (uqkq (viii)!e<!hc).
Gxqh<H: njek<K!lmg<jggtqZl<! ncliek<jk! 1!we<xqz<zilz<! hii<k<Kg<ogit<gqe<Oxil</!!

Woeeqz<?! ncliel< 1 djmb! lmg<jgjbg<! gVkqOeioleqz<?! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!
log1 9 Jg<! gVk, -ke<! lkqh<H! x! weqz<! x = log1 9 nz<zK 1x = 9 weg<! gqjmg<gqxK/!
Neiz<?!wf<k!olb<ob{<!x!x<Gl<!1x = 9!weg<!gqjmg<giK/
ws<siqg<jg: ohiKuig!hqe<uVl<!kuXgt<!fqgp!uib<h<H!d{<M/
⎛ m ⎞ log a m
(1) log ⎜ ⎟ = .
a ⎝ n ⎠ log n
a
(2) log ( m + n) = log m + log n.
a a a
57
(1) NeK! kuxiGl</! ! Woeeqz<?! -mK! hg<gk<kqz<! dt<tKl<! uzK! hg<gk<kqz<!
log m
dt<tKl<!sllig!LcbiK/!!nkiuK?! log m − log n ≠ a .
a a log n
a
(2) NeK! kuX/! ! Woeeqz<?! uzK! hg<gk<kqz<! dt<tKl<! -mK! hg<gk<kqz<!
dt<tKl<!sllqz<jz/!!nkiuK? log (mn) ≠ log (m + n).
a a
1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 8: SVg<Gg; (i) log 3 27 + log 3 729 (ii) log 5 8 + log 5
1000
kQi<U: (i) kvh<hm<m! Ogiju! -v{<M! lmg<jggtqe<! %Mkz<! lx<Xl<! -f<k! lmg<jggtqe<!
nclier<gt<!sllibqVg<gqe<xe/!!weOu!ohVg<gz<!uqkqjbh<!hbe<hMk<kzil</
log 3 27 + log 3 729 = log 3 (27 × 729)
= log 3 (33 × 3 6 )
= log 3 39 = 9 × log 3 3 = 9 × 1 = 9.
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
(ii) log 5 8 + log 5 = log 5 ⎜ 8 × ⎟
1000 ⎝ 1000 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
= log 5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 125 ⎠
= log 5 ⎜ 3 ⎟ = log 5 (5 −3 )
⎛ 1⎞
⎝5 ⎠
= (−3) × log 5 5 = (−3) × 1 = −3.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: SVg<Gg:
1
(i) log 7 98 − log 7 14 (ii) log 9 36 + 2 log 9 4 − 3 log 9 4
2
⎛ 98 ⎞
kQi<U: (i) log 7 98 − log 7 14 = log 7 ⎜ ⎟ = log 7 7 = 1.
⎝ 14 ⎠
1 ⎛ 12 ⎞
(ii) log 9 36 + 2 log 9 4 − 3 log 9 4 = log 9 ⎜⎜ 36 ⎟⎟ + log 9 4 2 − log 9 4 3
2 ⎝ ⎠
= log 9 6 + log 9 16 − log 9 64
= log 9 (6 × 16) − log 9 64
= log 9 96 − log 9 64
⎛ 96 ⎞ ⎛3⎞
= log 9 ⎜ ⎟ = log 9 ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ 64 ⎠ ⎝2⎠
wMk<Kg<gim<M 10: fq'hqg<g;

1 1
(i) log10 1250 = 4 − 3 log10 2 (ii) log 5 1875 = log 5 36 − log 5 8 + 20 log 32 2.
2 3
kQi<U: (i) uzKhg<gl< = 4 − 3 log10 2 = 4 − log 10 2 3
58
= 4 × log10 10 − log10 8
= log 10 10 4 − log 10 8
= log10 10000 − log10 8
⎛ 10000 ⎞
= log 10 ⎜ ⎟ = log 10 1250 = -mK!hg<gl</
⎝ 8 ⎠
1 1
1 1
(ii) uzK!hg<gl< = log 5 36 − log 5 8 + 20 log 32 2 = log 5 (36) 2 − log 5 (8) 3 + 4 × 5 log 32 2
2 3
= log 5 6 − log 5 2 + 4 log 32 2 5
⎛6⎞ ⎛6⎞
= log 5 ⎜ ⎟ + 4 log 32 32 = log 5 ⎜ ⎟ + 4
⎝2⎠ ⎝2⎠
= log 5 3 + 4 log 5 5 = log 5 3 + log 5 5 4
= log 5 3 + log 5 625
= log 5 (3 × 625) = log 5 1875 = -mK!hg<gl</!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: fq'hqg<g; log 3 4 × log 4 5 × log 5 6 × log 6 7 × log 7 8 × log 8 9 = 2 .

kQi<U: -mK!hg<gl< = (log 3 4 × log 4 5) × (log 5 6 × log 6 7 ) × (log 7 8 × log 8 9)
= log 3 5 × log 5 7 × log 7 9 = log 3 5 × (log 5 7 × log 7 9) !
= log 3 5 × log 5 9 = log 3 9 = log 3 3 2 = 2 log 3 3 = 2 × 1 = 2 =!uzK!hg<gl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: log10 (2 x + 50) = 3 Jk<!kQi<g<gUl</

kQi<U: sle<him<cje!nMg<G!njlh<hqz<!wPk?
2x + 50 = 103 = 1000 nz<zK 2x = 1000 − 50 = 950 nz<zK x = 475.
− 3 log 9 2
wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: 81 e<!lkqh<jhg<!g{<Mhqc/
− 3 log 9 2 ⎛ 2 ⎞ − 3 log 9 2
kQi<U: 81 = ⎜9 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
− 6 log 9 2 log 2 − 6
= 2 − 6 . ( Woeeqz< b b = a )
log a
=9 = 9 9
1 1
= 6 = .
2 64
wMk<Kg<gim<M 14: log 6 2 x − log 6 ( x + 1) = 0. Jk<!kQi<g<gUl</!

⎛ 2x ⎞
kQi<U: uGk<kz<! uqkqjbh<! hbe<hMk<k?! kvh<hm<m! sle<him<cje log 6 ⎜ ⎟ = 0 we!
⎝ x +1⎠
wPkzil</!!-kje!nMg<G!ucuqz<!wPk?
2x
= 6 0 = 1 nz<zK 2x = x + 1 nz<zK x = 1.
x +1
59
wMk<Kg<gim<M 15: log 3 (7 − x) − log 3 (1 − x) = 1 Jk<!kQi<g<gUl</!
⎛7− x⎞
kQi<U: uGk<kz<!uqkqjbh<!hbe<hMk<k?!kvh<hm<m!sle<him<cje log 3 ⎜ ⎟ =1
⎝ 1− x ⎠
we!wPkzil</!!-kje!nMg<G!ucuqz<!wPk?!
7−x
= 31 = 3 nz<zK 7 − x = 3(1 − x ) nz<zK 7 − x = 3 − 3x nz<zK 2x = −4 nz<zK x = −2.
1− x
wMk<Kg<gim<M 16: log 2 (log 3 x ) = 2 !Jk<!kQi<g<gUl</
kQi<U: y = log 3 x we<g/! ! hqe<H! kvh<hm<m! sle<himieK log 2 y = 2 we<xigqxK/! ! -kje!
nMg<G! njlh<hqz<! wPk?! y = 2 2 = 4 nz<zK log 3 x = 4. -kjeBl<?! nMg<G! ucuqz<!
wPk? x = 3 4 nz<zK x = 81. !
wMk<Kg<gim<M 17: 2 log 5 3 × log 9 x + 1 = log 5 3 Jk<!kQi<g<gUl</

kQi<U: kvh<hm<m!sle<him<cje!lix<xq!wPk?
log 5 3 2 × log 9 x = log 5 3 − 1
⎛3⎞
nz<zK log 5 9 × log 9 x = log 5 3 − log 5 5 = log 5 ⎜ ⎟.
⎝5⎠
⎛ 3⎞ 3
-mK!hg<gk<kqz<!nclie!lix<x!uqkqjbh<!hbe<hMk<k? log 5 x = log 5 ⎜ ⎟ . ∴ x = .
⎝5⎠ 5
hbqx<sq 3.2.1
1. hqe<uVue siqbi nz<zK kuxi we<X!uqjmbtqg<gUl<:

(i) log 3 243 = 5 . (ii) log 1 27 = 3 .
3
⎛ 16 ⎞ 16
(iii) log 2 ⎜ − 4 ⎟ = log − log 2 4. (iv) log 2 (8 − 4) = log 2 8 − log 2 4.
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
(v) log 1 a = −1 . (vi) log a (m + n) = log a m + log a n.
a
2. hqe<uVueux<xqx<Gs<!sllie!lmg<jg!njlh<hqjeg<!gi{<g:
2
−
⎛1⎞ 3
(i) 5 −2 = 0.04. (ii) ⎜ ⎟ = 4. (iii) 4 4 = 256.
⎝8⎠
3
− 1
(iv) 36= 729. (v) 36 2
= . (vi) 10 −3 = 0.001.
216
3. hqe<uVueux<xqe<!lkqh<H!gi{<g:
(i) log 5 625 . (ii) log 6 216 . (iii) log 3
9.
1
(iv) log 9 . (v) log 1 81 . (vi) log 2 4 2 .
3 3
60
2 log 6 log 8 −2 log 2
10 5 9
(vii) 10 . (viii) 25 . (ix) 9 .
4. okiqbikjkk<!kQi<g<gUl<:
(i) logx 0.001 = −3. (vi) log 2 x = 3 .
(ii) log 1 x = 7 . (vii) log 5 25 c = 4.
2
⎛N⎞
(iii) log x 100 = −2 . (viii) log 3 ⎜ ⎟ = 4 .
⎝2⎠
a
⎛ 1 ⎞
(iv) log b 125 = 3 . (ix) log 10 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.
⎝ 1000 ⎠
⎛1⎞
(v) log 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 5 . (x) 2 log 9 N = 1 .
⎝ x⎠
5. hqe<uVl<! yu<ouie<xqx<Gl<! kvh<hm<m! lix<Xgtqz<! siqbie! uqjmjbk<! Oki<f<okMk<K!

wPKg:
(i) 3 log x 5 = 1, weqz< x NeK
(A) 5 (B) 25 (C) 125 (D) 625
1
(ii) log14 + log12 144 =
196
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
(iii) log 4 1024 =
(A) 10 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) 5
(iv) log a 4 = 2 log a x, weqz< x =
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
(v) 2 log16 x = 1, weqz< x =
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 16 (D) 32
(vi) log 5 x = 2 weqz< x =
(A) 5 (B) 25 (C) 125 (D) 625
6. hqe<uVl<!yu<ouie<xqz<!dt<t!Ogijujb!yOv!lmg<jgbigs<!SVg<gq!wPKg!:
(i) log10 2 + log10 9.
(ii) 3 log 3 2 + 4 log 3 3 − 8.
(iii) 5 − 2 log 2 3 + 3 log 2 4 + 2 log 2 6.
(iv) 2 log 4 2 + 3 log 2 5 − log 2 15 + log 2 7 .
(v) 5 log10 2 + 2 log10 3 − 6 log 64 4 .
(vi) log10 5 + log10 20 − log10 24 + log10 25 − 3.
7. log a 2 = x, log a 3 = y, log a 5 = z lx<Xl< log a 7 = t , weqz<?! hqe<uVl<! yu<ouie<xqe<!

lkqh<hqjeBl<!x, y, z lx<Xl< t!-ux<xiz<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
(i) log a 6 (ii) log a 4 (iii) log a 1.5 (iv) log a 27
61
1 8
(v) log a 2 (vi) log a 600 (vii) log a (viii) log a 15
3 27
14
(ix) log a 35 (x) log a 12 (xi) log a 4.9 (xii) log a
15
8. hqe<uVl<!yu<ouiV!sle<him<cjeBl<!kQi<g<gUl<!:
(i) 2 log 5 x = 3 log 5 2 (ii) log 3 x + log 3 7 = log 3 11

(iii) x log16 8 + 1 = 0 (iv) log 4 x × log 4 16 = log 4 256
(v) log 4 ( x + 2) + log 4 3 = 2 (vi) log 3 (2 x + 1) − log 3 (2 x − 1) = log 3 4
(vii) log 3 10 x − log 3 ( x + 1) = 2 (viii) log 2 (7 x + 3) − log 2 (5 x − 1) = log 2 3 − 1
(ix) log 5 (10 + x) = log 5 (3 + 4 x) (x) log 5 (5 log 3 x) = 2
1
(xi) log 3 10 x + 5 − = log 3 x + 1
2
9. hqe<uVl<!yu<ouie<xqz<!dt<t!sle<him<cje!fq'hq:
(i) log 3 135 = 3 + log 3 5 (ii) log10 1600 = 2 + 4 log10 2

(iii) log10 2500 = 2 + 2 log10 5 (iv) log10 125 = 3 − 3 log10 2
(v) log10 25 = 2 − 2 log10 2 (vi) log 3 0.0027 = 3 − 4 log 3 10
(vii) log16 0.000256 = 2 − 6 log16 10
10. w{<! 2! fQr<gzie! lqjg! w{<gt<! a, b, c weqz<? log b a × log c b × log a c = 1 we!
fq'hqg<gUl</!
3.2.3 ohiK!lmg<jggt<
lmg<jggjt! ujvbXk<kohiPK?! lqjg! w{<gtqe<! lmg<jg! ujvbXg<gh<hm!

Ou{<Moleqz<?! nl<lmg<jgbqe<! ncliel<! w{<! 1! fQr<gzig! lx<x! wf<kouiV! lqjg!
w{<{ig! -Vg<gzil<! we! uzqBXk<kqBt<Otil</! ! ncliek<jk! ‘e’ we<x! uqgqkLxi!
w{<{ig! Oki<f<okMk<kiz<?! nh<hch<hm<m! lmg<jggt< -bz<! lmg<jggt<! NGl<.
ncliek<kqje! w{< 10 Ngg<! ogi{<miz<?! nk<kG! lmg<jggt<! ohiK! lmg<jggt<!
weh<hMl</! ! -bz<! lmg<jggjt! \ie<! Ofh<hqbi<! we<hui<! nxqLgh<hMk<kqeii</! ! ohiK!
lmg<jggjt! Ofh<hqbvK! f{<hi<! oae<xq! hqiqg<^<! we<x! Nr<gqOzb! g{qk! uz<Zfi<!
nxqLgh<hMk<kqeii</! ! -bz<! lmg<jg! log e x J? \ie<! Ofh<hqbVg<Gh<! ohVjl! OsIg<<Gl<!
uqklig ln x we<X! SVg<glig! wPKOuil</! ! ln x Jh<! hx<xq! uqiquig! Olz<! uGh<Hgtqz<!
hcg<gzil</! ! -h<ohiPK?! ohiK! lmg<jggtqe<! hbe<hiM! hx<xq! nxqf<Kogit<t!
Lx<hMOuil</! ! ohiK! lmg<jg! log10 x J! SVg<glig log x! we<X! ncliel< 10!
Gxqh<hqmilz<! wPKOuil</! ! weOu? log x = y we<xiz< log10 x = y we<X! ohiVt<! ogit<t!
1
Ou{<Ml<;!-K!x = 10y g<G!slliekiGl</! y = log x!z< x = weh<!hqvkqbqm?
1000
62
1
y = log = log 10 10 −3 = −3 .
1000
1 1
-jkh<OhizOu, for x = , , 1, 10, 100, 1000, …weg<!ogi{<miz<? nkx<Ogx<xix<Ohiz<
100 10
y = −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ….weh<!ohXgqe<Oxil</!!-ux<jxh<!hm<cbzqm!flg<Gg<!gqjmh<hK!
x 10−3 10−2 10−1 100 101 102 103

log10 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
fil<! gueqh<hK? x NeK! olb<ob{<! Ogim<ce<! lqjg! ns<Sh<! Ohig<gqz<! nkqgiqg<Gl<!

OhiK? log10 x l<! nkqgiqg<gqe<xK/! ! OlZl<! fil<! gueqh<hK?! x > 1! njlf<k! njek<K!!!
x! lkqh<HgTg<G! log10 x NeK! lqjg! w{<{ig! -Vg<gqe<xK?! 0 < x < 1! we<xqVg<Gl<!!!
x!e<!lkqh<HgTg<G log10 x e<!lkqh<Hgjtg<!gQp<g{<muiX!nm<muj{h<hMk<kzil<:
x!e<!uQs<S! log10 x e<!-Vh<hqml<! log10 x e<!lkqh<H!

−5
10 < x < 10 −4 −5 < log10 x < −4 −5 + 0.a1a2…
−4
10 < x < 10 −3 −4 < log10 x < −3 −4 + 0.b1b2…
−3
10 < x < 10 −2 −3 < log10 x < −2 −3 + 0.c1c2…
−2
10 < x < 10 −1 −2 < log10 x < −1 −2 + 0.d1d2…
−1
10 < x < 10 0 −1 < log10 x < 0 −1 + 0.e1e2…
100 < x < 101 0 < log10 x < 1 0 + 0.f1f2…
101 < x < 102 1 < log10 x < 2 1 + 0.g1g2…
102 < x < 103 2 < log10 x < 3 2 + 0.h1h2…
3 4
10 < x < 10 3 < log10 x < 4 3 + 0.i1i2…
4 5
10 < x < 10 4 < log10 x < 5 4 + 0.j1j2…
Olx<gi[l<!nm<muj{bqzqVf<K!fil<!gueqh<hK?!ohiK!lmg<jg log10 x e<!lkqh<H
(yV!LP) + (0.r1r2r3r4 …)
we<X! wPk! LcBl</! ! -f<k! njlh<hqz<?! LPh<hGkqjb log10 x e<! Ofi<g<%X! weUl<!
kslhqe<eh<hGkqjb log10 x e<! hkqe<lieg<%X! weUl<! njph<Ohil</! ! ohiKuig!
hkqe<lieg<%xqje! fie<G! hkqe<lier<gtqz<! )kslk<kiek<kqz<*! wPKOuil</! ! log10 x e<!
hkqe<lieg<<! %xieK 0 g<Gl< 1! g<Gl<! -jmh<hm<m! lqjg! w{<! we<hjk! nxqgqe<Oxil</!!
log10 x e<!OfIg<<%xieK x e<!lkqh<jhh<!ohiVk<K!yV!lqjg!LPuigOui!nz<zK!Gjx!
LPuigOui!nz<zK!H,s<sqbligOui!-Vg<Gl</!! x < 1!weqz<?! log10 x e<! Ofi<g<%xieK!
yV! Gjx! LPuig! -Vg<Gl<A! x >10! weqz<?! log10 x e<! Ofi<g<%xieK! yV! lqjg!
LPuig!-Vg<Gl<A 1 < x < 10!weqz<? log10 x e<!Ofi<g<%xieK!H,s<sqblig!-Vg<Gl</
63
wMk<Kg<gim<M 18: hqe<uVl<! w{<gtqe<! ohiK! lmg<jggtqe<! Ofi<g<%Xgjtg<!
g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
(i) 2003 (ii) 200.3 (iii) 20.03 (iv) 2.003
(v) 0.2003 (vi) 0.02003 (vii) 0.002003 (viii) 0.0002003
(ix) 0.00002003 (x) 0.000002003
kQi<U: (i) 2003 NeK 10 g<Gl< 104 g<Gl<! -jmbqz<! -Vh<hkiz<? log 10 2003 e<! lkqh<hieK
3
3+0. d1d2d3d4!we<xqVg<Gl</!!weOu! log 10 2003 e<!Ofi<g<%X!3; hkqe<lieg<%X 0. d1d2d3d4

NGl</!!OuX!upqbig?!2003!J!nxquqbz<!GxqbQm<cz<!wPk?!2003 = 2.003 × 103.
0 log 10 2003 = log 10 ( 2.003 × 10 3 ) = log 10 2.003 + log 10 10 3
= log10 2.003 + 3 log10 10
= 3 + log10 2.003 = 3 + 0.d1 d 2 d 3 d 4 .
0! log 10 2003 e<!OfIg<%X!= 3.
[x! wEl<! lqjg! olb<ob{<{qje! a × 10n we<xuiX! nxquqbz<! GxqbQm<cz<! wPkqeiz<?!
-r<G! gqjmg<gh<ohXl<! LP! n! NeK log10 x e<! Ofi<g<%xiGl<A! log10 a e<! lkqh<hieK
log10 x e<!hkqe<lieg<!%xiGl</]
(ii) 200.3 = 2.003 × 102
0 log 200.3 e<!Ofi<g<%X!= 2 ;
lx<Xl<! log 200.3 e<! hkqe<lieg<%X = log 10 2.003 ( log 200.3 e<! hkqe<lieg<%Xl<?!!!!!
log 2003 e<!hkqe<lieg<%Xl<!sll<!we<hjk!nxqg/*
(iii) 20.03 = 2.003 × 101
∴ log 20.03 e<!Ofi<g<%X!=!1; lx<Xl<!log 20.03 e<!hkqe<lieg<!%X!= log 2.003.
(iv) 2.003 = 2.003 × 100
∴ log 2.003 e<!Ofi<g<%X 0; log 2.003 e<!hkqe<lieg<!%X log 2.003.
(v) 0.2003 = 2.003 × 10−1
∴ log 0.2003 e<!Ofi<g<%X −1; log 0.2003 e<!hkqe<lieg<!%X log 2.003.
(vi) 0.02003 = 2.003 × 10−2
∴ log 0.02003 e<!Ofi<g<%X −2; log 0.02003 e<!hkqe<lieg<!%X!log 2.003.
(vii) 0.002003 = 2.003 × 10−3
(viii) 0.0002003 = 2.003 × 10−4
(ix) 0.00002003 = 2.03 × 10−5
∴ log 0.00002003 e<!Ofi<g<%X −5; log 0.00002003 e<!hkqe<lieg<!%X log 2.003
(x) 0.000002003 = 2.003 × 10−6
∴ log 0.000002003 e<!Ofi<g<%X −6; log 0.000002003 e<!hkqe<lieg<!%X log 2.003.
Olx<gi[l<!wMk<Kg<gim<MgtqzqVf<K?!fil<!nxquK?!
64
(i) lqjg! w{< x e<! LP! w{<! hGkq n -zg<gr<gt<! ogi{<m! w{<! weqz<? log10 x e<!
Ofi<g<%X = n − 1.
(ii) lqjg!w{< x e<! LP!w{<! hGkq! 0!lx<Xl<! x!e<! hkqe<lie!)kslk<kie*!hGkqbqz<!

hkqe<lie! Ht<tqg<G! uzh<Hxk<kqz<! dt<t! Lkz<! H,s<sqblx<x! -zg<gk<kqx<G! Le<! n!
H,s<sqbr<gt<!ohx<xqVh<hqe<?! log10 x e<!Ofi<g<!%X = − (n + 1).
(iii) 2003000, 2003, 200.3, …, 0.000002003 -jubjek<Kl<! yOv! hkqe<lieg<! %xqjeh<!

ohx<Xt<te/! ! NgOu?! kvh<hm<m! uiqjsbqz<! njlf<K! sllie! lkqh<Hjmb!
-zg<gr<gjth<!ohx<x!njek<K!w{<gTg<Gl<!yOv!hkqe<lieg<!%Xkie<!-Vg<Gl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 19: log 162 = 2.2095 kvh<hce<?!hqe<uVueux<jxg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<;!

(i) log 1620 (ii) log 16.2 (iii) log 1.62 (iv) log 0.162 (v) log 0.0162 (vi) log 0.00162.
kQi<U: log 162 = 2.2095.
(i) log 1620 = 3.2095.
(ii) log 16.2 = 1.2095.
(iii) log 1.62 = 0.2095.
(iv) log 0.162 = −1 + 0.2095.
(v) log 0.0162 = −2 + 0.2095.
(vi) log 0.00162 = −3 + 0.2095.
Gxqh<H: −3 +0.2095 J!SVg<glig 3 .2095!we!wPKOuil<. -jkh<!OhizOu −5 + 0.1023 J

5 .1023 we! wPKOuil</! ! g{g<gqMl<ohiPK?! yV! ohiK! lmg<jgg<G! Gjx! w{<!
gqjmg<gzil</! ! kGf<k! lqjg! LPju! nf<k! Gjx! w{<[me<! %m<c! gpqg<g?! Gjx!
w{<{igg<! gqjmk<k! lmg<jgbqje! )Gjx! LP* + 0.d1d2d3d4 we<x! njlh<hqz<! wPk!
LcBl</!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 20: log 0.25 = 1 .3979 lx<Xl< log 2003 = 3.3016 we<X! kvh<hce<?!
hqe<uVueux<jxg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
⎛ 25 ⎞ ⎛ 2.003 ⎞
(i) log 0.025 (ii) log 0.0025 (iii) log ⎜ ⎟ (iv) log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2003 ⎠ ⎝ 2500 ⎠
kQi<U: log 0.25 = 1 .3979 = −1 + 0.3979. 0 log 0.25 e<! hkqe<lieg<! %X 0.3979 NGl</!
-jkh<OhizOu?!log 2003 = 3.3016 = 3 + 0.3016. 0!log 2003 e<!hkqe<lieg<!%X = 0.3016.
(i) log 0.025 = 2 .3979

(ii) log 0.0025 = 3 .3979
⎛ 25 ⎞
(iii) log ⎜ ⎟ = log 25 − log 2003 3.3016
⎝ 2003 ⎠ 1.3979
= 1.3979 − 3.3016 1.9037
= − 1.9037.
= − 2 + 2 −1.9037 2.0000
1.9037
= 2 .0963.
0.0963
65
⎛ 2.003 ⎞
(iv) log ⎜ ⎟ = log 2.003 − log 2500
⎝ 2500 ⎠
= 0.3016 − 3.3979
= −4 + 4. 3016 − 3.3979 = 4 .9037.
3.2.4 lmg<jggtqe<!nm<muj{
1.000 Lkz< 9.999 (3 hkqe<lieh<! hGkqBme<) ujvbqzie! lqjg! w{<gtqe<! ohiK!

lmg<jggtqe<! lkqh<Hg<gjtg<! g{g<gqm<M! nm<muj{! njlh<hqz<! hm<cbz<! hMk<kq!
dt<tei</! ! )-f<F~zqe<! gjmsq! fie<G! hg<gr<gjth<! hii<g<gUl<*/! ! -u<um<muj{jb!
“lmg<jg!nm<muj{”!we<Ohil</!!-f<k!nm<muj{jbh<! hbe<hMk<kq?!wf<kouiV!lqjg!
w{<{qx<Gl<! ohiK! lmg<jgbqjeg<! g{g<gqmzil</! ! lmg<jgbqe<! hbe<hiMgjth<! hx<xq!
nxqf<K! ogit<ukx<G! Le<! lmg<jg! nm<muj{jb! hck<kxqBl<! Ljxbqjeh<!
hpg<gh<hMk<kqg<!ogit<Ouil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 21: log 36.78 Jg<!g{<Mhqc/

kQi<U: 36.78 = 3.678 × 101.
0!Ofi<g<! %X =1. hkqe<lieg<! %xqjeh<! ohXukx<G? 3.678 Jg<! gVKg/!!lmg<jg!
nm<muj{bqe<!-mh<hg<g!uqtql<H!fqvzqz< (column) 3.6 e<!-mk<jk!nxqbUl</!!!!!!!!!
Mean differences (svisiq!uqk<kqbisl<)
! 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3.6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .5647 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 10 !
3.6! dt<t! fqjx! (row)! upqbig! hck<Kg<ogi{<Om! ose<xiz< 7! e<! fqvZg<Gg<! gQp<!
0.5647g<! gi{<Ohil</! ! OlZl<! nOk! fqjxbqz<! okimi<f<K! ose<X! svisiq! uqk<kqbisk<kqz<!
8 e<! fqvzqe<! gQp<! w{<! 10Jg<! gi{zil</! ! -f<k! w{< 10 J 0.5647 dme<! %m<m! 0.5657
gqjmg<Gl</! ! -KOu! 3.678! e<! ohiK! lmg<jgbiGl<! )hkqe<lieg<! %xiGl<*/! ! weOu?
log 36.78 = 1 + 0.5657 = 1.5657.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 22: log 0.00200316 Jg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</

kQi<U: 0.00200316 = 2.00316 × 10−3.
0! Ofi<g<! %X = −3, hkqe<lieg<! %X = log 2.00316. -h<ohiPK! 2.00316 Jg<!
gVKg/! ! -kqz<! 5! hkqe<lier<gt<! dt<te/! ! Neiz<! ohiK! lmg<jgbqz<! 3!
hkqe<lier<gt<! dt<t!w{<gTg<Gh<! hm<cbz<! -mh<hm<Mt<te/!!weOu! 2.00316! ≈ 2.003!
we! Okivibh<hMk<kqg<ogit<Ouil<! )4uK! hkqe<lie! -mk<kqz<! 5J! uqmg<! Gjxuie! 2!
-Vh<hkiz<*/! ! -h<ohiPK?! lmg<jg! nm<muj{jbg<! ogi{<M! log 2.003 = 0.3016! we!
nxqbzil</!weOu?! log 0.00200316 ≈ −3 + 0.3016 = 3 .3016.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 23: log 730.391Jg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</

kQi<U: 730.391 = 7.30391 × 102.
66
0!Ofi<g<! %X = 2. hkqe<lieg<! %X = log 7.30391. 7.30391 ≈ 7.304 (Woeeqz< 4 uK!
hkqe<liel<! 9.! -K! 5 J! uqms<! sqxqbkz<z). weOu! lmg<jgh<! hm<cbzqz<! -Vf<K!!!!!!
log 7.304 = 0.8635. 0 log 730.391 ≈ 2 + 0.8635 = 2.8635.
3.2.5 wkqi<lmg<jg!nm<muj{
log x = y weqz< x J! y!e< wkqi<lmg<jg!we<gqOxil</!!nkiuK?! log10 x = y!weqz<?
x = 10y NeK y! e<! wkqi<lmg<jgbiGl</! weOu? y e<! wkqi<lmg<jg = 10y. wkqi<lmg<jg!
ohXuK! lmg<jgh<! ohXukx<G! Ofi<lixiGl</! ! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! log 20 = 1.3010 weqz<!
1.3010 e<!wkqi<lmg<jg 20!NGl</
0.0000 zqVf<K 0.9999 (fie<G! -zg<gr<gt<! dt<t! hkqe<lieh<! hGkq) dt<t!

w{<gtqe<! wkqi<! lmg<jggTg<gie!nm<muj{!-f<F~zqe<! gjmsq!-v{<Mh<! hg<gr<gtqz<!
ogiMg<gh<hm<cVg<gqe<xK/! ! -u<um<muj{jbh<! hbe<hMk<kq! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! wf<kouiV!
w{<{qe<!wkqi<!lmg<jgbqjeBl<!ohxzil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 24: hqe<uVueux<xqe<!wkqIlmg<jgbqjeg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</

(i) 1 .2305 (ii) 3 .4629 (iii) 1.8658 (iv) 2.0578
kQIU: !
!( y e<! wkqIlmg<jgjbg<! g{<Mhqcg<g! Lkx<g{<! y e<! hkqe<lieg<! %xqje!
lm<Ml<! gVKg/! hqe<H! hkqe<lieg<! %xqe<! Lke<! &e<X! -zg<gr<gTg<G! Wx<x! wkqI<!
lmg<jgbqjeg<! g{<M! nkEme<! svisiq! uqk<kqbisk<kqz<! dt<t! 4 uK! -zg<gk<kqx<gie!
lkqh<hqjeg<!%m<mg<!gqjmh<hK!Okjubie!wkqIlmg<jgbiGl</)
(i) 1 .2305 e<!wkqIlmg<jg!!
= 10 1 .2305 wkqv<lmg<jgh<!hm<cbzqzqVf<K0.230 1.698
svisiq!uqk<kqbisl<!
= 10−1 + 0.2305
5 g<G!Wx<xK!!!!!!! 2
= 10 −1 × 100.2305
1
= × 1.700 1.700
10
= 0.1700
(ii) 3 .4629 e<!wkqIlmg<jg =10−3 + 0.4629

2.897
= 10− 3× 100.4629
6
1
= 3 × 2.903 2.903
10
= 0.002903.
(iii) 1.8658 e<!wkqIlmg<jg = 101.8658

= 101 + 0.8658 7.328
= 101 × 100.8658 13
= 10 × 7.341 7.341
= 73.41
67
(iv) 2.0578 e<!wkqIlmg<jg = 102.0578
= 102 + 0.0578 1.140
= 102 × 100.0578 2
= 102 × 1.142 1.142
= 114.2
Gxqh<H: Olx<gi[l<!wMk<Kg<gim<czqVf<K?!fil<!nxquK
(i) log x e<! OfIg<! %xieK n wEl<! Gjxbz<zi!LP!weqz<?! log x e<! wkqIlmg<jgbqz<!
dt<t!hkqe<lieh<!Ht<tqbieK ( n + 1)!uK!-zg<gk<kqx<Gh<!hqe<!-mh<hMgqe<xK/
OfIg<%X! hkqe<lieh<!Ht<tqbqe<!fqjz!
0 1 uK!-zg<gk<kqx<G!nMk<K!
1 2 uK!-zg<gk<kqx<G!nMk<K
(ii) log x e<!OfIg<%X!− n we<x!Gjx!w{<!weqz<?!log x e<!wkqIlmg<jgbqz<?!hkqe<lieh<!

Ht<tqbieK?! hkqe<lieh<! Ht<tqg<G! nMk<Kt<t! n − 1 -mr<gtqz< H,s<sqbLl<?! n uK!
-mk<kqz<!H,s<sqblqz<zi!w{<!uVliX!-mh<hMgqe<xK/
OfIg<%X! hkqe<lieh<!Ht<tqbqe<!fqjz!
−1 0.d1d2d3d4
−2 0.0d1d2d3d4
−3 0.00d1d2d3d4
−4 0.000d1d2d3d4
−5 0.0000d1d2d3d4
Olx<gi[l<! nm<muj{bqz<, d1. d2d3d4 we<hK! kvh<hm<m! lmg<jgbqz<! dt<t! hkqe<lieg<!

%xqeK!wkqIlmg<jgbiGl</
3.2.6 lmg<jgbqjeh<!hbe<hMk<kqg<!g{g<gqmz<
-e<jxb! dzgqeqz<?! g{g<gqmjz! lqgOugligUl<?! lqgk<! Kz<zqbligUl<! ohx!

lqe<e[! g{g<gqMuie<! )calculator) lx<Xl<! g{qeq! (computer) -jubqv{<Ml<! dt<te/!
Neiz<! -s<! siker<gt<! Wx<hMukx<G!Le<eI!leqk!Nx<xjzg<! ogi{<M!g{g<gqm<Omil</!
g{g<gqmjz! lqg! Ouglig! leqk! Nx<xjzg<! ogi{<M! g{g<gqm! lmg<jggt<!
nxqLgh<hMk<kh<hm<me/! -kx<gig! lmg<jg?! wkqIlmg<jg! Ngqbux<xqx<gie!
nm<muj{gt<! kbiiqg<gh<hm<me/!-h<ohiPK?!g{g<gqmzqz<! lmg<jgbqe<! hbjeg<! gim<m!
sqz! wMk<Kg<gim<Mgjtg<! gi{! Lbx<sqh<Ohil</! hqe<uVl<! uib<h<hiMgt<!
Okjuh<hMgqe<xe/
68
(i) log (mn) = log m + log n
a a a
⎛m⎞
(ii) log ⎜ ⎟ = log m − log n
a⎝ n ⎠ a a
(iii) log m n = n log m.

a a
wMk<Kg<gim<M 25: gi{<g! (i) 27.91 × 5.49 (ii) 0.02871 × 0.00099 × 482.49
kQIU; (i) x = 27.91 × 5.49 we<g/!
hqe<H log x = log (27.91 × 5.49) 1.4456
= log 27.91 + log 5.49 2
= 1.4458 + 0.7396 1.4458
= 2.1854
∴ x = 2.1854 e<!wkqIlmg<jg! 1.531

= 102.1854= 102 + 0.1854 1
= 102 ×100.1854 1.532
= 102 × 1.532= 153.2
(ii) x = 0.02871 × 0.00099 × 482.49 we<g/!hqe<H!
log x = log 0.02871 + log 0.00099 + log 482.49
= 2 .4581 + 4 .9956 + 2.6835
= 2 .1372 .
x = 2 .1372 e<!wkqIlmg<jg!=0.01372.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 26: lkqh<hqMg;

2003 0.3421
(i) (ii)
16.23 0.09782
2003
kQv<U: (i) x = we<g/!hqe<H!
16.23 3.3016
log x = log 2003 − log 16.23 1.2103
= 3.3016 − 1.2103 2.0913
= 2.0913
∴ x = 2.0913 e<!wkqIlmg<jg = 123.4.
0.3421
(ii) x = we<g/!hqe<H
0.09782
log x = log 0.3421 − log 0.09782
= 1 .5341 − 2 .9904
= (−1+0.5341) − (−2+0.9904)
= 1 + 0.5341 − 0.9904
= 1.5341 − 0.9904 = 0.5437
∴ x = 0.5437 e<!wkqIlmg<jg!= 3.497.
69
wMk<Kg<gim<M 27: hqe<uVueux<xqe<!lkqh<Hgjtg<!g{g<gqMg/
(i) (29.76)5 (ii) (0.3749)7
kQIU:
(i) x = (29.76)5 we<g/!hqe<H!
log x = log (29.76)5 = 5 × log (29.76) = 5 × 1.4737 = 7.3685.
∴ x = 7.3685 e<!wkqIlmg<jg = 23360000.
(ii) x = (0.3749)7 we<g/!hqe<H!

log x =7× log( 0.3749) = 7 × 1 .5739
= (−1 + 0.5739) × 7
= −7 + 4.0173
= −7 + 4 + 0.0173 = −3 + 0.0173 = 3 .0173
∴ x = 3 .0173 e<!wkqIlmg<jg = 0.001041.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 28: 5
0.2713 e<!lkqh<H!gi{<g/!
1
kQIU: x = 5
0.2713 = (0.2713) 5
we<g/!hqe<H
1
log x = log (0.2713) 5 .
1 1 − 1 + 0.4335 − 5 + 4.4335
= × log 0.2713 = × 1 .4335 = =
5 5 5 5
= −1 + 0.8867 = 1 .8867.
∴ x = 1 .8867!e<!wkqIlmg<jg =0.7702
175.23 × 22.159
wMk<Kg<gim<M 29: e<!lkqh<hqjeg<!gi{Ul</!
1828.46
175.23 × 22.159
kQIU: x = we<g/!hqe<H
1828.46
log x = log 175.23 + log 22.159 − log 1828.46
1.000 Lkz<! 9.999 (&e<X! hkqlie! hqe<eh<! hGkqBme<) ! ujvbqzie! w{<gtqe<! ohiK!
lmg<jgh<! hm<cbzieK! kbiI! osb<K! kvh<hm<Mt<tkiz<?! fil<! hqe<uVl<! Okivibr<gjt!
osb<b!Ou{<cbqVg<gqxK/
175.23 = 1.7523 × 102
≈ 1.752 × 102.
22.159 = 2.2159 × 101
≈ 2.216 × 101.
1828.46 = 1.82846 × 103
≈ 1.829 × 103.
∴ log x = 2.2435 + 1.3456 − 3.2622
= 3.5891 − 3.2622 = 0.3269.
∴ x = 0.3269!e<!wkqIlmg<jg = 2.122.
70
(76.25) 3 × 3 1.928
wMk<Kg<gim<M 30: e<!lkqh<H!g{<Mhqc/!
(42.75) 5 × 0.04623
kQIU: kvh<hm<m!Ogijubqje!x we<g/!hqe<H
log x = log (76.25)3 + log 3 1.928 −[log (42.75)5 + log 0.04623]
1
= 3 log 76.25 + log 1.928−[5 log 42.75 + log 0.04623]
3
1
= 3 × 1.8823 + × 0.2851 − [5 × 1.6309 + 2 .6649]
3
= 5.6469 + 0.0950 − [8.1545 + 2 .6649]
= 5.7419 − 6.8194
= − 2 + (7.7419 − 6.8194)
= − 2 + 0.9225 = 2 .9925
x = 2 .9925 !e<!wkqIlmg<jg = 0.09828.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 31: log12 4.3562 e<!lkqh<H!gi{<g/!

kQIU: -r<G! ncliel<! 12 we! dt<tK/! lmg<jg! nm<muj{jbh<! hbe<hMk<k!
lmg<jgbqe<! ncliel<! 10 we! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! ncliek<jk! lix<Xl<! uqkqjbh<!
hbe<hMk<k?
log12 4.3562 = log 10 4.3562 × log12 10
1
= log 10 4.3562 ×
log 10 12
0.6391 ⎛ 0.6391 ⎞
= = x we<g/!hqe<H log x = log ⎜ ⎟
1.0792 ⎝ 1.0792 ⎠
= 1 .8056 − (0.0331)
= −1 + (0.8056 − 0.0331)
= −1 + (0.7725) = 1 .7725
∴ x = 1 .7725 e<!wkqIlmg<jg = 0.5923.
hbqx<sq 3.2.2
1. hqe<uVl<!w{<gtqe<!ohiKlmg<jggtqe<!OfIg<%Xgjtg<!gi{<g;
(i) 1234 (ii) 27.36 (iii) 3.65 (iv) 0.7851

(v) 0.084 (vi) 0.00532 (vii) 0.00003 (viii) 0.032 × 104
2. hqe<uVliX! ohiK! lmg<jggt<! ohx<Xt<t! w{<gtqe<! LPh<! hGkqbqz<! dt<t!

-zg<gr<gtqe<!w{<{q<g<jgbqjeg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<;!
(i) 2.345 (ii) 1.456 (iii) 3.4567
(iv) 0.1234 (v) 0.9876 (vi) 3 × 0.982
71
3. w{<gtqe<! ohiK! lmg<jggt<! gQOp! kvh<hm<Mt<te/! w{<gtqe<! hkqe<lieh<!
Ht<tqg<G! nh<hiz<! Lkz<! H,s<sqblqz<zik! -zg<gk<kqx<G! Le<uVl<! H,s<sqbr<gtqe<!
w{<{qg<jgjbg<!g{<Mhqc/!
(i) 1 .3456 (ii) 2 .2345 (iii) 3 .123
(iv) 4 .7877 (v) 5 .7245 (vi) 4 .102
4. 32740 e<! ohiK!lmg<jgbqe<! hkqe<lieg<! %X 0.5151 NGl</!hqe<uVl<! w{<gtqe<!

ohiK!lmg<jggjt!wPKg;
(i) 32740 (ii) 3274 (iii) 327.4
(iv) 32.74 (v) 3.274 (vi) 0.3274
(vii) 0.0003274 (viii) 0.03274 × 10−5
5. lmg<jg!nm<muj{jbh<! hbe<hMk<kq!hqe<uVl<! w{<gtqe<! ohiK!lmg<jggjtg<!

g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
(i) 8273 (ii) 843250 (iii) 0.001439
(iv) 0.0000324 (v) 0.00468 (vi) 0.2356
6. hqe<uVl<!ohiKlmg<jggtqe<!wkqIlmg<jggjtg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
(i) 2.8903 (ii) 0.4321 (iii) 1 .4583 (iv) 3 .4261
(v) 5 .5201 (vi) 3 .0930.
7. hqe<uVliX!x e<!ohiKlmg<jg!-Vf<kiz<?!x e<!lkqh<jhg<!gi{<g/

(i) 5.3027 (ii) 1.9168 (iii) − 2.0411
(iv) − 3.1773 (v) − 0.3916 (vi) − 4.1083
(vii) 3 .2 + 1 .2 (viii) 5 .4 − 2 .1 (ix) 2.1 − 5.4
(x) 1 .3 × 2 (xi) 3 .41 × 3 (xii) 5 .5 ÷ 3
8. hq<e<uVueux<jx!lkqh<hQM!osb<g/
(i) 25.46 × 80.17 (ii) 37.42 × 816.3
(iii) 1.231 × 0.0084 (iv) 86.3 ÷ 0.0625
(v) (0.0275)3 (vi) (50.49)5
(vii) (525.9)8 (viii) 3 452.3
5 0.4935 × 45.37
(ix) 0.08745 (x)
0.0543
(4.23) 3 × 27.5 24.71 × 84.3
(xi) (xii)
(132.4) 2 16.94 × 3.23
(xiii) log 5 1.326 (xiv) log 9 63.28
72
3.3 g{g<!GxqbQM
fuQe!g{qkk<kqe<! sikjeOb!g{g<GxqbQmiGl</!!njek<K!g{qkh<! hqiqUgtqZl<!
g{g<GxqbQM!Okie<Xgqe<xK/!!g{qkk<kqje!ncOgit<! ki<g<g!iQkqbqz<! dVuig<g!g{qk!
uz<Zfi<gt<! Lbx<sqk<kke<! uibqzig! g{g<GxqbQMgt<! Okie<xqe/! ! o\i<le<! g{qk!
Oljk! \ii<<\<! Oge<mi<! (1845 − 1918) dVuig<gqb! g{r<gtqe<! ogit<jgOb! g{qk!
uti<s<sqg<G! jlz<gz<zig! njlf<kK/! ! g{k<kqe<! gVk<KVuqjeBl<?! g{g<ogit<jg!
hx<xqb!nch<hjmg<!gVk<Kg<gjtBl<!nxqLgh<hMk<k!-h<ohiPK!Lbz<Ouil</
3.3.1 yV!g{k<kqe<!gVk<KV
fe<G! ujvbjx! osb<bh<hm<m! dXh<Hgtiz<! Ne! okiGkqjb! g{l< we<Ohil</!!

wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! njek<K! -bz<! w{<gtqe<! okiGh<H?! yV! ktk<kqZt<t! njek<K!
slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<! okiGh<H?! kqVk<k{q! nvsqei<! N{<gt<! Olz<! fqjzh<!
ht<tqbqe<! njek<K! ye<hkil<! uGh<H! li{ui<gtqe<! okiGh<H?! njek<K!
olb<ob{<gtqe<! okiGh<H?!Nr<gqz!wPk<Kg<gtqZt<t!njek<K vowels.gtqe<! okiGh<H!
Ohie<xjugt<! g{r<gTg<Gs<! sqz! wMk<Kg<gim<Mg<gt<! NGl</! ! OlOz! Gxqh<hqm<Mt<t!
okiGh<Hg<gtqz<! dt<t! dXh<Hg<gt<?! fl<liz<! wju! we<X! dXkqbqm<Mg<! %x!
Lcukiz<kie<!nju!g{r<gt<!Ngqe<xe/!!hqe<uVl<!wMk<Kg<gim<Mgjtg<!gVKOuil<;
(i) de<Ejmb!uGh<hqZt<t!dbvlie!li{ui<gtqe<!g{l</
(ii) fQ!hck<k!fz<z!Hk<kgr<gtqe<!g{l</
“dbvl<”?! “fz<z”!Ohie<x!osix<gTg<G!siqbie!ntuqz<! ohiVt<! ogit<t!Lcbikkiz<!

Olx<Gxqh<hqm<m! wMk<Kg<gim<Mgt<! fe<G! ujvbXg<gh<hm<mju! nz<z/! ! weOu! nux<xqe<!
dXh<Hgjt!fl<liz<!siqbigg<!%x!Lcbuqz<jz/!weOu!nju!g{r<gt<!NgiK/
Gxqh<H: yV!g{k<kqZt<t!dXh<Hgt<!keqk<kjubiGl</
yV! g{k<kqe<! ohiVtqje! yV! keqll<! nz<zK! Yi<! dXh<H! nz<zK! Yi<!
nr<gk<kqei<! we!njph<Ohil</ g{r<gjtg<! Gxqg<g! A nz<zK B Ohie<x!ohiqb!Nr<gqz!
wPk<Kg<gjtBl<?! nux<xqe<! dXh<Hgjtg<! Gxqg<g! x,y,a,b… Ohie<x! sqxqb! Nr<gqz!
wPk<Kg<gjtBl<! hbe<hMk<KOuil</!!x NeK!g{l<! A z<! Yi<! dXh<H!we<hjkg<! Gxqg<g!
x ∈ A!we!wPKOuil</ ‘∈’ we<x!GxqbQM ‘dt<tK ’!weh<! ohiVt<hMl</ keqll< x NeK!
Az<! dXh<hz<z! we<hjkg<! Gxqg<g?! x ∉ A! we! wPKOuil</! ! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! A! we<x!
g{k<kqe<! keqlr<gt<! 1, 3, 4, 5! weqz<?! -kje! 1! ∈ A, 3 ∈ A, 4 ∈ A, 5 ∈ A. Neiz<!!!!
6 ∉ A, −11 ∉ A, 9 ∉ A, Glii< ∉ A.
yV!g{k<kqje!njlg<g?!hqe<uVl<!-VLjxgjth<!hqe<hx<XOuil<:
(1) !nm<muj{!nz<zK!uiqjsh<!hm<cbz<!Ljx!
(2) !g{g<gm<mjlh<H!nz<zK!uqkqLjx!!
73
3.3.2 nm<muj{ nz<zK uiqjsh<!hm<cbz<!Ljxbqz<!g{k<kqjeg<!Gxqk<kz<
njmh<Hgt< { }! -ux<xqx<Gt<! yV! g{k<kqZt<t! njek<K! dXh<Hg<gjtBl<! ?!

wEl<! Gxq! ogi{<Mh<! hqiqk<Kh<! hm<cbzqm<M! ng<g{k<kqje! wPKOuil</!!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! ‘mathematics’ we<El<! osiz<zqZt<t! njek<K! dbqi<! wPk<Kg<gtqe<!
g{l< {a, e, i}!NGl</ -r<G a wEl<! wPk<K!-VLjx! ‘mathematics’!we<El<! osiz<zqz<!
uf<kiZl<! g{k<kqz<! Gxqh<hqm<omPKl<OhiK! yOvobiV! Ljx! lm<MOl! dXh<hig!
wPKOuil</! ! Woeeqz<! g{k<kqz<! dt<t! dXh<Hgt<! keqk<kjugtig! -Vk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</! ! -u<uiX! dXh<Hgjt! { }! wEl<! njmh<Hg<Gt<! wPKl<! Ljxbqje!
nm<muj{! nz<zK! uiqjsh<hm<cbz<! Ljx! we<Ohil</! ! nm<muj{! Ljxbqz<! sqz!
g{r<gjt!hqe<uVliX!wPKgqOxil<:
(i) 13 J!uqmg<!Gjxuie!hgi!w{<gtqe<!g{l<!{2, 3, 5, 7, 11}!NGl</
(ii) FOOTBALL we<El<!osiz<zqZt<t!wPk<Kgjtg<!ogi{<m!g{l<!!
{F, O, T, B, A, L}
(iii) njek<K! -bz<! w{<gtqe<! g{l< {1, 2, 3,…}. -r<G… we<x! GxqbQM?!
okimi<f<K! uVl<! njek<K! dXh<HgjtBl<! ye<xqjeBl<! uqmiK! Gxqh<hkiGl</!!
-g<g{k<kqje N!wEl<!sqxh<ohPk<kiz<!Gxqh<Ohil<A!N = {1, 2, 3, …}
(iv) njek<K! LP! w{<gt<! 0, 1, 2, 3, … Ngqbeux<jx! dXh<Hg<gjtg<!
ogi{<m!g{k<kqje W we<x!sqxh<ohPk<kiz<!Gxqh<Ohil<A!W = {0, 1, 2, 3,…}.
(v) njek<K! LPg<gtie 0, 1, −1, 2, −2, 3, −3,… Ngqbeux<jx!
dXh<hqei<gtigg<! ogi{<m! g{l<! Z we<x! sqxh<ohPk<kiz<! Gxqg<gh<hMgqe<xKA!
Z={0, 1, −1, 2, −2, 3, −3, …}.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 32: 5 e<!lmr<Ggt<?!Neiz< 50!g<Gg<!Gjxuie!njek<K!-bz<!-vm<jmh<!

hjm!w{<gjtg<!ogi{<m!g{k<kqje!nm<muj{!Ljxbqz<!wPKg/
kQi<U: 5 Nz<!uGhMl<!-vm<jmh<hjm!-bz<!w{<gt< 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, …!NGl</!
∴ 50g<Gg<!Gjxuie!5Nz<!uGhMl<!njek<K!-vm<jmh<hjm!w{<gtqe<!g{l< !
={10, 20, 30, 40}.
3.3.3 g{g<!gm<mjlh<H nz<zK!uqkqLjxbqz<!g{k<kqje!njlk<kz<
g{k<kqjeg<! g{g<gm<mjlh<H! we<El<! hqxqokiV! LjxbqZl<! wPkzil</!!

-l<Ljxbqz<! g{k<kqje!wPk?!Lkzqz<! nke<! dXh<HgTg<gqjmOb!dt<t!ohiKuie!
h{<hqje! nxqb! Ou{<Ml</! ! -h<h{<H?! ng<g{k<kqz<! dt<t! dXh<HgTg<G! lik<kqvOl!
d{<jlbig!Ou{<Ml</!!wMk<Kg<gim<cx<G?! {6, 36, 216}!we<x!g{k<kqjeg<! gVKOuil</!!
-ke<! dXh<Hgt<! 6, 36, 216! we<he 6e<! nMg<Ggt<! wEl<! h{<hqjeh<! ohx<Xt<te/!!
weOu x = 6n, -r<G n = 1, 2, 3 wEl<! fqhf<kje 6, 36, 216! Ngqb! w{<gjt! lm<MOl!
kVgqe<xK/! ! -f<k! fqhf<kjeg<Gm<hm<M! Ouoxf<k! w{<j{Bl<! ohx! -bziK/! ! NgOu?!
g{l< {6, 36, 216} NeK “x = 6n, n = 1, 2, 3”! wEl<! fqhf<kjejb! fqjxU! osb<Bl<!
njek<K!dXh<Hgt<! x!Nz<! NeK!we<X!nxqbzil</!!-kje { x | x = 6n, n = 1, 2, 3}!
we!wPKOuil</!!-l<Ljxbqz<?!{}!we<x!njmh<Hg<Gxq!“-ux<jxg<!ogi{<Mt<t!g{l<”!
we<hjkg<! Gxqg<gh<! hbe<hMgqxK/! ! ‘ | ’ we<El<! (vertical bar) Ofi<Gk<Kg<Ogim<Mg<Gxq!
74
“hqe<uVueux<jxk<! kvuz<z” (such that)!we<x!ohiVtqz<! hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!!ohiKh<!
h{<hie “x = 6n, n = 1, 2, 3”. we<hK! g{k<kqje! dVuig<Gl<! uqkqbig! -Vh<hkiz<!
-l<Ljx! uqkqLjx! nz<zK! g{g<gm<mjlh<H! Ljx! weh<hMgqe<xK/! ! Ouoxf<k!
dXh<hqx<ge<xq! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! g{l< Ae<! dXh<hqx<G! lm<MOl! h{<H! P ohiVk<kLx<xiz<?!
g{l< A J! A = { x | h{<H! P J! x ohx<Xt<tK} we! wPKOuil</! ! -kje?! h{<H! P J!
ohx<Xt<t!njek<K!dXh<Hgt<!x gtqe<!g{l< A!weh<!hch<Ohil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 33: hqe<uVueux<jx!uqkqLjxbqz<!g{ligg<!Gxqg<gUl<:

(i) 6J!uqmg<!Gjxuie!njek<K!-bz<!w{<gtqe<!g{l</
(ii) Nr<gqz!wPk<Kg<gtqZt<t!njek<K!dbqi<!wPk<Kg<gtqe<!g{l</
(iii) 2, 4, 6, ….!Ngqb!w{<gjtg<!ogi{<m!g{l</
kQi<U: (i) “x ∈ N, x < 6”!we<hK! x!yV!-bz<! w{<! lx<Xl<! 6 J!uqmg<! GjxU!we<hjk!
uquiqg<Gl<!%x<xiGl</
∴ { x | x ∈ N, x < 6}!we<hK!Okjubie!g{k<kqjeg<!Gxqh<hkiGl</
(ii) GxqbQM x we<hK!Yi<!Nr<gqz!dbqi<!wPk<kqjeg<!Gxqh<hkigg<!ogi{<miz<?
∴ {x | x yV!Nr<gqz!dbqi<!wPk<K}!we<hOk!Okjubie!g{liGl</!
-g<g{k<kqje!!{ x | x = a, e, i, o, u} nz<zK!{a, e, i, o, u} we!wPkzil</!
(iii) 2, 4, 6, … we<x!ucuqZt<t!Yi<!w{<j{ “x = 2n, n ∈ N” we<x! %x<xqeiz<!
uquiqg<gzil</!∴ { x | x = 2n, n ∈ N}we<hK!Okjubie!g{liGl</
Gxqh<H: dXh<Hgjth<! hm<cbzqmilz<! nux<xqe<! h{<Hgjtg<! ogi{<M! g{g<gm<mjlh<H!

Ljxbqz<! Gxqh<hqmh<hMukiz<! g{g<gm<mjlh<H! Ljxbqje! uquiqk<kz<! Ljx! weUl<!
njpg<gzil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 34: g{l< A = {x | x + 5 = 7, x ∈ N}J!nm<muj{!Ljxbqz<!wPKg/

kQi<U: x + 5 = 7 ⇒ x = 7 − 5 = 2. -r<G 2 ∈ N.
w{<! 2Jk<! kuqv! Ouoxf<k! w{<[l<! “x + 5 = 7, x ∈ N” we<x! h{<hqje! fqjxU!
osb<biK/!
∴ A = {2}.
⎧ 1 1 1 1 1 1⎫
wMk<Kg<gim<M 35: g{l< A = ⎨1, , , , , , ⎬ J!g{g<gm<mjlh<H!Ljxbqz<!wPKg/
⎩ 2 3 4 5 6 7⎭
kQi<U: g{l< A!e<!dXh<Hg<gt<!Lkz<!WP!-bz<!w{<gtqe<!kjzgQpqgtiGl</!!weOu!!
⎧ 1 ⎫
A = ⎨ x | x = , n ∈ N lx< Xl< n ≤ 7 ⎬ .
⎩ n ⎭
Gxqh<H: ‘x, y’ we<hK ‘x lx<Xl< y’!weg<!Gxqg<Gl</
3.3.4 LcUX!lx<Xl<!Lcuqzq!g{r<gt<
g{l< A! e<! dXh<Hg<gjt! ye<xe<! hqe<! ye<xig! w{<{qmk<! okimr<gq?! ns<osbz<!

LcU!ohXlieiz<?!g{l<!A!J!LcUX!g{l<!we!njpg<gqOxil</
75
nu<uiX!w{<[l<! Ljx!LcU!ohxuqz<jzobeqz<! A J Lcuqzq!g{l< we<Ohil</!!
g{l<! A e<! dXh<Hg<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg?!Nkq!w{<! we<X!njpg<gh<hMl</!!-kje! n(A) !
weg<! Gxqh<Ohil</! NgOu! n(A) we<hK! g{l< Ae<! dXh<Hg<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jgbiGl</! ! A
yV!LcUX!g{l<!weqz<!n(A) yV!LP!w{<!NGl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 36: hqe<uVueux<xqzqVf<K! LcUX! lx<Xl<! Lcuqzq! g{r<gjtg<!

Gxqh<hqMg:
(i) A = {x | x ∈W, x < 5}.
(ii) {klqpgk<kqZt<t!njek<Kh<!ht<tqgt<}.
(iii) {deK!ht<tqbqZt<t!njek<K!ye<hkil<!uGh<H!li{ui<gt<}.
(iv) N.
(v) W.
(vi) Z.
(vii) njek<K!hgi!w{<gt<.
kQi<U:
(i) x ∈W, x < 5 ⇒ x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
∴ A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. A e<! dXh<Hg<gt<! 0,1, 2, 3, 4 gjt!LjxOb!Lkzil<?!-v{<mil<?!
&e<xil<?! fie<gil<! lx<Xl<! Jf<kil<! dXh<Hg<gt<! we! w{<{qMl<! osbz<! LcUXgqxK/!!
weOu! n(A) = 5 lx<Xl< A yV!LcUX!g{l<.
(ii) klqpgk<kqZt<t! njek<Kh<! ht<tqgjtBl<! yu<ouie<xig! w{<{qm! Nvl<hqk<kiz<?!
ns<osbz<! yV! gm<mk<kqz<! LcUXl</! ! weOu {klqpgk<kqZt<t! njek<Kh<! ht<tqgt<}
wEl<!g{l<!LcUX!g{liGl<.
(iii) deK! ht<tqbqZt<t! ye<hkil<! uGh<H! li{ui<gt<! njeujvBl<! w{<{qMl<!
osbz<! LcUXl</! ! weOu {deK! ht<tqbqZt<t! njek<K! ye<hkil<! uGh<H!
li{ui<gt<} g{l<!LcUX!g{liGl<.
(iv) N = {1, 2, 3,…}.!-g<g{k<kqe<!dXh<Hg<gjt!yu<ouie<xig!w{<{qm!Nvl<hqk<kiz<?!
-s<osbz<Ljx!Lx<Xh<ohxiK/!!weOu N yV!Lcuqzq!g{liGl</
(v) W = {0, 1, 2, 3,…}. W e<! dXh<Hgjt! yu<ouie<xig! Lkz<! dXh<H?! -v{<mil<!
dXh<H?////!we!w{<[l<!Ljx!Lx<Xh<ohxiK/!!weOu!W!yV!Lcuqzq!g{liGl</
(vi) Z = {0, 1, −1, 2, −2,…}! e<! dXh<Hg<gtie 0, 1, −1, 2, −2…. J LjxOb! Lkzil<!
dXh<H?!-v{<mil<! dXh<H////!we!w{<[l<! Ljx!Lx<Xh<ohxiK/!!NgOu Z l<! Lcuqzq!
g{liGl</
(vii) hgi! w{<gt< 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17… gjt! w{<[l<! Ljx! Lx<Xh<ohxikkiz<?!
njek<Kh<!hgi!w{<gtqe<!g{l<!Lcuqzq!g{liGl<.
3.3.5 oux<Xg<g{l<!nz<zK!dXh<hqzq!g{l<
dXh<Hgt<! nx<x! yV! g{k<kqje! oux<Xg<g{l<! nz<zK! dXh<hqzq! g{l<! we!
njph<Ohil</!!oux<Xg<g{k<jk!Ø!weg<!Gxqh<Ohil</ Ø = { }!lx<Xl< n(Ø) = 0.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 37: hqe<uVueux<Xt<!oux<Xg<!g{r<gt<!biju@
(i) {2Nz<!uGhMl<!yx<jxh<!hjm!-bz<!w{<gt<}
(ii) {4J!yV!giv{qbigh<!ohx<x!hgi!w{<gt<}
(iii) {x | x ∈W, x ∉ N}. (iv) {Ø}.
76
kQi<U:
(i) 2Nz<!uGhMl<!yx<jxh<!hjm!-bz<!w{<gt<!wKUlqz<jz!we<hkiz<?
{2 Nz<!uGhMl<!yx<jxh<hjm!-bz<!w{<gt<} = Ø NGl</
(ii) Yi<! w{<{qe<! uG! w{<gt<! 1! lx<Xl<! nOk! w{<! we! lm<MOl! -Vh<hqe<?! nf<k!
w{<j{h<!hgi!w{<!we<Ohil</!weOu?!4 J!giv{qbigg<!ogi{<m!hgi!w{<!wKlqz<jz/!
∴ {4J!yV!giv{qbigh<!ohx<x!hgi!w{<gt<} = Ø!NGl</
(iii) W g<G!dXh<higUl<!Neiz< Ng<G!dXh<hig!-z<zik!yOv!dXh<H!1!NGl</
nkiuK? x ∈W, x ∉ N ⇒ x = 0. ∴ {x | x ∈W, x ∉ N} = {0}. -K!YVXh<H!g{l<! NGl</!!
weOu!-K!yV!oux<xx<x!g{l<!NGl</
(iv) {Ø} z<! oux<Xg<g{l<! Ø Yi<! dXh<hiGl</!!weOu {Ø} oux<Xg<g{lz<z/!!nkiuK!
{Ø} ≠ Ø. 0!{Ø} YI!YVXh<H!g{liGl</!
3.3.6 slie!g{r<gt<
g{r<gt< A, B we<he! yOv! w{<{qg<jgbqz<! dXh<Hg<gjtg<! ogi{<cVh<hqe<!
njugt<! slie! g{r<gt<! weh<hMl</! ! g{l< A NeK! g{l< Bg<G! slie! g{lig!
-Vh<hqe<!n(A) = n(B) NGl</!!-kje A ≈ B!we!wPKOuil</!!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {11, 9, 23}, n(A) = 3, n(B) = 3. weOu A ≈ B.
3.3.7 sl!g{r<gt<
-V! g{r<gt< A, B we<he! nOk! dXh<Hgjth<! ohx<xqVh<hqe<?! nux<jxs<! sl!
g{r<gt<! we<gqOxil</! ! -u<uixibqe<! A = B! we! wPKgqe<Oxil</! ! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!!!!
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {x | x ∈ N, x < 5}weqz< A = B. Woeeqz<? Bz<!dt<t!uqkq!
x ∈ N, x < 5 ↔ x = 1, 2, 3, 4.
fil<! nxquK?! A, B! -v{<cZl<! nOk! dXh<Hgt<! -Vh<hOk! A, B! -ju!
sllibqVk<kjz!dXkq!osb<ukiGl</!!weOu!yV!g{k<kqz<! dt<t!dXh<Hgjt!wf<k!
uiqjsbqZl<!uqVh<hl<!Ohiz<!wPkzil</!!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!!
{1, 2, 3, 4} = {4, 3, 1, 2 } = {3, 1, 2, 4} = {2, 4, 3, 1}!
Gxqh<H: -V! g{r<gt<! sloleqz<?! nju! yOv! w{<{qg<jgbqzie! dXh<Hgjtg<!

ogi{<Mt<te/!!weOu!nju!slie!g{r<gt</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! {1, −1, 2, −2} lx<Xl<!
{1, 2, −1, −2} -v{<Ml<! slg<g{r<gtibqVk<kOziM! slie! g{r<gtigUl<! -Vg<gqe<xe/!
Neiz<! slie! g{r<gt<! slg{r<gtig! -Vg<gOu{<Ml<! we<hkqz<jz/! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?
{1, −1, 2, −2} lx<Xl< {1, 2, 3, 4} we<El<!g{r<gt<!yOv!w{<{qg<jgbqzie!dXh<Hgjtg<!
ogi{<Mt<tkiz<! nju! slie! g{r<gt</! ! Neiz<! nju! sl! g{r<gtigiK/!!
Woeeqz<? −1, −2 ∈ {1, −1, 2, −2} lx<Xl<! −1, −2 ∉ {1, 2, 3, 4}.
3.3.8 YVXh<Hg<!g{l<
Yi<! dXh<H! lm<MOl! ogi{<m! g{k<kqje! Yi<! YVXh<Hg<! g{l<! we<gqOxil</!!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! -vm<jmh<! hjm! hgi! w{<gtqe<! g{l<! Yi<! YVXh<Hg<! g{liGl</!!
77
Woeeqz<?!hgi!w{<gtqz<! -vm<jmh<hjm!w{<{ig!-Vh<hK! 2!lm<MOl!NGl</!!weOu!
{njek<K!-vm<jmh<hjm!hgi!w{<gt<}!= {2} !lx<Xl<! n(A) = 1.
3.3.9 njek<Kg<g{l<
yV! g{qk! Nb<uqz<! Okie<Xl<! g{r<gt<! njek<kqe<! dXh<Hgt<! yV! g{k<kqz<!
dXh<Hgtig! -Vg<Gl</! ! -g<g{k<kqje! njek<Kg<! g{l< (universal set)!
we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</! ! njek<Kg<! g{k<kqje! U nz<zK E! we<x! Gxqbiz<!
Gxqh<hqMgqe<Oxil</! ! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! yV! g{qk! Nb<uqz<! gVKl<! g{r<gt<
A = {2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 3, 7, 11}!weqz<?!njek<Kg<!g{l<!U uqje
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11,} nz<zK U = N nz<zK U = W nz<zK U = Z!weg<!ogit<tzil</
3.3.10 dm<g{l<
A lx<Xl< B we<he! -V! g{r<gt<! we<g/! ! A e<! yu<ouiV! dXh<Hl< B e<!
dXh<hieiz<? A bqje! B e<! Yi<! dm<g{l< (subset) we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</! ! -kjeOb!!!!!
B! NeK! A e<! lqjgg<g{l<! (superset)! we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</! ! -u<U{<jljb A ⊆ B
nz<zK B ⊇ A! we<x! Gxqbiz<! wPKgqOxil</! ! -r<G ⊆ we<x! Gxq! dm<g{l<! nz<zK!
dt<tmr<gqbK! we<hjkg<! Gxqg<gqe<xK/! ! -u<uiOx! ⊇ we<x! Gxq! lqjgg<g{l<! nz<zK!
ogi{<Mt<tK! we<hjkg<! Gxqg<gqxK/! wMk<Kg<gim<mig? A = {1, −1, 2, −2, 3},
B = {1, 2, −1, −2, 3, −3} we<x! g{r<gjtg<! gVKg/! ! -r<G! Az<! dt<t! dXh<Hgtie
1, 2, −1, −2, 3 Ngqbju B bqZl<! -Vg<gqe<xe/! ! weOu! A! NeK! B e<! dm<g{liGl<A!
nkiuK? A ⊆ B. -r<G −3 ∈ B, −3 ∉ A. weOu B NeK! A e<! dm<g{lz<zA! -f<k!
d{<jljb! B ⊄ A we<x! Gxqbiz<! Gxqh<hqMOuil</! ! -r<G! ⊄ we<x! GxqbieK!
dm<g{lz<z!nz<zK!dt<tmr<gikK!we<X!ohiVt<hMl</
!
Gxqh<H: X !we<x!g{l< Y !we<x!g{k<kqe<! dm<g{ligUl<?!g{l< Y NeK!g{l< X x<G!
dm<g{ligUl<! njlf<kiz<?! X l< Y l<! nOk! dXh<Hgjth<! ohx<Xt<te/! ! weOu?!
-f<fqjzbqz<! X l<! Y l<! slg<g{r<gtiGl</!! X = Y weqz<?! X!e<! yu<ouiV!dXh<Hl<! Y e<!
dXh<hig!-Vg<Gl<;!OlZl<!Y e<!yu<ouiV!dXh<Hl<!X e<!dXh<hig!-Vg<Gl</!X l<? Y l<!
g{r<gt<<A! w{<gt<! nz<z/! ! -Vh<hqEl<! w{<gTg<gqjmOb! hbe<hMk<Kl< ‘=’ Gxqjb!
slg<g{r<gjtg<! Gxqg<gh<! hbe<hMk<Kgqe<Oxil</! ! ‘=’! Gxqjb! -Vg{r<gt<! X, Y
-ux<xqx<gqjmOb! hbe<hMk<Kl<! OhiK?! fil<! nxquK?! X e<! dXh<Hgt<! njek<Kl<! Y z<!
dt<teA!OlZl<!Y e<! dXh<Hgt<!njek<Kl<!X z<!dt<te!we<hOkA!nkiuK?!X l<!Y l<!
nOk!dXh<Hgjtg<!ogi{<Mt<te/
!
Gxqh<H: yu<ouiV! g{l<! A l<! A! g<Og! dm<g{lig! -Vg<gqe<xK/! Woeeqz<! A e<!
dXh<Hgt<! A! z<! dt<te/! ! oux<Xg<g{l<! Ø NeK! yu<ouiV! g{l<! A! g<Gl<!
dm<g{lig! -Vg<gqe<xKA! Woeeqz<! Ø NeK! A! g<G! dm<g{lig!
njlbuqz<jzobeqz<?! oux<Xg<g{l<! Ø z<! A! -z<! -z<zik! Yi<! dXh<H! -Vg<g!
Ou{<Ml<A!-K!Lv{<himz<zui@!weOu!A ⊆ A lx<Xl< Ø ⊆ A.
78
4/4/22 kG!dm<g{l<!
X lx<Xl< Y we<he!-V!g{r<gt<! we<g/!!g{l< X NeK!g{l< Y e<! dm<g{lig!
-Vf<K?! u ∉ X! we<xuiX! Yi<! dXh<H! u ∈ Y! weqz<? X we<x g{lieK! Y! e<! yV!!!!!!
kG! g{l<! )proper subset) we<xjpg<gh<hMgqe<xK/! ! -kje X ⊂ Y! we<X!
Gxqh<hqMgqe<Oxil</! ! -f<fqjzbqz<?! -kje! Y ⊃ X! we<Xl<! wPKgqe<Oxil</!!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig? A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} we<g/! ! A z<! dt<t! njek<K!
dXh<HgTl< B z<! dt<teA! nkiuK! A NeK! B e<! dm<g{liGl</! ! Neiz<! A z<!
-z<zik 5 we<x! dXh<ohie<X! B z<! dt<tKA! nkiuK! 5 ∉ A, 5 ∈ B. weOu! A NeK!!!
B e<!kG!dm<g{liGl<A!nkiuK!A ⊂ B .
Gxqh<H: A NeK! A g<Og! dm<g{l<! we<X! Wx<geOu! g{<cVf<Okil</! ! Neiz<! A NeK!!

A g<G!kG!dm<g{lz<z!we<hjk!nxqf<K!ogit<g/!!weOu! A J! A e<! kgi!dm<g{l<
(improper subset) we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</
3.3.12 nMg<Gg<!g{l<
yV! kvh<hm<m! g{l<! A e<! njek<K! dm<g{r<gtqe<! okiGh<hqje! A e<!
nMg<Gg<g{l<! (power set)!we<gqOxil</!! A e<! nMg<Gg<! g{k<kqje! p(A)!we<x!Gxqbiz<!
Gxqh<hqMgqe<Oxil</! ! wMk<Kg<gim<mig? A = {a, b} weqz<? A e<! dm<g{r<gt<
{}, {a}, {b}, {a,b} . weOu! p(A) = {{}, {a}, {b}, {a,b}}. -r<G! A z<! 2 !dXh<Hgt<! dt<te;
p(A) ! z<! 4 dXh<Hgt<! dt<te/! weOu! A e<! Nkq! w{<! = 2A! p(A) e<! Nkq! w{< = 4;
nkiuK!n(A) = 2; n[p(A)] = 4. -jkh<OhizOu?!A = {a, b, c} weqz<?
p(A) = {{}, {a}, {b}, {c},{a,b}, {b,c}, {c,a},{a, b,c}} .
-r<G! A e<! Nkq!w{<! n(A) = 3; p(A)!e<! Nkq!w{<! n[p(A)] = 8 = 23. !-kqzqVf<K!fil<!
nxquK?!n(A) = m!weqz< n[p(A)] = 2m.
$k<kqvl<;!n[p(A)] = 2n(A).!
!
!
hbqx<sq 3.3.1
1. hm<cbz<!njlh<hqjeg<!ogi{<M!hqe<uVl<!g{r<gjt!lQ{<Ml<!wPKg:
(i) A = { SUNDAY we<x!osiz<zqz<!dt<t!dbqovPk<Kg<gt<}.
(ii) B = {N{<ce<!hVugizr<gt<}.
(iii) C = { MATHEMATICS!we<x!osiz<zqz<!dt<t!wPk<Kg<gt<}.
(iv) D = { TAMILNADU!we<x!osiz<zqz<!dt<t!wPk<Kg<gt<}.
2. hm<cbz<!njlh<hqz<!hqe<uVl<!g{r<gjt!wPKg:
(i) P = {x | x we<hK TAMILNADU!we<x!osiz<zqz<!dt<t!wPk<K}.
(ii) Q = {x | x yV!LP!w{<!lx<Xl<! −3 ≤ x < 7}.
(iii) R = {x | x NeK!ke<!-zg<gr<gtqe<!%Mkz<!9!we<xuiXt<t!Yi<!=iqzg<g!w{<}.
79
3. g{g<gm<mjlh<H!njlh<hqz<!hqe<uVl<!g{r<gjt!wPKg:
(i) {3, 6, 9, 12} (ii) {5, 25, 125, 625} (iii) {1, 3, 5,…}
(iv) {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100}.
4. -mKhg<gl<! hm<cbz<! njlh<hqz<! uquiqk<Kt<t! g{l<! yu<ouie<jxBl<! nOk!!

uzh<hg<gl<!g{g<gm<mjlh<H!njlh<hqz<!uquiqk<Kt<t!nOk!g{k<Kme<!ohiVk<kUl<.
(i) {1, 2, 3, 6} (a) {x | x yV!hgi!w{<!lx<Xl<!nK!6e<!yV!uGh<hie<}.
(ii) {2, 3} (b) {x | x NeK10 J!uqmg<!Gjxuie!Yi<!yx<jxh<!hjm!-bz<!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!w{<}.
(iii) {2, 4, 6, 8} (c) {x | x yV!lqjg!LPw{<!lx<Xl<!6e<!uGh<hie<}.
(iv) {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} (d) {x | x NeK!10J!uqmg<!Gjxuie!Yi<!-vm<jmh<!hjm!-bz<!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!w{<}.
5. hqe<uVl<!g{r<gtqe<!Nkq!w{<gjtg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<:
(i) Nr<gqz!wPk<Kg<gtqz<!dt<t!njek<K!dbqi<!wPk<Kg<gtqe<!g{l</
(ii) 100!J!uqmg<!Gjxuie!njek<K!ui<g<g!w{<gt<!g{l</
(iii) A = { x | x NeK “mathematics”!we<x!osiz<zqz<!dt<t!wPk<K}.
(iv) B = {x | x < 0, x ∈ W}.
(v) C = {x | − 3 ≤ x < 4, x ∈ Z}.
(vi) 10 g<Gl< 20g<Gl<!-jmh<hm<m!hgi!w{<gtqe<!g{l</
6. hqe<uVl<!LcUX!g{r<gtqe<!uqMhm<m!dXh<Hgjt!wPkUl<:
(i) A = {1, 10, 100, ______, _______, 1,00,000}.
(ii) B = {2, 5, 8, 11, ______, _______, 20, 23}.
7. hqe<uVl<!Lcuqzig<!g{r<gtqz<!nMk<k!&e<X!dXh<Hgjt!wPkUl<;
(i) C = {3, 6, 12, 24, ______, ______, ______, ….}.
(ii) D = {−4, −3, −2, −1, ______, ______, _____, …}.
8. hqe<uVl<!g{r<gt<!oux<Xg<!g{r<gti!we<hjkg<!%Xg:
(i) A = {3Nz<!uGhMl<!-vm<jmh<hjm!-bz<!w{<gt<}.
(ii) B = { x | x ∈ R , x2 + 1 = 0}.
(iii) C = {fie<G!hg<gr<gt<!ogi{<m!hz<Ogi{r<gt<}.
(iv) D = {Jf<K!hg<gr<gt<!ogi{<m!fix<gvr<gt<}.
9. A = {p, q, r, s}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7}, C = {q, r}, D = {8, 4, 6, 2}, E = {r, q, s, p}

F = {2, 6, 4, 8}we<g/!!hqe<uVue!siqbi!nz<zK!kuxi!we!wPKg:
(i) A lx<Xl< C slie!g{r<gt</
(ii) A lx<Xl< E sl!g{r<gt</
(iii) F lx<Xl< B slie!g{r<gt</
(iv) A lx<Xl< B sl!g{r<gt</
(v) F lx<Xl< D sl!g{r<gt</
10. hqe<uVl<!yu<ouiV!g{k<kqe<!nMg<Gg<!g{k<kqje!wPKg:
(i) A = {1, 2} (ii) B = { x, y, z} (iii) C = {a, b, c, d}
80
11. (i) n(A) = 5 weqz<? n[p(A)]!Jg<!gi{<g/!
(ii) n[p(A)] = 128!weqz<? n(A) Jg<!gi{<g/
3.3.13 g{s<!osbzqgt<
-h<ohiPK?!
(i) -V!g{r<gtqe<!Osi<h<H
(ii) -V!g{r<gtqe<!oum<M
(iii) yV!g{k<kqe<!lqjg!fqvh<H
Ngqbux<jxg<!gx<xxqOuil</!
(i) -Vg{r<gtqe<!Osi<hH <

A lx<Xl< B we<he!-Vg{r<gt<!we<g/!!A bqOzi!nz<zK B bqOzi!nz<zK!
-v{<cZOli!-Vg<Gl<!njek<K!dXh<HgjtBl<!ogi{<m!g{k<kqje!A lx<Xl<!B e<!
Osi<hH
< (union) we<gqOxil</!!A, B!-ux<xqe<!Osi<h<H!g{k<kqje!A U B!weg<!
Gxqh<hqMgqe<Oxil</!!weOu
A U B = { x | x ∈ A nz<zK x ∈ B nz<zK x ∈ A lx<Xl< B}.
-kje!A U B = {x| x ∈ A nz<zK x ∈ B} wes<!SVg<glig!wPKOuil</!!-r<G!Änz<zK}!
we<x! osiz<! Ängh<hMk<kq! -j{f<k}! we<x! ohiVtqz<! ogit<th<hMgqe<xKA! nkiuK!!!!!
‘x ∈ A nz<zK x ∈ B’ we<hK ‘x ∈ A nz<zK x ∈ B nz<zK x ∈ A lx<Xl< B’! we<hjkg<!
Gxqh<hkiGl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 38: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6} weqz<!A U B!Jg<!g{<Mhqc/

kQi<U: A lx<Xl<! B -ux<xqe<! njek<K! dXh<HgjtBl<! hm<cbzqm<M?! lQ{<Ml<! uVkjz!
uqzg<g?!
1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6.
weOu?!A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}.
(ii) -V!g{r<gtqe<!oum<M
A, B we<he! -Vg{r<gt<! we<g/ A, B -ju! -v{<cx<Gl<! ohiKuig! njlf<k!
dXh<Hgtiz<! njlbh<! ohx<x! g{k<kqje! A lx<Xl<! B -ux<xqe<! oum<M (intersection)
we<gqOxil</!!-u<oum<Mg<!g{k<kqje!A I B!we<x!Gxqbiz<!Gxqh<hqMgqe<Oxil</ weOu?
A I B = {x | x ∈ A lx<Xl< x ∈ B}.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 39: A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} weqz< A I B Jg<!g{<Mhqc/
kQi<U: A, B!-ux<xqz<!dt<t!njek<K!dXh<Hgt<; 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4
A, B!-ux<xqe<!ohiK!dXh<Hgt<;!2, 3 . ∴ A I B = {2, 3}.
3.3.14 -j{h<hge<x!g{r<gt<
A lx<Xl< B -jubqv{<cx<Gl<! ohiKuie! dXh<H! -z<jzobeqz<?! nu<uqV!
g{r<gjt! -j{h<hge<x! g{r<gt< (disjoint sets)! we<gqOxil</! ! nkiuK?! A I B = Ø
nz<zK { } weqz<? A Bl< B Bl<! -j{h<hge<x! g{r<gtiGl</! ! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?
A = {1, 2, 3, 7}, B = {4, 5, 6}! weqz<? A I B = { }. weOu! ABl<! B Bl<! -j{h<hge<x!
g{r<gt</
81
3.3.15 uqk<kqbisg<!g{l<
A lx<Xl<< B we<he! -V! g{r<gt<! we<g. B z<! -z<zik! A! e<! dXh<Hgt<!
njek<jkBl<! ogi{<m! g{k<kqje! yV! uqk<kqbis! g{l<! (difference set)! we<gqOxil</!!
-kje A – B!weg<!Gxqh<hqMgqOxil</!!weOu? A − B = {x | x ∈ A, x ∉ B}.
Gxqh<H: B − A = {x | x ∈ B, x ∉ A}.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 40: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {1, 3, 7} weqz<? A − B lx<Xl< B − A!-ux<jxg<!

g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
kQi<U: A−B = {2, 4, 5, 6}. A: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
B −A = {7}. B: 1, 3, 7
!
Gxqh<H: A − B ≠ B − A.
3.3.16 yV!g{k<kqe<!fqvh<hq
A we<hK!kvh<hm<m!yV!g{l<? U we<hK!njek<Kg<g{l<! we<g/!! A z<! -z<zik!
U e<! dXh<Hgjtg<! ogi{<m! g{k<kqje! g{l<! A e<! fqvh<hq! )complement) we<gqOxil</!!
′
-g<g{k<kqje A nz<zK Ac nz<zK A !we<x!Gxqbqeiz<!Gxqh<hqMgqe<Oxil</
Gxqh<H: Ac = U − A.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 41: U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A = {3, 4} weqz<? AcJg<!gi{<g/

kQi<U: Ac = {1, 2, 5}.
U: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
A : 3, 4
3.3.17 g{g<!ogit<jgbqz<!yV!Lx<oxiVjl
g{g<ogit<jgbqz<?! g{r<gtqe<! Osi<h<Hg<! g{k<kqz<! dt<t! dXh<Hgtqe<!
w{<{qg<jgjbg<! g{g<gqMl<! hbEt<t! Lx<oxiVjl! dt<tK/! ! nK! hqe<uVliX!
%xh<hMgqe<xK;
A, B we<he!-V!g{r<gt<!weqz<? n(A U B) ≡ n(A) + n(B) − n(A I B).
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 42: A = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}weqz< n(A), n(B), n(A U B)
lx<Xl< n(A I B) Ngqbux<jxg<! gi{<g/!!OlZl< n(A U B) ≡ n(A) + n(B) − n(A I B)!we<x!
Lx<oxiVjljbs<!siqhii<g<gUl</
kQi<U: fil<!nxquK? A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} A I B ={1, 3, 5, 7}.
n(A) = 8, n(B) = 5, n(A U B) = 9 lx<Xl< n(A I B) = 4.
weOu n(A) + n(B) − n(A I B) = 8 + 5 − 4 = 9.
-r<G n(A U B) = 9. weOu n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A I B) we<x! Lx<oxiVjl!
siqhii<g<gh<hMgqe<xK/
82
hbqx<sq 3.3.2
1. A U B lx<Xl< A I B -ux<jx!hqe<uVl<!g{r<gTg<G!gi{<g:
(i) A = {a, e, i, o, u} lx<Xl< B = {a, b}.
(ii) A = {1, 3, 5} lx<Xl< B ={1, 2, 3}.
(iii) A = {x | x Yi<!-bz<!w{<!lx<Xl< 1 < x ≤ 6} lx<Xl<
B = {x | x Yi<!-bz<!w{<!lx<Xl< 6 < x < 10}.
(iv) A = {p, q, r} lx<Xl< B = Ø.
2. hqe<uVl<!g{r<gTg<G A − B, A − C lx<Xl< B − A Ngqbux<jxg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<:

(i) A = {a, b, c, d, e, f, i, o, u}, B = {a, b, c, d} lx<Xl< C = {a, e, i, o, u}.
(ii) A = {3, 4, 5}, B = {5, 6, 7, 8} lx<Xl< C = {7, 8, 9}.
3. U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}, A = {a, c, g} lx<Xl< B = {a, b, c, d, e, f}weqz<?!

hqe<uVueux<jxg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<;
(i) Ac (ii) Bc (iii) (A U B) c
(iv) (Ac I B) c (v) Ac I Bc (vi) Ac U Bc.
3.3.18 oue<hml<
g{k<kqe<! lQK! fqgp<k<kh<hMl<! osbzqgjt! )Osi<h<Hg<! g{l<?! oum<Mg<g{l<?!
fqvh<Hg<g{l<! Ngqbux<jx!njlk<kz<*!g{<upqg<! gi{<hkx<G!dkuq!osb<Bl<! ujgbqz<?!
\ie<! oue<! (John Venn)! we<x! Nr<gqOzb! g{qk! uz<Zfi<! g{r<gjt! ujvhmr<gt<!
&zl<! njlg<Gl<! upqbqje! nxqLgh<hMk<kqeii</! ! -u<uiX! g{r<gjtg<! Gxqh<hqMl<!
ujvhmr<gjt! oue<hmr<gt<! (Venn diagrams)! we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</! ! -l<Ljxbqz<!
njek<Kg<! g{lieK!yV!osu<ugk<kqeiz<! Gxqg<gh<hMl<<A!nke<! kG!dm<g{r<gt<! ns<!
osu<ugk<kqEt<! um<mr<gtiz<! Gxqg<gh<hMl</! ! -h<ohiPK! oue<hmk<kqz<! hz<OuX!
g{r<gtqe<!njlh<hqjek<!kVOuil</!
njek<K!g{l<!
hml< 3.1
A UB AI B
hml< 3.2 hml< 3.3
83
Ac Bc
hml< 3.4 hml< 3.5
(A U B) c (A I B) c
hml< 3.6 hml< 3.7
!
!
! A−B B−A
! hml< 3.8 hml< 3.9
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 43: gQOp! (hml<! 3.10Jh<! hii<g<gUl<)! kvh<hm<Mt<t! hmk<kqzqVf<K?!
hqe<uVueux<jxg<!gi{<g;
(i) A U B (ii) A I B (iii) (A U B)c
kQi<U: -r<G U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
(i) A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
(ii) A I B = {2, 5}.
(iii) (A U B) c = {7}.
hml< 3.10
84
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 44: oue<hmk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<kq?! A = {−2, 3, 5, 7} lx<Xl< B = {3, 9, 11}
Ngqb! g{r<gjtg<! gim<Mg/! ! OlZl<! n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A I B) we<x!
$k<kqvk<jks<!siqhii<g<gUl</
kQi<U:
A U B = {−2, 3, 5, 7} U {3, 9, 11} = {−2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}
∴ n(A U B) = 6. (1)
A I B = {−2, 3, 5, 7} I {3, 9, 11} = {3}
∴ n(A I B) = 1.
fil<!ohx<xqVh<hK n(A) = 4, n(B) = 3. ∴ n(A) + n(B) = 4 + 3 = 7. hml<!3.11
∴ n(A) + n(B) − n(A I B) = 7 − 1 = 6. (2)
(1), (2) -ux<xqzqVf<K (A U B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A I B).
Gxqh<H; A lx<Xl< B -u<uqv{<Ml<!-j{h<hge<xqVh<hqe<?!A I B = Ø. OlZl< n(A I B) = 0.

weOu n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 45 : Yi<! Diqz<?!jkbz<! uGh<hqx<Gs<! osz<Zl<! oh{<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! 45?!

Okim<m!Oujz!uGh<hqx<Gs<! osz<Zl<! oh{<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! 70/!!-ui<gtqz<! 30!Ohi<!
-v{<M! uGh<HgTg<Gl<! osz<gqxii<gt<! weqz<?! oue<hmk<kqjeg<! ogi{<M?! hqe<!
uVueux<jxg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<;
(i) yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!uGh<hqx<G!lm<Ml<!ose<xui<gt<!wk<kje!Ohi<@
(ii) wk<kje! Ohi<! olik<kk<kqz<! -u<uqv{<M! uGh<Hgtqz<! WOkEl<! ye<xqx<giuK!
ose<xui<gt<@!
kQi<U: A, B we<he! LjxOb! jkbz<! uGh<H?! Okim<m!

Oujz! uGh<H! -ux<xqx<Gs<! osz<Zl<! oh{<gtqe<!
g{r<gt<!weqz<?!
n(A) = 45, n(B) = 70. kvh<hm<Mt<t! uquvk<kqe<hc?
n(A I B) = 30. weOu!oue<hmk<kqzqVf<K?!
(i) (a) jkbz<! uGh<hqx<G! lm<Ml<! ose<x! oh{<gtqe<!
w{<{qg<jg!n(A − B) = 45 − 30 = 15, hml< 3.12
(i) (b) Okim<m! Oujz! uGh<hqx<G! lm<Ml<! ose<x!
oh{<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg n(B − A) = 70 − 30 = 40
(ii) -u<uqv{<M!uGh<Hgtqz<! WOkEl<! yV!uGh<hqx<giuK!ose<x! oh{<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg?
n(A U B) = 15 + 30 + 40 = 85. -kje!OuXuqkligUl<!ohxzil<;!
n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A I B) = 45 + 70 − 30 = 85.
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 46: Yi<! Diqz<! dt<t! 45 uQMgtqz<? 25 uQMgtqz<! okijzg<gim<sqh<! ohm<c!
-Vg<gqe<xKA 30 uQMgtqz<! uioeizqh<! ohm<c! -Vg<gqe<xK. wk<kje! uQMgtqz<! -v{<Ml<!
-Vg<gqe<xe/
kQi<U: A = {okijzg<gim<sqh<!ohm<cgt<!dt<t!uQMgt<}
85
B = {uioeizqh<!ohm<cgt<!dt<t!uQMgt<}
A I B = {okijzg<gim<sqh<!ohm<c!lx<Xl<!uioeizqh<!ohm<c!-v{<Ml<!dt<t!uQMgt<}.
n(A I B) = x we<g/!!hqe<H!oue<hmk<kqzqVf<K?
25 − x + x + 30 − x = 45
n.K! ! 55 − x = 45
n.K! ! !! −x = 45 − 55
n.K! ! !!!−x = −10
n.K x = 10.
∴okijzg<gim<sqh<!ohm<c!lx<Xl<!uioeizqh<!ohm<c!
-v{<jmBl<!ogi{<m!uQMgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg = 10. hml< 3.13
wMk<Kg<gim<M 47: 35 li{ig<gi<gt<! ogi{<m! uGh<hqz<? 28 Ohi<! uvziX! himk<kqz<!
Oki<s<sqBx<xei<;! g{g<Gh<! himk<kqz<! 22! Ohi<! Oki<s<sqBx<xei<A! 18! Ohi<! -v{<M!
himr<gtqZl<! Oki<s<sqBx<xei</! ! wk<kje! li{ig<gi<gt<! -v{<M! himr<gtqZl<! Okiz<uq!
ohx<xei<@! ! oue<! hmk<jkg<! ogi{<M! (i) uvzix<Xh<! himk<kqz<! lm<Ml<! Oki<s<sq!
ohx<xui<gt<! wk<kje! Ohi< (ii) g{g<Gh<! himk<kqz<! lm<Ml<! Oki<s<sq! ohx<xui<gt<! wk<kje!
Ohi<!we<hjkg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
kQi<U:
H, M we<he! LjxOb! uvziX?! g{g<G!
himr<gtqz<! Oki<s<sq! ohx<x! li{ui<gtqe<!
g{r<gt<!weqz<?
n(H) = 28, n(M) = 22, n(H I M) = 18 we<X!
kvh<hm<Mt<tK/! ! H U M! we<x! g{l<?! uvziX!
nz<zK! g{g<G! -ux<xqz<! Oki<s<sqBx<x!
li{ui<gtqe<! g{k<kqjeg<! Gxqg<gqxK/!!weOu?!
uvziX! nz<zK! g{g<G! -ux<xqz<! ye<xqz<! hml< 3.14
Oki<s<sqBx<x!li{ui<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg?
n(H U M) = n(H) + n(M) − n(H I M)
nkiuK? n(H U M) = 28 + 22 − 18 = 32.
uGh<hqz<! olik<kl<! 35! Ohi<! -Vg<gqe<xei</! ! weOu! -v{<M! himr<gtqZl<!
Okiz<uqBx<xui<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg = 35 − 32 = 3 NGl</! ! oue<! hmk<jkg<ogi{<M?! fil<!
gi{<hK?
)i*!uvziX!himk<kqz<!lm<Ml<!Oki<s<sqBx<xui<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg
= n(H ) − n(H I M)
= 28 − 18 = 10
(ii) g{g<Gh<!himk<kqz<!lm<Ml<!Oki<s<sqBx<xui<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg
= n(M) − n(H I M)
= 22 − 18 = 4.
86
!
hbqx<sq 3.3.3
1. A = {2, 3, 5, 8, 10}, B = {3, 7, 8, 9}, C = {1, 2, 5, 8, 12}!kvh<hce<?

(i) n(A U B) (ii) n(B I C) (iii) n(A − B) (iv) n(C − B)
Ngqbux<jxg<!gi{<g/
2. n(A) = 30, n(B) = 43 lx<Xl< n(A I B) = 11 weqz<? n(A U B)!J!gi{<g/!
3. ye<hkil<! uGh<H! li{ui<gt< A, B! Ngqb! -V! Oki<Ugtqz<! ye<jxObEl<! wPk!

Ou{<Ml</! ! Oki<U! A! uqje! 40 OhVl<?! Oki<U B! bqje 30 li{ui<gTl<?!
-v{<jmBl<! 20! OhVl<! wPKgqe<xei</! ! nu<uGh<hqz<! dt<t! li{ig<gi<gtqe<!
w{<{qg<jgjbg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
4. yV!GcbqVh<H!hGkqbqz<!dt<t!400 uQMgtqz<!wMg<gh<hm<m!gVk<Kg<!g{qh<hqe<hc?!
250 Ohi<! Nr<gqz!osb<kqk<! kit<gjtBl<, 170 Ohi<! klqp<! osb<kqk<kit<gjtBl<? 65
Ohi<! -v{<cjeBl<! uir<Ggqe<xii<gt</! ! wk<kjeOhi<! wf<kuqklie! osb<kqk<!
kijtBl<!uir<Gukqz<jz!we<hjkg<!g{g<gqmUl</
5. Yi<! Diqz<! 200 GMl<hr<gt<! dt<te/! ! nr<G A, B we<x! -V! Osih<H! ujggt<!
lg<gtqjmOb!hvuqBt<te/!!160 GMl<hr<gt<!A ujg!Osih<jhBl<? 140 GMl<hr<gt<!
B! ujg! Osih<jhBl<! hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xei</! ! njek<K! GMl<hr<gTl<! -u<uqV!
ujg! Osih<Hgtqz<! WOkEl<! ye<xqjeh<! hbe<hMk<Khui<gtibqVh<hqe<?! -v{<M!
ujg! Osih<HgjtBl<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! GMl<hr<gt<! wk<kje! we<hjkg<!
g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
6. 250 Ohi<! gzf<Kogi{<m! yV! uqVf<kqz<? 210 Ohi<! gihqBl<? 50 Ohi<! CBl<?! sqzi<!
-v{<cjeBl<!hVgqei</!!20 Ohi<!gihq!nz<zK!C!-ux<jx!nVf<kuqz<jz!weqz<?!
gihq! lx<Xl<! C! -v{<jmBl<! hVgqbui<gt<! wk<kje! Ohi<! we<hjkg<!
g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!
7. yV! gz<Z~iq! -kpqz<?! -bx<hqbz<! GP?! g{g<Gg<! GP?! -jubqv{<cZl<! %m<mig!

150 li{ui<gt<! dXh<hqei<gtig! dt<tei</! !g{g<Gg<! GPuqz<! 70 li{ui<gt<!
dXh<hqei<gtib<! -Vg<gqe<xei<! lx<Xl< 50 li{ui<gt<! -v{<M! GPuqZl<!
dXh<hqei<gtig! -Vg<gqe<xei<! weqz<?! -bx<hqbz<! GPuqz<! dXh<hqevib<!
-Vh<hui<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jgjbg<!g{<Mhqc/
8. 30 li{uqbi<! dt<t! uGh<hqz<? 20 li{uqbi<! him<Mh<Ohim<cbqz<! hr<Ogx<xei<A! 10

li{uqbi<! him<M?! fim<cbl<! -v{<cZl<! hr<Ogx<xei</! 5 li{uqbi<! -v{<cz<!
87
ye<xqZl<! %mh<! hr<Ogx<guqz<jz/! ! wk<kjeOhi<! fim<cbk<kqz<! lm<Ml<! hr<Ogx<xei<!
we<hjkg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
9. Ogijmgiz! uqMLjxbqe<! OhiK? XII uGh<H! li{ui<gtqz<! 35 Ohi<! g{q{q!

uGh<HgTg<Gs<! osz<gqe<xei<A! 25 Ohi<! FjpUk<! Oki<uqx<gie! hbqx<sq!
uGh<HgTg<Gs<! osz<gqe<xei<A! 15 li{ui<gt<! -v{<M! uGh<HgTg<Gl<!
osz<gqe<xei</! ! uGh<hqz<! li{ui<gtqe<! olik<k! w{<{qg<jg 50! weqz<?! wf<k!
uGh<hqZl<!hr<Ogx<gik!li{ui<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!we<eoue<X!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
uqjmgt<!
hbqx<sq 3.1
1. (i) 2.998 × 1010 (ii) 1.3 × 109 (iii) 1.083 × 1012 (iv) 4.3 × 109
(v) 9.463 × 1015 (vi) 5.349 × 1017 (vii) 3.7 × 10−3 (viii) 1.07 × 10−4
(ix) 8.035 × 10−5 (x) 1.3307 × 10−6 (xi) 1.1 × 10−10 (xii) 9 × 10−13
2. (i) 0.00000325 (ii) 0.0000402 (iii) 0.0004132 (iv) 0.001432

(v) 3250000 (vi) 402000 (vii) 41320 (viii) 1432
3. (i) 1.024 × 1014 (ii) 4.41 × 10−4 (iii) 1.1664 × 108

(iv) 2.56 × 10−26 (v) 7.5 × 10−8
hbqx<sq 3.2.1
1. (i) siq (ii) kuX (iii) kuX (iv) kuX (v) siq (vi) kuX
−2
2. (i) log 5 0.04 = −2 (ii) log 1 4 = (iii) log 4 256 = 4
8
3
−3
(iv) log 3 729 = 6 (v) log 36 216 = (vi) log10 0.001 = −3
2
−1
3. (i) 4 (ii) 3 (iii) 4 (iv) (v) −4
2
5 1
(vi) (vii) 36 (viii) 64 (ix)
2 4
1 1
4. (i) 10 (ii) 7 (iii) (iv) 5 (v)
10 32
−1
(vi) 512 (vii) 2(viii) 162 (ix) (x) 3
3
5. (i) C (ii) A (iii) D (iv) C (v) A (vi) D
88
⎛8⎞ ⎛ 350 ⎞
6. (i) log10 18 (ii) log 3 ⎜ ⎟ (iii) 13 (iv) log 2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 81 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 72 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
(v) log 10 ⎜ ⎟ (vi) log 10 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎝ 48 ⎠
7. (i) x+y (ii) 2x (iii) y − x (iv) 3y (v) t − y
(vi) 3x + y + 2 z (vii) 3(x − y) (viii) y + z (ix) z + t
(x) 2x + y (xi) 2t − x − z (xii) x − y − z + t
11 −4 10 5
8. (i) 2 2 (ii) (iii) (iv) 16 (v) (vi)
7 3 3 6
7 −2
(vii) 9 (viii) 9 (ix) (x) 243 (xi)
3 7
hbqx<sq 3.2.2
1. (i) 3 (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) −1

(v) −2 (vi) −3 (vii) −5 (viii) 2
2. (i) 3 (ii) 2 (iii) 4 (iv) 1

(v) 1 (vi) 3
3. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3

(v) 4 (vi) 3
4. (i) 4.5151 (ii) 3.5151 (iii) 2.5151 (iv) 1.5151

(v) 0.5151 (vi) 1.5151 (vii) 4.5151 (viii) 7 .5151
5. (i) 4.9177 (ii) 5.926 (iii) 3.158

(iv). 5.5105 (v). 3.6702 (vi) 1.3722
6. (i) 776.7 (ii) 2.705 (iii) 0.2873

(iv) 0.002668 (v) 0.00003312 (vi) 0.001239
7. (i) 200700 (ii) 82.56 (iii) 0.01099 (iv) 0.0006

(v) 0.4059 (vi) 0.00007789 (vii) 0.00003981
(viii) 0.0005012 (ix) 0.0005012 (x) 0.03981
(xi) 0.00000001698 (xii) 0.03162.
8. (i) 2041 (ii) 30550 (iii) 0.01034 (iv) 1380

(v) 0.00002079 (vi) 3285000 (vii) 5851 × 1018
(viii) 7.670 (ix) 0.6142 (x) 412.3
(xi) 0.02263 (xii) 0.8339 (xiii) 0.1752
(xiv) 1.893.
!
!
89
hbqx<sq 3.3.1
1. (i) A = {U, A}
(ii) B = { Ogijm!gizl<?!GtqI!gizl<?!-tOueqx<!!gizl<?!-jzBkqI!gizl< }
(iii) C = { M, A, T, H, I, C, S, E.} (iv) D = { T, A, M, I, L, N, D, U}
2. (i) P = { T, A, M, I, L, N, D, U} (ii) Q = {−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(iii) R = { 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90}
3. (i) A = {x | x = 3n, n = 1, 2, 3, 4} (ii) B = {x | x = 5n, n = 1, 2, 3, 4}

(iii) C = {x | x ∈ N, x NeK!yx<jxh<hjm!w{<<}
(iv) D = {x | x ∈ N, x = n2, 0 < n ≤ 10}
4. (i) → (c) ; (ii) → (a); (iii) → (d); (iv) → (b)

5. (i) 5 (ii) 9 (iii) 8 (iv) 0 (v) 7 (vi) 4
6. (i) 1000, 10000 (ii) 14, 17
7. (i) 48, 96, 192 (ii) 0, 1, 2
8. (i) -z<jz (ii) oux<Xg<!g{l< (iii) -z<jz (iv) oux<Xg<!g{l<
9. (i) kuX (ii) siq (iii) siq (iv) kuX (v) siq
10. (i) p(A) = {{1}, {2}, {1,2}, { }}
(ii) p(B) = {{x}, {y}, {z}, {x, y}, {x, z}, {y, z}, {x, y, z}, { } }
(iii) p(C) = {{a},{b},{c},{d},{a, b}, {a, c}, {a, d}, {b, c},{b, d},{c, d}, {a, b, d},
{b, c, d},{c, d, a}, {a, b, c},{a, b, c, d},{}}
11. (i) 32 (ii) 7
hbqx<sq 3.3.2
1. (i) A U B = {a, e, i, o, u, b}, A I B = {a}

(ii) A U B = {1, 2, 3, 5}, A I B = {1, 3}
(iii) A U B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A I B = Ø
(iv) A U B = {p, q, r}, A I B = Ø
2. (i) A − B = {e, f, i, o, u }, A − C = {b, c, d, f }, B − A = Ø

(ii) A − B = {3, 4}, A − C = {3, 4, 5}, B − A = {6, 7, 8}
3. (i) Ac = {b, d, e, f, h} (ii) Bc = {g, h}

(iii) (A U B) c = {h} (iv) (Ac I B) c= {a, c, g, h}
(v) Ac I B c= {h} (vi) Ac U B c = {b, d, e, f, g, h }
hbqx<sq 3.3.3
1. (i) 7 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 4

2. 62 3. 50 4. 45 5. 100
6. 30 7. 130 8. 5 9. 5
90
4. -bx<g{qkl<
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-s<osiz<zqe<! hbe<him<cje! YI! wMk<Kg<gim<ce<! &zl<! Hiqf<K! ogit<tzil</! x + 5 = 9
we<x!sle<him<cz<! -mK!hg<glieK!x lx<Xl< 5 -u<uqv{<M!hGkqgtqe<! %MkziGl</!fil<!
(–5) J!sle<him<ce<!-Vhg<gr<gtqZl<!%m<ceiz<!)OsIk<kiz<*?!flg<G
(x + 5) + (–5) = 9 + (–5) nz<zK x + [5 + (–5)] = 9 – 5 nz<zK x + 0 = 4 nz<zK x = 4
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25 x + 12
2x + 3, (3a + b)(2x – y), , 14 x + 19 y .
19 x + 7
-V! -bx<g{qkg<! Ogijugjts<! slh<hMk<Kukiz<?! -bx<g{qks<! sle<hiM!
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7− x
ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te; 2x + 3 = x + 6, = 5 x 2 + 2 , 2x + 11 = 0.
2 + 3x
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lkqh<H we<gqOxil</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!2x2 + y we<hK!YI!-bx<g{qkg<! Ogiju?!x lx<Xl< y
-g<Ogijubqe<! lixqgt</ x x<G!2 l<?!y x<G!1 l<! hqvkqbqm?!2x2 + y e<! lkqh<H! 2(2)2 + 1 = 9.
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sqz! olb<ob{<! lkqh<HgTg<G! ng<OgijubieK! olb<ob{<! lkqh<hqjek<! kvilx<!
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91
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hz<ZXh<Hg<Ogijubqz<?!x -z<zik!dXh<hqje!(nMg<G!0 Ng!dt<t!dXh<hqje*!keq!
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92
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4.1.1 hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijugtqe<!%m<mz<!
yk<k! nMg<Ggtqe<! ogPg<gjtg<! %m<Mukeiz<?! flg<G! -v{<M! hz<ZXh<Hg<!
Ogijugtqe<!%Mkz<!gqjmg<gqe<xK/
wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: 2x4 – 3x2 + 5x + 3, 4x + 6x3 – 6x2 – 1 -ux<xqe<!%Mkz<!gi{<g/

kQIU; olb<ob{<gtqe<! OsIh<Hh<! h{<H?! hr<gQm<Mh<! h{<H! Ngqbux<jxh<! hbe<hMk<KOuil</!
(2x4 – 3x2 + 5x + 3) + (6x3 – 6x2 + 4x – 1) = 2x4 + 6x3 – 3x2 – 6x2 + 5x + 4x + 3 – 1
= 2x4 + 6x3 – (3+6)x2 + (5+4)x + 2
= 2x4 + 6x3 – 9x2 + 9x + 2.
gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!kqm<ml<!-v{<M!hz<ZXh<Hg<Ogijugjtg<!%m<Mukqz<!dkuqosb<Bl</
2x4 + 0x3 – 3x2 + 5x + 3
0x4 + 6x3 – 6x2 + 4x – 1
2x4 + 6x3– 9x2 + 9x + 2
4.1.2 hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijugtqe<!gpqk<kz<!
hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijugjtg<!%m<MuK!Ohie<Ox!gpqk<kjzBl<!osb<gqOxil</
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 2: x3 + 5x2 – 4x – 6 zqVf<K!2x3 – 3x2 – 1 Jg<!gpqg<gUl</!
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(x3 + 5x2 – 4x – 6) – (2x3 – 3x2 – 1) = x3 + 5x2 – 4x – 6 – 2x3 + 3x2 + 1
= x3 – 2x3 + 5x2 + 3x2 – 4x – 6 + 1
= (x3 – 2x3) + (5x2 + 3x2) + (–4x) + (–6+1)
= –x3 + 8x2 – 4x – 5.
gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hMgqe<x!LjxbqZl<!gpqk<kjzs<!osb<bzil</!
uiq (1): x3 + 5x2 – 4x – 6.
uiq (2): 2x3 – 3x2 – 1.
uiq (2) z<!dt<t!hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijubqe<!Gxqgjt!lix<xg<gqjmh<hK,
uiq (3): –2x3 + 3x2 + 1.
uiq (1) , uiq (3) gtqz<!dt<t!hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijugjtg<!%m<mg<gqjmh<hK,
–x3 + 8x2 – 4x – 5 .
!
!
Olx<g{<m!Ljx!gQp<g<gi[liX!wPkh<hMl</
93
x3 + 5x2 – 4x – 6
2x3 – 3x2 – 1
– + +
3 2
– x + 8x – 4x – 5
4.1.3 -V!hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijugtqe<!ohVg<gz<!
-V!hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugtqe<! ohVg<gz<! nz<zK ohVg<gx<hze<! gi{?!hr<gQm<Mh<!
h{<jhBl<?!nMg<Gg<Gxq!uqkqgjtBl<!hbe<hMk<KgqOxil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 3: x3 – 2x2 – 4 lx<Xl< 2x2 + 3x – 1 -ux<xqe<!ohVg<gx<hze<!gi{<g/

kQIU; (x3 – 2x2 – 4) (2x2 + 3x – 1)
= x3 (2x2 + 3x – 1) + (–2x2) (2x2 + 3x – 1) + (–4) (2x2 + 3x – 1)
= (2x5 + 3x4 – x3) + (–4x4 – 6x3 + 2x2) + (–8x2 – 12x + 4)
= 2x5 + 3x4 – x3 – 4x4 – 6x3 + 2x2 – 8x2 – 12x + 4
= 2x5 + (3x4 – 4x4) + (–x3 – 6x3) + (2x2 – 8x2) + (–12x) +4
= 2x5 – x4 – 7x3 – 6x2 – 12x + 4.
-V! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugtqe<! ohVg<gx<hze<! gi[l<OhiK! yV! hz<ZXh<Hg<!

OgijubqEjmb! yu<OuiI! dXh<jhBl<! lx<oxiV! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijubqe<! yu<OuiI!
dXh<hiZl<! ohVg<gq! hqe<eI?! nu<uqV! ohVg<gx<hze<gTl<! %m<mh<hMgqe<xe/! gQOp!
ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ljx!Hkqkigg<!gx<Xg<ogit<huIgTg<G!dkuqbig!-Vg<Gl</
x3 – 2x2 – 4
× 2x2 + 3x – 1
x3 (2x2 + 3x – 1) : 2x5 + 3x4 – x3
–2x2 (2x2 + 3x – 1) : – 4x4 – 6x3 + 2x2
–4(2x2 + 3x – 1) : – 8x2 – 12x + 4
2x5 – x4 – 7x3 – 6x2 – 12x + 4
sqz! Oujtgtqz<! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugtqe<! ohVg<gx<hzeqz<! sqz! Gxqh<hqm<m!

dXh<Hgtqe<! ogPg<gt<! Okjubig! -Vg<Gl</! Ofvk<jkBl<?! -mk<jkBl<! sqg<geh<hMk<k!
fil<! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugjt! LPuKl<! ohVg<gilOzOb! ogPg<gjtg<! gi{zil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! A, B we<x! -v{<M! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugtqe<! ohVg<gx<hzeqz<! x3 e<!
ogPjuh<! ohx! Ou{<Ml<! weqz<! gQOp! uVgqe<x! upqLjx?! Hkqkigg<! gx<Xg<!
ogit<huIgTg<G!dkuqbig!-Vg<Gl</
hc gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<mjugtqe<!ohVg<gx<hze<!gi{<g:
A bqz<!dt<t!x3 dXh<hqe<!ogP!× B bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq!dXh<H!(keqdXh<H*
A bqz<!dt<t x2 dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t!x dXh<hqe<!ogP
A bqz<!dt<t!x dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t x2 dXh<hqe<!ogP
A bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq!dXh<H × B bqz<!dt<t!x3 dXh<hqe<!ogP
94
hc 2: OlOz!hc!1 z<! dt<t!wz<zih<! ohVg<gx<hze<gjtBl<! %m<Mg/!gqjmg<Gl<! lkqh<H!
A, B Ngqb!-V!hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijugtqe<!ohVg<gx<hzeqz<!x3 e<!ogPuiGl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: x4, x3, x2 , x Ngqb! dXh<Hgtqe<! ogPju! 7x3 – 6x2 – 9x + 8 lx<Xl<!

5x2 – 3x + 5 gtqe<!ohVg<gx<hzeqzqVf<K!LPuKl<!ohVg<gilOzOb!g{<Mhqc/!
kQIU; A = 7x3 – 6x2 – 9x + 8 lx<Xl<!B = 5x2 – 3x + 5 we<g/!
dXh<H x4 e<!ogPjug<!gi{z<;!
A bqz<!dt<t x4 dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq!dXh<H = 0 × 5 = 0.
A bqz<!dt<t x3 dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t x dXh<hqe<!ogP = 7 × – 3 = –21.
A bqz<!dt<t x2 dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t x2 dXh<hqe<!ogP = – 6 × 5 = –30.
A bqz<!dt<t x dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t x3 dXh<hqe<!ogP = – 9 × 0 = 0.
A bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq dXh<H × B bqz<!dt<t x4 dXh<hqe<!ogP = 8 × 0 = 0.
weOu!A × B z<!x4 e<!ogP = 0 + (–21) + (–30) + 0 + 0 = –51.
dXh<H x3!e<!ogPjug<!gi{z<;
A bqz<!dt<t x3 dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq dXh<H = 7 × 5 = 35.
A bqz<!dt<t x2 dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t x dXh<hqe<!ogP = – 6 × – 3 = 18.
A bqz<!dt<t x dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t x2 dXh<hqe<!ogP = – 9 × 5 = –45.
A bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq!dXh<H × B bqz<!dt<t x3 dXh<hqe<!ogP = 8 × 0 = 0.
Njgbiz< A × B z<!x3 e<!ogP!= 35 + 18 + (– 45) + 0 = 8.
dXh<H x2!e<!ogPjug<!gi{z<;
A bqz<!dt<t x2 dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq dXh<H = – 6 × 5 = –30.
A bqz<!dt<t x dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t x dXh<hqe<!ogP = –9 × –3 = 27.
A bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq!dXh<H × B bqz<!dt<t x2 dXh<hqe<!ogP = 8 × 5 = 40.
Njgbiz< A × B z<!x2 e<!ogP = (–30) + 27 + 40 = 37.
x dXh<hqe<!ogPjug<!gi{z<:
A bqz<!dt<t x dXh<hqe<!ogP × B bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq dXh<H = –9 ×5 = –45.
A bqz<!dt<t!lixqzq dXh<H × B bqz<!dt<t x dXh<hqe<!ogP = 8 × –3 = –24.
Njgbiz< A × B z<!x e<!ogP = (–45) + (–24) = – 69.
4.1.4 hz!lixqgtqz<!njlf<k!hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogijugt<!
x, y z<! njlf<k!YI!YVXh<Hg<Ogiju axnym weqz<?!nkqz<! a yV!olb<ob{<; x, y
we<hju! lixqgt<; n lx<Xl< m we<he! lqjgLPg<gt</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! 5x3y2 we<hK!!!!
x, y z<! YI! YVXh<Hg<! Ogiju/! x, y z<! njlf<k! LcUX! w{<{qg<jgbqzie! YVXh<Hg<!
Ogijugtqe<! %m<mx<! hze<?! x, y z<! njlf<k! yV! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogiju! weh<hMl</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! 5x2y + 3x + y2, 3x – 8y, 2x2 + 3xy + 2y2 Ngqbju! x, y z<! njlf<k!
hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugt</! -OkOhie<X! hz! lixqgtqz<! njlf<k! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugt<!
d{<M/! yV! lixqbqz<! njlf<k! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugtqz<! %m<mz<?! gpqk<kz<?! ohVg<gz<!
osb<kK!Ohie<Ox!hz!lixqgtqz<!njlf<k!hz<ZXh<Hg<!OgijugtqZl<!osb<bzil</
95
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5: x3y + x2y2 – 3xy3 , x3 – 3x3y + y3 + 4xy3 Ngqb!hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugtqe<!
%Mkz<!gi{<g/!
kQIU; (x3y + x2y2 – 3xy3) + (x3 – 3x3y + y3 + 4xy3)
= x3y + x2y2 – 3xy3 + x3 – 3x3y + y3 + 4xy3
= (x3y – 3x3y) + (x2y2) + (–3xy3 + 4xy3) + (x3) + (y3)
= –2x3y + x2y2 + xy3 + x3 + y3 .
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: 2x + 3y, x2 – xy + y2 Ngqbux<xqe<!ohVg<gx<hze<!gi{<g/!

kQIU;
2x + 3y nz<zK (2x + 3y) (x2 – xy + y2)
× x2 – xy + y2 = 2x (x2 – xy + y2) + 3y (x2 – xy + y2)
2x(x2 – xy + y2) : 2x3 – 2x2y + 2xy2 = 2x3 – 2x2y + 2xy2 + 3x2y – 3xy2 + 3y3
3y(x2–xy + y2) : 3x2y – 3xy2 + 3y3 =2x3 + (–2x2y + 3x2y) + (2xy2 – 3xy2) + 3y3
2x3 + x2y – xy2 + 3y3 = 2x3 + x2y – xy2 + 3y3.
yV!hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijujb!lx<oxiV!hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijubiz<! uGg<Gl<! osbz<?!hGkq!

4.4 z<!Nvibh<hMgqxK/
hbqx<sq 4.1
1. siq!nz<zK!kuX!we!hkqz<ogiM:
3
(i) 2x + we<hK!yV!hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogiju/
x
(ii) 2x + 3x3 + 1 we<hK!YI!-v{<mil<hc!hz<ZXh<Hg<!Ogiju/
2
(iii) 5 – 2x – 3x2 + x3 z<!x2 e<!ogP 3.

(iv) 5xy we<hK!YI!=VXh<Hg<!Ogiju/
(v) 2x + 3y + 5z we<hK!yV!&UXh<Hg<!Ogiju/
2−4 ujvbqZt<t!yu<ouiV!g{g<gqZl<!%Mkz<!g{<M!kqm<mucuqz<!wPKg/
2. (x3 + 3x – 1) + (2x2 – 4x + 5)
3. (2x4 + x2 + 3x) + (x4 – 3x2 + 7x – 8)
4. (6 –10x + 5x2 + x3) + (2x3 – 3x – 4)
5−7 ujvbqZt<t! yu<ouiV! g{g<Ggtqz<! gpqk<kz<! osbz<! osb<K?! kqm<m! ucuqz<!
wPKg/!
5. (x3 + 5x2 – 10x + 6) – (2x3 – 3x – 4)
6. (x4 – 3x2 + 7x – 8) – (2x4 + x2 + 3x)
7. (3x5 – 5x2 + 4x – 7) – (1– 2x + 3x2 – x3)
8−10 ujvbqz<!dt<t!g{g<Ggtqe<!ohVg<gx<hze<!gi{<g/!njk!kqm<mucuqz<!wPKg/!
8. (2x2 – 6x + 3) (3x2 – 4x + 9)
9. (3x2 – 4x + 5x3 – 7) (2x2 – x + 4)
10. (7 – x – x2 ) (x3 – 5x2 + 3x)
96
11 Lkz<! 13 ujvbqZt<t! g{g<Ggtqz<! LPuKl<! ohVg<gilOzOb x3, x2 , x Ngqb!
dXh<Hgtqe<!ogPg<gjtg<!gi{<g/
11. (x2 – 4x + 4) (x2 + 2x –3)
12. (3x – 2 – x2) (1 + 3x – x2)
13. (7x3 – 6x2 – 9x – 1) (2x3 – 3x2 – 1)
14 Lkz<!16 ujvbqZt<t!g{g<Ggtqz<!ohVg<gx<hzjek<!kqm<mucuqz<!gi{<g/
14. (ax + by) (cx + dy)
15. (x + y) (2x2 – 3xy – 2y2)
16. (x2 – xy + y2) (x2 + xy + y2)
17. (x3 – px2 + 9x – 1), (2x3 – 3x2 – x + 2) Ngqbjugtqe<! ohVg<gx<hzeqz< x2 e<! ogP! 12
weqz<, pbqe<!lkqh<H!gi{</
18. (x3 – 2x + 5) (a – 3x – x2) e<!ohVg<gx<hzeqz<!x e<!ogPuieK?!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(2x2 + x – 1) (x2 – 3x – 2) e<! ohVg<gx<hzeqz<! x2 e<! ogPuqx<Gs<! sll<! weqz<?! a bqe<!
lkqh<H!gi{<g/
19. (1 – 2x – x2) (2x2 – mx + 3) we<<gqx!ohVg<gx<hzeqz<! x2 e<! ogP?! x e<! ogP!-ux<xqe<!
%Mkz<! 5 weqz<, m e<!lkqh<jhg<!gi{<g/
4.2. -bx<g{qk!Lx<oxiVjlgt<!
-bx<g{qk! Lx<oxiVjlgt<! weg<%xh<hMl<?! -bx<g{qk! sle<hiMgjth<! hx<xq!
-r<G! hch<Ohil</! -bx<g{qk! sle<hiMgjt! Wx<geOu! gx<Xt<Otil</! YI! -bx<g{qk!
sle<himieK! ye<X! nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<m! lixqgjtg<! ogi{<mK/! wMk<Kg<gim<mig
2x + 3 = 6 – x z< x we<hK!lixq/!x g<G!hkqzig!1 Jh<!hqvkqbqm!sle<himieK 5 = 5 we<El<!
d{<jl! uig<gqblig! dt<tK/! x g<G! OuX! wf<k! lkqh<Hgt<! ogiMk<kiZl<,
wMk<Kg<gim<mig x = 2 weg<! ogi{<miz<! sle<himieK! 7 = 4 we<El<! kuxie!
uig<gqbliGl</! lixqg<gigh<! hqvkqbqmh<hm<m! YI! w{<! nf<k! sle<him<jm! d{<jlbie!
uig<gqblig<gqeiz<!nf<k!w{<, sle<him<ce<!kQIU nz<zK!&zl< we<X!%xh<hMl</!YI!w{<!
yV!sle<him<ce<!kQIU!weqz<?!nK!nf<k!sle<him<jm!fqjxU!osb<Bl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!
2x + 3 = 6 – x we<hjk! 1 ! fqjxU! osb<gqxK/! Neiz<! 2 fqjxU! osb<buqz<jz/
x2 –1 = (x + 1)(x – 1) we<El<! sle<hiM! wf<k! w{<{iZl<! fqjxujmgqxK/! -u<uiX!
wz<zi! w{<gtiZl<! fqjxU! ohXl<! YI! -bx<g{qk! sle<hiM?! -bx<g{qk! Lx<oxiVjl!
weh<hMl</! A = B we<El<! YI! -bx<g{qk! sle<hiM?! -bx<g{qk! Lx<oxiVjlbieiz<?!
fil<! -kje A ≡ B we! wPKOuil</! hg<gr<gjt! lix<x! g{qk! Lx<oxiVjljb? B ≡ A
we<Xl<!wPkzil</!fil<!-h<ohiPK!sqz!-bx<g{qk!Lx<oxiVjlgjtg<!ogi{IOuil</
4.2.1 (x + a)(x + b) g<gie!-bx<g{qk!Lx<oxiVjl

w{<gtqe<!hr<gQm<Mh<!h{<jhh<!hbe<hMk<k?
(x + a )(x + b ) = x(x + b) + a(x + b) = x2 + xb + ax + ab
= x2 + ax + bx + ab= x2 + (a + b)x + ab.
fil<!ohXuK (x + a)(x + b) ≡ x2 + (a + b) x + ab
97
Olx<gi[l<! Lx<oxiVjlg<G! yV!
ucuqbz<!uqtg<gl<!kVOuil</!
ABCD we<gqx! osu<ugk<kqe<!
hvh<htuieK?! AHFE we<x! sKvk<kqe<!
hvh<htU? HBGF, FGCI lx<Xl< EFID Ngqb
osu<ugr<gtqe<! hvh<htU! -ux<xqe<!
%MkZg<Gs<! sll< (hml< 4.2.1 Jh<!
hiIg<gUl<). Njgbiz<!fil<!ohXuK!
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + ax + ab + xb
= x2+ (a+b)x + ab. hml< 4.2.1
OlOz! dt<t! Lx<oxiVjljbh<! hbe<hMk<kq! sqz! Lg<gqblie!

Lx<oxiVjlgjtg<!ogi{IOuil</
(i) (x – a)(x + b) = [x + (–a)] (x + b) = x2 + [(–a) + b]x + (–a)b

= x2 + (b – a)x – ab.
(ii) (x + a)(x – b) = (x + a) [x + (–b)] = x2 + [a + (–b)]x + a(–b)
= x2 + (a – b)x – ab.
(iii) (x – a)(x – b) = [x + (–a)] [x + (–b)] = x2 + [(–a) + (–b)] x + (–a) (–b)
= x2 – (a + b)x + ab.
(iv) (a + b) = (a + b)(a + b) = a + (b + b)a + b2 = a2 + 2ab + b2.
2 2
(v) (a – b)2 = (a – b)(a – b) = [a + (–b)] [a + (–b)]

= a2 + [(–b) + (–b)]a + (–b) (–b) = a2 –2ab + b2.
(vi) (a + b)(a – b) = a2 + [b + (–b)]a + (b)(–b) = a2 + 0 × a – b2 = a2 – b2.
weOu?!fil<!ohXuK!
(x + a)(x + b) ≡ x2 + (a + b)x + ab
(x – a)(x + b) ≡ x2 + (b – a)x – ab
(x + a)(x – b) ≡ x2 + (a – b)x – ab
(x – a)(x – b) ≡ x2 – (a + b)x + ab
(a + b)2 ≡ a2 + 2ab + b2
(a – b)2 ≡ a2 – 2ab + b2
(a + b)(a – b) ≡ a2 – b2
(x – a)(x – b) we<hke<! Lx<oxiVjl x2 – (a + b)x + ab. nK!2 Nl<! hc!hz<ZXh<Hg<!

OgijubiGl</! nke<! x e<! ogP?! keq! dXh<H! Ngqbju! LjxOb –(a + b) lx<Xl< ab
NGl</! OlOz! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! Lx<oxiVjlgt<?! (x + a)(x + b) we<hke<!
ohVg<gx<hzeqe<! uqiqju! nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<cVh<hkiz<?! -ju! ohVg<gx<hze<!
$k<kqvr<gt<! we<Xl<! %xh<hMl</! -v{<M! =VXh<Hg<! Ogijugtqe<! ohVg<gx<hzjeg<!
g{<mxqbUl<!-f<k!$k<kqvr<gt<!hbe<hMl</
98
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: hqe<uVueux<xqe<!ohVg<gx<hze<gt<!gi{<g;
(a) (x + 3) (x + 5) (b) (p + 9) (p – 2) (c) (z – 7) (z – 5) (d) (x – 8) (x + 2)
kQIU;
(a) (x + 3) (x + 5) = x2 + (3 + 5) x + 3 × 5 = x2 + 8x + 15.
(b) (p + 9) (p – 2) = p2 + (9 – 2) p – 9 × 2 = p2 + 7p – 18.
(c) (z – 7) (z – 5) = z2 – (7 + 5) z + 7 × 5 = z2 – 12z + 35.
(d) (x – 8) (x + 2) = x2 + (2 – 8)x – 8 × 2 = x2 – 6x – 16.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 8: ohVg<gx<hze<! $k<kqvk<jkh<! hbe<hMk<kq! hqe<uVueux<xqe<! ohVg<gx<!

hze<gtqe<!lkqh<Hgt<!gi{<g/
(a) 107 × 103 (b) 56 × 48
kQIU;
(a) 107 × 103 = (100 + 7) (100 + 3) (b) 56 × 48
2 = (50 + 6) (50 – 2)
= 100 + (7 + 3) × 100 + 7 × 3
= 10000 + 10 × 100 + 21 = 502 + (6 – 2) × 50 – 6 × 2
= 10000 + 1000 + 21 = 2500 + 200 – 12
= 11021. =2688.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: hqe<uVueux<jx!uqiquig<Gg;
(i) (3x + 7y)2 (ii) (11a – 7b)2 (iii) (2p + 5q)(2p – 5q)
kQIU;
(i) (3x + 7y)2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)(7y) + (7y)2 =9x2+ 42xy + 49y2.
(ii) (11a – 7b)2 = (11a)2 – 2(11a) (7b) + (7b)2 = 121a2 – 154ab + 49b2.
(iii) (2p + 5q)(2p – 5q) = (2p)2 – (5q)2 = 4p2 – 25q2.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 10: ohVg<gx<hze<! $k<kqvr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! hqe<uVueux<xqe<! lkqh<H!

gi{<g/!
(i) 1032 (ii) 982 (iii) 104 × 96
kQIU;
(i) 1032 = (100 + 3)2 = 1002 + 2(100)(3) + 32 = 10000 + 600 + 9 = 10609.
(ii) 982 = (100 – 2)2 = 1002 – 2 (100)(2) + 22 = 10000 – 400 + 4 = 9604.
(iii) 104 × 96 = (100 + 4) (100 – 4) = 1002 – 42 = 10000 – 16 = 9984.
ohVg<gx<hze<! $k<kqvk<kqeqe<X! OlZl<! sqz! hbEt<t! Lx<oxiVjlgjtg<! ogi{<M!

uVOuil</
(i) (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = (a2 + 2ab + b2) + (a2 – 2ab + b2)
= (a2 + a2) + (2ab – 2ab) + (b2 + b2) = 2a2 + 2b2.
1 1
∴ [(a + b)2 + (a – b)2] = [2(a2 + b2)] = a2 + b2.
2 2
(ii) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = (a2 + 2ab + b2) – (a2 – 2ab + b2)

= a2 + 2ab + b2 – a2 + 2ab – b2 = 4ab.
1 1
∴ [(a + b)2 – (a – b)2] = [4ab] = ab.
4 4
(iii) (a + b)2 – 2ab = (a2 + 2ab + b2) – 2ab = a2 + 2ab + b2 – 2ab = a2 + b2.
99
(iv) (a + b)2 – 4ab = (a2 + 2ab + b2) – 4ab = a2 + 2ab + b2 – 4ab
= a2 – 2ab + b2 = (a – b)2.
(v) (a – b)2 + 2ab = (a2 – 2ab + b2) + 2ab = a2 – 2ab + b2 + 2ab = a2 + b2.
(vi) (a – b)2 + 4ab = (a2 – 2ab + b2) + 4ab = a2 – 2ab + b2 + 4ab
= a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2.
-u<uiX!flg<G!hqe<uVl<!hbEt<t!Lx<oxiVjlgt<!gqjmk<Kt<te;!
1
2 [(a + b)2 + (a – b)2] = a2 + b2
1
4 [(a + b)2 – (a – b)2] = ab
(a + b)2 – 2ab = a2 + b2
(a + b)2 – 4ab = (a – b)2
(a – b)2 + 2ab = a2 + b2
(a – b)2 + 4ab = (a + b)2
OlOz!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!Lx<oxiVjlgtqe<!hg<gr<gjt!lix<xq!wPk?!fil<!ohXuK
a2 + b2 = 12 [(a + b)2 + (a – b)2]

ab = 14 [(a + b)2 – (a – b)2]
a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
(a – b)2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab
a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab
(a + b)2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab
wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: a + b, a – b Ngqbux<xqe<! lkqh<Hgt<! LjxOb!7 , 4 weqz<? a2 + b2 , ab

Ngqbux<xqe<!lkqh<Hgjtg<!gi{</
1
kQIU: a2 + b2 = [(a + b)2 + (a – b)2] 1
2 ab = [(a + b)2 – (a – b)2]
4
1 2 2
= [(7) + (4) ] 1
2 = [(7)2 – (4)2]
4
1 65
= (49 + 16) = . 1 33
2 2 = (49 – 16) = .
4 4
wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: a + b, ab Ngqbux<xqe<! lkqh<Hgt<! LjxOb! 12 , 32 weqz<, a2 + b2 ,

(a – b)2 e<!lkqh<Hgjtg<!gi{<g/
kQIU: a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 –2ab (a – b)2 = (a + b)2 – 4 ab
2
= (12) – 2(32) = 144 – 64 = 80. = (12)2 – 4(32) =144 – 128 = 16.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: a – b, ab Ngqbux<xqe<! lkqh<Hgt<! LjxOb! 6, 40 weqz<?! a2 + b2 ,

(a + b)2 Ngqbux<xqe<!lkqh<Hgjtg<!gi{<g/
kQIU: a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab (a + b)2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab
= 62 + 2(40) = 36 + 80 = 116. = 62 + 4(40)= 36 + 160 = 196.
100
wMk<Kg<gim<M 14: (x + p)(x + q) = x2 – 5x – 300 weqz<?!p2 + q2 e<!lkqh<H!gi{<g/!
kQIU: ohVg<gx<hze<!$k<kqvk<kqe<hc, (x + p) (x + q) = x2 + (p + q)x + pq.
yh<hqMjgbqz<!fil<!nxquK? p + q = –5, pq = –300.
-h<ohiPK? p2 + q2 = (p + q)2 – 2 pq = (–5)2 –2(–300) = 25 + 600 = 625.
fil<!-eq!(a + b + c)2 g<gie!g{qk!Lx<oxiVjljbg<!g{<mxqOuil</!

(a + b + c)2 = [(a + b) + c]2 = (a + b)2 + 2(a + b) c + c2
= (a2 + 2ab + b2) + 2ac + 2bc + c2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
= a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca).
Njgbiz<!fil<!ohXl<!Lx<oxiVjl!
(a + b + c)2 ≡ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
hg<gr<gjt!lix<xq!wPkqeiz<!fil<!ohXuK!
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) ≡ (a + b + c)2
OlZl<!fil<!gi{<hK!
(a + b + c)2 – 2 (ab + bc + ca) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) – 2(ab + bc + ca)
= a2 + b2 + c2.
weOu?!lx<oxiV!g{qk!Lx<oxiVjljbh<!ohXgqOxil</!
(a + b + c)2 – 2(ab + bc + ca) ≡ a2 + b2 + c2
hg<gr<gjt!lix<xq!wPkqeiz<!fil<!ohXuK!
a2 + b2 + c2 ≡ (a + b + c)2 – 2(ab + bc + ca)
wMk<Kg<gim<M 15: hqe<uVueux<jx!uqiqUhMk<Kg/!

(i) (2x + y + 2z)2 (ii) (x – 2y + z)2 (iii) (2p – 3q – r)2 (iv) (2a + 3b − 2c)2
kQIU:
(i) (2x + y + 2z)2 = [(2x) + y + (2z)]2 = (2x)2 + y2 + (2z)2 + 2(2x)y + 2y(2z) + 2(2z)(2x)
= 4x2 + y2 + 4z2 + 4xy + 4yz + 8zx.
(ii) (x – 2y + z)2 = [x + (–2y) + z]2= x2 + (–2y)2 + z2 + 2x(–2y) +2 (–2y)z + 2zx
= x2 + 4y2 + z2 – 4xy – 4yz + 2zx.
(iii) (2p – 3q – r)2 = [(2p) + (–3q) + (–r)]2
= (2p)2 + (–3q)2 + (–r)2 + 2(2p) (–3q) + 2(–3q) (–r) + 2(–r)(2p).
= 4p2 + 9q2 + r2 – 12pq + 6qr – 4rp.
(iv) (2a + 3b – 2c)2 = [(2a) + (3b) + (–2c)]2
= (2a)2 + (3b)2 + (–2c)2 + 2(2a)(3b) + 2(3b)(–2c) + 2(–2c)(2a)
= 4a2 + 9b2 + 4c2 + 12ab – 12bc – 8ca.
4.2.2 (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) g<gie!-bx<g{qk!Lx<oxiVjl!
(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) = (x + a)[(x + b)(x + c)]
= (x + a)[x2 + (b + c)x + bc] = (x + a)(x2 + bx + cx + bc)
= x(x2 + bx + cx + bc) + a(x2 + bx + cx + bc)
= x3 + bx2 + cx2 + bcx + ax2 + abx + acx + abc
= x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc.
weOu?!
(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) ≡ x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc
101
OlOz! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! Lx<oxiVjlbqz<! a, b, c -ux<xqx<G! hkqzig! –a, –b, –c Jh<!
hqvkqbqm!flg<Gg<!gqjmh<hK
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) = [x + (–a)][x + (–b)][x + (–c)]
= x3 + [(–a) + (–b) + (–c)]x2 + [(–a) (–b) + (–b) (–c) + (–c) (–a)]x + (–a) (–b) (–c)
= x3 – (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x – abc.
-u<uiX!
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) ≡ x3 – (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x – abc.
-kqz<, x2 e<!ogP!= – (a + b + c), x e<!ogP!= ab + bc + ca, lixqzq!dXh<H= – abc.
-jkh<!OhizOu?!(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) z< x2 e<!ogP!= a + b + c, x e<!ogP!= ab + bc + ca,
lixqzq!dXh<H= abc.!
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 16 : uqiqU!gi{<g/
(i) (x + 4)(x + 3)(x + 5) (ii) (2x + 1)(2x – 3)(2x + 5)
(iii) (3 – 2x)(2x + 7)(2x + 1) (iv) (x – a)(x – 2a)(x – 3a)
kQIU:
(i) (x + 4)(x + 3)(x + 5) = x3 + (4 + 3 + 5)x2 + [4 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 4]x + 4 × 3 × 5
= x3 + 12x2 + [12 + 15 + 20]x + 60
= x3 + 12x2 + 47x + 60.
(ii) (2x + 1)(2x – 3)(2x + 5) = (2x + 1)[2x + (–3)](2x + 5)
= (2x)3 + [1 + (–3) + 5](2x)2 + [1 × (–3) + (–3) ×5 + 5 × 1](2x) + 1 × (–3) × 5
= 8x3 + 3(4x2) + [–3 – 15 + 5](2x) – 15
= 8x3 + 12x2 – 26x – 15.
(iii) (3 – 2x)(2x + 7)(2x + 1) = [–(2x – 3)](2x +7 )(2x + 1)
= – [2x + (–3)](2x + 7)(2x + 1)
= – [(2x)3 + {(–3) + 7 + 1}(2x)2 + {(–3) × 7 + 7×1+ 1×(–3)}(2x) + (–3) × 7 × 1]
= – [8x3 + (5)(4x2) + (–21 + 7 − 3)(2x) –21]
= – [8x3 + 20x2 – 34x – 21] = 21 + 34x – 20x2 – 8x3.
(iv) (x – a)(x – 2a)(x – 3a) = [x+(–a)][x+(–2a)][x+(–3a)]
= x3 + {(–a) + (–2a)+( –3a)}x2+{(–a) (–2a) + (–2a) (–3a)
+ (–3a) (–a)}x + (–a) (–2a) (–3a)
= x3 + {–6a}x2 + {2a2 + 6a2 + 3a2}x – 6a3 = x3 – 6ax2 + 11a2x – 6a3.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 17 : ohVg<gx<hze<! $k<kqvr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<kq?! x2 dXh<hqe<! ogP?! x

dXh<hqe<!ogP?!lixqzq!dXh<H!Ngqbux<jxg<!gi{<g/
(i) (x + 3)(x + 5)(x + 6) (ii) (x – 7)(x + 2)(x + 4)
(iii) (x – 5)(x – 2)(x + 4) (iv) (2x – 3 )(2x – 5)(7 – 2x)
kQIU:
(i) (x + 3)(x + 5)(x + 6) J! (x + a)(x + b)(x +c ) Bme<!yh<hqMjgbqz<?
a = 3, b = 5, c = 6.
∴ 2
x e<!ogP!= a + b + c = 3 + 5 + 6 = 14,
x e<! ogP! = ab + bc + ca = (3 × 5) + (5 × 6) + (6 × 3) = 15 + 30 + 18 = 63,
lixqzq!dXh<H = abc = 3 × 5 × 6 = 90.
(ii) (x – 7)(x + 2)(x + 4) = [x + (–7)](x + 2)(x + 4)

-jk!(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) Bme<!yh<hqMjgbqz<? a = –7, b = 2, c = 4.
∴ x2 e<!ogP!= a + b + c = (–7) + 2 + 4 = –1.
102
x e<!ogP = ab + bc + ca = (–7) × 2 + 2 × 4 + 4 × (–7)
= (–14) + 8 + (–28)= (–42) + 8 = –34,
lixqzq!dXh<H = abc = (–7) × 2 × 4 = –56.
(iii) (x – 5)(x – 2)(x + 4) = [x + (–5)][x + (–2)](x + 4)

-jk! (x + a)(x + b)(x + c) Bme<!yh<hqMjgbqz<?!a = –5, b = –2, c = 4.
∴ x2 e<!ogP = a + b + c = (–5) + (–2) + 4 = (–7) + 4 = –3,
x e<!ogP = ab + bc + ca = (–5) × (–2) +(–2) × 4 + 4 × (–5)= 10 – 8 – 20 = –18,
lixqzq!dXh<H = abc = (–5) (–2)4 = 40.
(iv) (2x – 3)(2x – 5)(7 – 2x) we<hK!A!we<gqx!-bx<g{qk!Ogiju!we<g/!-kqz<!!!

!!!!!!!!!y=2x weg<!ogi{<miz<,
A = (y – 3)(y – 5)(7 – y) = (y – 3)(y – 5) [–(y – 7)] = –[(y – 3)(y – 5 )(y – 7)]
= –[y3 + {(–3) + (–5) + (–7)}y2 + {(–3)(–5) + (–5)(–7) + (–7)(–3)}y + (–3)(–5)(–7)]
= –[y3 – 15y2 + (15 + 35 + 21)y – 105] = –y3 + 15y2 – 71y + 105
= –(2x)3 + 15(2x)2 – 71(2x) + 105 = –8x3 + 60x2 – 142x + 105
∴ x2 e<!ogP = 60, x e<!ogP = –142, lixqzq!dXh<H = 105
!
lx<oxiV!Ljx;!(2x – 3)(2x – 5)(7 – 2x)
⎡ 3 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 5 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 7 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 5 ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 7 ⎞⎤
= ⎢ 2 ⎛⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ − 2⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ = − 8 ⎢ x + ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ x + ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ x + ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
⎡ 3 5 7⎤ ⎛ 15 ⎞
∴ x2 e<!ogP = –8(a + b + c) = − 8⎢ − − − ⎥ = − 8⎜ − ⎟ = 60,
⎣ 2 2 2⎦ ⎝ 2⎠
⎡⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎤
x e<!ogP = –8( ab + bc + ca) = − 8 ⎢ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
⎡15 35 21 ⎤ ⎡15 + 35 + 21⎤
= –8 ⎢ + + ⎥ = –8 ⎢ ⎥ = (–2) (71)= –142,
⎣4 4 4⎦ ⎣ 4 ⎦
⎡⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ − 105 ⎞
lixqzq!dXh<H = –8(abc) = − 8 ⎢ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ = –8 ⎜ ⎟ = 105.
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 8 ⎠
wMk<Kg<gim<M 18 : (x + a)(x + b)(x + c) ≡ x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 weqz<?!a2 + b2 + c2!e<! lkqh<H!

gi{<g/
kQIU; ohVg<gx<hze<!$k<kqvk<kqzqVf<K!fil<!nxquK?!
(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) = x3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc.
yh<hqMjgbqz<!flg<Gg<!gqjmh<hK?!a + b + c = –6, ab + bc + ca = 11, abc = –6.
∴ a2 + b2 + c2 = (a + b + c)2 –2 (ab + bc + ca) = (– 6)2 – 2(11) = 36 – 22 = 14.
(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) e<!Lx<oxiVjlbqzqVf<K!sqz!Lx<oxiVjlgjtk<!kVuqh<Ohil</!
(i) (a + b)3 g<gie!Lx<oxiVjl!

(a + b)3 = (a + b)(a + b)(a + b)
= a3 + (b + b + b)a2 + (b × b + b × b + b × b)a + b × b × b = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
∴ (a + b)3 ≡ a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
103
hg<gr<gjt!lix<xqobPk?!
a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 ≡ (a + b)3
(ii) (a – b)3 g<gie!Lx<oxiVjl

(a – b)3 = [a + (–b)]3
= a3 + 3a2(–b) + 3a(–b)2 + (–b)3= a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
∴ (a − b)3 ≡ a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3

!
hg<gr<gjt!lix<x?! a3 − 3a2b + 3ab2 − b3 ≡ (a − b)3
(a + b)3 , (a – b)3 we<x! Lx<oxiVjlgtqe<! nch<hjmbqz<! hqe<uVl<! Lx<oxiVjlgjtk<!

kVuqh<Ohil</
(i) (a + b)3–3ab(a + b) = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 – 3a2b – 3ab2 = a3+b3.
∴ (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b) ≡ a3 + b3
hg<gr<gjt!lix<x? a3 + b3 ≡ (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b)
(ii) (a – b)3+3ab(a – b) = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3 + 3a2b – 3ab2 = a3– b3.
∴ (a − b)3 + 3ab(a − b) ≡ a3 − b3
hg<gr<gjt!lix<x? a3 − b3 ≡ (a − b)3 + 3ab(a− b)
(iii) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a + b) = (a + b)(a + b)2 – 3ab(a + b)

= (a + b)[(a + b)2 – 3ab] = (a + b)[(a2 + 2ab + b2) – 3ab]
= (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2).
∴ a3 + b3 ≡ (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
hg<gr<gjt!lix<x? (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2) ≡ a3 + b3

(iv) a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab(a – b) = (a – b)(a – b)2 + 3ab(a – b)
= (a – b)[(a – b)2 + 3ab] = (a – b)[(a2 – 2ab + b2) + 3ab]
= (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2).
∴
a3 − b3 ≡ (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2)
!
hg<gr<gjt!lix<x? (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2) ≡ a3 − b3
104
a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca g<gie!Lx<oxiVjl!
fil<!ohXuK?!
1
a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca = (2a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 − 2ab − 2bc − 2ca )
2
1 2
[
= (a − 2ab + b 2 ) + (b 2 − 2bc + c 2 ) + (c 2 − 2ca + a 2 )
2
]
1
[ ]
= ( a − b ) 2 + (b − c ) 2 + ( c − a ) 2 .
2
-u<uiX?!fil<!hqe<uVl<!Lx<oxiVjljbh<!ohXgqOxil<;!
a2 + b2 + c2 −ab − bc − ca ≡
1
2
[
(a − b ) 2 + (b − c ) 2 + (c − a ) 2 ]
hg<gr<gjt!lix<xqobPk?
1
2
[ ]
(a − b) 2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 ≡ a2 + b2 + c2 −ab − bc − ca
(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca) uqx<gie!Lx<oxiVjl!
hr<gQm<Mh<!h{<jhh<!hbe<hMk<kq!fil<!njmuK?!
(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca)
= a (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca) + b (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca)
+ c (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca)
= a3 + ab2 + c2a − a2b − abc − ca2 + a2b + b3 + bc2 − ab2 − b2c

− abc +ca2 + b2c + c3 − abc − bc2 − c2a
= a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc.
-u<uiX!fil<!ohXuK?!
(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca) ≡ a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc
hg<gr<gjt!lix<x?
a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc ≡ (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 19 : hqe<uVueux<jx!uqiqk<okPKg; (i) (3x + 2y)3 (ii) (2x2 – 3y)3

kQIU;
(i) (3x + 2y)3 = (3x)3 + 3(3x)2(2y) + 3(3x)(2y)2 + (2y)3
= 27x3 + 3(9x2)(2y) + 3(3x)(4y2) + 8y3
= 27x3 + 54x2y + 36xy2 + 8y3.
105
(ii) (2x2– 3y)3 = (2x2)3 – 3(2x2)2 (3y) + 3(2x2) (3y)2 – (3y)3
= 8x6 – 3(4x4)(3y) + 3(2x2)(9y2) – 27y3
= 8x6– 36x4y + 54x2y2 – 27y3
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 20 : a + b , ab Ngqbux<xqe<! lkqh<Hg<gt<! LjxOb! 4, 1 weqz<? a3 + b3 e<!
lkqh<H!gi{<g/
kQIU;
a3+ b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a + b) = (4)3 – 3(1)(4) = 64 – 12 = 52.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 21: a – b = 4 lx<Xl< ab = 2 weqz<? a3 – b3 e<!lkqh<H!gi{<g/!

kQIU;
a3 – b3 = (a–b)3 + 3ab(a–b) = (4)3 + 3(2)(4) = 64 + 24 = 88.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 22: a + b = 2, a2 + b2 = 8 weqz<? a3 + b3 , a4 + b4 lkqh<H!gi{<g/!

kQIU;
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
2ab = (a + b)2 – (a2 + b2) = (2)2 – (8) = 4 – 8 = – 4.
∴ ab = 12 (2ab) = 12 (–4) = – 2.
a3+ b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a + b) = (2)3 – 3(–2)(2) = 8 – 3 (– 4) = 8 + 12 = 20.
lix<Xupq;!
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2) = (a + b)(a2 + b2 – ab)
= (2) [8 – (–2)] = 2(10) = 20.
a4 + b4 = (a2)2 + (b2)2 = [(a2) + (b2)]2 – 2 (a2)(b2)
= (a2 + b2)2 – 2a2b2 = (a2 + b2)2 – 2(ab)2
= (8)2 – 2(–2)2 = 64 – 2(4)= 64 – 8 = 56.
hbqx<sq 4.2
1. ohVg<gx<hze<!$k<kqvk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<kq!hqe<uVueux<jxg<!gi{<g;!
(i) (x + 9) (x + 2) (ii) (x + 8) (x – 2)
(iii) (t – 2)(t + 6) (iv) (p – 4)(p – 3)
(v) 102 × 106 (vi) 59 × 62
(vii) 34 × 36 (viii) 53 × 55
2. ohVg<gx<hze<!$k<kqvk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<kqg<!gi{<g;!
(i) (5x + 8y)2 (ii) (3s – 4t)2 (iii) (4p + 7q)(4p – 7q)
(iv) (101)2 (v) (98)2 (vi) 101 × 98
3. a + b = 5 , a – b = 4 weqz<? a2 + b2 lx<Xl< ab bqe<!lkqh<Hg<!gi{<g/
4. a + b = 10 , ab = 20 weqz<?! a2 + b2, (a – b)2 Jg<!gi{<g/
5. (x + l)(x + m) = x2 + 4x + 2 weqz<? l2 + m2 , (l – m)2 Jg<!gi{<g/!
6. hqe<uVueux<jx!uqiqk<okPKg;!
(i) (3x + y + 2z)2 (ii) (4x – 2y + 3z)2 (iii) (2p + 3q – 2r)2 (iv) (3a – 2b – 2c)2
106
7. a + b + c = 11 , ab + bc + ca = 38 weqz<? a2 + b2 + c2 gi{<g/!
8. ohVg<gx<hze<!$k<kqvk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<kqh<!hqe<uVueux<xqe<!uqiqU!gi{<g/!!
(i) (x + 2 )(x + 3)(x + 4) (ii) (x + 2)(x + 3)(x – 4)
(iii) (x + 2)(x – 3)(x + 4) (iv) (x + 2)(x – 3)(x – 4) (v) (x – 2)(x – 3)(x – 4)
9. ohVg<gx<hze<! $k<kqvk<jkh<! hbe<hMk<kqh<! hqe<uVueux<xqz< x2 dXh<H? x dXh<H!
Ngqbux<xqe<!ogPg<gjtBl<?!lixqzq!dXh<jhBl<!gi{<g;
(i) (x + 10)(x – 3)(x + 2) (ii) (2x – 3)(2x + 4)(2x – 1)
(iii) (6x + 1)(6x – 5)(7 – 6x)
1 1 1
10. (x + a)(x + b)(x + c) ≡ x3 – 9x2 + 23x – 15 weqz<? a + b + c, + + , a2 + b2 + c2!
a b c
Ngqbux<jxg<!gi{<g/
11. ohVg<gx<hze<!$k<kqvk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<kq!uqiquig<Gg;
3
⎛ 1⎞
2 3
(i) (2x + y ) (ii) (2u – 7v) 3
(iii) ⎜ x − ⎟ (iv) (x2y3 + 2)3
⎝ x⎠
12. 2a – 3b = 2 , ab = 6 weqz<?!8a3 – 27b3 e<!lkqh<H!gi{<g/
1 1 1
13. x+ = 3 !weqz<?! x2 + 2 , x3+ 3 Jg<!gi{<g/
x x x
14. x + y = 6 , xy = 8 weqz<?!x2 + y2, x3 + y3!Jg<!gi{<g/
15. p + q = 6 , p2 + q2 = 32 weqz<?!pq, p3 + q3 , p4 + q4 Jg<!gi{<g/
4.3. giv{qh<hMk<kz<
Lf<jkb! hGkqbqz<! -v{<M! nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<m! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugjt!
ohVg<gq?! lx<oxiV! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijujb! wu<uiX! ohxzil<! weg<! g{<mxqf<Okil</!
-h<ohiPK! yV! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijujb! wu<uiX! -v{<M! nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<m!
hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugtqe<! ohVg<gzig! wPkzil<! weg<! gx<Ohil</! yV! hz<ZXh<Hg<!
Ogijujb! -v{<M! nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<m! wtqb! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugtqe<!
ohVg<gzig! wPKuK! giv{qh<hMk<kz<! weg<! %xh<hMl</! ohVg<gzqz<! dt<t! yu<ouiV!
wtqb! hz<ZXh<Hg<! OgijuBl<! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijubqe<! yV! giv{q!
weh<hMl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig? x + 3, x – 3 we<hju x2 – 9 e<!giv{qgtiGl</
x2 – 9 = (x + 3)(x – 3)
we<hkiz<?!-r<G!x2 – 9 we<hK!-Vhc!hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogiju/ x + 3, x – 3 we<hju!yVhc!
hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugt</! -u<uiX! giv{qh<hMk<Kkz<! Ogijugjts<! SVg<Gukx<G!
dkUgqxK/! giv{qh<hMk<Kkz<! we<El<! -f<ks<! osbz<?! giv{qgtigh<! hGk<kz<! we<Xl<!
%xh<hMl</
4.3.1. giv{qh<hMk<kz<!upqLjx
upq 1: (ohiKuieg<! giv{qjbg<! g{<Mhqck<kz<) A we<gqx! YI! -bx<g{qkg<! Ogijubqe<!
dXh<Hgtqz< B we<gqx! ohiKg<giv{q! -Vf<kiz<?! fil<! A bqe<! yu<ouiV! dXh<jhBl< B
107
biz<! uGg<g!C we<gqx!Ogiju!gqjmg<Gl</!-h<ohiPK!A J!B × C weg<! giv{qh<hMk<kq!
wPkzil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 23 : giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 6x4y3 – 4x2y2 + 10xy3.

kQIU; 2xy2 NeK!ohiKg<giv{q!we<hjkg<!gi{<gqOxil</
⎛ 6 x 4 y 3 4 x 2 y 2 10 xy 3 ⎞
∴ 6x4y3 – 4x2y2 + 10xy3 = 2xy2 ⎜⎜ 2
− 2
+ 2 ⎟
⎟ = 2xy2(3x3y – 2x + 5y).
⎝ 2 xy 2 xy 2 xy ⎠
upq 2: (dXh<Hgjtg<! GPh<hMk<Kkz<) YI! -bx<g{qkg<! Ogijubqe<! dXh<HgTg<Gh<!

ohiKuie! giv{q! -z<jzobeqz<! nf<k! dXh<Hgjtk<! kGf<k! Ljxbqz<! GPh<hMk<kq!
yV!ohiKuie!giv{q!kQIlieqg<gh<hMl</!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 24 : giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x2 – 2xy – x + 2y.

kQIU; Ogijubqe<!dXh<HgTg<Gh<!ohiKuieg<!giv{q!-z<jz/!weqEl<!dXh<Hgt<!gQOp!
g{<muiX!GPh<hMk<kh<hmzil<!weg<!gi{<gqOxil</
x2 – 2xy – x + 2y = (x2 – 2xy) – (x – 2y) = x(x – 2y) + (–1) (x – 2y)
= (x – 2y) [x + (–1)] = (x – 2y) (x – 1).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 25 : giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 6x5y2 + 6x4y3 + 9x2y4 + 9xy5.

kQIU;!Lkz<!upq?!2 l<!upq!-v{<jmBl<!hbe<hMk<k?!fil<!gi{<hK?!
6x5y2 + 6x4y3 + 9x2y4 + 9xy5 = 3xy2(2x4 + 2x3y + 3xy2 + 3y3)
= 3xy2 [(2x4 + 3xy2) + (2x3y + 3y3)] = 3xy2 [x(2x3 + 3y2) + y(2x3 + 3y2)]
= 3xy2 (2x3 + 3y2) (x + y).
hbqx<sq 4.3.1
ohiKuie!yV!giv{qjbg<!g{<Mhqck<K!giv{qgtigh<!hGg<gUl<;!
1. 9m – 3n 2. 4a3 – 8a2 + 16a 3. x5 + 4x
4. 6x5y5 + 3x2y3 + 14xy3 5. 7pq – 21p2q2
ohiKuie! yV! giv{qjbg<! g{<Mhqck<Oki! nz<zK! GPh<hMk<kz<! Ljxjbh<!
hbe<hMk<kqObi?!giv{qgtigh<!hGg<gUl<;!
6. mn – 2p – pn + 2m 7. x3 – 2x2 – 2x + 4
8. x3 – x2 – ax + a 9. 2p3 – p2 + 2p – 1
10. 8x3 + 4x2 + 4x + 2
4.3.2. giv{qh<hMk<kz<!$k<kqvr<gjth<!hbe<hMk<kq?!giv{qh<hMk<kz<
sqz! Ofvr<gtqz<! yV! Ogijujbg<! giv{qh<hMk<Kl<OhiK! giv{qh<hMk<kz<!
$k<kqvr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<KOuil</! -s<$k<kqvr<gt<! ohVg<gz<! $k<kqvr<gtqzqVf<K!
ohxh<hm<mjubiGl</!ohVg<gz<!$k<kqvr<gtiue;
(i) (X + Y)2 = X 2 + 2XY + Y 2
(ii) (X – Y)2 = X 2 – 2XY + Y 2
(iii) (X + Y)(X – Y) = X 2 – Y 2
(iv) ( X + Y) (X 2 – XY + Y 2) = X 3 + Y 3
(v) (X – Y)(X 2 + XY + Y 2) = X 3 – Y 3
(vi) (X + Y)3 = X 3 + Y 3 + 3X 2Y + 3XY 2 = X 3 + Y 3 + 3X Y (X +Y )
(vii) (X – Y)3 = X 3 – Y 3 – 3X 2Y + 3XY 2 = X 3 – Y 3 – 3X Y (X –Y )
108
(viii) (X + Y + Z)2 = X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 + 2XY + 2YZ + 2ZX
(ix) (X + Y + Z) (X 2 + Y 2 +Z 2 – XY – YZ – ZX) = X 3 + Y 3 + Z 3 – 3XYZ
OlOz! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! $k<kqvr<gjt! uzK! hg<gk<kqzqVf<K! -mKhg<glig!

hck<Okiole<xiz<! flg<G! gQOp! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! giv{qh<hMk<kz<! $k<kqvr<gt<!
gqjmg<Gl</
(i) X 2 + 2XY + Y 2 = (X +Y)2
(ii) X 2 – 2XY + Y 2 = (X – Y)2
(iii) X 2 – Y 2 = (X + Y) (X – Y)
(iv) X 3 + Y 3 = ( X + Y) (X 2 – XY + Y 2)
(v) X 3 – Y 3 = (X – Y) (X 2 + XY + Y 2)
(vi) X 3 + Y 3 + 3X 2Y+ 3XY 2 = (X + Y)3
(vii) X 3 – Y 3 – 3X 2Y + 3XY 2 = (X – Y)3
(viii) X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 + 2XY + 2YZ + 2ZX = ( X + Y + Z)2
(ix) X 3+Y 3+Z 3–3XYZ = (X + Y + Z) (X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 – XY – YZ – ZX)
X 2 + 2XY + Y 2 ≡ (X + Y)2 Jh<!hbe<hMk<kq!giv{qh<hMk<kz<!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 26: giv{qgtigh<!hGg<gUl<; 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2.

kQIU; ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ogijujbh<!hqe<uVliX!lix<xqbjlg<gzil</
4x2+ 12xy + 9y2 = (2x)2 + 2(2x)(3y) + (3y)2
X = 2x, Y = 3y we!wMk<Kg<ogi{<miz< uzKhg<gl<!= X 2 + 2XY + Y 2 . weOu?!nK!
2
(X + Y) weg<!giv{qh<hMk<kh<hMl</!weOu!fil<!ohXuK!
4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 = (2x + 3y)2.
X 2 – 2XY + Y 2 ≡ (X – Y)2 Jh<!hbe<hMk<kq!giv{qh<hMk<kz<
wMk<Kg<gim<M 27 : giv{qh<hMk<Kg;! p2 – 18pq + 81q2.

kQIU; ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ogijujb!hqe<uVliX!wPkzil</
p2 – 18pq + 81q2 = p2 – 2(p)(9q) + (9q)2
X = p, Y = 9q we!wMk<Kg<ogi{<miz<!uzKhg<gl<!X 2 – 2XY + Y 2 NGl</!Njgbiz<!nK
(X – Y)2 we!giv{qh<hMk<kh<hMl</!weOu?!fil<!ohXuK!
p2 – 18pq + 81q2 = (p – 9q)2.
X 2 – Y 2 ≡ (X + Y) (X – Y) Jh<!hbe<hMk<kq!giv{qh<hMk<kz<
wMk<Kg<gim<M 28: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 16x4y2 – 25.

kQIU; 16x4y2 = (4x2y)2 , 25 = (5)2, we<hkiz<
16x4y2 – 25 = (4x2y)2 – (5)2 = (4x2y + 5) (4x2y – 5).
X 3 + Y 3 ≡ (X + Y) (X 2 – XY + Y 2) Jh<!hbe<hMk<kq!giv{qh<hMk<kz<
wMk<Kg<gim<M 29: giv{qgtigh<hG; 125a3 + 64b3.

kQIU; 125a3 = (5a)3 , 64b3 = (4b)3 we<hkiz<?!fil< X = 5a, Y = 4b we!wMk<Kg<! ogit<Ouil</!
hqe<eI!125a3 + 64b3 = (5a)3 + (4b)3 = X 3 + Y 3 = (X + Y) (X 2 – XY + Y 2)
= (5a + 4b) [(5a)2 – (5a)(4b) + (4b)2]
= (5a + 4b) (25a2 – 20ab + 16b2).
109
X 3 – Y 3 ≡ (X – Y) (X 2 + XY + Y 2) Jh<!hbe<hMk<kq!giv{qh<hMk<kz<!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 30 : giv{qh<hMk<Kg;! 216p3– 8q3.

kQIU; 216p3 = (6p)3, 8q3 = (2q)3 we! wPkzil</! Njgbiz<? X = 6p, Y = 2q we! wMk<Kg<!
ogi{<Omilieiz<
216p3 – 8q3 = (6p)3 – (2q)3
X 3 – Y 3 = (X – Y) (X 2 + XY + Y 2)
= (6p – 2q) [(6p)2 +(6p)(2q) +(2q)2]
= (6p –2q)(36p2+12pq+4q2).
X 3 + Y 3 + 3X 2Y + 3XY 2 ≡ (X + Y)3 Jh<!hbe<hMk<kq!giv{qh<hMk<kz<

wMk<Kg<gim<M 31: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 8x3 + y 3 + 12x2y + 6xy2.
kQIU; 8x3 + y3 + 12x2y + 6xy2 = (2x)3 + y3 + 3(2x)2y + 3(2x)y2= [(2x) + y]3 = (2x + y)3.
X 3 – Y 3 – 3X 2Y + 3XY 2 ≡ (X – Y)3 Jh<!hbe<hMk<kq!giv{qh<hMk<kz<

!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 32: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 8x3 – 27y3 – 36x2y + 54xy2.
kQIU; 8x3 – 27y3 – 36x2y + 54xy2 = (2x)3 – (3y)3 – 3(2x)2(3y) + 3(2x)(3y)2= (2x – 3y)3.
X 2+ Y 2 + Z 2 + 2XY + 2YZ + 2ZX ≡ (X + Y + Z)2 Jh<!hbe<hMk<kq!giv{qh<hMk<kz<
wMk<Kg<gim<M 33 : giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x2+ 9y2 – 6xy + 4x – 12y + 4.

kQIU; Ogiju x2 + 9y2 + 4 we<x! %Mkjzg<! ogi{<Mt<tK/! -K! &e<X! uIg<gr<gtqe<!
%Mkz</!Njgbiz<?!fil<!wPKuK
x2 + 9y2 – 6xy + 4x – 12y + 4 = x2 + (3y)2 + 22 + 2x (–3y) + 2x(2) + 2(2)(–3y)
= [x + (–3y) + 2]2 = (x – 3y + 2)2.
X 3 + Y 3 + Z 3 – 3XYZ ≡ (X + Y + Z) (X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 – XY – YZ – ZX) Jh<! hbe<hMk<kq!

giv{qh<hMk<kz<
wMk<Kg<gim<M 34: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x3 – 8y3 + 27z3 + 18xyz.

kQIU; –8y3 = (–2y)3, 27z3 = (3z)3 we<hkiz<!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ogijujb!P we<g/!-K!&e<X!
g{r<gtqe<!%Mkjzg<!ogi{<Mt<tK/!weOu!fil<!wPKuK!
P = (x)3 + (–2y)3 + (3z)3 – 3(x)(–2y)(3z)
= [(x) + (–2y) + (3z)] [(x)2 + (–2y)2 + (3z)2 – (x) (–2y) – (–2y)(3z) – (3z)(x)]
= (x – 2y + 3z) (x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 + 2xy + 6yz – 3zx).
X + Y + Z = 0 !wEl<OhiK!X 3 + Y 3 + Z 3 Jg<!giv{qh<hMk<kz<!
X 3 + Y 3 + Z 3 = (X 3 + Y 3 + Z 3 –3XYZ) + 3XYZ
= (X + Y + Z) (X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 – XY – YZ – ZX) + 3XYZ
= (0) (X 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 – XY – YZ – ZX) + 3XYZ = 3XYZ.
Gxqh<H;! X + Y + Z = 0 weqz<, X + Y = – Z. ∴ (X + Y)3 = (– Z)3 = – Z3 . n-K
X 3 + Y 3 + 3XY(X +Y ) = – Z3 . n-K, X 3 + Y 3 + Z 3 + 3XY(– Z) = 0.
∴ X 3 + Y 3 + Z 3 = 3XY Z.
110
wMk<Kg<gim<M 35: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3.
kQIU;! X = x – y, Y = y – z, Z = z – x we<g/ hqe<eI
X + Y + Z = (x – y) + (y – z) + (z – x) = x – y + y – z + z – x = 0.
∴ X 3 + Y 3 + Z 3 = 3XYZ
X, Y, Z !Ngqbux<xqx<G!hqvkqbqm<miz<!
(x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z –x)3 = 3(x – y) (y – z) (z – x).
GP!F[g<gk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<kqg<!giv{qh<hMk<kz<!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 36: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 4x2 + 20xy + 25y2 – 10x – 25y.

kQIU; ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ogiju!4x2 + 20xy + 25y2 – 10x – 25y
= (2x)2 + 2(2x)(5y) + (5y)2 – 5(2x) – 5(5y)
= [(2x) + (5y)]2 – 5[(2x) + (5y)] = (2x + 5y)2 – 5(2x + 5y) = (2x + 5y) (2x + 5y –5).
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 37: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 4a2 – 4ab + b2 – 2a + b.
kQIU; ogiMg<gh<hm<m!hz<ZXh<Hg<Ogiju
4a2 – 4ab + b2 – 2a + b = (2a)2 – 2(2a)(b) + (b)2 – (2a – b)
= (2a – b)2 – 1 (2a – b) = (2a – b) (2a – b – 1).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 38: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 81x2 – 18x + 1 – 25y2.

kQIU;! dXh<Hgjtg<!GPh<hMk<k!
81x2 – 18x + 1 – 25y2 = [(9x)2 – 2(9x)(1) + (1)2] – (5y)2
= [(9x) – (1)]2 – (5y)2
= (9x – 1) 2 – (5y)2
= [(9x –1) + (5y)][(9x – 1) – (5y)]
= (9x + 5y – 1) (9x – 5y –1).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 39: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x4 +1.

kQIU;! 2x2 J!%m<cg<!gpqg<g?!fil<!ohXuK
x4 + 1 = (x4 + 2x2 + 1) – 2x2
= [(x2)2 + 2(x2)(1) + (1)2] – 2x2
= (x2 + 1)2 – ( 2 x)2
= [(x2 + 1) + ( 2 x)][(x2 + 1) – ( 2 x)]
= (x2 + 2 x + 1) (x2 – 2 x + 1).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 40: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x4 + x2y2 + y4.

kQIU;! x2y2 Jg<!%m<cg<!gpqg<g?!fil<!ohXuK
x4 + x2y2 + y4 = (x4 + 2x2y2 + y4) – x2y2
= [(x2)2 + 2(x2)(y2) + (y2)2] – (xy)2 = (x2 + y2)2 – (xy)2
= [x2 + y2 + (xy)] [x2 + y2 – (xy)] = (x2 + xy + y2) (x2 – xy + y2).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 41: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x4 + 5x2 + 9.

kQIU; x2 Jg<!%m<cg<!gpqg<g , fil<!ohXuK
x4 + 5x2 + 9 = (x4 + 6x2 + 9) – x2
= (x2 + 3)2 – x2 = [(x2 + 3) + x][(x2 + 3) – x]
= (x2 + x + 3) (x2 – x + 3).
111
wMk<Kg<gim<M 42: x8 – x2y6 Jg<!giv{qgtigh<!hqiq.
kQIU;! x2 J!yV!ohiKg<giv{qbig!wMg<g?
x8 – x2y6 = x2 (x6 – y6)
= x2 [(x3)2 – (y3)2]
= x2 (x3 + y3) (x3 – y3)
= x2[(x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)] [(x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)]
= x2 (x + y)(x – y)(x2 + xy + y2) (x2 – xy + y2).
hbqx<sq 4.3.2
hqe<uVue!siqbi!kuxi!we!uqjmbtq/!
1. 2x2 + 2 2 x + 1 = (1 + 2 x )2
2. x6 – 4x3 + 4 = (x3 + 1)2
3. a2 – b2 = (a – b)2
4. a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 + ab + b2)
5. a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
giv{qh<hMk<kz<!$k<kqvr<gjth<!hbe<hMk<kq!giv{qgjtg<!g{<Mhqc/!
6. 1 + 6x + 9x2 7. 144x2 – 72x + 9
2 2 2 2
8. 4a b + 20abcd + 25c d 9. x2 + y2 – a2 – b2 + 2xy + 2ab
10. 3 3 x3y3 + 27z3 11. (x + y)3 + 8y3
12. (x2 + 1)3 + (x2 – 1)3 13. x6 – y6
14. (x + y) − (x – y)
3 3
15. (p + q)3 + (p – q)3 + 6p(p2 – q2)
16. 27x3 + y3 + 27x2y + 9xy2 17. x3 – 12x2 +48x – 64
3 3 2 2
18. 8x – 27y – 36x y + 54xy 19. 4x2 + 9y2 + z2 + 12xy + 4xz + 6yz
20. a2 + b2 + 9c2 + 2ab – 6ac – 6bc 21. x3 – y3 + 1 + 3xy
3 3
22. 8x – 125y + 180xy + 216 23. 8x3 – 27y3 + z3 +18xyz
24. 3 3 a3 – 8b3 – 125c3 − 30 3 abc 25. (a – 2b)3 + (2b – 3c)3 + (3c – a)3
26. (x + y – 2z)3 + (y + z – 2x)3 + (z + x – 2y)3
27. (a2 – b2)3 + (b2 – c2) 3 + (c2 – a2)3 28. a3(b – c)3 + b3(c – a)3 + c3(a – b)3
29. x(x + z) – y(y + z) 30. 1 – 2xy – x2 – y2 31. x4 + 4
4.3.3. ax2 + bx + c we<El<!-Vhcg<!Ogijujbg<!giv{qh<hMk<kz<!!
ogPg<gt< a, b, c Ngqbju! njek<Kl<! LPg<gt<! we! wMk<Kg<! ogit<Ouil</!

OlZl<! a ≠ 0/! ogPg<gt<! a, b, c sqz! gm<Mh<hiMgTg<G! dme<hm<miz<! ax2 + bx + c Jg<
giv{qh<hMk<kzil</!-f<kg<!gm<Mh<hiMgjtBl<!giv{qgjtBl<!-eq!gi{<Ohil</
Lkzqz<? a = 1, b Bl<! c Bl<! LPg<gt<! we<El<! wtqb! ujgjb! wMk<Kg<!
ogit<Ouil</! fil<! -h<OhiK x2 + bx + c we<hjkg<! giv{qh<hMk<k! Ou{<Ml</! fil<! lixqzq!
dXh<higqb!c we<El<! LPju? p + q = b we!-Vg<GliX?!p?!q we<El<! -V!LPg<gtqe<!
ohVg<gx<hzeig!wPKOuil</!fl<Ljmb!Lbx<sqbqz<!fil<!oux<xq!ohx<xiz<?
x2 + bx + c = x2 + (p + q)x + pq
= (x2 + px) + (qx + pq)
= x(x + p) + q(x + p)
= (x + p) (x + q)
-u<uiX?!fil<!uqVl<hqbjks<!sikqk<Kt<Otil</
112
uqkq : x2 + bx + c bqe<! lixqzq! dXh<H! c bieK?! p?! q we<El<! -V! LPg<gtqe<!
ohVg<gx<hzeigUl<?! nu<uqV! LPg<gtqe<! %Mkzigqb! p + q uieK! x e<! ogPuigqb!!!!
b g<Gs<!slligUl<!-Vg<GliX!hqiqg<gh<hm<miz<?!x2 + bx + c = (x + p) (x + q).
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 43: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x2 + 9x + 18.
kQIU;! ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ogijujb!X2 + XY + Y2 wEl<! ucuk<kqz<! wPk!LcbiK/!weOu?
X2 + 2XY + Y2 = (X + Y)2 we<hjkh<! hbe<hMk<k!LcbiK/!weOu?!lixqzq!dXh<H! 18 Jg<!
giv{qh<hMk<k!Lbz<Ouil</!
18 e<!wz<zi!giv{qs<!Osicgt<
18 = 1 × 18 = 18 × 1 = –1 × –18 = –18 × –1
18 = 2 × 9 = 9 × 2 = –2 × –9 = –9 × –2
18 = 3 × 6 = 6 × 3 = –3 × –6 = –6 × –3
-g<giv{qgtqe<!%Mkjz!wPKOuil</!
18 + 1 = 1 + 18 = 19
(–18) + (–1) = (–1) + (–18) = –19
2 + 9 = 9 + 2 = 11
(–2) + (–9) = (–9) + (–2) = –11
3+6=6+3=9
(–3) + (–6) = (–6) + (–3) = –9.
x e<! ogPjuBl<?! giv{qgtqe<! %MkjzBl<! yh<hqm<Mh<! hiIk<Okiole<xiz<! 3, 6 Ngqb!
giv{qgtqe<!%Mkz<!x e<!ogPuig!dt<tK/!weOu?
x2 + 9x + 18 = (x + 3) (x + 6).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 44: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x2 – 15x + 54.

kQIU;! lixqzq = 54 lx<Xl< x e<! ogP! = –15. -r<G! 54 e<! giv{qgjtBl<?! nux<xqe<!
%MkjzBl<!gQOp!hm<cbzqm<Mg<!gim<MOuil</
giv{qgt< %Mkz<
{1, 54} 55
{–1, –54} –55
{2, 27} 29
{–2, –27} –29
{3, 18} 21
{–3, –18} –21
{6, 9} 15
{–6, –9} –15
weOu? x2 – 15x + 54 = (x – 6) (x – 9).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 45: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 15 – 2x – x2.

kQIU;! kqm<m!ucuqz<!wPk?
15 – 2x – x2 = –x2 – 2x + 15 = (–1) (x2 + 2x – 15).
-r<G!fil<! –15 = 5 × –3, 5 + (–3) = 2 weg<!gi{<gqOxil</!
weOu? 15 – 2x – x2 = (–1) [(x + 5) {x + (–3)}]
= (–1) (x + 5)(x – 3)= (x + 5) ( 3 – x).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 46: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x2 – x – 132.

kQIU;!–132 = (–12) × 11, (–12) + 11 = –1 we!fil<!gi{<gqOxil<</
weOu? x2 – x – 132 = [x + (–12)] (x + 11) = (x – 12) (x + 11).
113
nMk<kkig?! a ≠ 0, a, b, c LPg<gtigg<! ogi{<m ax2 + bx + c we<gqx! -Vhc!
hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijubqjeg<! gVKOuil</! p, q Ngqb! -V! LPg<gjt! pq = ac weUl<?!!!
p + q = b weUl<!-Vg<GliX!fl<liz<!g{<Mhqcg<g!Lcf<kiz<?
1
ax2 + bx + c = (a2x2 + abx + ac)
a
1 2 2 1 1
= [a x + a(p + q)x + pq] = [a2x2 + apx + aqx + pq] = [ax (ax + p) + q(ax + p)]
a a a
1
= (ax + p) (ax + q)
a
-u<uiX?!fl<liz<!Ogijujb!giv{qh<hMk<k!LcgqxK/!
uqkq : p?!q wEl<!LPg<gjt? p × q = a × c ? p + q = b we<xqVg<GliX!gi{Lcf<kiz<?!

1
ax2 + bx + c = (ax + p) (ax + q).
a
wMk<Kg<gim<M 47: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 2x2+ 7x + 3.

kQIU;! -r<G!!! a = x2 e<!ogP!= 2
b = x e<!ogP!= 7
c = lixqzq!= 3
fil<!gi{<hK a × c = 2 × 3 = 6 = 6 × 1, 6 + 1 = 7 = b. Njgbiz<
1
2x2 + 7x + 3 = (2x + 6) (2x + 1) =(x + 3)(2x + 1).
2
uqkqbqe<! Lcjuh<! hbe<hMk<Kukx<Gh<! hkqzig! fM! dXh<jhh<! hqiqk<K?!
gQpg<gi[liX!GPLjxbqz<!giv{qh<hMk<kzil</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!
2x2 + 7x + 3 = 2x2 + (6 + 1)x + 3
= 2x2 + 6x + x + 3
= 2x(x + 3) + (1)(x + 3) = (2x + 1) (x + 3).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 48: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 8a2 + 2a – 3.

kQIU;! -r<G? 8 × – 3 = –24 = 6 × – 4, 6 + (– 4) = 2 weg<! gi{<gqOxil</!hqiqk<okPkqbhqe<?!
GPh<hMk<kqeiz<!fil<!njmuK?!
8a2 + 2a – 3 = 8a2 + 6a – 4a – 3
= 2a(4a + 3) – (1)(4a + 3) = (4a + 3) (2a – 1).
11
wMk<Kg<gim<M 49: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 6 + x + x2.
2
11 1
kQIU;! Ogijujb!lix<xqobPk? 6 + x + x2 = (2x2 + 11x + 12).
2 2
-r<G? 2 × 12 = 24 = 8 × 3, 8 + 3 = 11. !
weOu?!fM!dXh<jhh<!hqiqk<Kl<?!GPh<hMk<kqBl<!wPk?!
11 1 1 1
6 + x + x2 = (2x2 + 8x + 3x + 12) = [2x(x + 4) + 3(x + 4)] = (x + 4) (2x + 3).
2 2 2 2
2
ax + bx + c z<! a, b, c Ngqbju! LPg<gtig! -z<zilz<?! olb<ob{<gtig!
-Vh<hqEl<! %m! fM! dXh<jhh<! hqiqk<okPkq! GPh<hMk<kqg<! giv{qh<hMk<Kl<! Ljxjb!
fil<!hbe<hMk<kzil</
!
114
wMk<Kg<gim<M 50: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 7 2 x 2 −10 x − 4 2 .
kQIU;! -r<G? 7 2 × − 4 2 = –56 = (–14) × 4 OlZl<!(–14) + 4 = –10. weOu?!fM!dXh<jhh<!
hqiqk<okPkq?!GPLjxbqz<!wPk?
7 2 x2 – 10x – 4 2 = 7 2 x2 – 14x + 4x – 4 2
= 7x ( 2 x – 2) + 2 2 ( 2 x – 2)
= ( 2 x – 2) (7x + 2 2 ).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 51: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 3x2 + 5 3 x + 6

kQIU;! -r<G? 3 × 6 = 18 = (3 3 ) (2 3 ) OlZl< 3 3 + 2 3 = 5 3 . weOu?!fM!dXh<jhh<!
hqiqk<okPkq?!GP!Ljxbqz<!giv{qh<hMk<k?
3x2 + 5 3 x + 6 = 3x2 + 3 3 x + 2 3 x + 6
= 3x (x + 3 ) + 2 3 (x + 3 )
= (x + 3 ) (3x + 2 3 ).
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 52: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 15x2 + 17xy + 4y2.
kQIU;! fil< 15 × 4 = 60 = 12 × 5, 17 = 12 + 5 weg<! gi{<gqOxil</!weOu?!fM!dXh<jhh<!
hqiqk<okPkq?!GP!Ljxbqjeh<!hbe<hMk<kqeiz<,
15x2 + 17xy + 4y2 = (15x2 + 12xy) + (5xy + 4y2)
= 3x(5x + 4y) + y(5x + 4y)= (5x + 4y) (3x + y).
wMk<Kg<gim<M 53: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; 6(a – 1)2b – 5(a –1)b2 – 6b3

kQIU;! x = a – 1 we!wMk<Kg<ogi{<miz<?
6(a – 1)2b – 5(a–1)b2 – 6b3 = 6x2b – 5xb2 – 6b3
= b(6x2 – 5bx –6b2)
-r<G? 6 × – 6 = –36 = (–9) × 4 , OlZl< (–9) + 4 = –5 weg<!gi{<gqOxil</
Njgbiz< = b(6x2 – 9bx + 4bx – 6b2)
= b[3x(2x – 3b) + 2b(2x – 3b)]
= b(2x – 3b) (3x + 2b)
= b[2(a – 1) – 3b] [3(a – 1) + 2b]
= b[(2a –3b –2) (3a + 2b –3)].
giv{qh<hMk<k!Lcbik!LPg<gjtg<! ogPg<gtigg<! ogi{<m!-Vhc!hz<ZXh<Hg<!

OgijugTl<!d{<M/
wMk<Kg<gim<M 54: giv{qh<hMk<Kg; x2 + 3x – 1.

kQIU;! ax2 + bx + c Bme<!yh<hqMjgbqz< a = 1, b = 3, c = –1.
-r<G ac = 1 × –1 = –1 = –1 × 1. OlZl<!(–1) + 1 = 0 ≠ b.
weOu?!x2 + 3x – 1 J LPg<gjtg<!ogPg<gtigg<!ogi{<m!giv{qgtig<g!LcbiK/!
2
⎛3⎞ 9 9 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 13
Gxqh<<H;!x + 3x – 1= x + 2⎜ ⎟ x + − −1!= ⎜ x + ⎟ −
2 2
⎝2⎠ 4 4 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
2
3 ⎞ ⎛ 13 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
2
⎛ ⎟ = ⎜ x + 3 + 13 ⎟ ⎜ x + 3 − 13 ⎟ .
= ⎜ x + ⎟ − ⎜⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
115
hbqx<sq 4.3.3.
gQOp!uVueux<jxg<!giv{qgtigh<!hqiq/!
1. x2 + 7x + 12 2. x2 + 9x + 20
3. d2 + 10d + 21 4. z2 – 7z – 98
5. a2 – a – 72 6. x2 + x – 90
7. p2 – 8p + 15 8. y2 – 13y + 42
9. y2 – 20y + 99 10. t2 – 28t + 195
!
gQOp!uVueux<jxg<!giv{qh<hMk<Kg;
11. 2a2 + 13a + 15 12. 4x2 + 8x + 3
13. 4x2 + 12x + 9 14. 6x2 + x – 1
15. 6p2 + 17p + 10 16. 4a2 – 11a – 15
17. 7m2 + 16m – 15 18. 8p2 + 29p – 12
19. 6x2 + 5x – 6 20. 15y2 – 13y – 6
21. 14x2 – x – 3 22. 9a2 – 9a + 2
23. 2a2 – 13a + 18 24. 12x2 – 7x + 1
25. 16x2 – 32x + 7
!
gQp<!uVueux<jxg<!giv{qgtigh<!hqiq/!
26. 9x2 + 24xy + 15y2 27. 4x2 – 16xy – 9y2
28. 6c2 + 11cd – 10d2 29. 5x2 – 11xy + 6y2 30. 2a2 – 15ab + 28b2
!
gQp<!uVueux<jxg<!giv{qh<hMk<Kg;
13 3 10 8 1 1
31. x 2 − x− 32. u 2 − u+ 33. x 2 − x +
10 10 3 3 2 16
7 5 1
34. 4 x 2 − 8 x + 35. 4 x 2 − x + 36. 2 x 2 + 3x + 2
4 3 6
37. 3 x + 11x + 6 3
2
38. 5 5 x 2 + 20 x + 3 5
39. 2 x 2 + 3 5 x + 5 40. 7 x 2 + 2 14 x + 2
4.4 yV! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijujb! lx<oxiV! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijubiz<!

uGk<kz<
f(x) we<El<! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijujb! g(x) we<El<! hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijubiz<!

uGg<Gl<! osbzieK!f(x) ≡ q(x) g(x) + r(x) we<X!-Vg<GliXl<?!r(x) = 0 nz<zK!r(x) e<!
hcbieK! g(x) e<! hcjb! uqm! sqxqbkigUl<! -Vg<GliX? q(x), r(x) we<El<! -V!
hz<ZXh<Hg<! Ogijugjtg<! gi{<hkiGl</! -r<G! f(x) J! okiGkq! we<Xl<?! g(x) J! hGkq!
we<Xl<?! q(x) J! =U! we<Xl<?! r(x) J lQkq! we<Xl<! njpg<gqe<Oxil</! f(x) J! g(x) Nz<!
uGg<Gl<! osbzqz<! uGhMl<! Ogijubigqb! f(x) e<! hc! wh<ohiPKl<?! uGg<Gl<!
Ogijubigqb! g(x) e<! hcg<G! nkqgligOui! nz<zK! slligOui! -Vg<gm<Ml</! Woeeqz<!
f(x) e<! hc!!g(x) e<! hcjb!uqms<! sqxqbkig!-Vf<kiz<! q(x) = 0 NGl<; OlZl<! r(x) = f(x)
we<xiGl</!=U?!lQkq!gi{!-V!Ljxgt<!dt<te/
116
Ljx 1 :
fQ{<m!uGk<kz<!Ljx: -f<k!Ljxjb!fil<!YI!wMk<Kg<gim<ce<!&zl<!uqtg<GOuil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 55: 2 + 5x + 3x2 + 2x3 we<hjk 1 + x Nz<!uGg<gUl</
kQIU;! uGhMl<!Ogiju f(x) = 2 + 5x + 3x2 + 2x3
uGg<Gl<!Ogiju g(x) = 1 + x, f(x) e<!hc = 3, g(x) e<!hc = 1/!
flK!Gxqg<Ogit<!=U!q(x) JBl<?!lQkq!r(x) JBl<!gi{<hOkbiGl</
gm<ml< 1: f(x), g(x) Ngqbux<jxk<!kqm<m!ucuqz<!wPKOuil</
f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 2
g(x) = x + 1
gm<ml< 2: uGhMl<! Ogijubqe<! Lkz<! dXh<higqb (2x3) J! uGg<Gl<! Ogijubqe<! Lkz<!
⎛ 2 x3 ⎞
dXh<higqb!(x) Nz<!uGk<kiz<!flg<G!=uqe<!Lkz<!dXh<H! ⎜⎜ = 2 x 2 ⎟⎟ gqjmg<Gl</
⎝ x ⎠
gm<ml<! 3: uGg<Gl<! Ogijubigqb! (x + 1) J!=uqe<! Lkz<! dXh<higqb (2x2) Nz<! ohVg<gq!
uVl<! ohVg<gx<hzeigqb 2x3 + 2x2 ! J! uGhMl<! OgijubqzqVf<K! gpqg<gOu{<Ml</!
flg<Gg<! gqjmg<Gl<! lQkq! x2 + 5x + 2. lQkqbqe<! hc?! uGg<Gl<! Ogijubqe<! hcjb! uqmh<!
ohiqbK/
gm<ml< 4: OlOz! gqjmk<k! x2 + 5x + 2 we<El<! lQkqjb! Hkqb! uGhMl<! Ogijubig!
wMk<Kg<! ogi{<M! gm<ml<! 2 Jh<! hbe<hMk<kqeiz<! =uqe<! -v{<mil<! dXh<H!
⎛ x2 ⎞
⎜⎜ = x ⎟⎟ gqjmg<Gl</
⎝ x ⎠
gm<ml< 5: uGg<Gl<! Ogiju! )x + 1) ! J! =uqe<! -v{<mil<! dXh<hiz<! (x) ohVg<gq?! uVl<!
ohVg<gx<hzje! (x2 + x) J! Hkqb! uGhMl<! Ogijubqeqe<X! gpqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! flg<G!
gqjmg<Gl<!lQkq!(4x + 2). lQkqbqe<!nMg<G!uGg<Gl<!Ogijubqe<!hcbig!dt<tK/
gm<ml<! 6: lQkq (4x + 2) J! Hkqb! uGhMl<! Ogijubig! wMk<Kg<! ogi{<M! gm<ml< 2 Jh<!
hbe<hMk<kqeiz<!=uqe<!&e<xil<!dXh<H ⎛⎜ = 4 ⎞⎟ gqjmg<Gl</
4x
⎝ x ⎠
gm<ml< 7: fil<! uGg<Gl<! Ogiju! (x + 1) J?! =uqe<! &e<xiuK! dXh<hiz<! (4) ohVg<gq!
uVl<!(4x + 4) Jh<!Hkqb!uGhMl<!Ogijubqeqe<X!gpqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!gqjmg<Gl<!lQkq!–2 .
-f<k! lQkqbqe<! hc! H,s<sqbl</! -K! uGg<Gl<! Ogijubqe<! hcjb! uqms<! sqxqbK/! weOu?!
fil<!uGg<Gl<!osbjz!fqXk<kquqm<M?!=U?!lQkq!Ngqbux<jx!wMk<K!wPKgqOxil</
! !
! Olx<%xqb!gm<mr<gt<!gQPt<t!ucuk<kqz<!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
2x2 + x + 4
x + 1 2x + 3x2 + 5x + 2
3
⎛ 2 x3 ⎞
2x3 + 2x2 ⎜⎜ = 2 x 2 ⎟⎟
– – ⎝ x ⎠
2
x + 5x + 2 ⎛ x2 ⎞
2
x +x ⎜⎜ = x ⎟⎟
– – ⎝ x ⎠
4x + 2 ⎛ 4x ⎞
4x + 4 ⎜ = 4⎟
⎝ x ⎠
– –
–2
117
-u<uixig!flg<Gg<!gqjmg<Gl<!=U!q(x) = 2x2 + x + 4, lQkq r(x) = –2.
fil< nxquK, f(x)=q(x) g(x) + r(x). ∴ 2x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 2 = (2x2 + x + 4) (x + 1) + (–2)
Ljx 2 :
uGk<Kg<! giv{qh<hMk<kz<! Ljx;! -f<k! Ljxbqz<?! f(x) J! -v{<M! dXh<Hgtqe<!
%Mkzigh<! hqiqk<kOz! Gxqg<Ogit<! NGl</! Lkz<! dXh<H! g(x) J! giv{qbigg<!
ogi{<cVg<Gl</! -v{<miuK! dXh<H! g(x) J! uqm! nMg<gqz<! Gjxf<k! yV! hz<ZXh<Hg<!
OgijubiGl</!-jk!fil<!ohx?!f(x) dme<!Okjubie!dXh<Hgjtg<!%m<c?!gpqh<Ohil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 56: 9x3 + 3x2 – 5x + 7 J 3x2 + 2x – 1 Nz<!uG/

kQIU; 9x3 + 3x2 – 5x + 7 = [(3x2 + 2x – 1) (3x) – 6x2 + 3x] + 3x2 – 5x + 7
= (3x2 + 2x – 1)(3x) + [–6x2 + 3x2] + [3x – 5x] + 7
= (3x2 + 2x – 1)(3x) + (–3x2) + (–2x) + 7
= (3x2 + 2x – 1) (3x) + [(3x2 + 2x – 1) (–1) + 2x – 1] + (–2x) + 7
= (3x2 + 2x – 1) (3x) + (3x2 + 2x – 1) (–1) + [(2x) + (–2x)] + [(–1) + 7]
= (3x2 + 2x – 1)(3x) + (3x2 + 2x – 1) (–1) + 6
= (3x2 + 2x – 1) (3x – 1) + 6
weOu?!=U!= 3x – 1, lQkq!= 6.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 57: 4 – 17x – 22x2 – 12x3 – 2x4 J x2 – 3x + 4 Nz<!uG/

kQIU; fil<!kQIju!-V!upqLjxgtqZl<!gi{<Ohil</
fQ{<m!uGk<kz<!Ljx!
– 2x2 – 18x – 68
x2 – 3x + 4 –2x4 – 12x3 – 22x2 – 17x + 4 ⎛ − 2x 4 ⎞
–2x4 + 6x3 – 8x2 ⎜⎜ 2 = −2 x 2 ⎟⎟
+ – + ⎝ x ⎠
–18x – 14x2 –17x + 4 ⎛ − 18 x 3 ⎞
3
–18x3 + 54x2 – 72x ⎜⎜ 2

= −18 x ⎟⎟
+ – + ⎝ x ⎠
–68x2 + 55x + 4 ⎛ − 68 x 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ = −68 ⎟⎟
–68x2 + 204x – 272 ⎝ x
2
⎠
+ – +
– 149x + 276
!
! !
2
weOu?!=U!= –2x – 18x – 68 , lQkq = –149x + 276.!
!
uGk<Kg<!giv{qh<hMk<kz<!Ljx!
4 – 17x – 22x2 – 12x3 – 2x4 = – 2x4 – 12x3 – 22x2 – 17x + 4
= [(x2 – 3x + 4) (–2x2) – 6x3 + 8x2] – 12x3 – 22x2 – 17x + 4.
= (x2 – 3x + 4) (–2x2) – 6x3 + 8x2 – 12x3 – 22x2 – 17x + 4
= (x2 – 3x + 4) (–2x2) – 18x3 – 14x2 – 17x + 4
= (x2 – 3x + 4) (–2x2) + [(x2 – 3x + 4) (–18x) – 54x2 + 72x] – 14x2 –17x + 4
= (x2 – 3x + 4) (–2x2) + (x2 – 3x + 4) (–18x) – 54x2 + 72x – 14x2 –17x + 4
118
= (x2 – 3x + 4) (–2x2) + (x2 – 3x + 4) (–18x) – 68x2 +55x+ 4
= (x2 – 3x + 4) (–2x2) + (x2 – 3x + 4) (–18x) + [(x2 – 3x + 4) (–68) – 204x + 272] +55x + 4
= (x2 – 3x + 4) (–2x2) + (x2 – 3x + 4) (–18x) + (x2– 3x + 4) (–68) –204x + 272 + 55x + 4
= (x2 – 3x + 4) (–2x2 – 18x – 68) + (–149x + 276).
weOu?!=U!= − 2x2 – 18x – 68 , lQkq!= –149x + 276.
!
hbqx<sq 4.4
1. 4x3 – 3x2 + x – 7 NeK!gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ogijugtiz<!uGhMl<OhiK!=U?!lQkq!

gi{<g/!
(i) 2x + 1 (ii) x – 4 (iii) 1– x
2. 15 + x4 – 8x2 NeK! gQOp! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! Ogijugtiz<! uGhMl<OhiK! =U?! lQkq!

gi{<g/
(i) (x + 1)(x + 2) (ii) (x – 2)2 (iii) x3 + 2x.
!
uqjmgt<!
hbqx<sq 4.1
1. (i) kuX! (ii) kuX (iii) kuX (iv) kuX (v) siq!
3 2 4 2
2. x + 2x – x + 4 3. 3x – 2x + 10x – 8
4. 3x3 + 5x2 – 13x + 2 5. –x3 + 5x2 – 7x + 10
4 2
6. –x – 4x + 4x – 8 7. 3x5 + x3 – 8x2 + 6x – 8
8. 6x4 – 26x3 + 51x2 – 66x + 27 9. 10x5 + x4 + 9x3 + 2x2 – 9x – 28
5 4 3 2
10. – x + 4x + 9x – 38x + 21x
x3 e<!ogP x2 e<!ogP x e<!ogP

11. –2 –7 20
12. –6 10 –3
13. 18 9 9
14. acx2 + bdy2 + (ad + bc)xy 15. 2x3 – x2y – 5xy2 – 2y3
7
16. x4 + x2y2 + y4 17. p = –9 18. a= − 19. m = 12
2
hbqx<sq 4.2
1. (i) x2 + 11x + 18 (ii) x2 + 6x – 16 (iii) t2 + 4t – 12 (iv) p2 – 7p + 12

(v) 10812 (vi) 3658 (vii) 1224 (viii) 2915
2. (i) 25x2 + 80xy + 64y2 (ii) 9s2 – 24st + 16t2 (iii) 16p2 – 49q2
(iv) 10201 (v) 9604 (vi) 9898
41
3. ,9/4 4. 60, 20 5. 12, 8
2
6. (i) 9x2 + y2 + 4z2 + 6xy + 4yz + 12xz (ii) 16x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 16xy – 12yz + 24xz
(iii) 4p2 + 9q2 + 4r2 + 12pq – 12qr – 8pr (iv) 9a2 + 4b2 + 4c2 – 12ab + 8bc – 12ac
119
7. 45
8. (i) x3 + 9x2 + 26x + 24 (ii) x3 + x2 – 14x – 24 (iii) x3 + 3x2 – 10x –24
(iv) x3 – 5x2 − 2x + 24 (v) x3 – 9x2 + 26x – 24
x2 e<!ogP x e<!ogP lixqzq
9. (i) 9 –16 –60
(ii) 0 –26 12
(iii) 396 –138 35
23
10. –9, − , 35
15
11. (i) 8x3 + 12x2y2 + 6xy4 + y6 (ii) 8u3 – 84u2v + 294uv2 – 343v3
3 1
(iii) x 3 − 3x + − 3 (iv) x6y9 + 6x4y6 + 12x2y3 + 8
x x
12. 304 13. 7, 18 14. 20,72 15. 2, 180,1016
hbqx<sq 4.3.1
1. 3(3m – n) 2. 4a(a2 – 2a + 4)
3. x(x4 + 4) 4. xy3 (6x4y2 + 3x + 14)
5. 7pq (1–3pq) 6. (m – p) (n + 2)
7. (x + 2 ) (x – 2 ) (x – 2) 8. (x + a ) (x – a ) (x – 1)
9. (p2 + 1) (2p – 1) 10. 2(2x + 1) (2x2 + 1)
hbqx<sq 4.3.2
1. siq 2. kuX 3. kuX 4. kuX 5. siq!

6. (1 + 3x)2 7. (12x – 3)2 8. (2ab + 5cd)2 9. (x + y + a − b) (x + y − a + b)
10. ( 3 xy + 3 z ) (3x2y2 – 3 3 xyz + 9z2)
11. (x + 3y) (x2 + 3y2) 12. 2x2 (x4 + 3)
13. (x + y) (x − y) (x − xy + y ) (x + xy + y )
2 2 2 2
14. 2y(3x2 + y2)
3
15. 8p 16. (3x + y)3
3
17. (x – 4) 18. (2x – 3y)3
2
19. (2x + 3y + z) 20. (a + b – 3c)2
2 2
21. (x – y + 1) (x + y + 1 + xy + y – x)
22. (2x – 5y + 6) (4x2 + 25y2 + 36 + 10xy + 30y – 12x)
23. (2x – 3y + z) (4x2 + 9y2 + z2 + 6xy + 3yz – 2zx)
24. ( 3a – 2b – 5c) (3a2 + 4b2 + 25c2 + 2 3ab – 10bc + 5 3ca )
25. 3 (a – 2b) (2b – 3c) (3c – a) 26. 3(x + y – 2z) (y + z – 2x) (z + x – 2y)
27. 3(a + b) (a – b) (b + c) (b − c) (c + a) (c − a)
28. 3abc (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) 29. (x – y) (x + y + z)
30. (1 + x + y) (1 – x – y) 31. (x2 + 2x + 2) (x2 – 2x + 2)
120
hbqx<sq 4.3.3
1. (x + 3) (x + 4) 2. (x + 4) (x + 5) 3. (d + 3) (d + 7)
4. (z + 7) (z − 14) 5. (a + 8) (a – 9) 6. (x + 10) (x – 9)
7. (p – 3) (p – 5 ) 8. (y – 6) (y – 7) 9. (y – 9) (y – 11)
10. (t – 13) ( t – 15) 11. (a + 5) (2a + 3) 12. (2x + 1) (2x + 3)
13. (2x + 3) (2x + 3) 14. (2x + 1)(3x − 1) 15. (p + 2) (6p + 5)
16. (a + 1) (4a – 15) 17. (m + 3) (7m – 5) 18. (p + 4) (8p – 3)
19. (2x + 3) (3x – 2) 20. (3y + 1) (5y – 6) 21. (2x – 1) (7x + 3)
22. (3a – 1)(3a – 2) 23. (a – 2) (2a – 9) 24. (3x – 1) (4x – 1)
25. (4x – 1) (4x – 7) 26. (x + y) (9x + 15y) 27. (2x + y) (2x – 9y)
28. (2c + 5d) (3c – 2d) 29. (x – y) (5x – 6y) 30. (a – 4b) (2a – 7b)
1 1 1
31. (2x – 3) (5x +1) 32. (u – 2) (3u – 4) 33. (4x – 1)(4x – 1)
10 3 16
1 1
34. (4x – 1) (4x – 7) 35. (4x – 1) (6x – 1) 36. ( 2 x + 1) ( x + 2)
4 6
37. ( 3 x + 2) (x + 3 3 ) 38. ( 5 x + 3) ( 5x + 5 ) 39. (x + 5 ) (2x + 5)
40. ( 7x + 2 )( 7x + 2 )
hbqx<sq 4.4
=U lQkq
5 7 35
1. (i) 2x2 – x + −
2 4 4
(ii) 4x2 + 13x + 53 205
(iii) –4x2 –x – 2 −5
2. (i) x2 – 3x – 1 9x + 17
(ii) x2 + 4x + 4 –1
(iii) x − 10x2 + 15
121
5. kQIUgt<!gi[l<<!Ljxgt<<!
flg<G! yV! g{g<G! ogiMg<gh<hm<M, nkx<Gk<! kQIU! gi{s<! osie<eiz<, Lkzqz<! nkje!
LPjlbig! fe<G! hck<K,! Hiqf<K! ogi{<M,! ng<g{g<gqz<! we<e! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK,!
we<e! g{<Mhqcg<gOu{<Ml<! nz<zK! wkje! fq'hqg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<hkje! nxqf<K!
osbz<hMkz<! Ou{<Ml<.! hqxG! ng<g{g<gqx<Gk<! kQIUgi{! wf<k! g{qk! d{<jlgjth<!
hbe<hMk<k! Ou{<Ml<,! wf<k Ljxbqz<! nf<k! g{qk d{<jlgjth<! hbe<hMk<kOu{<Ml<!
we<hkjek<<! kQIlieqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! g{g<gqx<Gk< kQIU! gi{k<! Okjubie! g{qk!
d{<jlgjts<! siquvh<! hbe<hMk<ks<! osbz<! kqxEl<,! hbqx<sqBl<! OkjubiGl</! osbz<!
kqxe<! &zligk<<! kQIU! gi{! fqjxb! upqLjxgjtBl<,! dk<kqgjtBl<! nxqbzil<.! sqz!
Ofvr<gtqz<! yV!g{g<gqe<! kQIU!hz<OuX!upqgtqz<! nz<zK!hz<OuX!dk<kqgtqz<! gi{!
LcBl<.!wMk<Kg<gim<mig!gQOp!dt<t!g{g<gqje!wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</
a
g{g<G: a − b = 4, a + b = 5 weqz<,
-e<!lkqh<H!gi{<g/!
b
-g<g{g<gqe<!kQIU!gi{!gQp<g{<m!Ljxgtqz<!flK!w{<O{im<ml<!osbz<hMgqxK/
uqei: !we<e!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK? uqjm: a − b = 4,! a + b = 5.

a
uqei: we<e g{<Mhqcg<g!Ou{<Ml<? uqjm: -e<!lkqh<H/!
b
uqei: wh<hcs<!osbz<hMkz<!Ou{<Ml<?
uqjm:
dk<kq!1:
9
a − b = 4. (1) (1) + (2) ⇒ 2a = 9 ⇒ a = .
2
−1 1
a + b = 5. (2) (1) − (2) ⇒ −2b = −1 ⇒ b = = .
−2 2
a 9 2
∴ = × = 9.
b 2 1
dk<kq!2:
a 2a ( a + b) + ( a − b) 5+4 9
= = = = = 9.
b 2b (a + b) − (a − b) 5−4 1
dk<kq 3:
a−b=4 (1)
a+b=5 (2)
a a x
= x we<g. hqe<eI?! = n.K! a = bx.
b b 1
122
(1) ⇒ bx − b = 4 ⇒ b (x − 1) = 4.
(2) ⇒ bx + b = 5 ⇒ b (x + 1) = 5.
b( x − 1) 4 x −1 4
∴ = n.K = n.K 5x − 5 = 4x + 4 n.K 5x − 4x = 4 + 5 n.K x = 9.
b( x + 1) 5 x +1 5
weOu! fl<Ljmb! F{<{xqUk<kqxe<,! osbz<kqxe<,! kqxjl, OlZl<! nEhul<!

Ngqbju! g{g<Ggjtk<! kQIg<g! Wx<hiMgjtBl<?! dk<kqgjtBl<! dVuig<Gukx<Gk<!
Okju/! Olx<%xqb! g{g<jgk<! kQIh<hkx<G! &e<X! dk<kqgt<! lm<MOl! -Vh<hkig! LcU!
osb<b! Ou{<mil</! yV! g{g<gqe<<! kQIU! gi{?! Hkqb! dk<kqgjt! nEhuk<kqe<!
uibqzigUl<,! nOk! g{g<gqx<G! lQ{<Ml<<! lQ{<Ml<! kQIU! gi[l<! OhiKl<! ohx! LcBl</!
OlZl<! flK!w{<{lieK!sqf<kqg<Gl<! kqxeqz<! ujtf<K!ogiMh<hkib<! -Vg<g!Ou{<Ml<,!
lx<x!upqLjxgjt!Wx<Xg<! ogit<t!kqxf<kkib<! -Vg<g!Ou{<Ml<?!oux<xqml<! -z<zilz<!
hz<OuX! gVk<Okim<mr<gjth<! ohXukib<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! yV! g{g<gqe<! kQIuqjeg<!
gi{! YI! dk<kqbiz<! Lcbuqz<jz! weqz<,! lx<oxiV! dk<kqjbh<! hbe<hMk<kqk<! kQIU!
gi[kz<! Ou{<Ml</!-u<uiX? yV!g{g<gqe<! kQIuqjeg<! gi{!flg<Gk<! okiqf<k!hz<OuX!
dk<kqgt<!kQIf<K!OhiGl<!ujv!hbe<hMk<kqg<!ogi{<Om!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</
5.1 nElier<gt<!lx<Xl<!fq'h{r<gt<<
gQp<gi[l<!w{<gtqe<!njlh<jh!Ofig<Gg/
1, 3, 7, 13, 21, ……
fil<! -f<k! njlh<hqe<! ohiK! dXh<hqjeg<! gi{! uqjpgqe<Oxil<! we<g/! dXh<Hgjtg<!
gQp<g{<muiX!hGk<kxqbzil</
1=1
3=1 + 2
7=1 + 2 + 4
13=1 + 2 + 4 + 6
21=1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8
-h<ohiPK, -f<k!njlh<hqz<!nMk<k!w{<!we<e!we<hjk!fl<liz<!g{<Mhqcg<g!LcBl</
1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = 21 + 10 = 31.
weOu?!6 NuK!dXh<H!31. OlZl<!! 31 = 1 + 2(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5).
7 NuK!dXh<H = 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 +12
= 31 + 12 = 43
= 1 + 2(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6).
8 NuK!dXh<H = 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 +12 +14

= 43 + 14 = 57
= 1 + 2(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7).
9 NuK!dXh<H = 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 +12 +14 + 16

= 57 + 16 = 73
123
= 1 + 2(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8).
-r<Og!dXh<Hgtqe<!lkqh<H!gqjmg<Gl<!Ljxjb!Ofig<Gl<!ohiPK, njlh<hqe<!ohiK!
dXh<H!)nkiuK!n NuK!dXh<H, n = 1, 2, 3, …)
1 + 2[1 + 2 + 3 + … + (n − 1)]
we!fil<!%x!LcgqxK/!
Neiz<! -f<kg<! %x<xqz<! 1 + 2 + 3 + … + (n − 1) we<x! %Mkz<! dt<tK. -g<%Mkjz!

g{<mxqbilz<! njlh<hqe<! ohiK! ucuk<jkg<! g{<Muqm<Omil<! we<X! osiz<z! LcbiK/!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! %Mkz<! 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + … + 100 we<hjkg<! gVKOuil<. -K!!!!!
1 -zqVf<K! 100 ujv! dt<t! nMk<kMk<k! -bz<! w{<gtqe<! %Mkz<! NGl<</! S we<hK!
-g<%Mkz<!weqz<,! S = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 98 + 99 + 100. fil<!nxquK?! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
! ! 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 98 + 99 + 100 = 100 + 99 + 98 + … + 3 + 2 + 1.
nkiuK!!
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 98 + 99 + 100,
S = 100 + 99 + 98 + … + 3 + 2 + 1.
∴2S = 101 + 101 + 101 + …+ 101 + 101 + 101.
-kqz<!F~X!101 gt<!-Vh<hkjeg<!gi{!LcgqxK/!
100 × 101
weOu?!2S = 100 × 101 nz<zK! S = = 5050.
2
Olx<gi[l<!%Mkz<!gqjmg<gh<!ohx<x!Ljxjbg<!%If<K!Ofig<gqe<, fil<!
( n − 1)n
1 + 2 + 3 + … + (n − 1) =
2
we<x! %x<jx! nEliel<! )Conjecture) osb<bzil</! n = 1, 2, 3, … weg<! ogi{<M!
-g<%x<jxs<! siqhiIg<gzil</! -r<G! fq'h{l<! ogiMg<gh<hmilz<! yV! %x<xqje! njlk<K!
nkjes<! siqhiIg<gqOxil</! fq'hqg<gh<hmikujv! ng<%x<X! YI! nElief<kie< )gi^<! we<x!
o\i<lieqb! g{qk! Oljk! ke<! 10uK! ubkqz<! 4uK! ! hck<Kg<! ogi{<cVf<kOhiK?!
uGh<hisqiqbi<! li{ig<gIgjt! 2! + 2 + 3 +…+ 100 e<! %Mkz<! gi{s<! osie<eOhiK?!
dmOe!gi^<! 5050!we<X!uqjmbtqk<kiI/!NsqiqbI!nujv!wu<uiX!dmOe!hkqztqg<g!
Lcf<kK!we<X!Ogm<g!gi^<?!OlOz!fil<!%xqb!Ljxjb?!NsqiqbI!uqbf<K!hivim<MliX!
ntqk<kiI*/!flK!njlh<hqe<!ohiK!dXh<H!!
n(n − 1)
1+2× = 1 + n(n − 1) = n2 – n + 1.
2
weOu?! 1, 3, 7, 13, …. we<x!njlh<hqe<!ohiK!dXh<H n2 – n + 1 NGl<.
Olx<g{<m! Nb<uqz<, fil<! YI! njlh<hqjeg<! %If<kib<f<K, yV! %x<xqje!
d{<mig<gqOeil</! d{<jlbqz<! -bx<g{qkl<,! ucuqbz<! Ohie<x! hqiqUgtqz<! hz!
Okx<xr<gt<! w{<gtiZl<! dVur<gtiZl<! njlf<k!njlh<Hgjt!%If<kib<Us<! osb<kke<!
uqjtuiz<! g{<mxqf<kju! NGl</! -h<ohiPK! fil<! g{qkk<kqz<! dt<t! ouu<OuX!
%x<Xgt<?!ng<%x<Xgjth<!hGk<kxqukx<Gh<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!hz!dk<kqgt<!Ngqbux<jx!
nxqf<K!ogit<Ouil</!
124
%x<Xgt< weh<hMhju! uzqBXk<kqg<! %xh<hMl<! uig<gqbr<gtiGl</! gQOp! sqz!
%x<Xgt<!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te:
(i) “x + 7 = 5, -r<G x ∈ N.”

(ii) “sKvk<kqe<!&jzuqm<<mr<gt<!ye<Xg<ogie<X!osr<Gk<kiGl</”
(iii) “(a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2, -r<G a, b ∈ R.”
(iv) “ 2 !yV!uqgqkLX!w{<.”
(v) “sib<sKvk<kqe<!&jzuqm<<mr<gt<!ye<Xg<ogie<X!osr<Gk<kigiK.”
n( n + 1)
(vi) “1 + 2 + …. + n = .”
2
%x<Xgt<! olb<biejubigOui! nz<zK! olb<bx<xejubigOui -Vg<gzil</!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig! OlOz! dt<t! %x<Xgtqz<! (i), (iv) lx<Xl< (v) Ngqbju! olb<bx<x!
%x<Xgt<; (ii), (iii) lx<Xl< (vi) Ngqbju!olb<bie!%x<Xgt<.
5.1.1 ujvbjx!we<xiz<!we<e?
sqz! %x<Xgt<! Wx<geOu! dt<t! gVk<KgtqzqVf<K! Hkqb! gVk<Kg<gjt!

dVuig<gq! d{<jlbie! LcUgjth<! ohx! upquGg<Gl</! ng<%x<XgOt! ujvbjx!
weh<hMl</!Wx<geOu!Wx<Xg<ogit<th<hm<m!sqz ujvbjxgt<!gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te/
(i) wz<zih<!hg<gr<gTl<!sl!ntU!ogi{<m!Lg<Ogi{l<!slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<!!!!!!
!!!weh<hMl</!
(ii) ax = b weqz<,!x NeK!ncliel<!a ogi{<m!b -e<!lmg<jg!weh<hMl</
(iii) -v{<M!Ogi{r<gtqe<!%Mkz<!180° weqz<,!nju!lqjg!fqvh<H!Ogi{r<gt<!!!!
!!!!weh<hMl</
5.1.2 ncOgit<gt<<
sqz! %x<Xgjt! d{<jlobe! LPjlbig! Wx<Xg<ogit<tzil</! -k<kjgb! %x<Xgt<!

ncOgit<gt<<! nz<zK! yh<Hg<ogi{<m! d{<jlgt<! weh<hMl</! ucuqbzqZl<!
-bx<g{qkk<kqZl<!dt<t!sqz!yh<Hg<ogi{<m!d{<jlgt<!gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te;
(i) -v{<M!Ht<tqgt<!upqOb!yOv!yV!OgiMkie<!-Vg<gqxK/
(ii) WOkEl<! -v{<M! olb<ob{<gt<! x, y gTg<G! x + y , xy ! NgqbjuBl<!
! olb<ob{<gtiGl</
(iii) n yV!-bz<!w{<!weqz<?!n + 1 dl<!-bz<!w{< NGl</
(iv) yV!Ogim<Mk<!K{<mieK!yOv!yV!jlbh<Ht<tqjbk<kie<!ohx<xqVg<Gl</!!!!
(v) yV Ogi{lieK!yOv!yV!-Vsloum<cjbk<kie<!ohx<xqVg<Gl<.
5.1.3 ⇒, ⇒ , ⇔ Ngqb!Gxqgt<!
g{qkl<?! kVg<g! vQkqbig! fqjeU! %If<K! ! ohxh<hm<m! yV! himh<hGkqbiGl</! yV!

g{g<gqe<! kQIU! nz<zK! g{g<gqe<! upqLjxgt<! nz<zK! g{g<gqe<! fq'h{l<!
hch<hcbig!ohxh<hm<m!yV!njlh<hiGl</!upqLjxbqe<! yu<ouiX!hcBl<! nkx<G!Le<H!
dt<t! hcbqjes<! siIf<kkig! njlf<kqVg<Gl</! kk<Ku! vQkqbie! upqgjt! Gxqg<g! fil<!
125
⇒ we<x! Gxqbqjeh<! hbe<hMk<KgqOxil</! wMk<Kg<gim<ce<! &zlig! ⇒ we<x! Gxqbqe<!
hbje!nxqOuil</!hqe<uVl<!%x<Xgt<!P, Q jug<!gVKg/!
P: x = 2, Q: x2 = 4.
P J!d{<jlobeg<!ogi{<miz< x = 2 NGl</
∴ x2 = x × x = 2 × 2 = 4. ∴ Q d{<jlbiGl</
weOu?! P d{<jlobeqz<! Q d{<jlbiGl</! -jkg<! GxqbQm<cz<!!!!!!!!!!
“P d{<jl ⇒ Q d{<jl” nz<zK!wtqkig!“P ⇒ Q” we!wPkzil<.
GxqbQM! ⇒ NeK!d{Ik<KgqxK!we<hkjeg<!Gxqg<Gl</
-h<ohiPK!GxqbQM! ⇒ we<hkje!nxqOuil<.
lQ{<Ml<!nOk!%x<Xgt<!P, Q -ux<jx!wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</!nkiuK
P: x = 2, Q: x2 = 4
Q d{<jlobeqz<!x2 = 4 NGl<. Neiz<!-kx<G!x = 2 l<<!kQIU; x = −2 l<!kQIuiGl</!weOu?!
P olb<bie!%x<X!nz<z/!-f<k!d{<jljb!fil<!Q ⇒ P we!wPkzil</!
! nMk<kkig “⇔” we<x!GxqbQm<jm!nxqf<K!ogit<Ouil</!
-v{<M!%x<Xgt<!Q1, Q2 !wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</!
Q1: 2x + 3y = 12 OlZl<! 5x − 6y = 3.
Q2: x = 3 OlZl< y = 2.
Q1 d{<jlobeqz<
2x + 3y = 12, (1)
5x − 6y = 3. (2)
∴ (1) × 2 ⇒ 4x + 6y = 24 (3)
(2) ⇒ 5x − 6y = 3. (4)
∴ (3) + (4) ⇒ 9x = 27 ⇒ x = 3.
x = 3 J!(1) -z<!hqvkqbqm! 6 + 3y = 12 nz<zK 3y = 6 nz<zK! y = 2.
nkiuK! x = 3, y = 2. weOu?!Q2 d{<jlbiGl</!weOu? Q1 ⇒ Q2 .
Q2 d{<jlobeqz< x = 3, y = 2.
∴ 2x + 3y = 2 × 3 + 3 × 2 = 6 + 6 = 12; OlZl< 5x − 6y = 5 × 3 − 6 × 2 = 15 − 12 = 3.
weOu! Q1 d{<jlbigqxK/!weOu Q2 ⇒ Q1.
0 Q1 ⇒ Q2 OlZl<! Q2 ⇒ Q1. -f<k! LcUgt<! Q1 ⇒ Q2 , Q2 ⇒ Q1 Ngqb! -v{<jmBl<!
OsIk<K! Q1⇔ Q2 we! wPkzil<. -k<kjgb! $p<fqjzbqz<, Q1 dl<! Q2 dl<! slliekig!
-Vg<Gl<. -ke<!ohiVtiuK?!Q1 olb<!weqz<?!Q2 olb</ Q2 olb< weqz<?!Q1 olb</!nkiuK!
Q1 olb<big! -Vf<kiz<! lx<Xl<! -Vf<kiz<! lm<MOl! Q2 olb<biGl</ “⇔” we<x! GxqbQM!
“-Vf<kiz<!lx<Xl<!-Vf<kiz<!lm<MOl”!)if and only if) we<hkjeg<!Gxqg<Gl<.
5.1.4 Okx<xl<!weh<hMuK!biK?
yV! %x<X?! siqbieK! nz<zK! kuxieK! we! fq'hqg<gh<hmikujv! njk!
nEliel<! )Conjecture) we<xjpg<gqe<Oxil</! yV! nEliel<! )Conjecture) siq! we!
fq'hqg<gh<hm<Muqm<miz<! nK! ! Okx<xligquqMgqxK/ kuX! we! fq'hqg<gh<hm<m! nEliel<!
olb<bx<x! %x<X! weh<hMl</! weOu! Wx<geOu! olb<! we<X! fq'hqg<gh<hm<Muqm<m! %x<X!
Okx<xl<! weh<hMl</! yV! %x<X! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! ujgbqz<! d{<jlobeqz<! nf<kg<! %x<X!
hz<OuX! fqjzgtqz<! siqhiIg<gh<hm<mK! we<X! osiz<gqOxil</! -bx<<g{qkk<kqZl<?!
ucuqbzqZl<!fil<!nxqf<Kt<t!sqz!Okx<xr<gt<!hqe<uVliX!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te;
126
(i)!!yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<!-v{<M!hg<gr<gt<!sll<!weqz<?!nux<xqx<G!wkqOv!!!
!!!!!dt<t!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!
(ii) yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!Ogi{!ntUgtqe<!%Mkz<!-v{<M osr<Ogi{liGl</
(iii) -j{gvk<kqe<!&jzuqm<mr<gt<!ye<jxobie<X!-V!slg<!%xqMl</
(iv) yx<jx!w{<{qe<!uIg<gLl<!yx<jx!w{<O{!NGl</
(v) -vm<jm!w{<{qe<!uIg<gLl<!-vm<jm!w{<O{!NGl</
(vi) 2 yV!uqgqkLxi!w{<!NGl<.
(vii) (a + b)2=a2 + 2ab + b2.
(viii) log a(mn)=log am + log an.
5.1.5 yV!Okx<xk<kqe<!fq'h{l<!we<xiz<!we<e?
yV! Okx<xk<kqe<! fq'h{l<! weh<hMuK! nke<! d{<jljb! fqI{bqg<Gl<! uquikl<!
NGl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig
“yx<jx!w{<{qe<!uIg<gLl<!YI!yx<jx!w{<O{”
we<x!%x<xqje!wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</!
! -f<k! %x<X! yV! Okx<xl<<! weqz<?! -kx<G! kk<KuvQkqbie! fq'h{l<! -Vg<g!
Ou{<Ml</!gQp<g{<m!uquikk<jk!gueqg<gUl<:!
“n YI!yx<jx!w{<!we<g/!hqe<H!n = 2m + 1, -r<G m yV!LP!w{</

-h<ohiPK? n2 = (2m + 1)2 = 4m2 + 4m + 1 = 2(2m2 + 2m)+1.
m yV!LP!w{<!we<hkiz<, 2m2 + 2m dl<!yV!LP!w{<{iGl<.
weOu! 2(2m2 + 2m) YI!-vm<jm!w{<{iGl<.
Nkziz<! 2(2m2+2m)+1 YI yx<jx w{<{iGl<.
weOu n2 YI yx<jx w{<.”
fq'h{l<! ntqg<g! hz<OuX! dk<kqgt<! dt<<te/! ohiKuig! nju! hqe<uVliX!

ujgh<hMk<<kh<hm<Mt<te;
(i) Ofvc!fq'h{!Ljx.
(ii) ljxLg!fq'h{!Ljx!nz<zK!Lv{<him<M<!fq'h{!Ljx.
(iii) wkqI!wMk<Kg<gim<Mgtqe<hc!fq'h{l<.
(iv) ucuqbz<!fq'h{!dk<kq/
(v) njlh<H!Ljx!fq'h{l</
(i) Ofvc! fq'h{! Ljx: P ⇒ Q we! fq'hqg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we<g. Lkzqz< P d{<jl!
weg<ogi{<M! hch<hcbig! uquikqk<K! Q d{<jl weh<! ohXkz<! Ou{<Ml</ P we<hK!
olb<obeqz<! Q NeK! olb<! NGl<! we<X! fq'hqg<Gl<! LjxOb! Ofvc! fq'h{! Ljx!
weh<hMl</!
a a−b 2
wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: = 5 weqz<, = weg<!gi{<hqg<gUl<.
b a+b 3
a a − b 5b − b 4b 2
kQIU: = 5 we<g. hqe<H!a = 5b. ∴ = = = .
b a + b 5b + b 6b 3
127
a c a −b c−d
wMk<Kg<gim<M 2: Ofvc!Ljxbqz<? = weqz<, = we!fq'hqg<gUl</!
b d a+b c+d
a c a a c c
kQIU: = we<g/!-r<G = u !weh<!hqvkqbqmUl</ hqe<H a = ub. = we<hkiz<? = u.
b d b b d d
∴ c = ud.
a−b ub − b (u − 1)b u − 1 c − d ud − d (u − 1)d u − 1
∴ = = = . -jkh<Ohie<Ox! = = = .
a+b ub + b (u + 1)b u + 1 c + d ud + d (u + 1)d u + 1
a−b c−d
∴ = .
a+b c+d
(ii) ljxLg!fq'h{!Ljx: %x<X!P NeK!%x<X Q J!d{Ik<KgqxK!we!fq'hqg<g!

Ou{<Ml<!we<X!ogit<Ouil<. -kx<gig!%x<X!P olb<?!%x<X!Q olb<bz<z!weg<!ogit<g/!
hqe<H! hch<hcbig! uquikqk<K! Lv{<himie! uqjtuqje! njmOuil<! )nkiuK! wMOgit<!
%x<xqx<G!OfIlixie!%x<X!ohXOuil<*/!weOu!wMOgit<! kuxieK!we<X!LcU!osb<K?!
Q! d{<jlbigk<kie<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml<! we! dXkq! osb<gqOxil</! %x<X! P olb<! weqz<?!
%x<X! Q dl<! olb<! we! fq'hqg<Gl<! -f<k! Ljx! ! ljxLg! fq'h{! Ljx! weh<hMl<!
)wMk<Kg<ogi{<m!%x<xqx<G!wkqvie!%x<jx!njmkz<*/
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 3: ljxLg!fq'h{!Ljxbqz<? 2 yV!uqgqkLxi!w{<!we!fq'hq.
kQIU: wMOgitig? 2 yV! uqgqkLX w{<! we! OfIlixigg<! ogit<Ouil<. yu<ouiV!
p
uqgqkLX!w{<j{Bl<!kq<m<mucuqz< we!wPkzil<!we!nxqOuil</!hqe<H!
q
p
2 = , -r<G!p, q lqjg!w{<gt<<A! p g<Gl<, q g<Gl<! 1 Jk<! kuqv!Ouoxf<k!giv{qBl<!
q
-z<jz. -h<ohiPK!
p
2 = ⇒ p = 2 q ⇒ p2 = 2q2 ⇒ p2 YI!-vm<jm!w{<
q
⇒ p YI!-vm<jm!w{<
⇒ p = 2m, m yV LP!w{<!
⇒ 4m2 = 2q2
⇒ q2 = 2m2
⇒ q2 YI!-vm<jm!w{<
⇒ q YI!-vm<jm!w{<
⇒ q = 2n, n yV LP!w{<
⇒ p g<<Gl<!!q g<<Gl< 2 giv{qbiGl<
⇒ Lv{<hiM! )p g<<Gl<! ! q g<G
< l< 1 Jk<! kuqv! Ouoxf<k!
giv{qBl<!-z<jz we<hK!wMOgit<*/
weOu 2 !yV!uqgqkLxi!w{<!NGl<.
128
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: ljxLg! fq'h{! Ljxg<ogi{<M?! 100 hf<Kgt<! 9 ohm<cgtqz<!
jug<gh<hm<cVf<kiz<! WkiuK! yV! ohm<cbqz<! 12 nz<zK! nkx<G! OlZl< hf<Kgt<!
jug<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<!we!fq'hq.
kQIU: 100 hf<Kgjt 9 ohm<cgtqz<!jug<Gl<ohiPK!wf<k!yV!ohm<cbqZl<<!12 hf<KgOti!
nkx<G! OlOzi! jug<gh<hmuqz<jz! we! wMk<Kg<! ogit<Ouil</! NgOu! yu<ouiV!
ohm<cbqZl<! nkqghm<slig! 11 hf<Kgt<! jug<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<. weOu! 9 ohm<cgtqz<!
jug<gh<hm<m! hf<Kgtqe<! %Mkz<! nkqghm<slig! 9 × 11 = 99 NGl</ -K! ogiMg<gh<hm<m!
ogit<jgg<G! Lv{<himiekiGl</! Woeeqz<?! 100 hf<Kgjt 9 ohm<cgtqz<! jug<g!
Ou{<Ml</! weOu! Gjxf<k! hm<sl<! yV! ohm<cbqziuK! 12 hf<KgOti! nkx<G! OlOzi!
jug<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5: P we<x!yV!Ht<tq! AB we<x!Ogim<Mk<K{<jm!m : n we<x!uqgqkk<kqz<!
dt<hr<gMQ !osb<Bl<!weqz<?! P !keqk<kK!we?!ljxLg!fq'h{!Ljxbqz<!fq'hq/
kQIU: P we<x! yV! Ht<tq! AB we<x! Ogim<jm! dt<hr<gQm<cz<! m : n we<x! uqgqkk<kqz<!
hqiqh<hkigg<! ogit<Ouil</! ogit<jgg<G! dm<hm<M?! P we<hK! keqk<kK! -z<jz! weg<!
ogi{<miz<?! lx<oxiV! Ht<tq! P1?! AB we<x! Ogim<Mk<K{<jm! m : n we<x! uqgqkk<kqz<!
dt<hr<gM
Q !osb<ukiGl< (hml<!5.1 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<). hqxG!
AP m AP1 m
= . OlZl<! = .
PB n P1 B n
hml<!5.1!
∴ n AP = m PB OlZl<! n AP1 = m P1B

∴ n AP =m (AB − AP) OlZl< n AP1 = m (AB − AP1)
∴ n AP =m AB − m AP OlZl< n AP1 = m AB − m AP1
∴ (m + n) AP = m AB OlZl< (m + n) AP1 = m AB
mAB mAB
∴ AP = , AP1 = .
m+n m+n
∴ AP = AP1
∴ P Bl< P1 l<!yOv!Ht<tqbiGl</
-K!ogit<jgg<G!Lv{<himig!njlgqxK. weOu!P?!yV!keqk<k!Ht<tqbiGl</
(iii) wkqI!wMk<Kg<gim<Mgtqe<! hc!fq'hqk<kz<:< P1, P2 -v{<M!%x<Xgt<! we<g/ P1 ⇒ P2

we<hK! d{<jlbi! we! Nvib! Ou{<Ml<! we<g/! P1 olb<bigUl<! P2 olb<bx<xkigUl<!
-Vg<GliX! WOkEl<! YI! wMk<Kg<gim<M! gi{Lcf<kiz<! P1 ⇒ P2 we<x! LcUg<G! fil<!
uf<kuIgtiOuil</!nxqbh<hm<m!wMk<Kg<gim<M YI!wkqI!wMk<Kg<gim<M!weh<hMl</
129
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: x we<hK!yV!olb<ob{<!weqz<?!x2 ≥ x we!njlBli?
kQIU: P1: x we<hK!yV!olb<ob{<.
P2: x2 ≥ x.
1
x= weqz<?!P1 : x we<hK!yV!olb<ob{<!we<x!%x<X!olb<bigqxK/!Neiz<!
2
1 1 1
x= g<G!x2 = < = x ; nkiuK! P2 olb<bz<z!we<xigqxK/!weOu? P1 ⇒ P2.
2 4 2
1
-r<G! x = YI wkqI! wMk<Kg<gim<miGl</! “weOu! x we<x! wz<zi! olb<ob{<gTg<Gl<!!!!!
2
x2 ≥ x” we<x!%x<X!olb<bigiK!we<x!Lcuqje!njmgqOxil</
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: n yV!-bz<!w{<!weqz<?!n2 ≥ 4n we<hK!d{<jlbi@
kQIU: P1: n yV!-bz<!w{</ P2: n2 ≥ 4n.
n =1 we<g/!1 YI!-bz<!w{</!weOu?!P1 d{<jlbiGl</!
Neiz<!n2 = n × n = 1 × 1 = 1. 4n = 4 × n = 4 × 1 = 4.
weOu!n2 < 4n. weOu?!P2 d{<jlbz<z/!!weOu? P1 ⇒ P2 .!
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M!8: x we<x!wz<zi!olb<ob{<gTg<Gl<! x2 − 1 > 0 we!njlBli?
kQIU: P1: x we<hK!yV!olb<ob{<.
P2: x2 − 1 > 0.
1 1 3
x= weqz<?! P1 olb<biGl<. Neiz<! x2 − 1= − 1 = − < 0. weOu?!P2 olb<bz<z.
2 4 4
1
-r<G!x = YI!wkqI!wMk<Kg<gim<M!NGl</! weOu “x we<x!wz<zi!olb<ob{<gTg<Gl<!
2
x2 − 1 > 0” olb<bx<x!%x<xiGl</!
Gxqh<H: Olx<gi{h<hm<m! wMk<Kg<gim<cz<! x -e<! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! w{<! lkqh<jhg<! ogi{<M!
yV!%x<xqe<!olb<bx<x!ke<jljb!fl<liz<!fqI{bqg<g!Lcf<Kt<tK/
(iv) ucuqbz<! fq'h{! Ljx: -bx<g{qkk<kqz<! sqz!

g{g<Ggjt!ucuqbz<!Ljxh<hc!kQIU!gi{zil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: (a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2 we!fq'hq/!
kQIU: hmk<kqz<!ABCD yV!osu<ugl</
AB = AI = a, BE = DI = b (hml<!5.2 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<).
hqe<H!AD = AI + DI = a + b, AE = AB − BE = a − b.
weOu osu<ugl< AEFD -e<!hvh<htU = (a + b) (a − b)
Neiz<!osu<ugl<!AEFD -e<!hvh<htU
= sKvl< ABGI -e<!hvh<htU
− osu<ugl< BEHG -e<!hvh<htU hml< 5.2
+ osu<ugl< DFHI -e<!hvh<htU
130
= a2 − ab + (osu<ugl< CDIG -e<!hvh<htU!− sKvl< CFHG -e<!hvh<htU)
= a2 − ab + (ab − b2) = a2 − b2.
∴ (a + b) (a − b) = a2 − b2.
(v) njlh<H!Ljx!fq'h{l<<:
ucuqbzqz<! sqz! g{g<GgTg<Gk<! kQIU! gi{<hkx<G?! kvh<hm<m! dVur<gtqz<! sqz!

OgiMgjt! %Mkzig! njlg<gqe<Oxil</< ! hz! ucuqbz<! g{g<Ggtqz<! njlk<kz<<! we<hK!
lqgs<sqxf<k! dk<kqbiGl</! siqbie! -mr<gtqz<! njlh<Hgt<<! njlbOu{<Ml</! weOu!
njlk<kz<<! &zl<! fq'h{l<! gi{<hK?! g{g<gqe<! kQIU! gi{<huvK! Le<%m<cOb! nxqBl<!
Nx<xjz!Ou{<cbqVg<gqxK/
!!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 10: yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<! -v{<M!hg<gr<gt<! sll<! weqz<?!nux<xqx<G! wkqOv!
dt<t!Ogi{r<gt<!sll<!we!fq'hq/
kQIU: ABC yV! Lg<Ogi{l<? AB = AC we<g.
∠B = ∠C we!fq'hqg<g!Ou{<Ml<.
D, BC -e<! jlbh<Ht<tq! we<g. AD Js<!!!!
OsIg<g! )ujvkz<! Ljx*/ Lg<Ogi{r<gt< ADB,
ADC Ngqbux<Xt< BD = DC, AD! ohiK?!!!!!!!!
AB = AC (hml<! 5.3 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*/! weOu!
-l<Lg<Ogi{r<gt<<! sIusll</! weOu! yk<k!
Ogi{r<gt<!sll</ weOu!∠B = ∠C.!
hml< 5.3
hbqx<sq 5.1
1. nEliel<!we<xiz<!we<e?
2. Okx<xl<!we<xiz<!we<e?
3. Okx<xk<kqe<!fq'h{l<!we<hK!we<e?
4. We<!siqhiIk<kz<!fq'h{k<kqx<G!Le<evig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml<@!
5. YI!wMk<Kg<gim<Mme<!ucuqbz<!fq'h{!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg/!!
6. wkqI!wMk<Kg<gim<M!fq'h{!Ljxjb!wMk<Kg<gim<Mme<!uqtg<Gg/
7. njlh<H!Ljx!we<xiz<!we<e@!
8.ljxLg!fq'h{!Ljxbq<z<?!x + y ≥ 2 we<xuiX!x, y WkiuK!-v{<M!-bz<!w{<gt<!
weqz<?!x ≥ 1 nz<zK!y ≥ 1 we!fq'hq/!
5.2 g{qk!likqiqgt<
dzgqz<! fjmLjxs<! sqg<gz<gjth<! Hiqf<K! ogit<ukx<gig! g{qk! likqiqgt<!
dVuig<gh<hMgqe<xe/!likqiqgt<! -bx<g{qkl<?!ucuqbz<! Ohie<x!himh<hGkqgtqe<! Kj{!
ogi{<M! dVuig<gh<hMgqe<xe/! ucuqbz<! gVk<Kgjtg<! ogi{<M! njlg<gh<hm<<m! g{qk!
likqiqgt<! ! ucuqbz<! likqiqgt<! weh<hMl</! -bx<g{qk! gVk<Kgjtg<<! ogi{<M!
njlg<gh<hm<m! g{qk! likqiqgt<! -bx<g{qk! likqiqgt<! weh<hMl</! sqz! slbr<gtqz<!
hiqOsikje!osb<ukx<G!Le<Oh!g{qk!likqiqgt<! hGk<kxqbh<hMl</!hiqOsikje!osb<uK!
we<hK! lqGf<k! oszU?! Ofvl<! nkqglikz<?! hiKgih<H! Ngqbux<jxs<<! siIf<kkiGl<</!
131
fjmLjxbqz<! dt<t! g{g<Ggjth<! hx<xq! hcg<Gl<ohiPK! fqjxb! g{qk! gVk<Kg<gt<!
dVuigqBt<te/! -h<ohiPK! sqz! -bx<g{qk! likqiqgjth<hx<xqBl<?! ucuqbz<!
likqiqgjth<!hx<xqBl<!nxqf<K!ogit<Ouil</!!!!!!
fil<! Lkzqz<! yV! wMk<Kg<gim<cjeg<! gVKOuil</! 1 Ofim<Mh<Hk<kgk<kqe<! uqjz!!!
'!12 weqz<?
10 Ofim<Mh<Hk<kgr<gtqe<<!uqjz!= 12 × 10 = '!120 NGl</!
20 Ofim<Mh<Hk<kgr<gtqe<<!uqjz!= 12 × 20 = '!240 NGl</!
5 Ofim<Mh<Hk<kgr<gtqe<<!uqjz!= 12 × 5 = '!!60 NGl</!
3 Ofim<Mh<Hk<kgr<gtqe<<!uqjz!= 12 × 3 = '!!36 NGl</!
!
Ofim<Mh<Hk<kgr<gtqe<!
2 3 5 6 8 10
w{<{qg<jg (x)
uqjz!(y) 24 36 60 72 96 120
Ofim<Mh<Hk<kgr<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! nkqgliGl<ohiPK! uqjz!

nkqgliujkBl<?! w{<{qg<jg! GjxBl<ohiPK! uqjz! GjxujkBl<! nxqbzil</! fil<!
wMk<Kg<ogi{<m! -v{<M! lixqgTl<! ye<xig! nkqgiqg<gqe<xe! nz<zK! ye<xig!
Gjxgqe<xe/!-u<uiX!njlBl<! -V!lixqgt<! Ofvc!uqgqkk<kqz<! -Vh<hkigg<! %XOuil</!!
OlOz! %xqb! wMk<Kg<gim<cz<! Ofim<Mh<Hk<kgr<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jgBl<! nux<xqe<! uqjzBl<!
OfI!uqgqkk<kqz<! dt<te!we!nxqbzil</!uip<gj < g!$p<fqjzbqz<! dt<t!yV!g{g<jg!
-h<ohiPK! wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! Diqz<?! ubK! 10! zqVf<K! 15! g<Gt<!
-Vh<huIgtqe<! w{<{qg<jgjb! x ! we<x! lixq! Gxqg<Gl<! weUl<?! y ! we<x! lixq!
nuIgTt<! dbIfqjzh<ht<tqg<Gs<! osz<huIgtqe<! w{<{qg<jgjb! Gxqg<Gl<! weUl<!
ogit<Ouil</! 1999! -zqVf<K! 2002! uVml<! ujv! gqjmk<k! uquvr<gjt! gQp<g<g{<muiX!
nm<muj{h<hMk<kqBt<Otil<;
x 9200 10200 11600 12400

y 4140 4590 5220 5580
y
-r<G!yu<ouiV!uVmk<kqx<Gl<! uqgqkl<! = 0.45 we!njlukig!nxqbzil<. hqe<H!x, y
x
we<El<! lixqgjt! -j{g<Gl<! sle<himig! y = 0.45x gqjmg<gqxK/! gmf<k! N{<Mgtqe<!
uquvr<gjt! Ofig<Gl<ohiPK! uvh<OhiGl<! N{<MgtqZl<<! uqgqkl<! fqjzbig! njlBl<!
we!Le<likqiqbig!wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</!!!nMk<k!uVmk<kqz<! nf<k!Diqz<! ubK!uvl<H!
10! zqVf<K! 15! g<Gt<! -Vh<huIgt<! w{<{qg<jg! 15000! we! -Vf<kiz<! nuIgTt<!
dbIfqjzh<ht<tq! osz<OuiI! w{<{qg<jg! 6750! we! y = 0.45x sle<him<miz<! nxqbzil</!
weOu! y = 0.45x J! ubKuvl<H! 10! zqVf<K! 15! g<Gt<! -Vh<huIgTg<Gl<?! nuIgTt<!
dbIfqjzh<ht<tq! osz<hui<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jgg<Gl<! okimIHhMk<Kl<! yV! g{qk!
likqiqbig! ogit<tzil</! -K! yV! -bx<g{qks<! sle<himig! njlukiz<! -l<likqiqjb!
-bx<g{qk!likqiq!we<Ohil<</!
! -f<k!wMk<Kg<gim<cz<!ubKuvl<H!10!zqVf<K!15!g<Gt<!-Vh<huIgt<!w{<{qg<jg!!!!
)x*! g<Gl<, dbIfqjzh<ht<tq! osz<hui<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! )y*! g<Gl<! -jmOb! njlf<k!
uqgqkl<! yV!lqjg!w{<! lixqzqbiGl</ weOu!-s<$p<fqjzbqz<! y NeK!x !dme<! Ofvc!
liXkz<! ogi{<Mt<tK! we<gqOxil</! sle<hiM! y = 0.45x yV! g{qk! Ofvc! liXkz<!!!
Le<likqiqbiGl</!ohiKuig!yV!g{qk!Ofvc!liXkz<! Le<likqiq!y = kx we!njlBl</!
-r<G! k NeK! lixqzq! NGl</! -K! yV! ucuqbz<! g{g<gig! -z<jz! weqEl<! -kje!
yV! hmlig! ujvf<K! nh<hmk<jkg<ogi{<M! g{g<gqe<! kQIU! gi{! Lbx<sqg<gzil</!
132
wMk<Kg<gim<mig! OlOz! njlf<k! -bx<g{qk! likqiqjb! gQp<g{<muiX! ucuqbz<! g{qk!
likqiqbig! njlg<gzil</! y = 0.45x we<x! sle<him<cx<G! ujvhml<! ujvbzil</! -f<k!
ujvhml<! yV! OfIg<Ogimig! njlBl<! )hml<! 6/5! Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*/! -K! Ofvc! liXkzqe<!
ucuqbz<!likqiqbiGl</
! hml< 5.4
!
nMk<kkig?! hqe<uVl<! wMk<Kg<gim<jmg<! gVKOuil</! yV! -vbqz<! u{<c! yOv!
sQvie!Ougk<kqz<! osz<ukigg<! ogit<Ouil</!-vbqz<! u{<c 160 gq/lQ/!K~vk<jkg<! gmg<g!5!
160
l{q! Ofvl<! NGl<! weqz<?! u{<cbqe<! Ougl<! l{qg<G! = 40 gq/lQ/! NGl</! 160 gq/lQ/!
4
160
K~vk<jkg<!gmg<g!3!l{q!Ofvl<!NGl<!weqz<?!u{<cbqe<!Ougl<!l{qg<G! = 80 gq/lQ/!
2
NGl</! -kqzqVf<K! fil<! Ougl<! )v*! -V! lmr<gieiz<! gmg<Gl<! Ofvl<! )t*! njv!
lmr<giGl<! we! nxqbzil</! -f<k! uquvk<kqzqVf<K! fil<! -vbqzqe<! Ougl<!
nkqgiqg<Gl<ohiPK! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! K~vk<jk! gmg<g! wMk<Kg<ogit<Tl<! Ofvl<! GjxBl<!
we!nxqbzil</!nkiuK!v nkqglieiz<! t GjxBl/<! OlZl<! t!nkqglieiz<! v GjxBl<!
we<hkiz<! OugLl<! )v*?! OfvLl<! )t*! kjzgQp<! ohiVk<kl<! ohx<xqVh<hjk! nxqbzil</!
weOu! -f<k! -v{<M! ntUgTl<! )v lx<Xl<! t) kjzgQp<! uqgqkk<kqz<! -Vh<hkig!
nxqbzil</! yV! ntU! nkqgiqg<Gl<ohiPK! lx<oxiV! ntU! GjxuKl<?! yV! ntU!
GjxBl<ohiPK! lx<oxiV! ntU! nkqgliuKl<! ohx<xqVh<hqe<! -f<k! -V! ntUgTl<!
kjzgQp<! uqgqkk<kqz<! njlgqe<xe! we<Ohil</! gQp<g<g{<m! nm<muj{bqz<! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m!
K~vk<jkg<! gmg<g! -vbqz<! u{<c! wMk<Kg<ogit<Tl<! OfvLl<?! OugLl<!
ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te/!!!!
Ofvl<! (t)
2 4 5 8
l{qbqz<
Ougl< (v)
80 40 32 20
gq/lQ/
Olx<g{<m!nm<muj{bqzqVf<K,
t × v = 2 × 80 = 160 , t × v = 4 × 40 = 160, t × v = 5 × 32 = 160, t × v = 8 × 20 = 160
we<hkje!nxqbzil</!nkiuK
133
160
tv = 160 !nz<zK! v = .
t
v Bl<! t Bl< wkqIuqgqkk<kqz<! dt<te/!
-K! Ofvk<jkh<! ohiXk<K! Ougk<jk!
Gxqg<Gl<! YI! -bx<g{qk! likqiqbiGl</!
vt = 160 g<G!yV!ujvhml<! ujvf<kiz<!
nf<k! ujvhml< yV OfI! OgimigiK/!
nK! hmk<kqz<! dt<tK! Ohiz<! yV!
sqxqb! uqz<! Ohiz<! njlBl<! )hml<! 5.5!
Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*/! -h<hmk<kqz<! t! Js<!
siIf<K! v! -e<! uQPl<! Ohig<gqjeg<!
gi{zil</! -u<uiX! Ougk<kqx<Gl<?!
Ofvk<kqx<Gl<! okimIH! hMk<Kl<!
ujvhml<!yV!ucuqbz<!likqiqbiGl</! hml< 5.5
-bx<hqbzqz<!PV = yV!lixqzq? we<El<!sle<him<jm!nxqOuil</!-K!yV!kjzgQp<!

uqgqk! liXkZg<G! lx<XOliI! wMk<Kg<gim<miGl</! lixik! ouh<h! fqjzbqz<! nPk<kl<!
nkqglieiz<!gentU!GjxBl<!weUl<?!nPk<kl<!Gjxf<kiz<!gentU!nkqgliGl<!
weUl<! nxqOuil</! kjzgQp<! uqgqk! lix<xk<kqx<<G! lx<XOliI! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! Gxqh<hqm<m!
hvh<htU!A!ogi{<m!osu<ugk<kqz<!fQtk<kqe<!ntU!x nkqglieiz<!ngzk<kqe<!ntU!y
GjxBl<! weUl<?! fQtk<kqe<! ntU! Gjxf<kiz<! ngzk<kqe<! ntU! nkqgliGl<! weUl<!
nxqbzil</!nkiuK!xy = A !weqz<?!)x = fQtl<, y = ngzl<)
A A
y= nz<zK x = .
x y
fQtl<!Gjxf<kiz<!ngzl<!nkqgiqg<Gl<?!ngzl<!Gjxf<kiz<!fQtl<!nkqgiqg<Gl</
hbqx<sq 5.2
1. g{qk!likqiq!we<xiz<!we<e@!
2. g{qk!likqiqbqe<!Okjujbg<!%X/
3. OfI!uqgqk!lixz<!uqtg<Gg/!
4. wkqI!uqgqk!lixz<!uqtg<Gg/!
134
6. nxqLjx!ucuqbz<
ucuqbz<! we<X! Gxqg<Gl<! Nr<gqzs<! osiz<! “geometry” NeK?! Huq! we<X!
ohiVTjmb! “geo” lx<Xl<! ntuqmz<! we<x! ohiVTjmb! “metron” we<x! -u<uqv{<M!!
gqOvg<gs<! osix<gtqzqVf<K! ohxh<hm<mkiGl</! ucuqbz<! we<hK! fqzg<g{g<gqjeg<!
Gxqg<Gl<! himlig! -keiz<! ohbiqmh<hm<mK/! -h<himh<! hqiquqe<! okimg<g! giz!
uti<s<sqbqz<?! wgqh<kqbi<gt<! ucuqbz<! uqkqgjt! fqz! ntjugTg<Gl<?! Ogibqz<gt<!
gm<Mukx<Gl<?! gz<zjxgt<! njlh<hkx<Gl<?! %i<r<OgiHvr<gt<! )hqvlqMgt<*! njlh<hkx<Gl<!
hbe<hMk<kqei</! ! hqe<ei<! gqOvg<gi<gt<! ucuqbz<! d{<jlgjt! fe<G! kVg<g! iQkqbigs<!
sqf<kqk<K?! hqkigv^<?! B,g<tqm<! Ohie<x! gqOvg<g! uz<Zfi<gtqe<! hjmh<Hgtqe<! &zlig!
kr<gt<! ucuqbz<! nxquqje! g{qk! dzgk<kqx<G! ni<hh < {qk<kei</! -ui<gtK!
hjmh<Hgtqe<! dbIfqjzOb! nxqLjx! ucuqbz<! himh<hqiquqx<G! Okix<Xuibig!
njlf<kK/!-h<himh<! hqiquqz<?!ucuqbz<! gVuqgt<! Kj{bqe<xq?!ucuqbz<! d{<jlgjt!
uqkqkVLjxbqz<! hGk<kxqukx<Og! Lke<jl! kvh<hMgqe<xK/! SliI! 330! gq/L/! gizk<kqz<!
uip<f<k! ucuqbzqe<! kf<jk! we<xjpg<gh<hMl<! gqOvg<g! nxqRI! B,g<tqm<! we<huI?! ke<!
gizk<kqb! ucuqbz<! kk<Kur<gjt! keqjlg<%Xgt<! we<X! ohbiqm<M! hkq&e<X! F~z<!
okiGh<Hgtig! upr<gqBt<tiI/! ucuqbjzh<! hch<hK! Hkqbkigs<! sqf<kqh<hkx<Gl<! lx<x!
himr<gtqz<!kqxjljb!Wx<hMk<Kukx<Gl<!ohiqKl<!dkUukiGl</
6.1 siqhii<k<kZg<Giqb!Okx<xr<gt<
flK! Lf<jkb! uGh<Hgtqz<?! ujvbXg<g! -bzik! nch<hjmbie! ucuqbz<!

osix<gtigqb!Ht<tq?!OgiM?!ktl<?!Ogi{l<! Ohie<xux<jx!nxqf<Kt<Otil</!!OlZl<! fil<!
Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<! ogit<jggt<?! -j{OgiMgt<?! sqz! sqxh<hie! fix<gvr<gt<!
Ngqbux<jxBl<! nxqf<Kt<Otil</!!weqEl<?!nux<jxh<hx<xq!OlZl<! nxqf<K!ogit<ukx<G!
Le<?!fil<!Wx<geOu!hck<kux<jx!-h<ohiPK!fqjeU!%i<Ouil<.
6.1.1 nch<hjmbie!ucuqbz<!osix<gt<
Ht<tq we<hK! outqbqz<! yV! fqjzbqjeg<! Gxqh<hkx<G! hbe<hMukiGl</!!

upg<gk<kqz<?!gigqkk<kitqe<! lQOki!nz<zK!gVl<hzjgbqe<! lQOki!yV!Ht<tqbieK?!yV!
sqxqb! njmbitlqm<M! Gxqg<gh<hMl</! Neiz<?! nxqLjxbqe<hc! Ht<tqg<G! ntOui!
nz<zK! ucuOli! gqjmbiK/! -v{<M! OgiMgt<! ye<jxobie<X! oum<cg<ogit<Tl<!
fqjzbqzqVf<K! Ht<tqbqje! nxqf<K! ogit<tzil</! Neiz<?! -r<G! Ht<tqbqje! nxqf<K!
ogit<t!Ogim<jmh<! hx<xqb!gVk<K!hbe<hMk<kh<hm<mK/!-v{<M!ktr<gt<! ye<jxobie<X!
oum<cg<ogit<Tl<! -mk<kqz<! njlf<k! Ht<tqgtqe<! okiGh<hqje! OgiM! we! nxqbzil</!
Neiz<! -r<G!Ogim<cje!nxqf<Kogit<t!ktk<kqjeh<hx<xqb!gVk<K!hbe<hMk<kh<hm<mK/!
135
ke<! lQKt<t! wf<kuqV! Ht<tqgjtBl<! -j{g<Gl<! OfIg<Ogim<ce<! njek<K!
Ht<tqgjtBl<! ke<lQOk! ogi{<Mt<tuixjlf<k?! njek<K! kqjsgtqZl<! Lcuqz<zilz<!
osz<zg<%cb! Olx<hvh<Oh! yV! ktl<! we! nxqf<K! ogit<gqOxil</! weOu?! nch<hjm!
ucuqbz<! osix<gtie!Ht<tq?!OgiM?!ktl<! -ux<jxh<hx<xq!nEhuk<kqz<! lm<MOl!nxqf<K!
ogit<t! LcBle<xq! nux<jxs<! siqbig! ujvbXh<hK! -bzik! ye<xiGl</! Ht<tqgt<?!
Nr<gqzh<! ohiqb! wPk<Kgtie! A, B, C, D Ohie<xux<xiz<! Gxqk<Kg<! gim<mh<hMl</! A, B
we<he!yV!Ogim<ce<!lQKt<t!-V!Ht<tqgt<!weqz<?!ng<OgiM!!
↔ ↔
AB nz<zK! BA !
weg<! Gxqg<gh<hMl</!!-kje!OgiM!AB!weUl<! hcg<gzil</ -Vkjz!nl<Hg<Gxq?!‘↔’
we<hkqz<! dt<t! -V! nl<Hgt<?! OgiM! -V! kqjsgtqZl<! Lcux<X! osz<gqxK!
we<hkjeg<! Gxqg<gqxK/! SVg<glig?! yV! OgimieK! l we<x! keq! wPk<kiZl<!
Gxqg<gh<hMl</! A, B we<hju! yV! Ogim<ce<! lQKt<t! -V! Ht<tqgt<! weqz<?! A, B Ngqb!
Ht<tqgjtBl<! Osi<k<K! nh<Ht<tqgTg<gqjmOb! njlBl<! nf<OfIg<Ogim<ce<! higk<kqje?!
A, B we<x! -V! Ht<tqgTg<gqjmOb! njlf<k! OfIg<Ogim<Mk<K{<M! nz<zK! SVg<glig!
Ogim<Mk<K{<M!weh<hMl</!-K!GxqbQm<cz<!!
AB
weg<!Gxqg<gh<hMl</! AB -e<!fQtk<jk!SVg<glig
AB nz<zK!BA!
we!wPkzil</!yV!Ht<tqbqz<! okimr<gq!WOkEl<! yVkqjsbqz<! Lcuqe<xqs<! osz<Zl<! yV!
Ogim<ce<!higl<!gkqi<!weh<hMl</!-r<G!okimr<Gl<!Ht<tqbieK?!ng<gkqiqe<!Nvl<hh<Ht<tq!
nz<zK! okimg<gh<Ht<tq! weh<hMl</! A we<hK! yV! gkqiqe<! okimg<gh<Ht<tq?! B! NeK!
ng<gkqiqe<!lQKt<t!WOkEl<!yV!Ht<tqobeqz<?!-g<gkqvieK!
→
AB !
weg<! Gxqg<gh<hMl</! ! -kje?! yVkjz! nl<Hg<GxqBme<! Gxqg<gilz<?! ! gkqi< AB weUl<!
Gxqg<gzil</ AB bqe<! lQkjlf<Kt<t! yVkjz! nl<Hg<Gxq! gkqi<! AB bqe<! kqjsjbg<!
Gxqg<Gl</!!
↔
Gxqh<H; -eq?! AB we<hkje?! -Vkjz! nl<Hg<Gxq! ‘↔’! J! AB! bqe<! lQK! Gxqg<gilz<!
SVg<glig!OgiM!AB!weUl<?! AB we<hkje!GxqbQM!‘⎯’ J!AB!bqe<! lQK!Gxqg<gilz<!
→
SVg<glig! Ogim<Mk<K{<M! AB! weUl<?! gkqI! AB J! yVkjz! nl<Hg<Gxq! ‘ → ’ J! AB!
bqe<! lQK! Gxqg<gilz<! SVg<glig! gkqI! AB! weUl<! Gxqh<Ohil</! Ht<tqgt<! A, B !
-ux<xqx<gqjmh<hm<m!okijzuqje!AB we<Xl<!Gxqh<Ohil</!
!
yV!ohiKh<Ht<tq!A!bqz<! Nvl<hqg<Gl<! -V!gkqi<gt< AB, AC Neju?!Ht<tq!A z<!
yV! Ogi{k<kqje! njlg<gqe<xe! we<gqOxil</! Ht<tq A NeK Ogi{k<kqe<! Lje!
weh<hMl</!OfIg<Ogim<Mk<K{<Mgt<!ABBl< AC Bl<!ng<Ogi{k<kqe<!-V!gkqIgt<!weh<hMl<.!!
-g<Ogi{lieK?! ∠BAC nz<zK ∠CAB !weg<! Gxqg<gh<hMl</! ∠BAC nz<zK ∠CAB we!
yV! Ogi{lieK! Gxqg<gh<hm<miz<?! Ht<tq! A! NeK! ng<Ogi{k<kqe<! Lje?! AB! lx<Xl<!
AC!ng<Ogi{k<kqe<! gkqIgt<! we<hjkk<! okiqf<K!ogit<g/ Abqz<! njlBl<! Ogi{lieK!
136
yV! gkqiqzqVf<K! okimr<gq! nMk<k! gkqVg<Gs<! osz<ukig! yV! sqxqb! uqz<ziz<!
Gxqg<gh<hMl<! (hml<< 6.1 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<). A!we<x!LjebqZt<t!yV!Ogi{k<kqe<! gkqIgt<!
okiqf<k! fqjzbqz<! ng<Ogi{k<jk! wtqkig ∠A ! we! wPkzil</! yV! Ogim<Mk<!
K{<jmh<Ohie<X! yV! Ogi{k<kqx<Gl<! ntU! d{<M/! ∠A we<x! Ogi{k<kqe<! ntju
m∠A weg<! Gxqg<gzil</! Gph<hl<! WKl<! -z<jzobeqz<?! m∠A J! wtqkig! ∠A weg<!
Gxqh<Ohil</!Neiz<?!m∠A we<hK!YI!ntU?! ∠A we<hK!yV!GxqbQM!we<hjkh<! Hiqf<K!
ogit<tUl</!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! hml< 6.1 hml< 6.2
!
!
yV!Ogi{k<kqe<! ntU?!ng<Ogi{k<kqe<! gkqIgtqe<! fQt!ntjuh<! ohiVk<kkz<z/!
Ogi{r<gt<?! Ähijg}! weh<hMl<! nzgqeiz<! ntg<gh<hMgqe<xe/ yV! ktk<kqe<! lQkjlf<k!
yV!gkqi<! nke<! okimg<gh<! Ht<tqjbg<ogi{<M!yV!LP!Spx<sqjb!Wx<hMk<kqeiz<?!nK!!
360 hijg! ntUt<t! Ogi{k<kqje! njlg<gqe<xK! we<gqOxil</ -f<k! ntU! 360º we!
wPkh<hMl<! (hml<! 6.2 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<). -r<G! Ogi{k<kqe<! gkqIgt<! ye<xqe<! lQK! ye<xig!
njlf<Kt<tK/!!lx<x!Ogi{r<gtqe<!ntUgt<!360º jb!nch<hjmbigg<!ogi{<mkiGl</!!
1
yV! gkqi<?! yV! LP! Spx<sqbqe<<! higk<kiz<! njlg<Gl<! Ogi{k<kqe<! ntU!!!!!!!!!
4
1 1 1
(360º) = 90º NGl<;! ! higk<kiz<! njlg<Gl<! Ogi{k<kqe<! ntU (360º) = 60º
4 6 6
1 1
NGl<;! !higk<kiz<!njlg<Gl<!Ogi{k<kqe<!ntU! (360º) = 1º NGl</!
360 360
hml< 6.4
hml< 6.3 hml< 6.5
m ∠BAC = 90º weqz<? ∠BAC yV osr<Ogi{l< (hml<<! 6.3 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<) weh<hMl<.
m ∠BAC e<! ntU 90º g<Gl<! nkqgoleqz<? ∠BAC yV! uqiqOgi{l< (hml< 6.4 Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<) weh<hMl<. m ∠BAC e<! ntU 90º g<Gl<! GjxU! weqz<? ∠BAC ! yV
GXr<Ogi{l< (hml< 6.5 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<) weh<hMl</!!
137
m ∠BAC = 180º weqz<? ∠BAC yV!Ofi<g<Ogi{l< (hml< 6.6 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<) weh<hMl</
∠BAC yV! Ofi<g<Ogi{oleqz<? BC yV! OfIg<Ogim<Mk<! K{<miGl<A A, B, C we<he!!
yVOgimjlf<k! Ht<tqgtiGl<A! nkiuK?! -h<Ht<tqgt<! yVOgim<cz<! njlBl<!
Ht<tqgtiGl</!!!
!
!
!
!
! hml< 6.6
! hml< 6.7
!
-V!OgiMgt< BD Bl< CE Bl<! A!we<x!Ht<tqbqz<! oum<cg<ogit<ukiz<! njlBl<!
Ogi{r<gt< ∠BAC Bl< ∠DAE Bl<! Gk<okkqi<! Ogi{r<gt<! weh<hMl</! OlZl<? ∠CAD ,
∠BAE Ngqb!Ogi{r<gt<! Gk<okkqi<! Ogi{r<gtig!njlujkBl<! nxqbzil<! )hml< 6.7
Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
m ∠BAC Ogi{k<kqe<! ntU 180º g<G! nkqgligUl<?! 360º g<Gg<! Gjxuig!

-Vh<hqe<!ng<Ogi{l<!hqe<ujt!Ogi{l< weh<hMl<!(hml< 6.8 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
! !
!
!
!
!
! hml< 6.8 hml< 6.9
! hml< 6.10
!
-V!Ogi{r<gTg<G!ohiK!ds<sqBl<?!yV!ohiKg<! gkqVl<! njlf<K?!ohiKuie!
gkqVg<G! -V! hg<gr<gtqZl<! Ogi{r<gt<! njlBlieiz<?! nu<uqV! Ogi{r<gTl<!
nMk<kMk<k!Ogi{r<gt<! weh<hMl< (hml< 6.9 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<). hml< 6.9 -z< ∠BAD , ∠DAC
Ngqbux<xqx<G! ohiKLje A NGl<;! ohiK! gkqI AD g<G! -V! hg<gr<gtqZl<! -ju!
njlf<kqVh<hkiz<?! ∠BAD Bl< ∠DAC Bl<! nMk<kMk<k! Ogi{r<gt<! NGl</ ∠BAC Bl<
∠BAD Bl<! ohiKuie!jg!AB!ohx<xqVf<kiZl<?!nju!nMk<kMk<k!Ogi{r<gt<! NgiK;!!
Woeeqz<?! nju! AB we<x! ohiK! hg<gk<kqx<G! yOv! hg<gk<kqzjlf<k! Ogi{r<gtig!
-Vh<hKkie<! we<hjk!nxqf<K!ogit<Ouil</!-V!nMk<kMk<k!Ogi{r<gtqe<! %Mkz<! 90º
weqz<?! nju! fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt<! (hml< 6.10 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<) weh<hMl</ hml< 6.10 -z<
m ∠BAD + m ∠DAC = 90º; weOu? ∠BAD Bl< ∠DAC Bl<! fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtiGl<;!-r<G
m ∠BAD = 90º − m ∠DAC ;! yV! Ogi{l<! lx<xkqe<! fqvh<Hg<Ogi{liGl</! weOu?!
-g<Ogi{r<gtqz<!ye<xqe<!ntU!okiqf<kiz<?!lx<xkqe<!ntuqje!nxqb!LcBl</
!
138
-V!nMk<kMk<k!Ogi{r<gtqe<!%Mkz< 180º weqz<?!nju!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt<!
weh<hMl<!(hml< 6.11 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<*/! hmk<kqz<?!!!!!!!
m ∠BAD + m ∠CAD = 180o.
weOu?! -r<G! filxquK! ∠BAD Bl<! ∠CAD Bl<!
lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtiGl</!!OlZl<?!
m ∠DAC = 180º − m ∠BAD ,
m ∠BAD = 180º − m ∠DAC . hml< 6.11
nkiuK?!yV!Ogi{lieK!lx<xkqe<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<!!
Ogi{liGl</!-r<G!yV!Ogi{l<!kvh<hce<?!lx<xjkg<!gi{zil</
6.1.2 <!OgiMgtqe<!lQkie!h{<Hgt<!lx<Xl<!Okx<xr<gt<
nxqf<K! ogit<ukx<gig?! fil<?! OfIg<OgiMgtqe<! lQkie! sqz! h{<HgjtBl<?!

Okx<xr<gjtBl<! -h<OhiK! gi{<Ohil</! -r<G! ! Okx<xr<gjt! fq'hqg<gilz<! osbz<!
uqtg<gk<kqe<!&zl<!siqhiIk<Kg<!ogit<gqOxil</!
!
osbz<; yV!ktk<kqz< A, B we<x!-V!Ht<tqgjtg<!Gxqg<g/
hml< 6.12
Ht<tq! A e<! upqbig! hz! OgiMgt<! ujvg/! ! nux<Xt<! yV! OgiM! lm<Ml<<! B! upqOb!
osz<ujkg<! gi{<g/! -jkh<! Ohie<Ox?! Ht<tq! B! e<! upqOb! hz! OgiMgt<! ujvg/!
nux<Xt<! yOv! yV! OgiM! lm<Ml<! A! e<! upqOb! osz<ujk! okiqf<K! ogit<g/!
-g<OgimieK?! A lx<Xl<! B gjt! -j{g<Gl<! OfIg<OgiM! AB we! nxqg/! -s<!
osbzqzqVf<K?!gQp<g<gi[l<!h{<H!gqjmg<gqxK/!
h{<H!2;!yV!ktk<kqz<?!-V!Ht<tqgt<!ogiMg<gh<hm<cVf<kiz<?!nux<xqe<!upqOb!yOv!yV!
OgiMkie<!njlBl</!
!
Gxqh<H;!OlOz!%xqb!nch<hjmg<!ogit<jgbqzqVf<K!gQp<g<g{<mux<jx!nxqbzil<;!
(i) yV! ktk<kqz<! dt<t! -V! ouu<OuX! Ht<tqgt<! yOv! yV! Ogim<jmk<kie<!
njlg<Gl</!!X , Y we<he!-V!Ht<tqgoteqz<?!OgiM XY ye<Xkie<!njlBl</!
(ii) &e<X! nz<zK! &e<Xg<G! Olx<hm<m! Ht<tqgt<! yV! Ogim<cz<! njlf<kiz<?! nju!
yVOgimjlf<k!Ht<tqgt<!weh<hMl</
139
(iii) &e<X!nz<zK!&e<Xg<G!Olx<hm<m!Ht<tqgtqz<!Wkiuokie<X!lx<xuqV!Ht<tqgtiz<!
njlBl<!Ogim<cz<!njlbiokeqz<?!nju!yVOgimjlf<k!Ht<tqgtigi/
!
osbz<;!yV!ktk<kqz<!AB, CD we<x!-V!ouu<OuX!OgiMgt<!ujvg/!-V!OgiMgjtBl<!
Ou{<Mltuqx<G! fQm<Mg/! -V! OgiMgTg<Gl<! ohiKuig! yV! Ht<tq! -Vh<hjkObi!
nz<zK!-z<zilz<!OhiujkObi!gi{<g (hml< 6.13 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
hml< 6.13
Olx<gi[l<!osbzqzqVf<K!gQpg< <g{<m!h{<H!gqjmg<gqxK/!
!
h{<H 2: -VOuX!OgiMgTg<Gl<!ohiKuig!yV!Ht<tqg<G!Olz<!-Vg<giK/
!
Gxqh<H;!-V!OgiMgTg<gqjmOb!yV!ohiKh<Ht<tq!njlBlieiz<! nju!ye<jxobie<X!
oum<Ml<OgiMgt<! weh<hMl</! ohiKh<Ht<tq! njlbik! OgiMgt<! oum<cg<ogit<tik!
OgiMgt<! weh<hMl</! -k<kjgb! ohiKh<Ht<tq! njlbik! OgiMgt<! -j{! OgiMgt<!
weh<hMl</!
!
osbz<: OgiM!AB!ujvg/!!OgiM!AB bqz<! njlbik P we<x!Ht<tqjb!wMk<Kg<ogit<g/!!
P bqe<! upqOb!osz<ZliX!OgiMgt<! ujvg/!nk<kjgb!OgiMgtqz<! yOv!yV!OgiMkie<!
AB g<G!-j{big!njlujkg<!gi{zil<!(hml< 6.14 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! hml< 6.14
!
-s<osbzqzqVf<K!gQp<g<g{<m!h{<H!gqjmg<gqxK/!
!
h{<H!3: yV!OgiMl<?!nkqz<! njlbik!yV!Ht<tqBl<! kvh<hce<?!kvh<hm<m!Ht<tq!upqOb!
kvh<hm<m!Ogim<cx<G!-j{big!yOv!yV!OgiMkie<!njlBl</
Gxqh<H;! &e<X! nz<zK! nkx<G! Olx<hm<m! OgiMgt<! yVHt<tq! upqOb! osz<Zoleqz<?!

ng<OgiMgt<!yVHt<tqupqg<OgiMgt<!weh<hMl</!
!
140
osbz<;! AB, CD wEl<! -V! ouu<OuX! OgiMgt<! ye<jxobie<X! oum<MliX! ujvf<K?!!
oum<Ml<! Ht<tqjb O weg<! Gxqg<gUl<! (hml< 6.15Jh<! hii<g<gUl<*/! ∠AOC , ∠BOD ,
∠AOD , ∠BOC !Ngqb!Ogi{r<gjt!ntg<gUl</!
-kqzqVf<K!gQp<g<g{<mux<jx!nxqgqe<Oxil</!!
m ∠AOD = m ∠BOC ,
m ∠AOC = m ∠BOD.
-r<G! ∠AOC , ∠BOD Ngqb!Ogi{r<gt< yVOsic!
Gk<okkqi<! Ogi{r<gtiGl</! -u<uiOx?! filxquK!
∠BOC Bl<! ∠AOD Bl<! yVOsic! Gk<okkqi<!
Ogi{r<gtiGl</!! hml< 6.15
!
-s<osbzqzqVf<K!gQp<g<g{<m!h{<H!gqjmg<gqxK/
h{<H! 4;! -VOgiMgt<! ye<jxobie<X! oum<cg<ogi{<miz<! d{<miGl<! Gk<okkqi<!

Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!
!
Gxqh<H: m ∠AOC = xº, m ∠AOD = yº we<g/ Olx<g{<m! nch<hjmg<! ogit<jgbqe<hc
m ∠BOD = xº, m ∠BOC = yº. Neiz< m ∠AOC + m ∠BOC + m ∠BOD + m ∠AOD = 360º
nz<zK xº + yº + xº + yº = 360º nz<zK 2xº + 2yº = 360º nz<zK xº + yº = 180º. weOu xº, yº
lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt<!NGl</!!-kqzqVf<K?!!
m ∠AOC + m ∠BOC = 180º, m∠BOD + m∠AOD = 180º,
m∠AOC + m∠AOD = 180º, m ∠BOC + m ∠BOD = 180º
we! nxqbzil</ Osicgt< ∠AOC? ∠BOC Bl<A ∠BOD, ∠AOD! Bl<A ∠AOC, ∠AOD Bl<A
∠BOC? ∠BOD Bl<!yu<ouie<Xl<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gjt!njlg<gqe<xe/
!
osbz<: AB, CD!we<x!-j{OgiMgt<!ujvg/!!AB g<G!-j{big!-z<zilz<!OgiM!PQ
ujvg (hml< 6.16Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
hml< 6.16
PQ NeK?!-j{OgiMgt< AB jbBl< CD jbBl<!oum<Mujk!nxqg/!PQ NeK!AB, CD
-ux<xqe<! yV! GXg<Goum<cbiGl<! we<hjk! nxqg/! AB, PQ uq<x<G! njlBl<!
ohiKh<Ht<tqjb L weUl<? CD, PQ uqx<G! njlBl<! ohiKh<Ht<tqjb M weUl<! Gxqg<g/!
∠PLB , ∠PLA, ∠BLM , ∠ALM , ∠LMD , ∠LMC , ∠CMQ , ∠QMD ! Ngqbux<jx!
ntf<K!hiIg<gUl</!filxquK?
m ∠PLB = m ∠LMD , m ∠BLM = m ∠DMQ,

m ∠PLA = m ∠LMC , m ∠ALM = m ∠CMQ.
!
-s<osbzqzqVf<K!hqe<uVl<!h{<H!gqjmg<gqxK/
141
h{<H 5: -V!-j{OgiMgTg<G!yV!OgiM!GXg<Goum<cbig!njlf<kiz<?!nr<gjlBl<!
wf<kouiV!Osic!yk<k!Ogi{r<gTl<!ntuqz<!sllig!-Vg<Gl</
!
Gxqh<H: (i) Ogi{l< ∠ALM l< ∠LMD Bl<! yV! Osic! ye<Xuqm<m! dm<Ogi{r<gjt!
njlg<gqe<xe/!Ogi{l< ∠BLM l< ∠LMC Bl<!lx<oxiV!Osic!ye<Xuqm<m!dm<Ogi{r<gt<!
NGl</!Olz<!njlf<k!osbzqe<hc?
m ∠BLM = m ∠LMC , m ∠ALM = m ∠LMD !!
we!nxqbzil</!-kjek<!Okx<xligg<!%XOuil</!
Okx<xl< 1: -V! -j{OgiMgTg<G! yV! OgiM! GXg<Goum<cbig! njlf<kiz<?!

nr<gjlBl<!wf<kouiV!Osic!ye<Xuqm<m!dm<Ogi{r<gTl<!ntuqz<!sll</
(ii) Ogi{l< ∠PLA Ul<! ∠DMQ Ul<! yVOsic! ye<Xuqm<m! outqg<Ogi{r<gjt!

njlg<gqe<xe/! Ogi{l< ∠BLP Bl<! ∠CMQ Ul<! lx<oxiV! Osic! ye<Xuqm<m!
outqg<Ogi{r<gt<!NGl</!!Olz<!njlf<k!osbzqe<hc?!
!m ∠PLA = m ∠DMQ, m ∠BLP = m ∠CMQ
we!nxqgqe<Oxil</!-kjek<!Okx<xligg<!%XOuil</!
!
Okx<xl< 2: -V! -j{OgiMgTg<G! yV! OgiM! GXg<Goum<cbig! njlf<kiz<?!
nr<gjlBl<!wf<kouiV!Osic!ye<Xuqm<m!outqg<Ogi{r<gTl<!ntuqz<!sll</
(iii) Ogi{r<gt< ∠BLM l< ∠LMD Bl<! GXg<Goum<cbqe<! yOvHxl<! njlf<k!

yVOsic! dm<Ogi{r<gjt! njlg<gqe<xe/! -jkh<OhizOu! ∠ALM l< ∠LMC Bl<!
GXg<Goum<cbqe<! yOvHxl<! njlf<k! lx<oxiVOsic! dm<Ogi{r<gt<! NGl</! Olz<!
njlf<k!osbzqe<hc?!
m ∠BLM + m ∠LMD = 180°, m ∠ALM + m ∠LMC = 180°
we!nxqbzil</!-f<k!d{<jljbk<!Okx<xligg<!%xzil</
!
Okx<xl< 3: -V! -j{OgiMgTg<G! yV! OgiM! GXg<Goum<cbig! njlf<kiz<?! yOv!
hg<gk<kqz<!njlf<k!yVOsic!dm<Ogi{r<gt<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtiGl</
!
osbz<: yV!OgiM!AB ujvg/!OgiM AB!g<G!-j{big!njlbik!OgiM!PQ ujvg/!!
OgiMgt<! AB Bl<! PQ Ul<! sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqjb! L!
weg<! Gxqg<gUl</!L!nz<zik!lx<oxiV!Ht<tq!M J!
OgiM PQ!e<!lQK!Gxqg<gUl</! ∠ALM J!ntg<gUl</!
M -e<! upqOb! ! m ∠ALM = m ∠LMD we!
njlBliX! OgiM CD ujvg (hml< 6.17Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<). -kqzqVf<K! OgiM! PQ we<hK! OgiMgt<!
AB, CD -ux<xqx<G! GXg<Goum<c! weUl<? AB Bl<
CDBl<! ye<jxobie<X!sf<kqg<gik!OgiMgt<! weUl<! hml< 6.17
nxqbLcgqe<xK/!
!
h{<H 6: yV! GXg<Goum<c! -V! OgiMgjt! oum<Ml<ohiPK! Wx<hMk<Kl<! yVOsic!

ye<Xuqm<mOgi{r<gt<!sllig!-Vh<hqe<?!nu<uqV!OgiMgt<!-j{OgiMgtiGl</!!!
!
142
Olx<g{<m!h{<hqzqVf<K!hqe<uVl<!Okx<xr<gjt!fq'hqg<gzil</
Okx<xl< 4: yV!GXg<Goum<c!-V!OgiMgjt!oum<Ml<ohiPK!Wx<hMk<Kl<!yVOsic!yk<k!
Ogi{r<gt<!sllig!-Vh<hqe<?!nu<uqV!OgiMgt<!-j{!OgiMgtiGl</
!
Okx<xl< 5: yV!GXg<Goum<c!-V!OgiMgjt!oum<Ml<ohiPK!Wx<hMk<Kl<! Ogi{r<gtqz<?!
GXg<Goum<cbqe<! yOvHxl<! njlf<k! yV! Osic! dm<Ogi{r<gt<! lqjgfqvh<Hg<!
Ogi{r<gtig!njlf<kiz<?!nu<uqV!OgiMgt<!-j{!OgiMgtiGl</
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: hml< 6.18!-z<! OgiM l1 Ul<! OgiM l2 Ul<! -j{OgiMgtiGl</!!OgiM l3 !
NeK OgiMgt< l1, l2 gTg<G GXg<Goum<cbiGl</! ∠1 , ∠2 Ngqb! Ogi{r<gtqe<!
ntUgtqe<! uqgqkl< 4 : 5! weqz<? ∠1 , ∠2 , ∠3 , ∠4 , ∠5 , ∠6 , ∠7 , ∠8 ! Ngqb!
Ogi{r<gtqe<!ntUgjtg<!gi{<g/
hml< 6.18
m∠1 4 4
kQi<U: m ∠1 : m ∠2 = 4 : 5 ⇒ = ⇒ m ∠1 = × m ∠2 . Neiz<?! ∠1 , ∠2 wEl<!
m∠2 5 5
lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!Osic!we<hkiz<?!m ∠1 + m ∠2 = 180°. !
4 4 × m∠2 + 5 × m∠2
∴ × m ∠2 + m ∠2 = 180° (n.K*! = 180°
5 5
(n.K* 9× m ∠2 = 180 × 5 (n.K*! m ∠2 = 100°.
∴ m ∠1 = 180° − m ∠2 = 180° − 100° = 80°.
-h<ohiPK?!
m ∠3 = m ∠1 = 80° ( ∠1 , ∠3 we<he!yV!Osic!Gk<okkqi<!Ogi{r<gt<),
m ∠4 = m ∠2 = 100°( ∠2 , ∠4 we<he!yV!Osic!Gk<okkqi<!Ogi{r<gt<),
m ∠5 = m ∠1 = 80° ( ∠1 , ∠5 we<he!yV!Osic!yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<),
m ∠6 = m ∠2 = 100° ( ∠2 , ∠6 we<he!yV!Osic!yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<),
m ∠7 = m ∠5 = 80° ( ∠5 , ∠7 we<he!yV!Osic!Gk<okkqi<!Ogi{r<gt<),
m ∠8 = m ∠6 = 100° ( ∠6 , ∠8 we<he!yV!Osic!Gk<okkqi<!Ogi{r<gt<).
!
!
143
wMk<Kg<gim<M 2: hml< 6.19 -z<! AB NeK CD g<G!-j{OgiM!weUl<? AC NeK BD g<G
-j{OgiM!weUl<!fq'hq/
!
!
!
!
!
!
! hml< 6.19 !
!
kQi<U: OgiM! CD NeK! OgiM AC g<Gl<! BD g<Gl< GXg<Goum<cbiGl</! -r<G?!
m∠ACD + m∠CDB = 50° + 130° = 180°.! weOu?! GXg<Goum<cbqe<! yVHxl<! njlf<k!
dm<Ogi{r<gtie! ∠ACD Bl<! ∠CDB Bl<! lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtiGl</!weOu?!AC Bl<!
BD Bl<! -j{! OgiMgt</! weOu?! yk<k! Ogi{r<gt< ∠XCA Bl< ∠CDB Bl<! sll</!!
weOu?!m ∠XCA = 130°. nMk<kkig?!AB g<Gl< CD g<Gl<?!AC GXg<Goum<cbiGl</ -r<G?!
m ∠XCA = m ∠CAB = 130°. nkiuK! ye<Xuqm<m! Ogi{r<gt< ∠XCA Ul< ∠CAB Bl<!
sll</!!weOu?! AB Bl< CD Bl<!-j{OgiMgtiGl<.
6.1.3 Lg<Ogi{k<jkh<!hx<xqb!h{<HgTl<!!Okx<xr<gTl<
!
Lg<Ogi{k<jkh<! hx<xq! Wx<geOu! fil<! nxqf<Kt<Otil</! ! Lg<Ogi{l<!
we<hK!&e<X!hg<gr<gtizie!yV!ucuqbz<! dVuliGl</!!hml< 6.20!-z< DE,
XY, PQ &e<X!OgiMgt<. OgiMgt< PQ Ul< XY!Bl<!!
Ht<tq A -z<! oum<cg<! ogit<gqe<xe/! OgiMgt<!
DE Bl< XY Bl< Ht<tq! B -z<! oum<cg<!
ogit<gqe<xe/! OgiMgt<! PQ Ul< DE Bl< Ht<tq!
C -z<! oum<cg<! ogit<gqe<xe/ AB, BC, CA
Ngqb!Ogim<Mk<!K{<Mgtiz<!njlBl<!ucul<!
Lg<Ogi{l<! ABC! weh<hMl</! OfIg<Ogim<Mk<!
K{<Mgt< AB, BC, CA Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!
hg<gr<gt<! weh<hMl</! Ht<tqgt< A, B, C
Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! ds<sqgt<! weh<hMl</! hml< 6.20
Ogi{r<gt< ∠BAC , ∠ABC , ∠BCA
Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! dm<Ogi{r<gt<! weh<hMl</!-g<Ogi{r<gt<! wtqkig ∠A , ∠B , ∠C weg<!
Gxqg<gh<hMl</!!Ogi{l< ∠PAB Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!outqg<Ogi{liGl</!!OlZl<!Ogi{r<gt<
∠DBA , ∠YBC , ∠BCQ , ∠ECA , ∠CAX we<he!Lg<Ogi{l<!ABC!bqe<!outqg<Ogi{r<gt<!
we!nxqf<K!ogit<Ouil</
Le<uGh<hqz<!hck<kux<xqzqVf<K!hqe<uVl<!ujvbjxgjt!fqjeU%i<Ouil<;
(i) yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<!wf<kuqV!hg<gr<gTl<!sll<!-z<jz!weqz<?!nl<Lg<Ogi{l<!yV!
nslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{liGl</
(ii) yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<! WkiuK! -V! hg<gr<gt<! sll<! weqz<?! nl<Lg<Ogi{l<! YI!
-Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{liGl</
(iii) yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<! wz<zi! hg<gr<gTl<! sll<! weqz<?! nl<Lg<Ogi{l<! yV!slhg<g!
Lg<Ogi{liGl</
144
(iv) yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<! &e<X! Ogi{r<gTl<! GXr<Ogi{r<gtibqe<?! nl<Lg<Ogi{l<!!
yV!GXr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{liGl</
(v) yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqz< WkiuK!yV!Ogi{l<! uqiqOgi{l<! weqz<?!nl<Lg<Ogi{l<! yV!
uqiqOgi{!Lg<Ogi{liGl</
(vi) yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz< yV! Ogi{l<! osr<Ogi{libqe< (Ogi{k<kqe<! ntU 90°)?
nl<Lg<Ogi{l<!yV!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{liGl</
!
Lg<Ogi{k<jkh<!hx<xqb!hqe<uVl<!Okx<xr<gjtg<!%XOuil</
!
Okx<xl< 6: yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!&e<X!Ogi{r<gtqe<!ntUgtqe<!%Mkz<!180°!NGl</
Okx<xl< 7: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! yV! hg<gl<! fQm<mh<hm<M<! d{<miGl<! outqg<Ogi{k<kqe<!

ntU!dt<otkqi<!Ogi{r<gtqe<!ntUgtqe<!%MkZg<Gs<!slliGl</
fq'h{l<: ABC yV!Lg<Ogi{l</!hg<gl< BC jb!
fQm<Mg/ BC e<! fQm<sqbqz<! X we<x! Ht<tqjbg<!
Gxqg<gUl</! hml< 6.21 -z< ∠ACX outqg<!
Ogi{liGl<? ∠A Ul< ∠B Bl<! dt<otkqi<!
Ogi{r<gtiGl</ m∠ACX = m ∠A + m ∠B !
we! fq'hqk<kz<! Ou{<Ml</ ∠ACX Ul< ∠C Bl<!
lqjg!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtiGl</
∴ m ∠ACX + m ∠C = 180°.
hml< 6.21
Neiz<?! m ∠A + m ∠B + m ∠C = 180°.
∴ m ∠ACX + m ∠C = m ∠A + m ∠B + m ∠C . -V! hg<gLl<! ohiK m ∠C jb! fQg<gl<!
osb<b!m ∠ACX = m ∠A + m ∠B NGl</
osbz<:! hml<! 6.22 -z<! dt<thc! Lg<Ogi{l<! PQR ujvg/! ! hg<gr<gt<! PQ, QR, RP
Ngqbux<xqe<! fQtr<gtigqb! PQ, QR, RP J! ntf<K! hii<k<K! PQ + QR, QR + PR,
PR + PQ!Ngqb!lkqh<Hgjtg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</!!-kqzqVf<K?
(i) PQ + QR > PR, (ii) QR + PR > PQ, (iii) PR + PQ > QR
weg<!g{<mxqbzil</!
!
!
h{<H 7: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! -V! hg<gr<gtqe<! fQtr<gtqe<!
%Mkz<!&e<xiuK!hg<gk<kqe<!fQtk<jkuqmg<!%MkziGl</ hml< 6.22
!
Gxqh<H: wf<kouiV!Lg<Ogi{l< ABC bqZl<? (i) AB < BC + CA
(ii) BC < CA + AB (iii) CA < AB + BC.
-ju!Lg<Ogi{!sleqe<jlgt<!weh<hMl</
osbz<: hml< 6.23 -z<! dt<tuiX! Lg<Ogi{l<! ABC

ujvg/! Ogi{r<gt<! ∠A , ∠B , ∠C Ngqbux<jx!
ntg<gUl</!OlZl<?!AB, BC, CA!Ngqb!hg<gtUgjtBl<!
hml< 6.23
!
145
g{<Mhqcg<gUl</! ! Ogi{r<gtqe<! ntUgjt! yh<hqm<Mh<! hii<k<K! nkqz<! lqgh<! ohiqb!
Ogi{l<! wK! we<hkjeg<! g{<mxqbUl</! ! -jkh<! Ohie<Ox! hg<gr<gtqe<! ntUgjt!
yh<hqm<Mh<hii<k<K! nkqz<! lqgh<ohiqb! hg<gl<! wK! we<hkjeg<! g{<mxqbUl</! ! -kqzqVf<K!
ohiqb! Ogi{k<kqx<G! wkqOvBt<t! hg<gl<! ohiqbK! we! nxqbzil</! ! Ogi{! ntU!
nkqglig! dt<tjk?! ohiqbOgi{l<! weUl<?! hg<g! ntU! nkqglig! dt<tjk?! ohiqb!
hg<gl<!weUl<!ogit<tzil</!!-f<k!d{<jljbh<!hqe<uVl<!h{<hig!wPkzil</!!
!
h{<H!8: yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<?!lqgh<ohiqb!hg<gk<kqx<G!wkqiqZt<t!Ogi{l<!lqgh<ohiqbK/
!
!
Gxqh<H: l we<x! Ogim<jmg<! gVKg/! hml<! 6.24! -z<!
dt<tuiX! l e<! lQK! njlbik P we<x! Ht<tqjb!
wMk<Kg<ogit<g/! ! P bqzqVf<K! OgiM! ! l g<G!
osr<Gk<Kg<OgiM! PL ujvg/ L nz<zik! OuoxiV!
Ht<tq!M J!l!e<! lQK!wMk<Kg<! ogit<g/!hg<gl<! PM
J!-j{g<gUl</!Lg<Ogi{l< PLM yV osr<Ogi{!! hml< 6.24
Lg<Ogi{liGl</!Woeeqz<!hg<gl< PL,!l g<G!osr<Gk<kiGl</!
weOu? m ∠PLM = 90°. m ∠PLM + m ∠LMP + m ∠LPM = 180°!we<hkiz<?
90° + m ∠LMP + m ∠LPM = 180° nz<zK m ∠LMP + m ∠LPM = 90°
∴ m ∠LMP < 90°, m ∠LPM < 90°, m ∠LMP = 90° − m ∠LPM .
nkiuK?! Ogi{l< ∠LMP Bl< ∠LPM Bl<! GXr<Ogi{r<gt<! lx<Xl<! fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt</!
weOu? ∠PLM NeK Lg<Ogi{l< PLM! -z<! lqgh<! ohiqb! Ogi{l</! ! weOu! hg<gl< PM
lqgh<! ohiqb! hg<gl<A! nkiuK?! PL < PM, M we<hK! Ogim<ce<! lQKt<t! WkiuK! yV!
Ht<tq/!!weOu!P!bqzqVf<K!ujvbh<hMl<!osr<Gk<Kg<OgiM PL, P bqzqVf<K!OgiM!l!g<G!
ujvbh<hMl<! lx<x! Ogim<Mk<K{<Mgjt! uqm! lqgg<! Gjxuie! fQtLjmbkiGl</! -r<G?!
LM < PM . lqgh<ohiqb! hg<gligqb! PM! J?! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{l<! PLM e<! gI{l<!
we<gqOxil</!
6.1.4 si<usl!Lg<Ogi{r<gt<
!
ucuqbjzh<! hx<xq! nxqBl<ohiPK?! si<usl! Lg<Ogi{r<gjt! ncg<gc! gVk!
Ou{<cBt<tK/!weOu!nux<xqe<!sqz!Lg<gqb!d{<jlgjth<!hx<xq!okiqf<Kogit<Ouil</
!
osbz<: -V! oux<Xk<! kit<gjt! wMk<Kg<ogit<tUl</! ! nux<xqx<gqjmOb! yV! jlbs<Sk<!
kit<! ye<xqjeh<! ohiVk<kUl</! yV! kitqe<! lQK! yV! Lg<Ogi{l<! ujvbUl</! ! nMk<k!
kitqz<! njkh<Ohie<x! yk<k! yV! Lg<Ogi{l<! njlf<kqVh<hjkg<! gi{zil<! )jlbs<Sh<!
hcul<*/! -u<uqV! Lg<Ogi{r<gjtBl<! si<usl! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! weg<! %xzil</! -u<uqV!
Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!slhg<gr<gjtBl<?!sl!Ogi{r<gjtBl<!ohiVk<kzil</!ohiVk<kh<hm<m!!
hm<m! slhg<gr<gt<! yk<k! hg<gr<gt<! weUl<?! slOgi{r<gt<! yk<k! Ogi{r<gt<! weUl<!
%xh<hMl</! ! yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqZt<t! njek<K! hg<gr<gTl<?! Ogi{r<gTl<! lx<oxiV!
146
Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! yk<k! hg<gr<gTg<Gl<?! Ogi{r<gTg<Gl<! sllieiz<?!
nl<Lg<Ogi{r<gjt!si<usl!Lg<Ogi{r<gt<!we<xjph<Ohil</ !
!
!
!
!
! hml< 6.25
!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! hml<! 6.25 z<! dt<t! Lg<Ogi{r<gt< ABC, DPX Jg<! gVKg/!!!!!!!
-kqz<! AB = DX, BC = PX, CA = PD; ∠B = ∠X , ∠C = ∠P, ∠A = ∠D we! -Vh<hkiz<!
Lg<Ogi{l<! ABC Bl<! Lg<Ogi{l< DXP Bl<! si<usl! Lg<Ogi{r<gtiGl</! ! -kje
∆ABC ≡ ∆DXP!we!wPkzil</
si<usl! Lg<Ogi{r<gjth<! ohiXk<K! NX! yk<k! sle<hiMgt<! dt<tK! we<hjk!
nxqf<K! ogit<g/! lXkjzbig?! NX! yk<k! sle<hiMgt<! ogiMg<gh<hm<cVf<kiz<!
Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! si<uslliGl</! hqe<uVl<! &e<X! okiGh<Hgtqz<! WOkEl<! ye<X!
ogiMg<gh<hm<cVf<kiz<! yV! Lg<Ogi{l<! ujvbzil<! we! Lf<jkb! uGh<Hgtqz<!
nxqf<Kt<Otil</
(i) -V! hg<gr<gtqe<! ntUgt<?! nux<xqx<gqjmOb! dt<t! Ogi{k<kqe<! ntU!!!!!!
)h.Ogi.h!ogit<jg*/
(ii) &e<X!hg<gr<gtqe<!ntUgt<!)h.h.h!ogit<jg*/
(iii) -V!Ogi{!ntUgt<?!yV!hg<gk<kqe<!ntU!)Ogi.h.Ogi!ogit<jg*/
gQp<g<gi[l<!ohiVk<kr<gtqz<!WOkEl<!ye<xqje!-V!Lg<Ogi{r<gTg<G!fqI{bqk<kiz<?!
nl<Lg<Ogi{r<gjt!si<usll<!weg<!%xzil</
(i) hg<gl<!.!Ogi{l<!.!hg<gl<!
(ii) Ogi{l<!.!hg<gl<!.!Ogi{l<!
(iii) hg<gl<!.!hg<gl<!.!hg<gl<!
osbz<: AB = PQ, ∠A = ∠P , AC = PR we!-Vg<GliX!-V!Lg<Ogi{r<gt<!ABC, PQR

ujvbUl</! nux<jxg<! gk<kiqk<K!
wMk<K!nux<jx!ye<xe<!lQK!ye<xigh<!
ohiVk<k! Lbx<sqg<gUl<! (hml< 6.26 Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<). -l<Lbx<sqbqz<?! ds<sq P,
ds<sq A e<! lQKl<?! ds<sq Q, ds<sq B e<!
lQKl<?!ds<sq R, ds<sq C!e<! lQKl<?!AB ,
AC Ngqb! hg<gr<gtiz<! dt<tmg<gqb!
Ogi{l<!∠A NeK PQ, PR Ngqb!! hml< 6.26
147
hg<gr<gtiz<! dt<tmg<gqb! Ogi{l<! ∠P BmEl<! lqgs<! siqbigh<! ohiVf<Kujk!
dx<XOfig<gzil</!!-kqzqVf<K!hqe<uVl<!h{<hqje!nxqgqOxil</
h{<H 9: yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! -V!hg<gr<gTl<! nju!dt<tmg<gqb!Ogi{Ll<?!lx<oxiV!

Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! -V! hg<gr<gTg<Gl<! nju! dt<tmg<gqb! Ogi{k<kqx<Gl<! sllieiz<?!
nu<uqV!Lg<Ogi{r<gTl<!si<uslliGl</
Gxqh<H: -f<k!h{<hqje!si<usl!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! hg<gl<! .!Ogi{l<! .!hg<gl<! nch<hjmk<!

kk<Kul<!nz<zK!SVg<glig!h.Ogi.h!nch<hjmk<!kk<Kul<!weg<!%xzil</
osbz<: ∠B = ∠Q, BC = QR , ∠C = ∠R we! -Vg<GliX! -V! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! ABC, PQR

ujvbUl</! nux<jxg<! gk<kiqk<okMk<K! ye<xe<lQokie<xig! ohiVk<kqh<hiIg<jgbqz<?!
njubqv{<Ml<!siqbigh<!ohiVf<Kgqe<xe!(hml<!6.27 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
hml< 6.27
!
-s<osbzqzqVf<K!gqjmg<Gl<!nch<hjmk<!kk<Kuk<kqje!yV!Okx<xligg<!%Xgqe<Oxil</
Okx<xl< 8: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! -V! Ogi{r<gTl<! nux<xiz<! -j{f<k! hg<gLl<!

lx<oxiV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! -V! Ogi{r<gTg<Gl<! nux<xiz<! -j{f<k! hg<gk<kqx<Gl<!
sllieiz<?!nf<k!-V!Lg<Ogi{r<gTl<!si<usl!Lg<Ogi{r<gtiGl</
!
Gxqh<H: -f<k!h{<hqje!si<usl!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!Ogi{l<!.!hg<gl<!.!Ogi{l<!nch<hjmk<!
kk<Kul<!nz<zK!Ogi.h.Ogi!nch<hjmk<!kk<Kul<!weg<!%xzil</!!
!
osbz<: ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, BC = EF we!-Vg<GliX!-V!Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! ABC, DEF
ujvbUl< (hml<!6.28 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
hml< 6.28
ABC yV!Lg<Ogi{l</!weOu ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°. (1)
148
DEF yV!Lg<Ogi{l</!weOu ∠D + ∠E + ∠F = 180°
Neiz<? ∠D = ∠A, ∠B = ∠E ∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠F = 180° (2)
(1), (2)!e<!hc? ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = ∠A + ∠B + ∠F .
∴ ∠C = ∠F .
weOu!Lg<Ogi{l< ABC, DEF z< ∠B , ∠C Bl<!nkEjmb!hg<gl< BC Bl<?! ∠E , ∠F x<Gl<!

nkx<Giqb! hg<gl<! EF x<Gl<! sllig! -Vh<hkiz<! Ogi.h.Ogi! h{<hqe<hc! ∆ABC ≡ ∆DEF.
-kqzqVf<K!gQp<g<g{<m!Okx<xk<jk!nxqbzil</
Okx<xl< 9: -V! Lg<Ogi{r<gtqz<! ye<xqe<! -V! Ogi{r<gTl<?! nke<! WkiuK! yV!

hg<gLl<?! lx<oxiV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! -V! Ogi{r<gTg<Gl<?! yk<k! hg<gk<kqx<Gl<!
sloleqz<?!nf<k!-V!Lg<Ogi{r<gTl<!si<uslliGl</
!
Gxqh<H: si<usll<! hx<xqb! -f<k! kk<Kuk<kqje! Ogi{l<! .! Ogi{l<! .! hg<gl<! nch<hjmk<!
kk<Kul<!nz<zK!!SVg<glig!Ogi.Ogi.h!nch<hjmk<!kk<Kul<!weg<!%xzil</
!
osbz<: BC = EF, CA = FD, AB = DE we! -Vg<GliX! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! ABC, DEF
Ngqbux<jx! ujvbUl< (hml< 6.29Jh<! hii<g<gUl<). -kqz<! Lg<Ogi{l<! DEF J
oum<cobMk<K!Lg<Ogi{l<!ABC !e<!lQK!jug<g?!njubqv{<Ml<!lqgs<!siqbigh<
hml< 6.29
!
ohiVf<Kgqe<xe/! -f<fqjzbqz<?! D, A bqe<! lQKl<?! E, B bqe<! lQKl<?! F, C bqe<! lQKl<!
njlujk!nxqbzil</!!weOu!∆ABC ≡ ∆DEF. -s<osbzqzqVf<K!hqe<uVl<! Okx<xk<jk!
nxqbzil</
!
Okx<xl< 10: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! &e<X! hg<gr<gt<! lx<oxiV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! &e<X!
hg<gr<gTg<Gs<!sloleqz<?!nu<uqV!Lg<Ogi{r<gTl<!si<usll<!NGl</!
Gxqh<H: Olx<%xqb! kk<Kul<! hg<gl<! .! hg<gl<! .! hg<gl<! nch<hjmk<! kk<Kul<! weg<!

%xh<hMl<A!SVg<glig?!-kje!h.h.h!nch<hjmk<!kk<Kul<!weg<!%xzil</
!
h.h.Ogi! kk<Kul<! nz<zK! Ogi.Ogi.Ogi! ogit<jg! si<usl! Lg<Ogi{r<gTg<Gh<!
ohiVf<Kli!we!-h<ohiPK!Osikqh<Ohil</!
osbz<: ABC we<x!Lg<Ogi{l<!ujvg/!BC g<G!-j{big!OgiM!XY ujvg (hml< 6.30Jh<!

hii<g<gUl<). XY Bl<! AB Bl<! sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqjb! D weg<! Gxqg<gUl<A! XY Bl<! AC Bl<!
149
sf<kqg<Gl<!Ht<tqjb!E we!Gxqg<gUl</!!hg<gl<!AB Bl<?!hg<gl<!AC Bl<!-j{OgiMgtie!
BC, XYgTg<G!GXg<G!oum<cgtiGl</!!weOu! ∠D = ∠B, ∠E = ∠C (yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<).
!
! hml< 6.30
!
-r<G?! Lg<Ogi{r<gt< ABC, ADE gTg<G! Ogi.Ogi.Ogi! ohiVk<kl<! dt<tK/! Neiz<?!
nu<uqV! Lg<Ogi{r<gTl<! si<usl! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! nz<z/! Woeeqz<?! yk<k! hg<gr<gt<!
sllz<z/! weOu?! Ogi.Ogi.Ogi! ohiVk<klieK! Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! sIusllibqVh<hkx<G!
nch<hjmk<!kk<KulibqVg<giK!we!nxqgqOxil</
!
osbz<: OhiKlie! ntuqx<G! fQtlie! yV! OgiM! AX ujvg/! a nzGgt<! fQtLjmb!

OfIg<Ogim<Mk<! K{<M!AB J?!Ogi{l<! ∠BAX yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!ntU!-Vg<GliX!ujvf<K!
ogit<g/! B jb! jlbligUl<?! b (< a) nzG! NvligUl<! djmb! um<ml<! ujvg/!
nu<um<ml<! AX jb!-V!Ht<tqgtqz<! oum<Mujk!fil<! gi{<gqOxil</!-h<Ht<tqgjt!C, D
weg<!Gxqg<gUl< (hml<!6.31 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
!
!
! hml< 6.31
Lg<Ogi{r<gt< ABC? ABD gTg<G! h.h.Ogi! ohiVk<kl<! dt<tK/! ! Neiz<! AC ≠ AD.
weOu ∆ABC NeK! ∆ABD g<Gs<! sIusllz<z/ -s<osbzqzqVf<K! h.h.Ogi! ohiVk<kl<?!
Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! ! si<usllig! -Vh<hkx<G! nch<hjmk<! kk<Kulig! njlbiK! we!
nxqbzil</
!
osbz<: BC = QR = a nzGgt<! -Vg<GliX!Ogim<M!K{<Mgt<! BC, QR ujvg/! BC bqe<!
jlbh<Ht<tqjb X weUl<? QR -e<! jlbh<Ht<tqjb! Y weUl<! Gxqg<gUl</! X, Y -ux<jx!
a
jlbbr<gtigUl<? nzGgt<! NvligUl<! ogi{<M! um<mr<gt<! ujvg/! B, Q -ux<jx!
2
jlbr<gtiigUl<?! b(< a) nzGgt< NvligUl<! ogi{<M! uqx<gt<! ujvg/! ! -f<k! uqx<gt<!
150
Wx<geOu! ujvf<k! um<mr<gjt! oum<Ml<! Ht<tqgjt! LjxOb! A, P weg<! Gxqg<gUl<
(hml< 6.32 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<). AB, AC, PQ, PR jb!-j{g<gUl</! AC, PR fQtr<gjt!
!
! hml< 6.32
!
ntg<gUl</! AC = PR we<hjk! nxqbzil</! ! weOu! ∆ABC ≡ ∆PQR . -s<osbzqzqVf<K!
gQp<g<gi[l<!Okx<xk<kqjeg<!gi{<gqOxil</
!
!
Okx<xl< 11: yV! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! gi<{l<?! WOkEl<! yV! hg<gl<?! lx<oxiV!
osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! gI{l<?! yV! hg<gl<! Ngqbux<xqx<G! LjxOb! sllig!
-Vh<hqe<?!nu<uqV!Lg<Ogi{r<gTl<!si<uslliGl</!
!
Gxqh<H: -k<Okx<xl<! kVl<! nch<hjmk<! kk<Kuk<kqje! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<! sIu!
slk<Kuk<kqx<gie! osr<Ogi{l<! .! gi<{l<! .! hg<gl<! nch<hjmk<! kk<Kul<! nz<zK!
SVg<glig!os.g.h!nch<hjmk<!kk<Kul<!we!wPkh<hMgqxK/
6.1.5 -j{gvk<kqe<!h{<Hgt<
fie<G! hg<gr<gtiz<! njmhMl<! dVul<! fix<gvl<! we<hkje! nxqOuil</!!
wkqi<hg<gr<gt<!-j{big!dt<t!fix<gvl<!-j{gvl<!weh<hMl</!!
hml< 6.34
! hml<!6.33
!
hml<! 6.33! -z< ABCD yV! fix<gvl</! hml<! 6.34. -z<! PQRS yV! -j{gvliGl</!!
-h<hmk<kqz< PQ || SR (PQ NeK SR g<G! -j{biGl<! we<hjk! -u<uiX! Gxqh<Ohil<);
OlZl< PS || QR.
h{<H 1: YI!-j{gvk<kqz<?!wkqi<hg<gr<gt<!sl!fQtLjmbju/
fq'h{l<: ABCD YI! -j{gvl<! we<g/ BD jb!
-j{g<gUl< (hml<! 6.35Jh<! hii<g<gUl<). ∆ABD, ∆BDC
Ngqbux<jxg<! gVKg/!-r<G!AB || CD, BD NeK!AB,
CD!Ngqbux<xqx<G!GXg<Goum<cbig!dt<tK/!weOu?!
m ∠ABD = m∠BDC. -u<uiOx? AD || BC,! BD NeK
hml< 6.35
AD, BC Ngqbux<xqx<G!GXg<Goum<c!we<hkiz<?!!
151
m ∠ADB = m∠DBC. hg<gl< BD, Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! ABD, BDCg<G! ohiKuig! dt<tK/!!
weOu?! Ogi.Ogi.h<! ogit<jgbqe<hc ∆ABD ≡ ∆BDC. ∴ yk<k! hg<gr<gt<! sll</! ! weOu?!
AB = CD lx<Xl< AD = BC.
!
h{<H 2: YI!-j{gvk<kqz<?!wkqi<Ogi{r<gt<<!slntUjmbju/
fq'h{l<: ABCD YI!-j{gvl<!we<g/ BD jb!-j{g<gUl<!
(hml< 6.36!Jh<!hiIg<gUl<). ∆ABD, ∆BDC Ngqbux<Xt<
AB || DC, BD NeK! AB, DC! Ngqbux<Xg<G! yV!
GXg<Goum<c!we<hkiz<?!m ∠ABD = m∠BDC. OlZl<!!
AD || BC, BD NeK AD, BC Ngqbux<Xg<G yV!
GXg<Goum<c!we<hkiz<?!m ∠ADB = m∠CBD.
∴ m ∠ABC = m∠ABD + m∠DBC
= m ∠BDC + m∠ADB
= m ∠ADC. hml< 6.36
-u<uiOx m ∠BAD = m∠BCD we!nxqbzil</!
h{<H 3: -j{gvk<kqe<!&jzuqm<mr<gt<!ye<jxobie<X!slg<%xqMl</
fq'h{l<: ABCD YI! -j{gvl</! AC, BD we<he!
&jzuqm<mr<gt</! -ju! oum<cg<! ogit<Tl<! Ht<tqjb!
M ! we<g/! -r<G?! ∠BAM = ∠DCM, ∠ABM = ∠ CDM,
AB = CD.! weOu?! Ogi.h.Ogi! ogit<jgbqe<! hc?!!
∆AMB ≡ ∆CMD (hml< 6.37Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
∴AM = CM, BM = DM.
weOu!&jzuqm<mr<gt<!slg<%xqMl</! hml< 6.37
h{<H 4: yV! fix<gvk<kqe<! wkqi<hg<gr<gt<! sl! ntU! ogi{<cVf<kiz<! nf<k! fix<gvl<!

-j{gvliGl</
fq'h{l<: ABCD we<x!fix<gvk<kqz< AB = CD, AD = BC.
AC jb!-j{g<gUl</ Lg<Ogi{r<gt<!ACB, ADC!
Ngqbux<Xt<!h.h.h!ogit<jgbqe<hc
∆ABC ≡ ∆CDA (hml< 6.38Jh<!hii<g<gUl<). hqe<H?!
m ∠BAC = m∠ACD , m ∠CAD = m∠ACB.
∴ AB || CD ; OlZl< AD || BC.
weOu!ABCD YI!-j{gvl</ hml< 6.38
h{<H 5: yV! fix<gvk<kqe<! wkqi<Ogi{r<gt<! sl! ntU! ogi{<cVf<kiz<?! nf<k! fix<gvl<!

-j{gvliGl</
fq'h{l<: ABCD we<El<! fix<gvk<kqz< (hml< 6.39 Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<). m ∠BAD = m∠BCD , m ∠ABC = m∠ADC .
BD jb! -j{g<gUl</ ABD, CDB! Ngqb!
Lg<Ogi{r<gjtg<!gVKg/!-r<G?!
m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠BCD = 180°;
m∠3 + m∠4 + m∠BAD = 180°.
∴ m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠BCD = m∠3 + m∠4 + m∠BAD, hml< 6.39
Woeeqz<?!m∠BCD = m∠BAD .
152
∴ m∠1 + m∠2 = m∠3 + m∠4 (1)
Neiz<? m∠1 + m∠3 = m∠ABC , m∠2 + m∠ 4 = m∠ADC
∴ m∠1 + m∠3 = m∠2 + m∠4
nkiuK? m∠1 − m∠2 = m∠4 − m∠3 2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2m∠1 = 2m∠4 ⇒ m∠1 = m∠4. ∴ AD || BC.
(1) − (2) ⇒ 2m∠2 = 2m∠3 ⇒ m∠2 = m∠3. ∴ AB || CD.
weOu?!ABCD YI!-j{gvl</
h{<H 6: yV!fix<gvk<kqe<! &jzuqm<mr<gt<! ye<jxobie<X!slg<%xqMoleqz<?!nf<fix<gvl<!

YI!-j{gvliGl</
fq'h{l<: ABCD yV!fix<gvl</ AC, BD &jzuqm<mr<gt</
AC Bl< BD Bl<!Ht<tq M -z<!oum<cg<ogit<gqe<xe!
(hml< 6.40Jh<!hii<g<gUl<). M NeK!AC, BD gtqe<!
fMh<Ht<tq/!!
∴AM = CM, BM = DM.
Gk<okkqI!Ogi{r<gt<!sll<!we<hkiz<?!
m∠AMB = m∠CMD , m∠AMD = m∠BMC .
hml< 6.40
h.Ogi.h!ogit<jgbqe<hc?!!
∆AMB ≡ ∆CMD, ∆AMD ≡ ∆CMB. weOu!∠BAM =∠DCM, ∠ABM = ∠CDM (1)
AB, CD gTg<G!AC yV!GXg<Goum<c/!(1) e<!hc?!ye<Xuqm<m!dm<Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!
∴AB || CD. -jkh<OhizOu? AD || BC. weOu ABCD YI!-j{gvl</
Okx<xl< 12: yV! Osic! wkqi<hg<gr<gt<! -j{bigUl<?! slligUl<! dt<t! fix<gvl<! YI!
-j{gvliGl</
ogit<jg: ABCD we<x!fix<gvk<kqz< AB || CD, AB = CD.
fq'hqg<g: ABCD YI!-j{gvl</!
ujvkz<: ACjb!-j{g<gUl<!(hml< 6.41Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
fq'h{l<: ∆ABC, ∆ADC Ngqbux<Xt<?!
(i) AB = CD (ogit<jg)A!
(ii) AC ohiKA hml< 6.41
(iii) AB || CD, AB g<Gl< CD g<Gl< AC GXg<Goum<c
⇒ m∠BAC = m∠ACD!!)ye<Xuqm<m!Ogi{r<gt<!slliGl<*/!
∴ h.Ogi.h!ogit<jgbqe<!hc?!∆ABC ≡ ∆ADC.
∴ Lg<Ogi{r<gtqz<!yk<khg<gr<gt<? yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!
∴ AD = BC, m∠DAC = m∠ACB. ∴ AD || BC. weOu ABCD YI -j{gvl</
h{<H 7: &e<Xl<?! &e<xqx<Gl<! Olx<hm<m! -j{OgiMgtiz<! yV! GXg<Goum<cbqe<!

lQOkx<hMk<kh<hMl<! oum<Mk<K{<Mgt<! slfQtLjmbeoueqz<?! OuX! wf<k!
GXg<Goum<cbqe<! lQKl<! nf<k! -j{! OgiMgt<! d{<miGl<! oum<Mk<K{<Mgt<!
slfQtLjmbeuiGl</!
fq'h{l<: OgiMgt< l1, l2, l3 we<he!
ye<Xg<ogie<X!-j{!OgiMgtiGl</ PQ, XY
Ngqbju l1, l2, l3! g<G! GXg<Goum<cgtiGl</!
AC = CE we<g/! BD = DF we! fq'hqg<g
Ou{<Ml</! AG || BD NgUl< CH || DF! NgUl<!
ujvg (hml< 6.42 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<).
hml< 6.42
153
AGDB, CHFD Ngqbju!-j{gvl<!we!nxqgqOxil</
∴ AG = BD, CH = DF (1)
ACG , CEH!Ngqb!Lg<Ogi{r<gtqz<!!
CE = AC, m∠GAC = m∠HCE (yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<), m∠ACG = m∠CEH (yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<).
weOu!Ogi.h.Ogi!ogit<jgbqe<hc?!!∆ACG ≡ ∆CEH. ∴ AG = CH. (2)
(1), (2) e<!hc!BD = DF.
h{<H 8: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<?! -Vhg<gr<gtqe<! fMh<Ht<tqgjts<! Osi<g<Gl<! OgiM!

&e<xiuK!hg<gk<kqx<G!-j{bigUl<?!nke<!ntuqz<!hikqbigUl<!-Vg<Gl</
fq'h{l<: Lg<Ogi{l< ABC -z<? D, E LjxOb AB, AC Ngqb! hg<gr<gtqe<!
fMh<Ht<tqgtiGl</!fil<!fq'hqg<g!Ou{<cbK?!
1
DE || BC, DE = ( BC ).
2
CF || BD ujvg/! -K DE bqe<! fQm<sqjb F! -z<! sf<kqg<Gl<! (hml< 6.43Jh<! hii<g<gUl<).
Lg<Ogi{l< ADE, CFE!Ngqbux<Xt<?!AD || CF, AC GXg<Goum<c/
∴ m∠DAE = m∠ECF.
AD || CF, DF GXg<Goum<c/!∴ m∠ADE = m∠CFE.
OlZl< E NeK AC bqe<!fMh<Ht<tq!Nekiz<? AE = EC. weOu!Ogi.Ogi.h!ogit<jgbqe<hc
∆ADE ≡ ∆CFE.
∴ AD = CF OlZl< DE = EF.
Neiz< D, AB bqe<!fMh<Ht<tq!we<hkiz<? BD = AD.
∴ BD = CF.
Wx<geOu BD || CF.
∴ BCFD YI -j{gvliGl</
∴ DF = BC lx<Xl< DF || BC n.K DE || BC.
DE + EF = BC n.K DE + DE = BC n.K 2DE = BC. hml< 6.43
1
weOu DE || BC lx<Xl<! DE = ( BC).
2
h{<H 9: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<?! yV! hg<gk<kqe<! fMh<Ht<tq! upqOb! lx<oxiV! hg<gk<kqx<G!

-j{big!ujvbh<hMl<!OgiM?!&e<xiuK!hg<gk<jk!slg<%xqMl</
fq'h{l<: ABC we<x! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz< D, AB! bqe<!
fMh<Ht<tq! we<g/! D upqbig! BC g<G! -j{big
DE ujvg/! nK AC jb E z<! oum<mm<Ml<! (hml<
6.44 Jh<! hii<g<gUl<). E NeK! AC bqe<! fMh<Ht<tq!
we!fq'hqk<kz<! Ou{<Ml<. -r<G!BC || DE, BC, DE
gtqe<!GXg<Goum<c AB NGl</
∴ m∠ADE = m∠ABC, (1)
AD || CF, AD,CF gtqe<!GXg<Goum<c!DF NGl</
∴ m∠ADE = m∠EFC lx<Xl<! (2) hml< 6.44
m∠AED = m∠BCE. (3)
(1), (2)!e<!hc m∠ABC = m∠EFC. (4)
AD || CF, AD, CF gtqe< GXg<Goum<c!AC NGl</
∴ m∠BAC = m∠ACF. (5)
-h<ohiPK?!m∠BCF = m∠BCE + m∠ECF
154
= m∠AED + ∠ACF, (3) e<hc!
= m∠AED + m∠DAE, (5) e<hc
= m∠BDE (outqg<Ogi{l< = dt<otkqi<!Ogi{r<gtqe<!%Mkz<).
nkiuK m∠BCF = m∠BDE (6)
(4), (6)e<!hc? BCFD YI!-j{gvliGl</
∴BD = CF, BC = DF. Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! ADE, CFE Ngqbux<jxg<!gVKg/!
-ux<xqz<?!CF = BD = AD we<hkiz<?!CF = AD. OlZl<?!
m∠EFC = m∠ADE, m∠DAE = m∠BAC = m∠ACF = m∠ECF.
∴ Ogi.h.Ogi!ogit<jgbqe<hc, ∆ADE ≡ ∆CFE.
∴ DE = EF, AE = EC. ∴ E, AC -e<!fMh<Ht<tqbiGl</
6.1.6 yV!Ht<tq!upqOb!osz<Zl<!OgiMgt<
&e<X!nz<zK!&e<Xg<G!Olx<hm<m!OgiMgt<!P!we<x!yV!Ht<tq!upqOb!osz<Zl<!
weqz<?! ng<OgiMgt<! yV! Ht<tqupqg<! OgiMgt<! weUl<! nh<Ht<tq P J! ng<OgiMgt<!
sf<kqg<Gl<!Ht<tq!weUl<!njpg<gh<hMl</
!
osbz< : Lg<Ogi{l< ABC! ujvg/! ! hg<gl<!
BC, CA Ngqbux<Xg<G! LjxOb! jlbg<!
Gk<Kg<OgiMgt<! DX, EY ujvg (hml< 6.45
Jh<! hii<g<gUl<). nju! oum<Ml<Ht<tqjb S!
we<g/! hg<gl<! AB bqe<! jlbg<Gk<Kg<OgiM!
FZ ujvg. FZ NeK S e<! upqOb osz<ujk!
nxqbzil</! ! -s<osbzqzqVf<K! gQp<g<gi[l<!
Okx<xk<jk!nxqgqe<Oxil</ hml< 6.45
!
Okx<xl< 13: Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! hg<gr<gtqe<! jlbg<Gk<KOgiMgt<! yV! Ht<tq! upqOb!
osz<Zl</
!
Gxqh<H: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! &e<X! hg<gr<gtqe<! jlbg<Gk<Kg<OgiMgt<! osz<Zl<! Ht<tq!
nl<Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!Sx<Xum<m!jlbl<!weh<hMl</!!-K S!we<x!wPk<kiz<!Gxqg<gh<hMl</
!
osbz<: ABC! we<x! Lg<Ogi{k<jkg<! gVKg/! -kqz<! Sx<Xum<m! jlbl< S jbg<! gi{<g/
SA, SB, SC! Ngqbux<jx! -j{g<gUl</! ! SA, SB, SC! Ngqbux<xqe<! fQtr<gjt! ntf<K!
hii<g<gUl</! filxquK?! SA = SB = SC/ S jb! jlbligUl<? SA ju! NvligUl<! ogi{<M!
yV! um<ml<! ujvg/! -u<um<ml<?! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! &e<X! ds<sqh<Ht<tqgtqe<! upqOb!
osz<ujkg<! gi{zil</! ! nu<um<ml<! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! Sx<Xum<ml<! weh<hMl<A! Nvl<
SA = (SB = SC) Sx<Xum<m!Nvl<!weh<hMl</
!
!
155
osbz<: ABC!we<x!Lg<Ogi{l<! ujvg/!!hg<gl<! BC g<G!osr<Gk<kig!AD ujvg/!!nK!
BC!jb D z< sf<kqg<gm<Ml</!!hg<gl<!CA Ug<G!osr<Gk<kig!BE!ujvg/!!nK!CA jb
Ez<! sf<kqg<gm<Ml</! AD Bl<! BE l<!
sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqjb! H weg<!
Gxqg<gUl</! ! AB e<! osr<Gk<K! CF
ujvg/! nK! AB jb! F z<!
sf<kqg<gm<Ml< (hml< 6.46Jh<! hii<g<gUl<).
CF NeK H e<! upqOb! osz<ujk!
nxqbzil</! ! osr<Gk<K! OgiMgt<! AD,
BE, CF we<he! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe! hml< 6.46
osr<OgiMgt<!weh<hMl</!!!
!
-s<osbzqzqVf<K!gQp<g<g{<m!Okx<xk<jk!nxqbzil</
!
Okx<xl< 14: yV Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!osr<OgiMgt<!yV!Ht<tq!upqOb!osz<gqe<xe/
Gxqh<H: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! osr<OgiMgt<! sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqbieK?! nl<Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!!

osr<Ogim<M!jlbl<!weh<hMl</!!-K H!we<x!wPk<kiz<!Gxqg<gh<hMl</
!
osbz<: Lg<Ogi{l< ABC! ujvg/! ! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<!
Ogi{l< ∠A, Ogi{l<! ∠B!Ngqbux<xqe<! sloum<cgt<!
ujvg/ -jugt<! sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqjb! I weg<!
Gxqg<gUl</! ! ∠C e<! sloum<c! ujvg/! ! -K! I! e<!
upqOb! osz<ujk! nxqbzil< (hml< 6.47Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<). -s<osbzqzqVf<K!gQp<g<gi[l<! Okx<xk<jk! hml<!6.47!
nxqbzil</
Okx<xl< 15: yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<?!&e<X!Ogi{r<gtqe<! sl!oum<cgt<! yV!Ht<tq!upqOb!

osz<Zl</
!
Gxqh<H: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<! &e<X! Ogi{r<gtqe<! sloum<cgt<! sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqbieK!!
nl<Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!dt<um<m!jlbl<!weh<hMl</!-K I!we<x!wPk<kiz<!Gxqg<gh<hMl</
osbz<: I -zqVf<K! Lg<Ogi{l< ABC e<!

hg<gr<gTg<G! osr<Gk<Kg<! OgiMgt<! ujvg/!!
nux<jx! ntf<K! hii<g<gUl</! nju! slfQtl<!
ogi{<meuig! -Vh<hkjeg<! gi{zil</! I jb!
jlbligUl<?! slntuie! osr<Gk<Kg<! Ogim<ce<!
fQtk<jk! NvligUl<! ogi{<M! yV! um<ml<!
ujvbUl< (hml< 6.48Jh<! hii<g<gUl<). -u<um<ml<!
hml< 6.48
Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! &e<X! hg<gr<gjtBl<! ! okim<Ms<!
osz<ujkg<!gi{zil</!-kje!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!!
156
dt<um<ml<! we<xjpg<gqOxil</! -u<um<mk<kqe<! Nv! ntU! Lg<Ogi{l<! ABC! -e<!
dt<um<m!Nvl<!weh<hMl</
osbz<: Lg<Ogi{l< ABC! ujvg/! ! hg<gr<gt< BC,

CA, AB Ngqbux<xqe<! fMh<Ht<tqgjt!LjxOb!D,
E, F weg<! Gxqg<gUl</! ! AD jbBl< BE jbBl<!
-j{g<gUl</!-ju!oum<cg<!ogit<Tl<!Ht<tqjb
G! weg<! Gxqg<gUl</ CF! jb! ujvg/! nK! G e<!
upqOb!osz<ujk!nxqg (hml< 6.49Jh<! hii<g<gUl<).
hml<!6.49!
OgiMgt< AD, BE, CF Ngqbju! Lg<Ogi{l<!
ABCbqe<!fMg<OgiMgt<!weh<hMl</ AG, GD, BG,
GE, CG, GF Ngqbux<xqe<!fQtr<gjt!ntf<K!hiIg<gUl</!filxquK?
AG BG CG 2
= = = .
GD GE GF 1
-s<osbzqzqVf<K!gQp<g<gi[l<!Okx<xk<jk!nxqbzil</
Okx<xl< 16: yV Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! fMg<OgiMgt<! yV! Ht<tq! upqOb! osz<Zl<A! -h<Ht<tq!

yu<ouiV!fMg<Ogim<cjeBl< 2:1!we<x!uqgqkk<kqz<!hqiqg<Gl</
!
Gxqh<H: yV Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! fMg<OgiMgt<! sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqbieK! nl<Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!
fMg<Ogim<M!jlbl<!weh<hMl</!!-K!G!we<x!wPk<kiz<!Gxqg<gh<hMl</
!
osbz<: AB we<x! Ogim<Mk<K{<jm! ujvg/! AB g<G!
-j{big l we<x! OgiM ujvbUl<! (hml< 6.50Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<).! l e<! lQK! Ht<tqgt<! C, D! Ngqbux<jx!
AB = CD! we! -Vg<GliX! Gxqg<gUl</! -kqzqVf<K!
ABCD YI -j{gvl<! we! nxqbzil</! l g<Gs<!
hml< 6.50
osr<Gk<K AL ujvg/ AL J!ntf<K!hii<g<gUl</
-j{gvl<! ABCD e<!hvh<htU!= nch<hg<gl< × dbvl<!= AB × AL.
OuX! -V! Ht<tqgt< P, Q Ngqbux<jx PQ = AB! we! -Vg<GliX! l! e<! lQK! Gxqg<gUl</!!
ABPQ!!YI!-j{gvl<!we!nxqbzil</!!!
ABPQ!e<!hvh<htU!=!nch<hg<gl<!×!dbvl<!= AB × AL.!!
!
-s<osbzqzqVf<K!gQp<g<gi[l<!Okx<xk<jk!nxqbzil</!
Okx<xl< 17: yOv!ncbqe<lQKl<?!-V!-j{OgiMgTg<Glqjmbqz<! njlBl<! -j{gvr<gt<!

slhvh<Hjmbju/
157
osbz<: hml< 6.51 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<. AB we<x!
Ogim<Mk<K{<jm! ujvg/! AB! g<G! -j{big l we<x
Ogim<cje!ujvbUl</!l e<!lQK!Ht<tq!C!jbg<!Gxqg<g/!
l! we<x! Ogim<Mg<G! A bqzqVf<K! AL! we<x!
osr<Gk<KOgiM! ujvg. AL e< fQtk<jk! ntf<K!
hii<g<gUl</ filxquK?! ABC! we<x! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!
1 1
hvh<htU!=! × nch<hg<gl<!×!dbvl< = × AB × AL.
2 2
hml<!6.51
l!e<!lQK!lx<oxiV!Ht<tq!P jbg<!Gxqg<gUl</!!!
1
Lg<Ogi{l<! ABP -e<! hvh<htU!= × AB × AL weg<gi{<gqOxil</!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! ds<sq
2
C, l e<!lQK!wr<G!njlf<kqVf<kiZl<!Lg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!hvh<htUgt<!slole!nxqgqOxil</!!
!
-s<osbzqzqVf<K!gQp<g<gi[l<!Okx<xk<jk!nxqbzil</
Okx<xl< 18: yOv! ncbqe<! lQKl<?! -V! -j{OgiMgTg<Gl<! -jmbqz<! njlBl<!

Lg<Ogi{r<gt<!slhvh<Hjmbju/
hbqx<sq 6.1
hqe<uVl<!%x<Xgt< siqbi,!kuxi!weg<!%xUl</
1. -V!-j{OgiMgjt!yV!GXg<Goum<c!oum<ceiz<?!ye<Xuqm<m!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!
2. -V!-j{OgiMgjt!yV!GXg<Goum<c!oum<ceiz<?!yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</
3. -V!-j{OgiMgjt!yV!GXg<Goum<c!oum<ceiz<?!GXg<Goum<cbqe<!yOv!Hxl<!!!
!!njlf<k!dm<Ogi{r<gt<!sll</
6.2 kVg<g!iQkqbig!fq'hqg<g!Ou{<cb!Okx<xr<gt<
-Kujv! fil<! sqz! osbz<gjts<! osb<K! hiIk<K?! sqz! nch<hjmg<!

ogit<jggjtBl<?! Okx<xr<gjtBl<! siq! hiIk<Okil</! -h<ohiPK?! Ogi{r<gt<?!
Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! Ngqbux<jxh<! hx<xqb! sqz! Okx<xr<gTg<G! kVg<g! vQkqbig?! nkiuK?!
uqkqkV!Ljxbqz<!(Method of Logical Reasoning)!fq'h{r<gjtk<!kv!Lx<hMOuil</
Okx<xl< 19: yV! gkqi<! lx<oxiV! Ogim<ce<! lQK! fqx<Glieiz<?! nkeiz<! Wx<hMk<kh<hMl<!
nMk<kMk<k!Ogi{r<gtqe<!ntUgtqe<!%Mkz< 180°!g<Gs<!sll</
kvU: gkqi< PQ , XY!we<x!Ogim<ce<!lQK!njlf<Kt<tK/
fq'hqg<g: m∠QPX + m∠YPQ = 180°.
njlh<H: XY g<G!osr<Gk<kig!PE ujvg.
fq'h{l<: m∠QPX = m∠QPE + m∠EPX
= m∠QPE + 90° (1)
m∠YPQ = m∠YPE − m∠QPE hml< 6.52
= 90° − m∠QPE (2)
158
(1) + (2) ⇒ m∠QPX + m∠YPQ = (m∠QPE + 90°) + (90° − m ∠QPE) = 180°.
weOu!Okx<xl<!fq'hqg<gh<hm<mK/
Okx<xl< 20: -V!OgiMgt<! ye<jxobie<X!oum<cg<ogi{<miz<?!Gk<okkqi<! Ogi{r<gt<! sl!

ntUt<tjubiGl</
kvU: OgiMgt< AB, CD Ht<tq O uqz<!oum<cg<ogit<gqe<xe!(hml< 6.53 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
fq'hqg<g: m∠AOC = m∠BOD, m∠BOC = m∠AOD.
fq'h{l<: gkqi< OB NeK OgiM CD!bqe<!lQK!fqx<gqe<xK/
∴ m∠BOD + m∠BOC = 180°. (1)
gkqi< OC OgiM AB!bqe<!lQK!fqx<gqe<xK/
∴ m∠BOC + m∠AOC = 180°. (2)
(1), (2)!e<!hc
m∠BOD + m∠BOC = m∠BOC + m∠AOC
∴ m∠BOD = m∠AOC.
gkqi< OA, CD!bqe<!lQK!fqx<gqe<xK/
m∠AOC + m∠AOD = 180°. (3) hml<!6.53!
(2), (3)!e<!hc?!
m∠BOC + m∠AOC = m∠AOC + m∠AOD. ∴ m∠BOC = m∠AOD.
!
Okx<xl< 21: yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<!&e<X!Ogi{k<kqe<!%Mkz< 180°!NGl</
kvU: ABC!yV!Lg<Ogi{l<.
fq'hqg<g: ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°.
njlh<H: ds<sq!A e<!upqOb XY we<x!Ogim<cje?!
BC!g<G!-j{big!ujvg!(hml<!6.54Jh<!hii<g<gUl<)/!
fq'h{l<: XY || BC. -h<ohiPK?!XY, BC!gTg<G!!
AB!GXg<Goum<c/
∴ m∠XAB = m∠ABC (ye<Xuqm<m!Ogi{r<gt<) = ∠B. (1)
hml< 6.54
XY, BC gTg<G AC GXg<Goum<c/
∴ m∠YAC = m∠ACB (ye<Xuqm<m!Ogi{r<gt<) = ∠C. (2)
OlZl< m∠BAC = m∠A. (3)
(1) + (2) + (3) ⇒ m∠XAB + m∠YAC + m∠BAC = m∠B + m∠C + m∠A
⇒ (m∠XAB + m∠BAC) + m∠CAY = m∠A + m∠B + m∠C
⇒ m∠XAC + m∠CAY = m∠A + m∠B + m∠C
⇒ 180° = m∠A + m∠B + m∠C.
weOu?!Okx<xl<!fq'hqg<gh<hm<mK/
Okx<xl< 22: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<?! slhg<gr<gTg<G! wkqOvBt<t! Ogi{r<gt<!

slntUt<tju/!
kvU: Lg<Ogi{l<!ABC -z< AB = AC.
fq'hqg<g: ∠B = ∠C.
njlh<H: BC! e<! jlbh<Ht<tqjb M weg<! Gxqk<K AM J!
-j{g<g!(hml<!6.55 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<)/
fq'h{l<: Lg<Ogi{l< AMB, AMC Ngqbux<Xt<?
hml< 6.55
159
(i) BM = CM (ii) AB = AC (iii) AM ohiK/!weOu!h.h.h!ogit<jgh<hc?
∆AMB ≡ ∆AMC. ∴ yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!Gxqh<hig?! ∠B = ∠C.
Okx<xl< 23: yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! -V! Ogi{r<gtqz<?! ohiqb! Ogi{k<kqx<G! wkqiqz<!

njlBl<! hg<gl<! sqxqb! Ogi{k<kqx<G! wkqiqz<! njlBl<! hg<gk<jkuqm! nkqg!
fQtLjmbK/
kvU: Lg<Ogi{l<! ABC -z<! Ogi{l<! ∠B NeK! Ogi{l<! ∠C! ju! uqm! ohiqbK/!!!!
n.K!m∠B > m∠C (hml<!6.56Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
fq'hqg<g: AC we<x! hg<gk<kqe<! fQtl<? AB we<x!
hg<gk<kqe<! fQtk<jk! uqmh<! ohiqbkiGl</!
nkiuK?!AC > AB.
fq'h{l<: AB, AC we<x! hg<gr<gtqe<! fQtr<gt<!
lqjg! w{<gt<! we<hkiz<?! gQp<g<gi[l<! hqiqUgt<!
njlBl</ hml< 6.56
(i) AC < AB (ii) AC = AB (iii) AC > AB
!
hqiqU (i) AC < AB! we<g/! hqxG?! hg<gl< AB -e<! fQtlieK! hg<gl<! AC! e<! fQtk<jkuqmh<!!
ohiqbkiGl</! weOu?! AB g<G! wkqOvBt<t! Ogi{l< ∠C NeK! AC g<G! wkqOvBt<t!
Ogi{l<! ∠B J!uqm!ntuqz<! ohiqbkig!njlb!Ou{<Ml</!nkiuK? m∠C > m∠B. -K!
kvuqz<! dt<t! d{<jl! m∠B > m∠C! g<G! Lv{<himiekiGl</! ! weOu?! wMOgit<!
AC < AB NeK!olb<bz<z.
!
hqiqU (ii) AC = AB we!njlBlieiz<?!-V!hg<gr<gt<! AB Bl< AC Bl<! slliGl</!Neiz<?!
slhg<gr<gTg<G! wkqOvBt<t! Ogi{r<gt<! sll<! we! nxqOuil</! nkiuK?! ∠B = ∠C.!
-KUl<! kvuqz<! dt<t! d{<jl! ∠B > ∠C! g<G! Lv{<himiekiGl</! ! weOu! AC = AB
NeK!olb<bz<z.!!
!
weOu?!lQkLt<t!hqiqU!(iii) AC > AB!we<hOk!olb<biGl</!
Okx<xl< 24: &jzuqm<mr<gt<! ye<Xg<ogie<X! osr<Gk<kig! dt<t! YI! -j{gvl<! yV!

sib<sKvliGl</
kvU: ABCD we<hK! YI! -j{gvl</! -kqz<! &jzuqm<mr<gt<! AC Bl< BD Bl<!
ye<Xg<ogie<X!osr<Gk<kig!-Vg<gqe<xe/!
fq'hqg<g: ABCD!yV!sib<sKvl</
njlh<H: &jzuqm<mr<gt< AC, BD!ujvf<K!nju!oum<Ml<!Ht<tqjb!M weg<!Gxqg<gUl<
(hml<!6.57Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
fq'h{l<: Lg<Ogi{r<gt< AMB, BMC!Ngqbux<xqz<?
(i) ∠AMB = ∠BMC = 90°
(ii) AM = MC
(iii) BM ohiK/
weOu?!ogit<jg!h.h.Ogi!uqe<!hc ∆AMB ≡ ∆BMC.
weOu?!yk<k!hg<gr<gt<!sll</!Gxqh<hig!AB = BC.
ABCD!YI!-j{gvl<!we<hkiz<< AB = CD, BC = AD.
∴ AB = BC = CD = AD.
weOu ABCD sib<sKvliGl</!!Okx<xl<!fq'hqg<gh<hm<mK/ hml< 6.57
160
wMk<Kg<gim<M 3: gQp<g<gi[l<!Ogi{l<!yu<ouie<xqe<!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{l<!gi{<g;
(i) 30° (ii) 45° (iii) 55° (iv) 81°
kQi<U: fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!%Mkz< 90° . weOu?
(i) 30° bqe<!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{l< = 90° − 30° = 60°.
(ii) 45° bqe<!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{l< = 90° − 45° = 45°.
(iii) 55° bqe<!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{l< = 90° − 55° = 35°.
(iv) 81° bqe<!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{l< = 90° − 81° = 9°.
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: gQp<g<gi[l<!Ogi{l<!yu<ouie<xqe<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{l<!gi{<g;
(i) 70° (ii) 45° (iii) 120° (iv) 155°
kQi<U: lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtqe<!%Mkz<!180°.!weOu?
(i) 70° e<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{l< = 180° − 70° = 110°.
(ii) 45° e<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{l< = 180° − 45° = 135°.
(iii) 120° e<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{l< = 180° − 120° = 60°.
(iv) 155° e<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{l< = 180° − 155° = 25°.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5: hqe<uVl<!yu<ouie<xqZl<!dt<t!Ogi{r<gjtg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl<;!
(i) -VOgi{r<gt<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt<; -ux<Xt<!ohiqbK?!sqxqbjkh<!Ohiz<!2
!!!lmr<gig!dt<tK/
(ii)!-VOgi{r<gt<!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt<; -ux<Xt<!ohiqbK?!sqxqbjk!uqm!20°
lqjgbig!dt<tK/!
(iii) -VOgi{r<gt<!nMk<kMk<k!Ogi{r<gtigUl<? 120° !Ogi{l<!njlh<hkigUl<<!!!
!!!!dt<te/!!nux<Xt<!ohiqbK?!sqxqbjkh<!Ohiz<!4!lmr<jg!uqm!!20° Gjxuig!!!
!!!!dt<tK/
(iv) -VOgi{r<gt< Gk<okkqi<!Ogi{r<gtigUl<?!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtigUl<!dt<te/!
kQi<U:
(i) sqxqb! Ogi{k<jk x°! we<g/! 0! ohiqb!
Ogi{l< 2x°! NGl</! -V! Ogi{r<gt<!!!!!
lqjgfqvh<Hg<!Ogi{r<gt<!we<hkiz<?
x° + 2x° = 180° n.K!3x° = 180° n.K! x° = 60°.
hml< 6.58
∴ sqxqb!Ogi{l< = 60°, ohiqb!Ogi{l<!2 × 60° = 120°.
!
)ii*! sqxqb!Ogi{l< x° we<g/!0!ohiqb!Ogi{l< x° + 20°!!
NGl</!-u<uqV!Ogi{r<gt<!fqvh<Hg<!Ogi{r<gtikziz<?
x° + (x° + 20°) = 90° n.K 2x° = 70° n.K x° = 35°.
∴!sqxqb!Ogi{l< = 35°,
ohiqb!Ogi{l< = 35° + 20° = 55°.
hml< 6.59
(iii) sqxqb!Ogi{l< x° we<g/!0!ohiqbOgi{l< 3x° − 20°

NGl</!-u<uqV!Ogi{r<gt<!120°!jb!njlh<hkiz<?
∴ x° + (3x° − 20°) = 120°. ∴ 4x° = 140° n.K! x° = 35°.
∴ sqxqb!Ogi{l< = 35°,!ohiqb!Ogi{l< = 3 × 35° − 20°
= 105° − 20° = 85°. hml< 6.60
161
(iv) Gk<okkqi<!Ogi{r<gt< yu<ouie<Xl<!x° we<g/
-ju!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt<!we<hkiz<?
x° + x° = 90° nz<zK 2x° = 90° nz<zK x° = 45°.
hml< 6.61
∴ Ogi{r<gt< yu<ouie<Xl<! 45° NGl<.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: hml< 6.62 z< OgiM l3 NeK?!

-j{OgiMgt< l1, l2!Ngqbux<xqx<G!GXg<G!oum<c!
NGl</!Ogi{r<gt<!x, y!gi{<g/!
kQi<U: ye<Xuqm<m!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!∴ x = 130°.
GXg<Goum<cbqe<!yOv!Hxl<!njlf<k!!
dm<Ogi{r<gtqe<!%Mkz<!180o. hml<!6.62
∴ y + 130° = 180° nz<zK!y = 180° − 130° = 50°.
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: hml<! 6.63 z<? l4 NeK!
-j{OgiMgt< l1, l2, l3 Ngqbux<xqx<<G!
GXg<Goum<cbiGl</!Ogi{r<gt<!x, y gi{<g/
kQi<U: yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!∴ x = 75°.
GXg<Goum<cbqe<! yOvHxl<! njlf<k!
o
dm<Ogi{r<gtqe<!%Mkz<!180 .
∴ y + 75° = 180° nz<zK y = 180° − 75° = 105°. hml< 6.63
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 8: hml<! 6.64!z<?!OgiM!l3!NeK!
-j{OgiMgt<! l1, l2! Ngqbux<xqx<<G!
GXg<Goum<cbiGl</!Ogi{r<gt<!x, y!gi{<g/
kQi<U: GXg<Goum<cbqe<! yOvHxl<! njlf<k!
dm<Ogi{r<gt<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<!Ogi{r<gt</!
0!!4y + 92° = 180° nz<zK!
4y = 180° − 92° = 88° nz<zK y = 22°.
yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<!sll<!⇒!
x + 2y = 92° ⇒ x + 44° = 92° hml< 6.64
⇒ x = 92° − 44° = 48°.
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! Ogi{! ntUgtqe<! uqgqkl< 3 : 4 : 5 weqz<?! nux<jxg<<!
gi{<g/
kQi<U: Ogi{r<gjt 3x, 4x, 5x!weg<! ogi{<miz<?!3x + 4x + 5x = 180° nz<zK 12x = 180°
n.K x = 15°. ∴ Ogi{r<gt< 3 × 15°, 4 × 15°, 5 × 15° nz<zK 45°, 60°, 75°!NGl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 10: hml<!6.65!z<!Gxqh<hqmh<hm<<m!Ogi{r<gt<!!

x, y!gi{<g/
kQi<U: ∆ABC!-z< x + 65° + 90° = 180° n.K x = 25°.
∆BDC!-z< x + y + 90° = 180°n.K 25° + y + 90° = 180°
n.K y + 115° = 180° n.K! y = 180° − 115° = 65°.
hml< 6.65
162
wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: hqe<uVl<<!hmr<gtqz< x, y gi{<g;
(i) (ii)
! hml< 6.66
hml< 6.67
!
kQi<U: (i) AD = BC, AB = CD. ∴ ABCD YI!-j{gvl</
∴ 2x = 24°, 3y = 60° (ye<Xuqm<m!Ogi{r<gt<!sll<).
∴ x = 12°, y = 20°.
(ii) Lg<Ogi{r<gt<<!ACD, ACB, -ux<xqz<! AD = AB, CD = BC, AC NeK!ohiK/
∴ ∆ADC ≡ ∆ABC.
∴ yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!weOu x + 20° = 26°, y − 5° = 42° nz<zK
x = 26° − 20°, y = 42° + 5° nz<zK x = 6°, y = 47°.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: YI! -Vslhg<g! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! ds<sqOgi{k<kqe<! sloum<c!

nch<hg<gk<kqx<G!jlbg<Gk<Kg<OgiM!we!fq'hq/
kQi<U: ABC we<hK! YI! -Vslhg<g! Lg<Ogi{l<<! we<g/! -r<G! AB = AC, Ogi{l< A bqe<!
sloum<c! AD we<g/! AD, nch<hg<gl<! BC! g<G! jlbg<Gk<Kg<OgiM! we! fq'hqk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</!!Lg<Ogi{r<gt<!ADB, ADC!Ngqbux<Xt<!
AB = AC, m∠BAD = m∠DAC ( AD NeK!∠A e<!sloum<c*?!! AD ohiK/
∴ h.Ogi.h!ogit<jgh<hc, ∆ABD ≡ ∆ACD.
∴ yk<k!hg<gr<gt<!sll</
∴ BD = DC. nkiuK?!D NeK BC!bqe<!fMh<Ht<tq!NGl</!
∠ADC = x we<g/!hqe<H!∠ADB = 180° − x.
Lg<Ogi{l<!ADC z<?!∠ADC + ∠C + ∠CAD = 180°.
Lg<Ogi{l<!ADB z<?!∠ADB + ∠B + ∠BAD = 180°.
∴ ∠ADC + ∠C + ∠CAD =∠ADB + ∠B + ∠BAD.
n.K!x =180° − x n.K! 2 x = 180° n.K!x = 90°.!
∴AD NeK!BC g<Gs<!osr<Gk<kig!dt<tK/!!
hml< 6.68
n.K!AD NeK!BC bqe<!jlbg<Gk<Kg<!OgimiGl</!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: ABC we<hK! yV! Lg<Ogi{l</! Ht<tq! D NeK BC bqe<! jlbh<Ht<tq/!
DA -j{g<gh<hMgqxK/! DA = DC!weqz<? ∠BAC yV!osr<Ogi{l<!we!fq'hq/
kQi<U: DA = DC !wek<! kvh<hm<Mt<tK D NeK!BC!e<! jlbh<Ht<tq!we<hkiz<! BD = DC/!!
weOu!Lg<Ogi{r<gt<!ABD?< ACD !-Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{r<gt<!NGl</
∴∠DAB = ∠DBA (1)
∠DAC = ∠DCA (2)
163
(1) + (2) ⇒ ∠DAB + ∠DAC = ∠DBA + ∠DCA
⇒ ∠BAC = ∠DBA + ∠DCA
⇒ ∠BAC = ∠CBA + ∠BCA (3)
Neiz<! ∠BAC + ∠CBA + ∠BCA = 180° (4)
(4) ⇒ ∠BAC + (∠CBA + ∠BCA) = 180°
⇒ ∠BAC + ∠BAC = 180° ((3) Jh<!hbe<hMk<k)
⇒ 2∠BAC = 180° hml< 6.69
⇒∠BAC = 90°.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 14: yV!fix<gvk<kqe<!fie<G!Ogi{r<gtqe<!%Mkz< 360°!we!fq'hq/

kQi<U: ABCD yV! fix<gvl< we<g/!!!!!!!!!!!!!
∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360° we! fq'hqk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</! -kx<G?! &jzuqm<ml< AC J! ujvbUl</
Lg<Ogi{r<gt<!ACD, ABC!Ngqbux<xqzqVf<K?
∠DAC + ∠D + ∠ACD = 180° (1)

∠CAB + ∠B + ∠ACB = 180° (2) hml< 6.70
(1) + (2) ⇒ ∠DAC + ∠D + ∠ACD + ∠CAB + ∠B + ∠ACB = 360°

⇒ (∠DAC + ∠CAB) + ∠B + (∠ACD + ∠ACB)+ ∠D = 360°
⇒ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360°.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 15: AB = AC we<xqVg<g!

ABC YI! -Vslhg<g! Lg<Ogi{l<! we<g/
∠DBC = ∠DCB! we! njlBliX! Ht<tq
D? Lg<Ogi{l<! ABC -e<! dt<Ot!
njlf<Kt<tK/! AD NeK ∠A -e<!
sloum<c!we!fq'hq/
kQi<U: ∠DBC = ∠DCB we<hkiz<?! Lg<Ogi{l<
DBC YI!-Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{liGl</!!weOu!!
BD = DC. Lg<Ogi{r<gt<! ADB, ADC
hml< 6.71
Ngqbux<Xt<, BD = DC,!AB = AC, AD!ohiK/!!
weOu! h.h.h! ogit<jgh<hc?! ∆ADB ≡∆ADC.
0!yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</
Gxqh<hig?!∠BAD = ∠CAD.∴ AD NeK!∠A!e<!sloum<cbiGl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 16: yV!Lg<Ogi{l<!ABC e<! osr<OgiMgt<!AD, BE we<he AE = BD

we<xuiXt<te/! AD = BE!we!fq'hq/
kQi<U: Lg<Ogi{r<gt< ADB, AEB Ngqbux<Xt<
(i) ∠ADB = ∠AEB = 90°
(ii) AB ohiK
(iii) BD = AE.
∴ os.g.h!ogit<jgh<hc!∆ADB ≡ ∆AEB.
yk<k!hg<gr<gt<!sll</!AD = BE. hml< 6.72
164
wMk<Kg<gim<M 17: ABCD!we<El<!osu<ugk<kqz<!BC e<!jlbh<Ht<tq!E,!NGl</
AE = ED we!fq'hq/!!
kQi<U: hml<!6.73 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<.
Lg<Ogi{r<gt< ABE, DCE Ngqbux<xqz<
(i) ∠ABE = ∠DCE = 90°
(ii) BE = CE (E, BC e<!jlbh<Ht<tq)
(iii) AB = CD (ABCD yV osu<ugl<)
∴h.Ogi.h!ogit<jgh<hc ∆ABE ≡ ∆DCE.
0!yk<k!hg<gr<gt<!sll</!∴AE = ED. hml< 6.73
wMk<Kg<gim<M 18: yV! sib<sKvk<kqz<?! &jzuqm<mr<gt<! yu<ouie<Xl<! lx<oxie<jxs<!
osr<Gk<kig!-Vslg<!%xqMl<!we!fq'hq/
kQi<U: ABCD yV! sib<sKvl</! ! &jzuqm<mr<gt<! AC, BD! ujvg/ AC Bl<! BD! Bl<!
oum<Mh<Ht<tqjb!O weg<! Gxqg<g/!!Ht<tq!O!NeK!AC, BD!-e<! jlbh<Ht<tq!weUl<?!
AC!NeK!BD!g<G!osr<Gk<K!(⊥) weUl<!fq'hqk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</
sib<sKvl<! YI! -j{gvl<! we<hkiz<!
&jzuqm<mr<gt<! yu<ouie<Xl<! lx<oxie<jx!
-Vslg<%xqMl</!!nkiuK?!OA = OC, OB = OD.
-h<ohiPK?!Lg<Ogi{r<gt<<! AOB, BOC!Ngqbux<Xt<
(i) AB = BC (ii) OB ohiK!!(iii) OA = OC
∴ h.h.h!ogit<jgh<hc!∆AOB ≡ ∆BOC.
0!yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</!!
∴ ∠AOB = ∠BOC = x° we<g/.
Neiz<?! ∠AOB + ∠BOC = 180°. hml< 6.74
180°
∴ x + x = 180° ∴ 2x = 180° n.K! x = = 90°.
2
∴ &jzuqm<mr<gt<!yu<ouie<Xl<!lx<oxie<jxs<!osr<Gk<kig!-Vslg<!%xqMl</
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 19: yV! sib<sKvk<kqe<! &jzuqm<mr<gt<! yu<ouie<Xl<! nju! osz<gqe<x!!
ds<sqg<!Ogi{r<gjt!slg<%xqMl<!we!fq'hq/
kQi<U: ABCD yV! sib<sKvl</! ! AC, BD!
&jzuqm<mr<gt</! ! AB || CD, AC GXg<Goum<c!
we<hkiz<?
∠BAC = ∠ACD (ye<Xuqm<m!Ogi{r<gt<). (1)
Neiz<! AD = CD (ABCD sib<sKvl<).
∴∆ADC YI!-Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l</
slhg<gk<kqx<G! wkqOvBt<t! Ogi{r<gt<! sll<
we<hkiz<?!∠ACD = ∠DAC. (2) hml< 6.75
(1), (2)!e<!hc ∠BAC = ∠DAC.
weOu AC, Ogi{l< ∠A!ju!slg<%xqMl</
-jkh<Ohie<Ox?! AC NeK ∠C! jbBl<? BD NeK ∠B lx<Xl<< ∠D! Ngqbux<jxBl<!!!!
slg<%xqMl<!we!fq'hqg<gzil</
!
!
165
wMk<Kg<gim<M 20: AB, CD -j{OgiMgt</!
AB, CD gTg<G! -jmOb! Ht<tq O (hml<
6.76Jh<! hii<g<gUl<) ∠APO = 45°
-Vg<GliXl< ∠OQC = 35°!-Vg<GliXl<!
njlf<Kt<tK!weqz<?!∠POQ g{<Mhqc/!
kQi<U: PO ju! fQmM < g/! ! nK! CD jb!
sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqjb! X! weg<! Gxqg<g/!! hml< 6.76
QO ju! fQm<Mg/! nK AB J! sf<kqg<Gl<!
Ht<tqjb Y!weg<!Gxqg<g/
AB || CD, PX GXg<Goum<c!we<hkiz<? ∠OXQ = ∠OPY = 45° (ye<Xuqm<m!Ogi{r<gt<).
Lg<Ogi{l<! OXQ z<? outqg<Ogi{l<! ∠POQ! NeK! nke<! dt<otkqi<! Ogi{r<gtigqb!
∠OXQ lx<Xl< ∠OQX!Ngqbux<xqe<!%MkZg<G!sll</
0!!∠POQ = ∠OXQ + ∠OQX = 45° + 35° = 80°.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 21: ∆ABC -z<? ∠B -e<!

sloum<cbieK AC jb! Ht<tq D! -z<!
sf<kqg<gqe<xK/!!∠ABC = 80°, ∠BDC = 95°!weqz<?!
∠A, ∠C!gi{<g/!
kQi<U: hml< 6.77 Jh<!hii<g<gUl</!∆BDC!-z<?!
40° + 95° + ∠C = 180° ⇒ ∠C = 180° − 135° = 45°.
∆ABC!-z<?! ∠A + ∠B +∠C = 180°.
∴ ∠A + 80° + 45° = 180° ⇒ ∠A =180° − 125° = 55°.
hml<!6.77!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 22: ABCD! yV! siqugl</! ! -kqz<!!
AB! Bl<! CD! Bl<! -j{OgiMgt</! AD = BC!
weqz<?!∠ADC = ∠BCD we!fq'hq/!
kQi<U: hml< 6.78 Jh<!hii<g<gUl</!AD g<G!-j{big!BE
ujvg/!-h<ohiPK!ABED YI!-j{gvl<!we<hkiz<?!!
BE = AD. Neiz<!AD = BC. ∴ BC = BE.
weOu!Lg<Ogi{l<!BEC YI -Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<. hml< 6.78
∴ ∠BCE = ∠BEC. (1)
Neiz< AD || BE, AD, BE -ux<xqg<G!DEC yV!GXg<Goum<c.
∴∠ADC = ∠BEC (yk<k!Ogi{r<gt<). (2)
weOu! (1), (2)!e<!hc?!∠BCE = ∠ADC nz<zK ∠BCD = ∠ADC.
hbqx<sq 6.2
1. hqe<uVl<!%x<Xgtqz<!wju!siq?!wju!kuX!we!wPKg;
(i) yV! gkqI<?! yV! Ogim<ce<! lQK! njlukiz<! njlBl<! nMk<Kt<t! Ogi{r<gtqe<!
%Mkz<!180°!NGl</!
(ii) -V!OgiMgt<!oum<cg<ogi{<miz<?!Gk<okkqi<!Ogi{r<gt<!sll</
(iii) yV!Lg<Ogi{l<!-V!uqiqOgi{r<gjth<!ohx<xqg<Gl<</
166
(iv) yV!fix<gvk<kqe<!Ogi{r<gtqe<!%Mkz<!180° NGl</!
(v) ∆ABC ≡ ∆PQR weqz<?!∠A = ∠Q.
(vi) ∆DEF ≡ ∆XYZ weqz<?! DE = XY.
(vii) YI!-j{gvk<kqz<?!&jzuqm<mr<gt<!yu<ouie<Xl<!lx<xjk!slg<%xqMl</
2. gQp<g<g{<m!yu<ouie<xqe<!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{l<!gi{<g/
(i) 20° (ii) 65° (iii) 70° (iv) 78°
3. gQp<g<g{<m!yu<ouie<xqe<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{l<!gi{<g/
(i) 50° (ii) 130° (iii) 80° (iv) 152°.
4. hqe<uVl<!yu<ouie<xqZl<!Ogi{r<gjtg<!gi{<g;
(i) Ogi{r<gt<!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt</!sqxqb!Ogi{l<?!ohiqb!Ogi{k<jkuqm! 40°
GjxuiGl</
(ii) Ogi{r<gt<! fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt</! ohiqb! Ogi{l<?! sqxqb! Ogi{k<jkh<Ohiz<! 4
lmr<G.
(iii) Ogi{r<gt<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt</!ohiqb!Ogi{l<?!sqxqbjkuqm!58° nkqgl</
(iv) Ogi{r<gt<!lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt</!ohiqb!Ogi{l<?!sqxqb!Ogi{k<kqe<!3!
!!!!!lmr<jguqm!20° GjxuiekiGl</
(v) !-V!nMk<Kt<t!Ogi{r<gt<!140°!Ogi{k<kqje!njlg<gqe<xe/!sqxqb!Ogi{l<!!
!ohiqb!Ogi{k<jkuqm!28° GjxuiGl</
(vi) Ogi{r<gt<! Gk<okkqi<! Ogi{r<gtigUl<?! lqjgfqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtigUl<!!!!!!
-Vg<gqe<xe/
5. hqe<uVl<!hmr<gtqz<!x, y!gi{<g;
(i) (ii)
hml< 6.80
hml< 6.79
(iii) (iv)
hml< 6.82
hml< 6.81
167
6. hqe<uVl<!hmr<gt<!yu<ouie<xqZl<!x, y!gi{<g;
(i) (ii)
hml< 6.83
hml< 6.84
(iii)
hml< 6.85
!
uqjmgt<!
hbqx<sq 6.1
1. kuX 2. siq 3. kuX
hbqx<sq 6.2
1. (i) siq (ii) siq (iii) kuX (iv) kuX

(v) kuX (vi) kuX (vii) siq
2. (i) 70° (ii) 25° (iii) 20° (iv) 12°
3. (i) 130° (ii) 50° (iii) 100° (iv) 28°
4. (i) 25°, 65° (ii) 18° (iii) 61° , 119° (iv) 50°, 130°
(v) 56°, 84° (vi) 90°, 90°
5. (i) x = 130°, y = 50° (ii) x = 80°, y = 70°

(iii) x = 20°, y = 30° (iv) x = 50°, y = 130°
6. (i) x = 19, y = 8 (ii) x = 48°, y = 12° (iii) x = 6, y = 3.
168
7. hGLjx!ucuqbz<!
yV! OfIg<Ogim<cz<! njlf<k! yu<ouiV! Ht<tqBl<! siqbig! yV! olb<ob{<[me<!
ohiVk<kh<hm<Mt<tK! we<hjk! Lkz<! nk<kqbibk<kqz<! g{<Omil</ -f<k! nk<kqbibk<kqz<!
yV! ktk<kqz<! njlf<Kt<t! yV! Ht<tqbieK! wu<uiX! olb<ob{<gtiz<! Sm<cg<!
gim<mh<hmzil<! we<hjk! Nvib<Ouil</! ovOe! om^<giIm^<! we<gqx! Hgp<! ohx<x! hqovR<S!
fim<M! g{qk! uz<ZfI, Lke<Lkzig! ucuqbjz! hGk<kxqb?! -bx<g{qk! Ljxjb!
)w{<gt<! lx<Xl<! fie<G!nch<hjms<! osbz<gt<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! Ljx*!nxqLgh<hMk<kqeiI/!
weOukie<?! -bx<g{qk! Ljxjbh<! hbe<hMk<kq! ucuqbjz! hGk<kxqBl<! himh<hGkq!
-bx<g{qk! ucuqbz<! nz<zK! ! hGLjx! ucuqbz<! weg<! %xh<hMgqe<xK/! -f<k!
hGLjx! ucuqbjz! ovOe! om^<giIm^<! nxquqk<kkiz<, nuI! hGLjx! ucuqbzqe<!
kf<jk!weh<hMgqxiI/!
7.1 gii<Csqbe<!ns<S!K~vLjx!
yV! ktk<kqz<! ujvbh<hm<Mt<t! sqz! dVur<gtqe<! -bz<Hgjth<! hx<xq! gx<g!
uqjpgqe<Oxil</!yV!ktk<kqz<! njlf<k!Ht<tqgtqe<! okiGh<Oh!nf<k!ktk<kqz<! njlf<k!
yV! ucul<! NGl</! weOu?! ucuqbzqe<! nch<hjmg<! ogit<jg! yV! Ht<tq! NGl</! yV!
ktk<kqz<! njlf<Kt<t! yu<ouiV! Ht<tqObiMl<! yV! Osic! olb<ob{<gjt! -j{h<hK!
hx<xq!-h<ohiPK!fil<!gi{<Ohil</!
yV! kitqe<! ktk<kqje, Okjubie! ktlig! wMk<Kg<ogi{<M, nf<k! ktk<kqz<!

ye<Xg<ogie<X! osr<Gk<kig! njlf<k! -V! fqjzbie! OfIg<OgiMgjt! ujvg/!!!!!!
hml<! 7.1 z<! gim<cBt<tK! Ohiz< upg<glig?! yV! Ofi<g<Ogicje! gqjmg<OgimigUl<!
lx<oxiV!OfIg<Ogicje!osr<Gk<Kg<!OgimigUl<!ujvOuil</!-Vf<kOhikqZl<!hml<!7.2 z<!
gim<cBt<tK!Ohiz<!nju!wf<k!ujgbqZl<!ujvbh<hmzil</!-u<uqv{<M!OgiMgTl<!
hml< 7.1 hml< 7.2
oum<cg<! ogit<Tl<! Ht<tq, O weh<! ohbiqmh<hm<M, Nkqh<! Ht<tq! we! njpg<gh<hMgqxK/!

-v{<M! osr<Gk<Kg<! OgiMgTl<! fqjzbie! OgiMgtig! -Vh<hkiz< O we<gqx! -f<kh<!
Ht<tqBl<! fqjzbieK/! -h<ohiPK! -u<uqV! OgiMgTg<Gl<! O we<El<! Ht<tq, w{<
0(H,s<sqbl<*! jkg<! Gxqh<hkigg<! ogi{<M, -u<uqV! Ofi<g<OgiMgjtBl<! nzgqMOuil</! yOv!
169
nzgqje! -v{<M! OgiMgTg<Gl<! hbe<hMk<KOuil</! -h<ohiPK! -V! osr<Gk<Kg<!!
OgiMgTl<, -V! osr<Gk<K! w{<! OgiMgtig! liXgqe<xe/! gqjmg<Ogim<cz< O uqe<!
uzKhg<gk<kqz<! njlf<k! w{<gt<! lqjg! w{<gt</! Gk<Kg<Ogim<cz<! O uqe<! Olz<!
hg<gk<kqz<! njlf<k! w{<gt<! lqjg! w{<gt</! -OkOhie<X! gqjmg<Ogim<cz<! O uqe<!
-mKhg<g!w{<gTl<, Gk<Kg<! Ogim<cz<! O uqe<! gQp<h<hg<gk<kqz<! njlf<k!w{<gTl<! Gjx!
w{<gt</! w{<gtqe<! WXuiqjs! hml<! 7.1 z<! OgiMgtqe<! Ljebqz<! nl<Hg<Gxqgt<!
-mh<hm<M! gim<mh<hm<Mt<tK/! gqjmk<kqjs! w{<! Ogim<cje, x-ns<S! we<Xl<! Gk<Kkqjs!
w{<!Ogim<cje, y-ns<S!we<Xl<!fil<!njpg<gqOxil</!-u<uqv{<M!OgiMgTl<!ktk<kqje,
gix<hGkqgt<!we!njpg<gh<hMl<!fie<G!slhigr<gtigh<!hqiqg<gqe<xe/!-ju!hml<!7.1 z<!
gim<cBt<tK!Ohiz<!I )Lkzil<* gix<hGkq, II )-v{<mil<*!gix<hGkq, III )&e<xil<*!gix<hGkq
lx<Xl<! IV )fie<gil<*! gix<hGkq! weh<ohbiqmh<hm<Mt<te/! O we<gqx! Ht<tqbieK! fie<G!
gix<hGkqgTg<Gl<! ohiKuieK/! ktk<kqz<! P we<gqx! WOkEl<! yV! Ht<tqjb! wMk<Kg<!
ogit<Ouil</!-h<Ht<tq!P NeK!yV!gix<hGkqbqz<!njlf<Kt<tK/!P upqbig!y-ns<Sg<G!
-j{big!yV!Ofi<g<OgiM!ujvg/!-g<OgiM!x-ns<js!L we<gqx!Ht<tqbqz<!sf<kqg<gm<Ml</!
-u<uiOx, P upqbig!x-ns<Sg<G! -j{big!yV!Ofi<g<OgiM!ujvg/!-g<OgiM!y-ns<js
M we<gqx! Ht<tqbqz<! oum<mm<Ml</ x-ns<S! w{<! Ogim<cz<! L we<x! Ht<tqjbg<<! Gxqg<Gl<!
olb<ob{< a NgUl<, y-ns<S!w{<! Ogim<cz< M we<x!Ht<tqjbg<! Gxqg<Gl<! olb<ob{<! b
NgUl<!-Vg<gm<Ml</!P NeK!x-ns<sqz<!njlf<kiz<, b = 0 weg<!gi{<gqOxil</!P!NeK!
y-ns<sqz<!njlf<kiz<, a = 0 weg<!gi{<gqOxil</!P NeK x-ns<sqOzi!nz<zK!y-ns<sqOzi!
-z<zilz<!Lkz<!gix<hGkqg<Gt<!njlf<kiz<, a > 0 lx<Xl<!b > 0 NGl</ a < 0 lx<Xl< b > 0
Ng! -Vf<kiz<! P bieK! -v{<mil<! ( II ) gix<hGkqg<Gt<! njlBl</ P bieK! &e<xil<!!!
( III ) gix<hGkqg<Gt< njlf<kiz<, a < 0 lx<Xl< b < 0. a > 0 lx<Xl<!b < 0 Ng!-Vh<hqe<,
P bieK!fie<gil<!( IV ) gix<hGkqg<Gt<!njlBl</ P bieK!Nkqh<Ht<tq! O Ng!!
-Vh<hqe<, a = 0 lx<Xl<!b = 0 NGl</ a we<x!w{<!
P wEl<! Ht<tqbqe<! x-ns<S! K~vl<! nz<zK!!!!!
x-okijzU!(abscissa) we<Xl<, b wEl<!w{<!P
wEl<! Ht<tqbqe< y-ns<S! K~vl<! nz<zK!!!!!!
y-okijzU (ordinate) we<Xl<! njpg<gh<hMl<
(hml<! 7.3! Jh<! hii<g<gUl<*.! fil<! a, b wEl<!
w{<gjt! gix<Ht<tqbiz< ( , ) -u<uiX!
hqiqg<gh<hm<m! hqjx! njmh<Hg<Gt<, (a, b) we<X!
hml< 7.3 wPKOuil</!njk! a, b we<gqx!uiqjs!Osic!
we! njph<<Ohil</! gix<Ht<tqbqe<!
-mKhg<gLt<t! w{<, P Ht<tqbqe<! x-ns<S!
K~vk<jkBl<, gix<Ht<tqbqe<!uzK!hg<gLt<t!!
w{<, P Ht<tqbqe<! y-ns<S!K~vk<jkBl<! Gxqh<hkiz<?!(a, b) NeK!yV!uiqjs!Osic!we!
njpg<gh<hMgqxK/ P Ht<tqjbg<!Gxqg<Gl<!uiqjs!Osic (a, b)!we<hK!ye<Ox ye<Xkie</!
nkiuK!P wEl<! yV!Ht<tqg<G!OuX!wf<k!uiqjs!OsicBl<! -Vg<giK/ P wEl<! Ht<tq!
P(a, b) weUl<! nz<zK! SVg<glig (a, b) weUl<! Gxqg<gh<hMl</! fil< P bieK! (a, b)
170
ns<SK~vr<gjtg<! ogi{<Mt<tK! weg<! %XOuil</! -u<uiX! ktk<kqz<! dt<t! yu<ouiV!
Ht<tqBl<, olb<ob{<gtiz<! Ne! yV! uiqjs! Osicbiz<! Gxqh<hqmh<hMl</! ovOe!
om^<giIm^<^qe<! dbIf<k! osbjz! lkqg<Gl<! ohiVm<M! -k<ktlieK! gii<Csqbe<! ktl<!
we<X! njpg<gh<hMgqxK/! OlZl<! nK! osu<ug! ns<S! ktl<! nz<zK! xy ktl<! we<Xl<!
njpg<gh<hMl</! -u<uiX! w{<uiqjs! Osicgtiz<! ktk<kqz<! njlf<k! Ht<tqgjtg<!
Gxqg<Gl<!Ljx!gii<Csqbe<!Ljx!nz<zK!osu<ug!Ljx!nz<zK!xy ns<S!K~v!Ljx!
we<X! njpg<gh<hMgqxK/! -v{<M! ns<SgTl<! osu<ug! ns<Sgt<! nz<zK! okijzU!
ns<Sgt<!weh<hMgqe<xe/!!
!
fil<!nxquK,
(i) Nkqh<!Ht<tq!O uqe<!ns<S!K~vr<gt< (0, 0).
(ii) x-ns<sqe<!lQKt<t!wf<k!Ht<tqg<Gl<! y-ns<SK~vl<!0.
(iii) y-ns<sqe<!lQKt<t!wf<k!Ht<tqg<Gl<! x-ns<SK~vl< 0.
(iv) olb<ob{<gtizie! uiqjs! Osic! ye<X! ogiMg<gh<hm<miz<! nkx<G! gii<Csqbe<!
ktk<kqz<! keqk<k!yV!Ht<tqbqeiz<! -ml<! fqi<{bqg<gzil</!ktk<kqz<! nke<! siqbie!
-mk<jk!‘.’ we<x!Ht<tqbiz<!Gxqg<gzil</!
(v) yV! Ht<tqbieK! Lkz<! gix<hGkqg<Gt<!
njlf<kiz<! -Vns<S! K~vr<gTl<! lqjg,!
-v{<mil<! gix<hGkqg<Gt<! njlf<kiz<, x-ns<S!
K~vl<! Gjx! lx<Xl< y-ns<S! K~vl<! lqjg/!
&e<xil<! gix<hGkqg<Gt<<! njlf<kiz<, -V!ns<S!
K~vr<gTl<! Gjx/! fie<gil<! gix<hGkqg<Gt<!
njlf<kiz<, x-ns<S! K~vl<! lqjg! lx<Xl<!!!!!
y-ns<S! K~vl<! Gjx! NGl</! yV! Ht<tqbqe<!
ns<S! K~vr<gtqe<! -bx<g{qkg<! Gxqgt<! hml<! hml< 7.4
7.4 z< gim<mh<hm<Mt<te/!
(vi) x-ns<Sg<G! -j{bigs<! osz<Zl<! Ogim<cz<! njlf<k! wz<zih<! Ht<tqgTl<! sllie
y-ns<S!K~vk<jkg<!ogi{<cVg<Gl<!)hml< 7.5 Jh<!hii<g<gUl<).
hml<!7.5 hml< 7.6
(vii) y-ns<Sg<G!-j{bigs<!osz<Zl<!Ogim<cz<!njlf<k!wz<zih<!Ht<tqgTl<!sllie,
x-ns<S!K~vk<jkg<!ogi{<cVg<Gl<!)hml<!7.6 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<).
171
A(x1, y1) lx<Xl< B(x2, y2) we<hju!gii<Csqbe<!ktk<kqz<!njlf<k!WOkEl<!-V!Ht<tqgt<!
we<g/!-ux<xqx<G!-jmObBt<t!gqjmlm<mk<! okijzU, x2 > x1! weqz<! x2 − x1!weUl<,
x1 > x2 weqz< x1 − x2 weUl<, x2 = x1 weqz<! 0 weUl<! ujvbXg<gh<hMgqxK/! -jkh<!
OhizOu, A, B -ux<xqx<gqjmObbie!osr<Gk<Kk<! okijzuieK!y2 > y1! weqz<?!y2 − y1!
weUl<, !!y1 > y2!weqz<?!y1 – y2!weUl<, y2 = y1!weqz<?!0 weUl<!ujvbXg<gh<hMgqe<xK/!!
wMk<Kg<gim<mig, hml< 7.7 z<, A, B -ux<xqx<G!
-jmObBt<t!gqjmlm<mk<! okijzju BN l<,!
osr<Gk<Kk<! okijzju AN l< Gxqg<gqe<xe/!
fil<!nxquK,
BN = LM=OL + OM = (−x1) + (x2) = x2 − x1,
AN = AL + LN = y1 + MB = y1 + (−y2) = y1 − y2.!
-u<uiOx, hml< 7.8 z<! A(x1, y1) lx<Xl<!!!!
B(x2, y2) !weg<!ogi{<miz<! A, B -ux<xqx<G
hml<!7.7
-jmObBt<t! gqjmlm<mk<! okijzU,
osr<Gk<Kk<!okijzU!Ngqbe!LjxOb,
BN = ML = OM – OL = −x2 – (−x1)
= x1 – x2,
AN = LN – AL = BM – (−y1) = (−y2) + y1
= y1 − y2.
-k<okijzUgjt!LjxOb!| x1 − x2 |!we<Xl<!!
|!y1 − y2 |!we<Xl<!Gxqh<hqMgqe<Oxil</!!
hml< 7.8
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: A (3, 0), B (0, 2 ), C (4, − 4), D (3, 3), E (−2.5, 1), F (−1, −3), G (−1, 0),
H (0, −4) Ngqb!Ht<tqgjt!yV!ujvhmk<kitqz<!Gxqg<gUl</!OlZl<!yu<ouiV!Ht<tqBl<!
wf<<k!gix<hGkqbqz<!njlgqe<xK!we<hjkBl<!Gxqh<hqmUl</!
kQi<U: hml<!7.9 -z< yV!ktk<kqz<!Ht<tqgt<!!
Gxqg<gh<hm<Mt<te/ A we<gqx!Ht<tq!x-ns<sqe<!!
lqjgh<!hGkqbqZl<, B !we<gqx!Ht<tq! y-ns<sqe<!!
lqjgh<!hGkqbqZl<, C we<gqx!Ht<tq!fie<gil<!!
gix<hGkqbqEt<Tl<, D we<gqx!Ht<tq!Lkz<
gix<hGkqbqEt<Tl<, E we<gqx!Ht<tq!-v{<mil<!!
gix<hGkqbqEt<Tl<, F we<gqx!Ht<tq!&e<xil<
gix<hGkqbqEt<Tl<, G we<gqx!Ht<tq x-ns<sqe<!!
Gjxh<hg<gk<kqZl<, H we<gqx!Ht<tq< y-ns<sqe<!!
Gjxh<hg<gk<kqZl<!LjxOb!njlf<Kt<te/!
! hml< 7.9
wMk<Kg<gim<M 2: (−3, −4), (−9, 11) we<gqx! -V! Ht<tqgTg<G! -jmOb! dt<t!
gqjmk<okijzU, osr<Gk<Kk<!okijzU!Ngqbux<jxg<!g{<Mhqc/!!
kQi<U: (−3, −4) , (−9, 11) Ngqb! -V! Ht<tqgTg<G! -jmOb! dt<t! gqjmk<okijzU,
osr<Gk<Kk<!okijzU!LjxOb!(−3) − (−9) = 9 − 3 = 6 lx<Xl<! (11) − (−4) = 15 NGl</
!
!
!
!
172
hbqx<sq 7.1
1. gQOp! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! Ht<tqgjt! ujvhmk<kitqz<! Gxqk<K! nju! wf<okf<k!

gix<hGkqgtqz< njlgqe<xe!we<hjkg<!Gxqh<hqmUl</!
(i) (2, 3) (ii) (7, 6) (iii) (−2, −3) (iv) (6, −2)
(v) (−9, 0) (vi) (5, 0) (vii) (0,11) (viii) (−3, 2)
2. siqbi!kuxi!weh<!hkqz<!ntqg<gUl</!
(i) (9, −1), -v{<mil<!gix<hGkqbqEt<!njlBl</!
(ii) (1, 0), y-ns<sq<e<!Olz<!njlBl</!
(iii) (−3,1), y-ns<sqe<!uzKhg<gl<!njlBl</!
(iv) (1, −1), x-ns<sqe<!gQOp!njlBl</!
(v) (0, 0) we<hK!x, y ns<Sg<gt<!oum<cg<!ogit<Tl<!Ht<tq/
(vi) (− 2, 2 ), gix<hGkq II z<!njlBl</
(vii) (−π, − 3 ), gix<hGkq III z<!njlBl</!
(viii) ( 2 − 3 , −1), gix<hGkq IV z<!njlBl</
(ix) (0, −3), x-ns<sqe<!-mKhg<gl<!njlBl</
(x) (5, 0), x-ns<sqe<!gQOp!njlBl</
(xi) x-ns<Sg<G!-j{big!dt<t!Ogim<ce<!Olz<!WOkEl<!-VHt<tqgt<, sllie!
x-ns<SK~vr<gjt!ogi{<cVg<Gl</
(xii) (a, b), (c, d) Ngqbju! y-ns<Sg<G!-j{bie!Ogim<ce<!Olz<!!
! WOkEl<!-V!Ht<tqgt<!weqz<, a = c.
3. ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!-V!Ht<tqgTg<G!-jmOb!dt<t!gqjmk<okijzU, osr<Gk<Kk<!
okijzU!Ngqbux<jxg<!gi{<g/!
(i) (1, 4) lx<Xl<! (3, 5). (ii) (−2, 3) lx<Xl<! (4, −6).
(iii) (−3, −5) lx<Xl< (7,2). (iv) (−2, −1) lx<Xl<! (−4, −3).
7.2 Ogim<ce<!sib<U
!
Lkzqz<, x-ns<Sg<Ogi! nz<zK y-ns<Sg<Ogi! -j{big! njlbik LL′ we<x!
Ofi<g<Ogim<ce<! sib<uqje ujvbXh<Ohil</! -kx<gig! LL′! Ofi<g<Ogim<ce<! lQkjlf<k!!!!!
P(x, y) we<gqx! Ht<tqbig yV! leqkje fqjek<Kg<ogit<Ouil</! -l<leqke<! P Neue<!
ng<Ogim<ce<!lQK!YMgqe<xie<!we<X!fqjek<Kh<!hiIg<gUl</!hml<!7.10 nz<zK!hml<!7.11
Ngqbux<xqz<! Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tK! Ohiz<! WOkEl<! -V! kqjsgtqz<! nue<! osz<zzil<!
we<hjk!fil<!nxqgqOxil</!
hml<! 7.10 hml<! 7.11

P bieK! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! kqjsbqe<! upqbig! fgVgqe<xOhiK, P! bqe<! x-ns<Sk<K~vl<!
nkqgiqh<hjk!fil<!gi{zil<! (hmr<gt<!7.12 lx<Xl<!7.13 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<). -f<k Gxqh<hqm<m!
173
kqjsjbg<! Ogim<ce<! lqjgk<kqjs! weg<! %XgqOxil</! lx<oxiV! kqjsbieK! Ogim<ce<!
Gjxk<kqjs! weh<hMl</! P bieK! Gjxk<kqjsbqz<! fgVl<ohiPK! nkEjmb! x-ns<S!
K~vl<!Gjxgqe<xK/
hml<! 7.13
hml<! 7.12
P NeK P1(x1, y1) we<x!fqjzbqzqVf<K!P2(x2, y2) we<x!fqjzg<G!lqjgk<kqjsbqz<!
fgvm<Ml</ P bqe< x-ns<S! K~vlieK! x1! lkqh<hqzqVf<K! x2 we<gqx! lkqh<hqx<Gl<, y-ns<S!
K~vlieK y1 lkqh<hqzqVf<K y2 we<gqx! lkqh<hqx<Gl<, liXujkg< gi{<gqOxil</ x-ns<S!
okijzuqz<! Wx<hMl<! lix<xl<! x2 − x1 . -K, fgVl<! Ht<tq!P bqe<! Ym<ml<! (run) weh<hMl</!
-Ok! Ohie<X! y-ns<S! okijzuqz<! Wx<hMl<! lix<xl<! )liXkz<* y2 − y1. -K! fgVl<!
Ht<tqbqe<! Wx<xl<! nz<zK!wPs<sq!(rise) weh<hMl</!fil<! hmr<gt< 7.12, 7.13 Ngqbux<xqz<!
Ym<ml<! x2 − x1 lqjgbig! -Vh<hjkg<! gi{<gqOxil</ hml< 7.12 z< P NeK! Ogim<cz<!
Olz<Ofig<gq! fgVgqe<xK/! nkiuK,! nK! Ogim<cz<! Olz<Ofig<gq P1 zqVf<K P2 uqx<G!
wPs<sq! njmgqxK/! OlZl<! P2 uieK! P1 J! uqm! dbi<f<k! -mk<kqz<! dt<tK/! -r<G!
Wx< xl< y − y1
Wx<xl<! y2 − y1 lqjgbiGl</ weOu? = 2 we<gqx!uqgqkl<! lqjg!w{<! NGl</!
Ym< ml< x 2 − x1
hml<!7.13 z<, Ht<tq!P NeK!Ogim<cz<!gQp<Ofig<gq!fgVgqe<xK/!nkiuK nK, P1 zqVf<K
P2 uqx<G!uQp<gqe<xK/!Ht<tq!P2 NeK P1 J!uqmk<kip<f<k!)Gjxf<k*!-mk<kqz<! dt<tK/!
Wx< xl< y − y1
-r<G! Wx<xl< y2 −y1 GjxbiGl</! weOu? = 2 , yV! Gjx! w{<! NGl</!
Ym< ml< x 2 − x1
Wx< xl< y − y1
weOu! = 2 we<gqx!uqgqklieK kvh<hm<m!OfIg<OgiM!wPgqe<x!OfIg<Ogimi!
Ym< ml< x 2 − x1
nz<zK! uQp<gqe<x! OfIg<Ogimi! we<hjk! fqI{bqg<gqxK/! weOu! -f<k! uqgqkk<jk!
ng<Ogim<ce<!sib<U!we<gqe<Oxil</
nMk<khcbig, x-ns<<Sg<G! -j{bigs<!

osz<Zl<! Ogim<ce<! sib<uqjeg<! g{<mxqOuil</!
hml; 7.14 z<, OgiM! LL′ NeK! x-ns<Sg<G!
-j{big!dt<tK/!Ogim<ce<!Olz<!njlf<k!
wz<zih<! Ht<tqgTl<! yOv y-ns<S! K~vk<jkg<
ogi{<Mt<te!we<Xl<!gi{<gqOxil</ P1(x1, y1),
P2(x2,y2) Ngqbju!-j{g<Ogim<cz<!njlf<k!
-V! Ht<tqgt<! we<g/! -r<G, y1 = y2. weOu! hml< 7.14
Wx<xl<!y2 − y1 = 0.
174
Wx< xl< y − y1
NgOu?!sib<U!= = 2 = 0.
Ym< ml< x 2 − x1
nMk<khcbig, y-ns<<Sg<G! -j{bigs<!
osz<Zl<! Ogim<ce<! sib<uqjeg<! gi{<Ohil</
P1(x1, y1), P2(x2, y2) Ngqbju! -j{g<!
Ogim<cz<! njlf<k! -V! Ht<tqgt<! we<g!
(hml<!7.15 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<). -r<G, x1 = x2 .
weOu, Ym<ml< = x2 − x1 = 0. P1, P2 ouu<OuX!
Ht<tqgt</!weOu, y1 ≠ y2. NgOu! hml< 7.15
Wx< xl< y 2 − y1 y 2 − y1
sib<U = = = .
Ym< ml< x 2 − x1 0
-K!ujvbXg<gh<hmuqz<jz/!
∴ y-ns<<Sg<G! -j{bigs<! osz<Zl<!
Ogim<ce<!sib<U ujvbXg<gh<hmikK/!
!
wPl<Hl<!Ogim<ce<!sib<U!> 0.
uQPl<!Ogim<ce<!sib<U < 0.
x-ns<Sg<G!-j{bigs<!osz<Zl<!Ogim<ce<!sib<U! 0.
y-ns<<Sg<G!-j{bigs<!osz<Zl<!Ogim<ce<!sib<U ujvbXg<gh<hmikK/!!
!
y − y1 − ( y1 − y 2 ) y − y2
-r<G! fil<! gueqg<g! Ou{<cbK, 2 = = 1 . -u<uiX (x1, y1),
x 2 − x1 − (x1 − x 2 ) x1 − x 2
(x2, y2) Ngqb!-V!Ht<tqgjts<!Osi<g<Gl<!Ogim<ce<!sib<U!!
Wx< xl< y − y1 y − y2
= 2 = 1 .
Ym< ml< x 2 − x1 x1 − x 2
-kqzqVf<K, sib<uieK!Ogim<ce<! kqjsjbh<!
ohiVk<K! njlukz<z! we<hjk! fil<!
nxqgqOxil</ OlZl<! Ogim<ce<! sib<U!
y 2 − y1
we<gqx! uqgqkl<! P1, P2 we<gqx!
x 2 − x1
Ht<tqgtqe<! Gxqh<hqm<m! okiqf<okMk<kjzs<!
sii<f<kK nz<z/! -f<k! d{<jljbk<!
okiqf<K! ogit<t, nf<OfIg<Ogim<ce<! lQK!
OuX! -V! Ht<tqgt<! P3 (x3, y3) lx<Xl<!!!!
P4 (x4, y4) wMk<Kg<! ogit<Ouil<! (hml<! 7.16
Jh<!hiIg<gUl<). P3 zqVf<K!P4 g<Gs<!osz<Zl<! hml< 7.16
y − y3
Ogim<ce<!sib<U!= 4 .
x4 − x 3
P1 zqVf<K! P2 g<Gs<! osz<Zl<! Ogim<ce<!
y − y1
sib<U = 2 .
x 2 − x1
175
Neiz< ∆P1AP2 , ∆P3BP4 we<hju!ucouik<k!Lg<Ogi{r<gt</!
P A AP2 AP BP4 y − y1 y − y3
∴ 1 = nz<zK! 2 = . ∴ 2 = 4 .
P3 B BP 4 P1 A P3B x 2 − x1 x 4 − x3
nkiuK, sib<uieK!Ogim<ce<!Olzjlf<k!-V!Ht<tqgtqe<!-mk<jks<!sii<f<kkz<z/!!
Gxqh<H: ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t (x1, y1) lx<Xl< (x2, y2) Ngqb!-V!Ht<tqgtqe<!upqOb!yOv!yV!

Wx< xl< y − y1
Ofi<g<OgiMkie<!ujvb!LcBl</!nf<OfIg<Ogim<ce<!sib<U = = 2 .
Ym< ml< x 2 − x1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 3: (5, 6) lx<Xl< (15, 9) Ngqb!Ht<tqgtqe<!upqOb!osz<Zl<!Ogim<ce<!sib<U!
gi{<g/! OlZl<! ng<OgiM! OlOzx<xl<! ohXgqxki! nz<zK! gQpqxg<gl<! ogit<gqxki! weg<!
%Xg/!
kQi<U: (5,6)!J (x1, y1) we<Xl<? (15, 9) J (x2, y2) we<Xl<!ogit<g/!Ogim<ce<!sib<U
Wx< xl< y − y1
= 2
Ym< ml< x 2 − x1
9−6 3
= = , yV!lqjg!w{</
15 − 5 10
weOu?!OgimieK!)hml< 7.17 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<*!

Olz<!Wx<xl<!ohx<Xt<tK/!! hml<! 7.17
wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: (−16, 29), (40, −6) we<gqx!Ht<tqgtqe<!upqOb!osz<Zl<!Ogim<ce<!sib<U!

gi{<g/! OgimieK! Olz<! Wx<xl<! ohXgqxki! nz<zK! gQp<! -xg<gl<! ogit<gqxki! weg<!
%Xg/!
kQi<U:
Wx< xl< − 6 − 29
Ogim<ce<!sib<U!= =
Ym< ml< 40 − (−16)
− 35 − 5
= = yV!Gjx!w{<.<
56 8
weOu! OgimieK! )hml<! 7.18 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*!
gQp<!-xg<gl<!ohx<Xt<tK/
hml< 7.18
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5: gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tqgjts<!Osi<g<Gl<!Ogim<ce<!sib<Ugjth<!hx<xq!
uqtg<Gg/!!
(i) (6, 4) lx<Xl<!(−7, 4) (ii) (−2, 8) lx<Xl< (−2, 7)
kQi<U:
y − y1 4−4 0
(i) Ogim<ce<!sib<U = 2 = = = 0,
x 2 − x1 − 7 − 6 − 13
∴ OgimieK!x-ns<Sg<G!-j{biGl</!
y − y1 7−8 −1
(ii)!Ogim<ce<!sib<U = 2 = = = ujvbXg<gh<hmikK/!
x 2 − x1 − 2 + 2 0
∴ OgimieK x-ns<Sg<Gs<!osr<Gk<kig!dt<tK/!
176
3
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: sib<U! − ogi{<M?!(−2, 3) we<x!Ht<tq!upqbigs<! osz<Zl<! Ogim<ce<!
5
lx<oxiV!Ht<tqjbg<!gi{<g/!
!
−3
kQi<U: Lkzqz<?! sib<U = we! wPKOuil<! (nkiuK, hGkqjb! lqjgbigg<!
5
ogit<Ouil<). (−2, 3) we<x! Ht<tqg<G! hml< 7.19 z<! dt<tK! Ohiz< P weh<ohbiqM/
P bqzqVf<K 5 nzGgt< x-ns<sqx<<G!-j{big!uzK!hg<glig!fgIf<K!!
)Woeeqz<!Ym<ml<!= 5) Q (−2 + 5, 3) nkiuK,
Q (3, 3)! we<x! Ht<tqjbs<! ose<xjmg/
Q uqzqVf<K!3 nzG!y-ns<sqx<<G!-j{big!
gQpqxr<gq! )Woeeqz<?! -r<G! Wx<xl<! = −3)
R(3, 3 + (−3)) nkiuK R (3, 0) we<x!
Ht<tqjbs<! ose<xjmg/! R (3, 0) we<hK!
Ogim<ce<! Olzjlf<k! lx<oxiV Ht<tq/!
-kjes<!siqhii<g<g?!P, R Js<!Osi<g<Gl<!!
0−3 −3
Ogim<ce<!sib<U = = .
3 − (−2) 5
! hml< 7.19
lix<Xupq;!(−2, 3) J!(x1, y1) we<g/!Ogim<cz<! lx<oxiV!Ht<tqjb!(x2, y2) we<g/!weOu,
y − y1 y 2 − 3 −3
sib<U!= 2 = /!!Neiz<, sib<U!= !wek<!kvh<hm<Mt<tK/!!
x 2 − x1 x 2 + 2 5
y −3 −3
∴ 2 = nz<zK!−3x2 − 6 = 5y2 −15 nz<zK!3x2 + 5y2 = 9. -kqz<!y2 x<G!lkq<hH < !
x2 + 2 5
ogiMg<g!x2 gqjmg<Gl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig, y2 = 0 weqz<, 3x2 + 5 × 0 = 9 nz<zK!
3x2 = 9 nz<zK!x2 = 3. weOu, (3, 0) !NeK!Ogim<ce<!lQK!lx<oxiV!Ht<tqbiGl</!
7.2.1 Ofi<g<Ogim<ce<!sle<hiM!
P(x,y) we<hK! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! Ogim<cz<! njlBl<! liXgqe<x! Ht<tqbig!

-Vg<gm<Ml</! lixqgt<! x, y -ux<jxs<! Osi<g<Gl<! -bx<g{qks<! sle<hiM! ng<Ogim<ce<!
sle<hiM! NGl</! Ogim<cz<! njlf<k! yu<ouiV! Ht<tqbqe<! x-ns<SK~vl<, y-ns<SK~vl<!
Ngqbju!Ogim<ce<! sle<him<jm!fqjxU!osb<Bl</!-f<k!(x, y) we<x!uiqjs!Osicgjt!
gii<Csqbe<! ktk<kqz<! Gxqg<g! OfIg<Ogim<ce<! ujvhml<! gqjmg<Gl</! -eq?! Ogim<ce<!
sle<hiM, OgiM!we<Ox!njpg<gh<hMl</!Ogim<ce<! ujvhml<? x-ns<js A we<gqx!yOv!yV!
Ht<tqbqZl<, y-ns<js B we<gqx! yOv! yV! Ht<tqbqZl<! sf<kqg<gqxK/ A NeK! x-ns<sqz<!
njlukiz<! nke<! y-ns<S! K~vl< 0 NGl</! a we<hK! A e<! x-ns<SK~vl<! weqz<, (a, 0)
we<hK!Ogim<ce<! sle<him<jm!fqjxU!osb<Bl</!x g<G a JBl<, y g<G 0 JBl<! Ogim<ce<!
sle<him<cz<! hqvkqbqm, a bqe<! lkqh<jhg<! gi{zil</! a bqe<! lkqh<H, Ogim<ce< x
oum<Mk<K{<M! weh<hMl</! nkiuK, yV! Ogim<ce< x oum<Mk<K{<mieK, OgimieK! x-
ns<js! sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqbqe< x-ns<SK~vl<! NGl</! -Ok! Ohie<X, B bieK y-ns<sqz<!
-Vh<hkiz<! nke< x-ns<S! K~vl<! 0 NGl</! weOu, b we<hK! B bqe< y-ns<SK~vl<! weqz<?
(0, b) we<hK!Ogim<ce<!sle<him<jm!fqjxU!osb<Bl</!weOu?!x g<Gh<!hkqzig!0 juBl<,
177
y g<Gh<! hkqzig b jbBl< Ogim<ce<! sle<him<cz<! hqvkqbqm, b e<! kQIjug<! gi{zil</ b e<!
-f<k! lkqh<H, Ogim<ce<! y oum<Mk<K{<M! weh<hMl</! weOu?! OgimieK! wf<k! Ht<tqbqz<!!!
y-ns<js! oum<MgqxOki, nf<kh<! Ht<tqbqe< y ns<SK~vl<, Ogim<ce< y oum<Mk<K{<M!
weh<hMl<. kx<ohiPK! sib<U m we<Xl<, y oum<Mk<K{<M! c we<Xl<! ogi{<m! Ogim<ce<!
sle<him<jm!hqe<!uVliX!gi{<Ohil</
!
Ogim<ce<! y oum<Mk<K{<M! c big!
-Vh<hkiz<! P1(0, c) we<hK, OgimieK
y-ns<js! oum<Ml<OhiK (hml< 7.20 Jh<!
hiIg<gUl<) Wx<hMl<! Ht<tq/ P(x, y) we<hK!
Ogim<ce<! OuX! WOkEl<! yV!
Ht<tqbigm<Ml</!hqe<ei< Ogim<ce<!sib<U!!
y−c y−c
= (n.K)! .
x−0 x
Neiz< Ogim<ce<! sib<U m we<X! hml< 7.20
ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!!
y−c
∴ = m (n.K) y − c = mx (n.K) y = mx + c.
x
OlZt<t!sle<himieK!yV!Ogim<ce<!sle<him<ce<!sib<U.oum<Mk<K{<M!$k<kqvliGl</!
Gxqh<H: OgimieK!Nkqh<Ht<tq (0, 0) upqbigs<! ose<xiz<, nke< y oum<Mk<K{<M c = 0.

weOu?!Ogim<ce<!sle<hiM y = mx + 0 nz<zK y = mx.
1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: sib<U NgUl<, y-oum<Mk<K{<M −3 NgUl<!dt<t!Ogim<ce<!sle<hiM!
2
gi{<g/
kQi<U: sib<U.oum<Mk<K{<M!$k<kqvk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<k, Ogim<ce<!sle<hiM!!
1 1
y= x + (−3) m=
2 2
nz<zK 2y = x − 6 c = −3
nz<zK x− 2y − 6 = 0. y = mx + c
wMk<Kg<gim<M 8: 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 we<x!Ogim<ce<!sib<U, y-oum<Mk<K{<M!Ngqbux<jxg<!
gi{<g/
−3 ⎛ −5⎞
kQi<U: sle<him<jm!lix<xq!wPKjgbqz<!gqjmh<hK, 4y = −3x − 5 (n.K) y = x+⎜ ⎟.
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠
-f<ks<!sle<him<jm, y = mx + c !dme<!yh<hqMjgbqz<?!!
−3 −5
sib<U!m = , y-oum<Mk<K{<M! c = .
4 4
hbqx<sq 7.2
1. ogiMg<gh<hm<m!-V!Ht<tqgjts<!OsIg<Gl<!Ogim<ce<!sib<jug<!gi{<g/!
(i) (−4, 1) lx<Xl< (−5, 2). (ii) (4, −8) lx<Xl< (5, −2).
(iii) (−5, 0) lx<Xl< (0, −8). (iv) (0, 0) lx<Xl< ( 3 , 3).
(v) (2a, 3b) lx<Xl< (a, −b). (vi) (a, 0) lx<Xl< (0, b).
178
2. ogiMg<gh<hm<m!!Ht<tq!upqbigUl<, kvh<hm<m!sib<juBl<!ogi{<m!Ogim<ce<!lx<oxiV!!
!!Ht<tqjbg<!gi{<g/!
(i) Ht<tq!!(5, 6), sib<U 1. (ii) Ht<tq! (0, 4), sib<U 1 .
4
(iii) Ht<tq! (2, −2), sib<U −1. (iv) Ht<tq! (1, −3), sib<U!4.
(v) Ht<tq! (−1, −4), sib<U! 7 .
3
3. sib<Ul< , y- oum<Mk<K{<Ml<!LjxOb!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<te/!Ogim<ce<!sle<him<jmg<!!
!!!gi{<g/!
(i) −3 lx<Xl< −7. (ii) 5 lx<Xl< 9. (iii) −2 lx<Xl< 15.
(iv) 6 lx<Xl< −11. (v) − 3 lx<Xl< 1. (vi) − 2 lx<Xl< 8 .
5 5 5
4. ogiMg<gh<hm<<m!Ogim<ce<!sib<U, y- oum<Mk<K{<M!gi{<g/
(i) 3x + 2y = 4 (ii) 2x = y (iii) x − y − 3 = 0 (iv) 5x − 4y = 8
7.3 (x1, y1) lx<Xl< (x2, y2) Ngqb! -V! Ht<tqgTg<G! -jmObBt<t!
okijzU!
-V! Ht<tqgTg<G! -jmObBt<t! okijzU! we<hK! ucuqbzqz<! yV! nch<hjmg<!

gVk<KVuiGl</!-h<OhiK!nkx<gie!-bx<g{qkg<!Ogijujbg<!g{<mxqOuil</!!
P1 (x1, y1), P2 (x2, y2) we<hju! gii<Csqbe<! ktk<kqz<! njlf<k! -V!
Ht<tqgtigm<Ml</ P1, P2 -ux<xqx<G! -jmObBt<t! okijzju d(P1, P2) nz<zK P1P2
weg<Gxqh<Ohil</ P1 P2 we<x!Ogim<Mk<K{<jm!ujvg/!&e<X!ujggt<!wPgqe<xe/
ujg (i): Ogim<Mk<K{<M P1 P2 NeK! x-ns<Sg<G
-j{big! dt<tK! )hml<! 7.21 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<).
-r<G y1 = y2. P1L, P2M Ngqbux<jx!x-ns<Sg<G!
osr<Gk<kig! ujvg/! P1P2ML yV! osu<ugliGl</!
weOu!P1P2 = LM. nkiuK, d(P1, P2) we<hK!L
lx<Xl< M we<heux<xqx<G! -jmObBt<t!
okijzU/ Neiz<, L lx<Xl< M we<x! Ht<tqgt<!!
hml< 7.21
x-ns<sqe<!lQKt<te/!-h<Ht<<tqgjt!LjxObx1, x2
we<gqx! olb<ob{<gt<! x-ns<sigqb! w{<Ogim<cz<!
Gxqg<gqe<xe/! nkeiz<! LM e<! fQtl<!!!!!!!!!
LM = x1 − x2 . weOu!d (P1, P2) = x1 − x2 .
ujg (ii): P1 P2 we<gqx! Ogim<Mk<K{<M
y-ns<Sg<G! -j{big! dt<tK (hml<! 7.22 Jh<!
hiIg<gUl<). -r<G!x1 = x2 . P1L, P2M!Ngqbux<jx!
y-ns<Sg<G! osr<Gk<kig! ujvg/ P1P2ML yV! hml< 7.22
osu<ugliGl</!weOu!P1P2 = LM. nkiuK,
179
d(P1, P2) we<hK L lx<Xl< M we<heux<xqx<G!-jmObBt<t!okijzU/!Neiz<, L lx<Xl<
M we<x! Ht<tqgt<! y-ns<sqe<! lQKt<te/! -h<Ht<tqgjt! LjxOb! ! y1, y2 we<gqx!
olb<ob{<gt<!y-ns<sigqb!w{<Ogim<cz<!Gxqg<gqe<xe/!nkeiz<?!LM e<!fQtl<!= y1 − y 2 .
weOu d(P1, P2) = y1 − y 2 .
ujg!(iii): Ogim<Mk<K{<M P1 P2 NeK x-ns<Sg<Gl<!-j{bqz<jz; y-ns<Sg<Gl<!!
-j{bqz<jz! (hml< 7.23 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<).
P1 upqbig x-ns<Sg<G! -j{big! yV!
OgiMl<, P2 upqbig!y-ns<Sg<G!-j{big!
yV! OgiMl<! ujvg. -g<OgiMgt< P3 z<!
oum<mm<Ml</! hqe<ei<! P3, (x2, y1) NGl</!
Ogim<Mk<K{<M!P1P3e<! fQtl< x1 − x2 NGl</!
Ogim<Mk<K{<M! P3P2e<! fQtl<! y1 − y 2 . hml< 7.23
∆P1P3P2 we<hK! yV! osr<Ogi{!
Lg<Ogi{l<! we<hjk! fil<! gi{<gqOxil</!
weOu!hqkigv^<!Okx<xk<kqe<!hc,
∴ [d (P1 , P2 )] = [d (P1 , P3 )] + [d (P3 , P2 )] = x1 − x 2 + y1 − y 2
2 2 2 2 2
= (x1 − x2)2 + (y1 − y2)2 = (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2

∴ d(P1, P2) = ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 .
-K!okijzU!gi[l<!$k<kqvl<!NGl</!-K!(x1, y1) lx<Xl< (x2, y2) Ngqb!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!
-V! Ht<tqgTg<G! -jmObBt<t! okijzU! d Jk<! kVl</! gqjmg<Ogim<cOzi! nz<zK!
Gk<Kg<Ogim<cOzi!njlbik!-V!Ht<tqgTg<gie!$k<kqvl<! ohxh<hm<Mt<tK/!-r<G!fil<!
gueqg<g!Ou{<cbK!d(P1, P2) = d(P2, P1).
OlZl<! -f<k! $k<kqvl<! wf<k! -V! Ht<tqgTg<Gl<! ohiVf<Kl</! P1 lx<Xl<! P2
Ngqbju!yOv!gqjmg<Ogim<cz<!njlf<kiz<, y1 = y2 NGl</!Njgbiz<
x 2 − x1 + 0 2 = x 2 − x1 .
2
d(P1, P2) = ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 =
P1 lx<Xl<!P2 Ngqbju!yOv!Gk<Kg<Ogim<cz<!njlf<kiz<, x1 = x2 NGl</!Njgbiz<!
0 2 + y1 − y 2
2
d(P1, P2) = ( x1 − x 2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y 2 ) 2 = = y1 − y 2 .
!
Gxqh<H: Nkqh<Ht<tq O NeK (0, 0). P (x, y) WOkEl<!yV!Ht<tq!weqz<,
OP = ( x − 0) 2 + ( y − 0) 2 = x2 + y2 .
-f<kk<! okijzU x 2 + y 2 we<hK Nkqh<Ht<tqbqzqVf<K, (x, y) we<gqx!Ht<tqbqe<! Njv!
oug<mi<! weh<hMl</!
!
!
!
!
180
okijzU!$k<kqvk<jkh<!hbe<hMk<kq, fil<!
(i) &e<X!Ht<tqgt<!yOv!Ogim<czjlgqe<xeui!nz<zK!yV!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<!
nz<zK! -Vslhg<g! Lg<Ogi{l<! nz<zK! slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{k<jk! dVuig<Gli!!
we<X!Nvibzil</!
(ii) fie<G! Ht<tqgt<, -j{gvl<, osu<ugl<, sKvl< nz<zK sib<sKvl<! Ngqbux<jx!
dVuig<Gli!we<X!Nvibzil</!
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: A(−15, −3) lx<Xl< B (7, 1) -ux<xqx<gqjmObBt<t!okijzjug<!gi{</!
kQi<U: A lx<Xl< B -ux<xqx<gqjmObBt<t!okijzU d !we<g/!
d (A, B) = ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2 (x1, y1) (−15, −3)
= (7 + 15) + (1 + 3)
2 2
(x2, y2) (7, 1)
= 22 2 + 4 2
= 484 + 16 = 500 = 10 5 .
wMk<Kg<gim<M 10: (−4, −9), (2, 0) lx<Xl< (4, 3) Ngqbju!yOv!Ogim<czjlBl<!Ht<tqgt<!

weg<gim<Mg/!
kQi<U: A, B lx<Xl< C!we<he!LjxOb?!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tqgtig!-Vg<gm<Ml</!
AB = ( 2 + 4) 2 + ( 0 + 9) 2
A (−4, −9) likqiqh<!hml<!
= 6 2 + 9 2 = 36 + 81
B (2, 0)
= 117 = 9 × 13 = 3 13 .
hml<!7.24
BC = ( 4 − 2) 2 + (3 − 0) 2
C (4, 3)
= 2 2 + 32 = 4 + 9 = 13 .
AC = (4 + 4) 2 + (3 + 9) 2
= 8 2 + 12 2 = 64 + 144 = 208 = 16 × 13 = 4 13 .
∴ -r<G 3 13 + 13 = 4 13 . AB + BC = AC we<hjkg<!gi{<gqOxil</
∴ A, B lx<Xl< C yOv!Ogim<czjlBl<!Ht<tqgt</!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: (3, −2), (2, 5) lx<Xl< (8, −7) Ht<tqgt<!yV!-Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{k<jk!

njlg<Gl<!weg<!gim<Mg/!
kQi<U: ogiMg<gh<hm<m! Ht<tqgt<! LjxOb P, Q
lx<Xl< R we<g. ∆PQR yV!-Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<!
we fq'hqg<g! nkEjmb! -V! hg<gr<gt<!
slfQtLt<tju!weg<gim<mzil<. -h<ohiPK?!
d(P,Q) = ( 2 − 3) 2 + (5 + 2) 2 = 12 + 7 2 = 1 + 49 hml< 7.25
= 50 = 5 2 ,
d (Q, R) = (8 − 2) + ( −7 − 5) = 6 2 + 12 2 = 36 + 144 = 180 = 6 5 ,
2 2
d (R, P) = (3 − 8) 2 + ( −2 + 7) 2 = ( −5) 2 + 5 2 = 25 + 25 = 50 = 5 2.
∴ d (P, Q) = d (R, P) ≠ d (Q, R). ∴ ∆PQR yV!-Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<!(hml<!7.25 Jh<
hiIg<gUl<).!Neiz<!slhg<gLg<Ogi{lz<z/!
181
( )
wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: (0, 3), (0,1) lx<Xl< 3 , 2 Ngqbju! yV! slhg<g! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!
ds<sqgt<!weg<!gim<Mg/
kQi<U: ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tqgt<!LjxOb A, B lx<Xl< C
Ng! -Vg<gm<Ml<. ∆ABC yV! slhg<gLg<Ogi{l<! we
fq'hqg<g! nke<! wz<zih<! hg<gr<gTl<! sl! fQtlieju!
weg< gim<mzil</!-r<G
d (A, B) = (0 − 0) 2 + (1 − 3) 2 = 0 2 + (−2) 2 = 4 = 2,
d (B, C) = ( 3 − 0) 2 + (2 − 1) 2 = 3 + 1 = 4 = 2,
d (C, A) = (0 − 3 ) 2 + (3 − 2) 2 = 3 + 1 = 4 = 2. hml< 7.26
∴ d (A, B) = d (B, C) = d (C, A).
∴∆ABC yV!slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<!(hml<!7.26 Jh< hiIg<gUl<*/!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: P (7, 1), Q (−4, −1) lx<Xl< R (4, 5) !yV!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!

ds<sqgti!we!Nvib<g/!
kQi<U:!∆PQR!yV!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<!weg<gim<m!YI!ds<sqg<Ogi{l<!90°!weg<gim<m!
Ou{<Ml</!-kx<G!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!hg<gr<gtqe<!fQtr<gt<!hqkigv^<!Okx<xk<jk!fqjxU!!
osb<b!Ou{<Ml</!-r<Og!
PQ = ( −4 − 7) 2 + ( −1 − 1) 2 = 121 + 4 = 125 = 5 5 ,
QR = (4 + 4) 2 + (5 + 1) 2 = 64 + 36 = 100 = 10,
PR = (4 − 7) 2 + (5 − 1) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5.
hml<!8.27
∴ PQ2 = 125, QR2 = 100 lx<Xl< PR2 = 25.
QR2 + PR2 = PQ2 we<hjkg<!gi{<gqOxil</!weOu!hqkigv^<!$k<kqvl<!siqhiIg<gh<hm<mK/!!
∴ ∆PQR yV!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<? ∠R = 90°.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 14: (1, 2), (2, −1), (5, 3) lx<Xl< (4, 6) we<x!uiqjsbqz<!njlf<k!Ht<tqgt<!
YI!-j{gvk<kqje!njlg<Gl<!weg<gim<Mg/!-K!yV!osu<ugli@!Nvib<g/!
kQi<U:!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tqgt<!LjxOb P1, P2, P3 lx<Xl< P4 Ng!-Vg<gm<Ml</
P1 P2 P3 P4 YI!-j{gvl<!weg<gim<Mukx<G!yV!upqLjx?!nkEjmb!wkqi<hg<gr<gtqe<!
fQtr<gt<!sll<!weg<gim<MukiGl</!-r<Og!
P1P2 = ( 2 − 1) 2 + (−1 − 2) 2 = 1 + 9 = 10 ,
P2P3 = (5 − 2) 2 + (3 + 1) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5,
P3P4 = ( 4 − 5) 2 + (6 − 3) 2 = 1 + 9 = 10 ,
P4P1 = (1 − 4) 2 + ( 2 − 6) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5.
∴ P1P2 = P3P4 = 10 lx<Xl< P2P3 = P4P1 = 5. hml< 7.28
∴ P1P2 P3P4 we<hK!YI!-j{gvl</!-r<G?!
P1P3 = (5 − 1) 2 + (3 − 2) 2 = 16 + 1 = 17 lx<Xl<
(P1P2 )2 + (P2P3)2 = 10 + 25 = 35, (P1P3)2 = 17, (P1P2 )2 + (P2P3)2 ≠ (P1P3)2.
∴ ∆P1P2 P3 we<hK!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{lz<z/!∴ ∠P1P2 P3 we<hK!osr<Ogi{lz<z/
∴ P1P2 P3P4 we<hK!yV!osu<ugl<!-z<jz.
182
wMk<Kg<gim<M 15: (0, −1), (−2, 3), (6, 7) lx<Xl< (8, 3) we<x! uiqjsbqz<! wMk<Kg<!
ogit<th<hm<m!Ht<tqgt<!yV!osu<ugk<jk!njlg<Gl<!weg<!gim<Mg/!
kQi<U: ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tqgt<!A, B, C lx<Xl< D Ng!-Vg<gm<Ml;. ABCD yV!osu<ugl<!
weg<gim<Mukx<G! yV! upqLjx?! nke<! wkqIh<hg<gr<gt<! slfQtLt<tju! we<hkiGl</!
OlZl<! nke<! YI! ds<sqg<Ogi{! ntU! 90°! we<hkiGl</! YI! ds<sqg<Ogi{l<! 90°!
weg<gim<Mukx<G! yV! upqLjx?! ∆ABC e<! hg<gr<gt<! hqkigv^<! Okx<xk<jk! fqjxU!
osb<gqxK!weg<gim<MuOk/!-r<Og!fil<!gi{<hK!
AB = ( −2 − 0) 2 + (3 + 1) 2 = 4 + 16 = 20 = 2 5 ,
BC = (6 + 2) 2 + (7 − 3) 2 = 64 + 16 = 80 = 4 5 ,
CD = (8 − 6) 2 + (3 − 7) 2 = 4 + 16 = 20 = 2 5 ,
AD = (8 − 0) 2 + (3 + 1) 2 = 64 + 16 = 80 = 4 5.
AC = (6 − 0) 2 + (7 + 1) 2 = 36 + 64 = 100 = 10.
hml< 7.29
∴ AB = CD = 2 5 , BC = AD = 4 5 lx<Xl<!
AB2 + BC2 = 20 + 80 = 100 = AC2. ∴ ABCD !yV!osu<ugl</!Neiz<!sKvlz<z/!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 16: (0, −1), (2, 1) (0, 3) lx<Xl< (−2, 1) we<x!uiqjsbqz<!wMk<Kg<ogit<th<hm<m!

Ht<tqgt<!yV!sKvk<kqe<!ds<sqgt<!weg<gim<Mg/!
kQi<U:!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tqgt<!LjxOb A, B, C, D we<g.
ABCD yV!sKvl<!weg<gim<Mukx<G!nkEjmb!
hg<gr<gt<! slfQtLjmbju! lx<Xl< &jz!
uqm<mr<gt<! slfQtLt<tju! weg<gim<MuK yV!
upq!NGl</!-r<G!
AB = (2 − 0) 2 + (1 + 1) 2 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2 ,
BC = (0 − 2) 2 + (3 − 1) 2 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2 ,
CD = ( −2 − 0) 2 + (1 − 3) 2 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2 ,
AD = (−2 − 0) 2 + (1 + 1) 2 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2,
BD = ( −2 − 2) 2 + (1 − 1) 2 = 16 + 0 = 16 = 4,
hml< 7.30
AC = (0 − 0) + (3 + 1) = 0 + 16 = 16 = 4.
2 2
∴AB = BC = CD = AD = 2 2 lx<Xl< BD = AC = 4!weg<!gi{<gqOxil</!

∴ ABCD yV!sKvl</!
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 17: A(2, −3), B(6, 5), C(−2, 1) lx<Xl< D(−6, −7) we<x!uiqjsbqz<!wMk<Kg<!
ogit<th<hm<m! Ht<tqgt<! yV! sib<sKvk<jk! d{<mig<Gl<;! Neiz<! nK! sKvlz<z! weg<!
gim<Mg/
kQi<U: ABCD ! yV! sib<sKvliGl<! weg<! gim<Mukx<G! yV! upq?! nkEjmb! wz<zi!
hg<gr<gTl<! sll<! weg<! gim<MuKkie</! yV! sib<sKvlieK?! sKvlz<z! weg<!
gim<Mukx<G! yV! upq?! nkEjmb! &jzuqm<mr<gt<! slfQtlz<zikju! weg<!
gim<MuKkie</!-r<G
AB = (6 − 2) 2 + (5 + 3) 2 = 16 + 64 = 80 ,
183
BC = ( −2 − 6) 2 + (1 − 5) 2 = 64 + 16 = 80 ,
AC = ( −2 − 2) 2 + (1 + 3) 2 = 16 + 16 = 32 ,
BD = ( −6 − 6) 2 + (−7 − 5) 2 = 144 + 144 = 288 ,
CD = (−6 + 2) 2 + ( −7 − 1) 2 = 16 + 64 = 80 ,
AD = ( −6 − 2) 2 + ( −7 + 3) 2 = 64 + 16 = 80 .
hml<!7.31
∴ AB = BC = CD = AD, AC ≠ BD.
∴ ABCD we<hK!yV!sib<sKvl<;!Neiz<!nK!sKvlz<z/!
hbqx<sq!7.3
1. !gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!Osic!Ht<tqgTg<G!-jmObBt<t!okijzjug<!gi{<g/!
(i) (1, 2) lx<Xl< (4, 3) (vi) (a, −b) lx<Xl< (−b, a)
(ii) (3, 4) lx<Xl< (−7, 2) (vii) ( 2 + 1, 1) lx<Xl< (1, 3)
⎛2 5⎞
(iii) (−7, 2) lx<Xl< (3, 2) (viii) ⎜ , ⎟ lx<Xl< (− 1, 2)
⎝3 4⎠
(iv) (4, −5) lx<Xl< (−4, 5) (ix) (2, 0) lx<Xl< (5, −4)
(v) (a, b) lx<Xl< (b, a) (x) (−2, 3) lx<Xl< (−1, −5)
2.!!gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tqgt<!yOv!Ogim<czjlBl<!Ht<tqgt<!weg<gim<Mg/!
1 3
(i) (5, 2), (3, −2) lx<Xl< (8, 8) (ii) ( , 1), (1, 2) lx<Xl< (0, )
2 2
(iii) (1, 4), (3, −2) lx<Xl< (−3, 16) (iv) (−4, 8), (2, −4) lx<Xl< (3, 16)
(v) (8, 4), (5, 2) lx<Xl< (9, 6).
3.! gQOp! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! Ht<tqgt<! -Vslhg<g! Lg<Ogi{k<jk! d{<mig<Gli! we!
Nvib<g/!
(i) (5, 4), (2, 0) lx<Xl< (−2, 3). (ii) (6, − 4), (−2, − 4) lx<Xl< (2, 10).
(iii) (2, −1), (− 4, 2) lx<Xl< (2, 5).
4. gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tqgt<!slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{k<jk!d{<mig<Gli!we!Nvib<g/!
(i) (− 3 , 1), (2 3 , −2) lx<Xl< (2 3 , 4).
(ii) ( 3 , 2) , (0, 1) lx<Xl< (0, 3).
(iii) (0, 3) (0, 5) lx<Xl< ( 3 , 4).
5. !gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!Ht<tqgt<!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!ds<sqgti!we!Nvib<g/!
(i) (4, 4), (3, 5) lx<Xl< (−1, −1). (ii) (2, 0), (−2, 3) lx<Xl< (−2, −5).
6. !!gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!ds<sqgjtg<!ogi{<m!Lg<Ogi{l<!wu<ujg!Lg<Ogi{l<!weg<!
gi{<g/!!
(i) (−3, 7), (−4, 0) lx<Xl< (−10, 8). (ii) (−5, −2), (0, 6) lx<Xl< (8, 1).
184
7. gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!uiqjsbqz<! njlf<k!Ht<tqgt<! -j{gvk<jk!njlg<Gli!we!
Nvib<g/!
(i) (3, −5), (−5, −4), (7, 10) lx<Xl< (15, 9). (ii) (5, 8), (6, 3), (3, 1) lx<Xl< (2, 6).
(iii) (6, 1), (5, 6), (−4, 3) lx<Xl< (−3, −2). (iv) (0, 3), (4, 4), (6, 2) lx<Xl< (2, 1).
8. gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!uiqjsbqz<!njlf<k!Ht<tqgt<!yV!osu<ugk<jk!njlg<Gli!we!
Nvib<g/!
(i) (8, 3), (0, −1), (−2, 3) lx<Xl< (6, 7). (iii) (−3, 0), (1,−2), (5, 6) lx<Xl< (1, 8).
(ii) (−2, 7), (5, 4), (−1, −10) lx<Xl< (−8, −7). (iv) (−1, 1), (0, 0) (3, 3) lx<Xl< (2, 4).
9. gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!uiqjsbqz<!njlf<k!Ht<tqgt<!yV!sKvk<kqje!njlg<Gli!we!
Nvib<g/!
(i) (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3) lx<Xl< (1, 3). (ii) (−1, −8), (4, −6), (2, −1) lx<Xl< (−3, −3).
(iii) (1, −1), (0, −4), (7, −3) lx<Xl< (8, −10). (iv) (12, 9), (20, −6), (5, −14) lx<Xl< (−3, 1).
(v) (−1, 2), (1, 0), (1, 4) lx<Xl< (3, 2).
10. gQOp!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!uiqjsbqz<! njlf<k!Ht<tqgt<! yV!sib<sKvk<kqe<! ds<sqgti!
we!Nvib<g/!
(i) (0, 0), (3, 4), (0, 8) lx<Xl< (−3, 4).
(ii) (2, −3), (6, 5), (−2, 1) lx<Xl< (−6, −7).
(iii) (1, 4), (5, 1), (1, −2) lx<Xl< (−3, 1)
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
185
uqjmgt<!
hbqx<sq 7.1
1. (i) I (ii) I (iii) III (iv) IV (v) !!wf<k!gix<hGkqBl<!-z<jz!

(vi) !wf<k!gix<hGkqBl<!-z<jz (vii) !!wf<k!gix<hGkqBl<!-z<jz! (viii) II
2. (i) !kuX (ii) kuX (iii) !kuX!!(iv) !siq!! (v) siq!!(vi) siq! (vii) !!siq!
(viii) !kuX (ix) !!kuX!!(x) !kuX!!(xi) !!kuX (xii)!siq!
3. (i) (2, 1) (ii) (6, 9) (iii) (10, 7) (iv) (2, 2)
hbqx<sq 7.2
−8 ⎛b⎞ −b
1. (i) −1 (ii) 6 (iii) (iv) 3 (v) 4 ⎜ ⎟ (vi)
5 ⎝a⎠ a
2. (i) (6, 7) (ii) (4, 5) (iii) (3, −3) (iv) (2, 1) (v) (2, 3)
3. (i) 3x + y + 7 = 0 (ii) 5x − y + 9 = 0 (iii) 2x + y − 15 = 0

(iv) 6x − y − 11 = 0 (v) 3x + 5y − 5 = 0 (vi) 2x + 5y − 8 = 0
⎛−3 ⎞ ⎛5 ⎞
4. (i) ⎜ , 2 ⎟ (ii) (2, 0) (iii) (1, −3) (iv) ⎜ , − 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝4 ⎠
hbqx<sq 7.3
1. (i) 10 (ii) 2 26 (iii) 10 (iv) 2 41 (v) (a − b) 2

481
(vi) (a + b) 2 (vii) 6 (viii) 12 (ix) 5 (x) 65.
2. (i) !yOv!Ogim<czjlBl<!!(ii) yOv!Ogim<czjlbiK!!(iii) !!yOv!Ogim<czjlBl<
(iv) yOv!Ogim<czjlbiK (v) !yOv!Ogim<czjlbiK!
3. (i) -Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<!(ii) !-Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<
(iii) !-Vslhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<!
4. (i) slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l< (ii) !!slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<
(iii)!!!slhg<g!Lg<Ogi{l<!
5. (i) osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l< (ii) !osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<!nz<z!
6. (i) -Vslhg<g!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<!(ii) -Vslhg<g!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<
7. (i) -j{gvl< (ii) -j{gvl< (iii) -j{gvl< (iv) -j{gvl<
8. (i) osu<ugl<!!!(ii) !osu<ugl< (iii) !!osu<ugl< (iv) !!osu<ugl<
9. (i) !sKvl< (ii) !sKvl<!(iii) sKvlz<z!!(iv) !sKvl<!!(v) !sKvlz<z
10. (i) sib<!sKvl< (ii) sib<!sKvl< (iii) sib<!sKvl<
186
8. Lg<Ogi{uqbz<
hz! F~x<xi{<MgTg<G! Le<Oh! uieuqbz<! hx<xq! nxqukx<G?! g{qkuqbzqz<!!
Lg<Ogi{uqbz<! we<El<! hqiqU!Okix<Xuqg<gh<hm<mK/!!aqh<hiIg<g^<! )Hipparchus*!we<El<!!
gqOvg<g! uieuqbz<! lx<Xl<! ! g{qk! uz<Zfi<?! Lg<Ogi{uqbjz! uqiquig<gq! nke<!
uqkqgjth<! ohVltU! ! hbe<hMk<kq! uie<outqh<! ohiVm<gtqe<! -br<G! hijkgjtBl<?!
fqjzgjtBl<! ! fqi<{bl<! osb<kii</! weOu! -ujvOb?! Lg<Ogi{uqbzqe<! kf<jk!
we<xjph<hK! ohiVk<kliekiGl</! ! Lg<Ogi{uqbjzg<! Gxqg<Gl<! Nr<gqzs<! osiz<zie!
‘Trigonometry’ NeK? Lg<Ogi{l<! we<x! ohiVTjmb! ÄTrigon}! lx<Xl<! ntU! we<x!
ohiVTjmb! ÄMetra}! Ngqb! -V! gqOvg<gs<! osix<gtqzqVf<K! ohxh<hm<mkiGl</! ! weOu!
Lg<Ogi{uqbz<! we<hK!yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! hg<gr<gtqe<! ntUgTg<Gl<?!Ogi{r<gtqe<!
ntUgTg<Gl<! -jmOb! njlf<k! okimi<Hgjth<hx<xq! nxqBl<! himh<hGkqbiGl</!
Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!himk<kqje!hcg<gk<!okimr<Gukx<G!Le<?!!fil<!Ogi{r<gt<?!nux<xqe<!
ntUgt<!Ngqbju!hx<xq!Wx<geOu!nxqf<kjk!lQ{<Ml<!fqjeuqx<!ogit<Ouil</
Ogi{r<gTl<!!nux<xqe<!ntUgTl<
yV! ohiKh<! Ht<tqbqzqVf<K! okimr<Gl<! -V! gkqi<gtiz<! yV! Ogi{l<!

njlg<gh<hMgqxK/! ! yV! gkqi<?! Ogi{k<kqe<! okimg<gg<gkqI! )okimg<gh<hg<gl<*! weUl<?!
lx<oxiV!gkqi<?!Ogi{k<kqe<!LcUg<gkqI!)LcUh<hg<gl<*!weUl<!%xh<hMl</!!ohiKh<Ht<tq?!
Ogi{k<kqe<! Lje! weh<hMl</! LjebqzqVf<K! okimr<Gl<! gkqovie<X! okimg<gh<! hg<g!
fqjzbqzqVf<K!LcUh<!hg<g!fqjz!ujv!SpZukiz<!Ogi{l<!njlgqe<xK/
hml<!8.2!
hml<!8.1!
gkqiqe<! Spx<sq! gcgiv! Lt<! Spx<sqbqe<! wkqIkqjsbqOzi! )hml<! 8.1 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*!
nz<zK! gcgiv! Lt<! Spx<sqbqe<<! kqjsbqOzi! )hml< 8.2! Jh<! ! hiIg<gUl<*! njlujk!
nxqbzil</! ! gkqi<gt<! OA Ul<! OB Bl<! LjxOb?! yV! Ogi{k<kqe<! okimg<gg<jg?!
LcUg<jg!weqz<?!!!Ogi{k<jkg<!GxqbQm<cz<! ∠ AOB!weg<!Gxqh<Ohil</!
187
nu<uh<OhiK?! gii<Csqbe<! ktk<kqz<! Nkqh<Ht<tqjb!!
LjebigUl<?! x-ns<js! okimg<gg<gkqvigUl<!
ogi{<M?! hml<! 8.3! -z<! gi{<hKOhiz<!
Ogi{k<kqje! njlh<Ohil</! ! yV! Ogi{lieK!
Olx<%xqb! upqbqz<! fqjzh<hMk<kh<hce<?!
ng<Ogi{lieK! ! kqm<m! fqjzbqz<! dt<tK!
we<Ohil</! yV! Ogi{k<jk! ntg<g! hijg!
we<xjpg<gh<hMl<!nzgqjeh<!hbe<hMk<Kgqe<Oxil</
hml<!8.3
hijg!ntU
yV! gkqi<?! gcgivLt<Spx<sqbqe<! wkqi<! kqjsbqz<! yV! LP! Spx<sqjb! Wx<hMk<Kl<!

ohiPK?! nr<G! 360! hijggt<! )-K! 360o! we! wPkh<hMl<*! ntUt<t! yV! Ogi{l<!
njlukigg<! %Xgqe<Oxil</! lx<x! Ogi{r<gjt! 360o! Ogi{k<jk! nch<hjmbigg<!
ogi{<M! ntg<gqe<Oxil</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! yV! gkqi<! Spx<sqjb! Wx<hMk<kuqz<jzobeqz<?!
nK! 0o! ntUt<t! Ogi{l<! njlg<gqe<xK! we<Ohil</! yV! gkqi<! gcgivLt<! Spx<sqbqe<!
wkqi<!kqjsbqz<?!LP!Spx<sqbq<z<!¼!higl<!Spx<sqjb!Wx<hMk<kqeiz<?!nK!¼ (360o*!= 90o!
ntUt<t!Ogi{l<! njlg<gqe<xK!we<Ohil</!yV!gkqI!gcgivLt<! Spx<sqbqe<! kqjsbqz<?!
LPs<Spx<sqbqz<! ¼!higl<!Spx<sqjb!Wx<hMk<Klieiz<?!nK!¼ (−360o*!= −90o!ntUt<t!
Ogi{l<! njlg<gqe<xK!we<Ohil</!weOu?!gcgivLt<! Spx<sqbqe<! wkqi<kqjsbqz<! njlBl<!
Spx<sqgt<! lqjg! Ogi{r<gjt! d{<mig<Ggqe<xe! weUl<?! gcgivLt<! Spx<sqbqe<!
kqjsbqz<! njlBl<! Spx<sqgt<! Gjx! Ogi{r<gjt! d{<mig<Ggqe<xe! weUl<!
nxqgqe<Oxil</! -u<uk<kqbik<kqz<! fil<?! 0o! zqVf<K! 90o! ujv! njlBl<! Ogi{r<gjt!
lm<MOl!gVKgqe<Oxil</ 0o!zqVf<K!90o!g<Gt<!njlBl<!Ogi{l<!GXr<Ogi{l<!weh<hMl</!!
90o! ntuqz<! njlBl<! Ogi{l<! osr<Ogi{l<! weh<hMl</! 180o! ntuqz<! njlBl<!
Ogi{l<! Ofi<g<Ogi{l<! weh<hMl</! -V! GXr<Ogi{r<gtqe<! %Mkz<! 90o! weqz<?! nju!
fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt<! weh<hMl</!-V!lqjgOgi{r<gtqe<! %Mkz<! 180o!weqz<?!nju! lqjg!
fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt<!weh<hMl</
osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{Ll<?!hqkigv^<!Okx<xLl<
!
yV! Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<! yV!
o
Ogi{k<kqe<! ntU! 90 ! weqz<?! nl<!
Lg<Ogi{l<! yV! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{l<!
weh<hMl</! hml<! 8.4 z<! ABC yV!
osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{l<?! ! -kqz<! ∠ABC
we<x! Ogi{k<kqe<! ntU! 90° NGl</!
hg<gl<! AC !gi<{l<!weh<hMl</!!-KOu!!
!
hml<!8.4
188
lqgh<ohiqb! hg<gl<?! OlZl<! -K! osr<Ogi{k<kqx<G! wkqOv! njlf<Kt<t! hg<gliGl</!!
hqkigv^<! we<x!gqOvg<g!g{qk!uz<Zfi<?!gi<{k<kqe<! lQK!njlBl<! sKvk<kqe<! hvh<htU?!
lx<x! -V! hg<gr<gtqe<! lQkjlBl<! sKvr<gtqe<! hvh<htUgtqe<! %MkZg<Gs<! sll<! weg<!
g{<mxqf<kii</! ! nkiuK?! hml<! 8.4! -z<?! AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 NGl</! ! -KOu! hqkigv^<!
Okx<xl<!weh<hMl</
8.1 Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt<
WkiuK! yV! GXr<Ogi{l<! ∠AOB J!
wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</! ! -jk! gqOvg<g! wPk<kie
θ Nz<! Gxqh<Ohil</ P! we<El<! Ht<tq! gkqi< OB
bqe<! lQK! njlf<k! Ht<tq! we<g/! gkqi<! OA
Ug<Gs<! osr<Gk<kig!P bqzqVf<K!Ogim<Mk<K{<M!
PQ ujvg/! hqxG! Lg<Ogi{l<! OQP! yV!
osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{l<A! Lje! Q uqz<!
osr<Ogi{l<! njlf<Kt<tK/! ! ∆OQP -z<! hml< 8.5
hg<gl<!! OP !!gi<{l<!!NGl</!!!hg<gl<!! PQ !!
Ogi{l<! θ uqe<! wkqi<hg<gliGl</! hg<gl<! OQ Ogi{l<! θ uqe<! nMk<Kt<t! hg<gliGl</!
OP , PQ , OQ Ngqb! hg<gr<gtqe<! fQtr<gjt! LjxOb! OP, PQ, OQ! we<X!
Gxqh<hqMgqe<Oxil</!-f<fQtr<gjtg<!ogi{<M!hqe<uVl<!NX!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gjt!
ujvbXg<gqe<Oxil</
wkqIhg< gk< kqe<!fQtl< PQ
sine θ = = ,
gi< {k< kqe<!fQtl< OP
nMk< Kt< t!hg< gk< kqe<!fQtl< OQ
cosine θ = = ,
wkqi< hg< gk< kqe<!fQtl< PQ
tangent θ = = ,
cosecant θ = = ,
wkqi< hg< gk< kqe<!fQtl< PQ
secant θ = = ,
cotangent θ = = .
wkqi<!hg< gk< kqe<!fQtl< PQ
Olx<gi[l<! uqgqkr<gjts<?!SVg<glig!LjxOb?!sinθ , cosθ , tanθ , cosecθ , secθ,

cotθ we! wPKOuil</! ! Olx<gi[l<! uqgqkr<gtqe<! ntUgt<?! Ogi{l<! θ ju! lm<MOl!
siIf<kjubiGl<A! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{l<! OQP -e<! ntjus<! sii<f<kkz<z/! -kje!
nxqb? P′ we<El<! OuoxiV! Ht<tq! gkqi< OB bqe<! lQK! wMk<Kg<ogit<g;! OlZl< P′Q′ J
OA g<G! osr<Gk<kig! ujvg (hml< 8.5 Jh<! hiIg<gUl<). Lg<Ogi{l< OQP l<! Lg<Ogi{l<
OQ′P′ l<!ucouik<k!Lg<Ogi{r<gt<!we<hK!oktquiGl</!-kqzqVf<K!fil<?!
PQ OQ OP
= =
′
PQ ′ OQ ′ OP ′
189
we!nxqOuil</!-kqzqVf<K!fil<!ohXl<!uqgqkr<gt<
PQ P ′Q ′ OQ OQ ′ PQ P ′Q ′
= , = , =
OP OP ′ OP OP ′ OQ OQ ′
OP OP ′ OP OP ′ OQ OQ ′
nz<zK = , = , =
PQ P ′Q ′ OQ OQ ′ PQ P ′Q ′
we!nxqbzil</!!weOu!Olx<%xqb!NX!uqgqkr<gTl<! Ht<tq P, gkqi< OB bqe<! lQK!wf<k!

fqjzbqz<! njlf<kqVf<kiZl<! lixiK! we! nxqbzil</! Olx<gi[l<! uqgqkr<gtqzqVf<K!
filxquK?
PQ OP 1 1
sin θ × cosec θ = × =1, cosec θ = , sin θ = .
OP PQ sin θ cos ec θ
OQ OP 1 1
cos θ × sec θ = × =1 , sec θ = , cos θ = .
OP OQ cos θ sec θ
PQ OQ 1 1
tan θ × cot θ = × =1 . cot θ = , tan θ = .
OQ PQ tanθ cot θ
⎛ PQ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
sin θ
= ⎝
OP ⎠ PQ OP PQ
OlZl<! fil<! gueqh<hK? = × = = tan θ . kjzgQpqgjt! wMg<g?!
cos θ ⎛ OQ ⎞ OP OQ OQ
⎜ ⎟
⎝ OP ⎠
cos θ 1 sin θ cos θ
fil<!ohXuK! = = cot θ . weOu?! = tan θ , = cot θ NGl</
sin θ tan θ cos θ sin θ
Gxqh<H: θ yV!GXr<Ogi{ligUl<?! θ uqe<! !Lg<Ogi{uqbz<! NX!uqgqkr<gtqz<! ye<xqe<!
lkqh<H! lm<MOl! okiqf<k! fqjzbqz<?! OlOz! %xqb! $k<kqvr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! lx<x!
Lg<Ogi{uqbz<! uqgqkr<gjtg<! gi{! -bZl</! fl<! himh<! hGkqbqz<?! GXr<Ogi{r<gjt!
lm<MOl!gVKgqe<Oxil</
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M! 1:! hml<! 8.6 -z<! kvh<hm<Mt<t! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{k<kqzqVf<K! θ! uqe<!
NX!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gjtg<!gi{<g/!
kQi<U;!hmk<kqz<!Ogi{l< θ uqx<G
wkqi<hg<g!fQtl< = 6; nMk<Kt<t!hg<g!fQtl< = 8.
hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc?
(gi<{k<kqe<!fQtl<)2 = 82 + 62 = 64 + 36 = 100.
∴ gi<{k<kqe<!fQtl< = 100 = 10.
hml<!8.6
weOu?!
wkqi< hg< g!fQtl< 6 3 gi< {k< kqe< !fQtl< 10 5
sin θ = = = , cosec θ = = = ,
gi< {k< kqe<!fQtl< 10 5 wkqi< hg< g!fQtl< 6 3
nMk< Kt< thg< g!fQtl< 8 4 gi< {k< kqe<!fQtl< 10 5
cos θ = = = , sec θ = = = ,
gi< {k< kqe<!fQtl< 10 5 nMk< Kt< thg< g!fQtl< 8 4
wkqi< hg< g!fQtl< 6 3 nMk< Kt< thg< g!fQtl< 8 4
tan θ = = = , cot θ = = = .
nMk< Kt< thg< g!fQtl< 8 4 wkqIhg< g!fQtl< 6 3
190
wMk<Kg<gim<M!2: ∆ABC bqz< m∠B= 90°, AB = 8 os/lQ/, AC = 17 os/lQ/!weqz<?!Ogi{l< A
lx<Xl<! Ogi{l<!C gtqe<!njek<K!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gjtBl<!gi{<g/
kQi<U; hmk<kqz< A = m∠BAC lx<Xl<! C = m∠BCA (hml< 8.7 Jh< hiIg<gUl<).
hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc, AC2 = AB2 + BC2
∴ BC2 = AC2 – AB2 = 172 – 82 = 289 – 64 = 225.
∴ BC = 225 = 15. weOu?
BC 15 AB 8 BC 15
sin A = = , cos A = = , tan A = = ,
AC 17 AC 17 AB 8
1 8 1 17 1 17
cot A = = , sec A = = , cos ec A = = ,
tan A 15 cos A 8 sin A 15 hml< 8.7
AB 8 BC 15 AB 8
sin C = = , cos C = = , tan C = = ,
AC 17 AC 17 BC 15
1 15 1 17 1 17
cot C = = , sec C = = , cos ec C = = ,
tan C 8 cos C 15 sin C 8
Gxqh<H: Olx<g{<m! g{g<gqz<? sin C = cos A, cos C = sin A, tan C = cot A,… we!
Ofig<Ggqe<Oxil</!-u<uixqVh<hkx<Gg<!giv{l<!A!Bl<!C!Bl<!fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gt<.
!
7
wMk<Kg<gim<M!3: sin θ = weqz<?!lx<x!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gjtg<!gi{<g/
25
wkqIh< hg< g!fQtl< 7
kQi<U; sin θ = = we<hkiz<?! m∠ABC = 90°, m∠ACB = θ? AB = 7,
gI{k< kqe<!fQtl< 25
AC = 25 we<Xt<tuiX yV! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{l< ABC Jg<! gVkUl<! (hml<! 8.8! Jh<!
hiIg<gUl<).!weOu?!hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc?
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 ∴ 252 = 72 + BC2 nz<zK 625 = 49 + BC2.
∴ BC2 = 625 − 49 = 576. ∴ BC= 576 = 24.
BC 24
weOu? cos θ = = ,
AC 25
AB 7 1 25
tan θ = = , sec θ = = ,
BC 24 cos θ 24
1 25 1 24
cosec θ = = , cot θ = = . hml< 8.8
sin θ 7 tanθ 7
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M!4: cosec A = 2 weqz<?! (i) sin A + cos A (ii) tan A + cot A Ngqbux<xqe<!
lkqh<Hgjtg<!gi{<g/!
2 gi< {k< kqe<!fQtl<
kQi<U; cosec A = 2 = = .
1 wkqi< hg< g!fQtl<
weOu?!m∠QRP = A, gI{k<kqe<!fQtl<!= PR = 2 ,!!

wkqIh<hg<gk<kqe<! fQtl<! = PQ = 1 we! njlBliX!
yV!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l< PQR Jg<!gVKOuil<!
(hml< 8.9 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<). hml<!8.9
191
hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc, PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 .
∴ ( 2 )2 = (1)2 + QR2 . ∴ 2 = 1 + QR2. ∴ QR2 = 2 – 1 = 1.
∴ QR = 1. weOu?
PQ 1 QR 1
sin A = = , cos A = = ,
PR 2 PR 2
PQ 1 QR 1
tan A = = = 1, cot A = = = 1.
QR 1 PQ 1
1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
∴(i) sin A + cos A = + = 2⎜ ⎟ = 2 , (ii) tan A + cot A = 1 + 1 = 2.
2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
Gxqh<H; WOkEl<! yV! sle<him<jm! fq'hqg<g! Ou{<Ml<! weqz<?! gQp<g<gi[l<! upqgtqz<!

ye<xqjeh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!Ou{<Ml</
upq!1; sle<him<ce<! -mKhg<gg<! Ogijujb!nz<zK!uzK!hg<gg<! Ogijujb!SVg<gl<!
osb<K!lx<x!hg<gk<kqz<!dt<t!Ogijujbh<!ohXkz<!Ou{<Ml</
upq!2; sle<him<ce<! -mKhg<gk<kqz<! dt<t!Ogijujb!SVg<gl<! osb<K!yV!ucul<! (1)!
ogi{i<Ouil</! nMk<kkig?! ! uzK! hg<gk<kqz<! dt<t! Ogijujb! SVg<gl<! osb<K! yV!
ucul<!(2)!ogi{i<Ouil</!!!hqe<ei<!ucul<!(1)!=!ucul<!(2)!weg<!gim<MOuil</!
tan A + tan B sin A cos B + cos A sin B

wMk<Kg<gim<M!5: = we!fq'hq/
1 − tan A tan B cos A cos B − sin A sin B
kQi<U;
sin A sin B sin A cos B + cos A sin B
+
tan A + tan B
-mKhg<g!Ogiju = = cos A cos B = cos A cos B
1 − tan A tan B sin A sin B cos A cos B − sin A sin B
1− ×
cos A cos B cos A cos B
(sin A cos B + cos A sin B) cos A cos B
= ×
cos A cos B cos A cos B − sin A sin B
sin A cos B + cos A sin B
= = uzKhg<g!Ogiju.
cos A cos B − sin A sin B
tan A + cot B tan A

wMk<Kg<gim<M!6: = we!fq'hqg<gUl</
cot A + tan B tan B
tan A 1 tan A tan B + 1
+
tan A + cot B
kQi<U; -mKhg<g!Ogiju = = 1 tan B = tan B
cot A + tan B 1 tan B 1 + tan A tan B
+
tan A 1 tan A
(tanA tan B + 1) tan A tan A
= × = = uzKhg<g!!Ogiju.
tan B (1 + tan A tan B ) tan B
192
1 + tan θ sin θ + tan θ
wMk<Kg<gim<M!7: = we!fq'hqg<gUl</
1 + cot θ 1 + cos θ
1 + tan θ 1 + tan θ (1 + tan θ ) 1 + tanθ tanθ
kQi<U; -mKhg<g!Ogiju = = = = ×
1 + cot θ
1+
1 ⎛ tan θ + 1 ⎞ 1 1 + tanθ
⎜ ⎟
tan θ ⎝ tan θ ⎠
= tan θ (1)
sin θ
sin θ +
uzKhg<g!Ogiju =
sinθ + tanθ
= cos θ = (sin θ cos θ + sin θ ) × 1
1 + cosθ 1 + cos θ cos θ (1 + cos θ )
sin θ (cos θ + 1) 1 sin θ
= × = = tan θ. (2)
cos θ (1 + cos θ ) cos θ
∴ (1) lx<Xl< (2)!e<!hc!-mKhg<g!Ogiju = uzKhg<g!!Ogiju.
sqz!Gxqh<hqm<m!Ogi{r<gtqe<!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt<
30°, 45° lx<Xl< 60°<! ! ntUt<t! Ogi{r<gtqe<! Lg<Ogi{uqbz<! uqgqkr<gtqe<!
lkqh<Hgjtg<!gi{<Ohil</!
(i) 30° lx<Xl< 60° Ogi{r<gtqe<!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt<
hg<g! fQtl<! 2! nzGgt<! ogi{<m! slhg<g!
Lg<Ogi{l< ABC jb! wMk<Kg<! ogit<Ouil< (hml<
8.10Jh<! hii<g<gUl<). hg<gl<! ABg<G! Lje! C
bqzqVf<K!osr<Gk<Kg<OgiM! CD!ujvg. Ht<tq! D,
hg<gl< AB e<! jlbh<! Ht<tqbiGl</! ! -h<ohiPK
AD = 1, AC = 2, m∠DAC = 60°, m∠ACD = 30°.
ADC yV! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{l<! (hml< 8.11Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<).hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc,
AC2 = AD2 + DC2 n.K 22 = 12 + DC2 .
∴ DC2 = 3 n.K DC = 3 . hml<!8.10
osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<!ADC bqzqVf<K?!!
DC 3 AD 1
sin 60° = = sin 30° = =
AC 2 AC 2
DA 1 DC 3
cos 60° = = cos 30° = =
AC 2 AC 2
DC 3 AD 1
tan 60° = = = 3 tan 30° = =
DA 1 DC 3
hml<!8.11
DA 1 DC 3
cot 60° = = cot 30° = = = 3
DC 3 AD 1
AC 2 AC 2 2 3
sec 60° = = =2 sec 30° = = =
DA 1 DC 3 3
AC 2 2 3 AC 2
cosec 60° = = = cosec 30° = = =2
DC 3 3 AD 1
193
(ii) 45° Ogi{k<kqe<!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt<
ABC YI!-Vslhg<g!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<!we<g/!-r<G!m∠B = 90°,
AB = BC = 1 (hml< 8.12!Jh<!!hiIg<gUl<). -r<G!AC = 2 , m∠CAB = 45°?!m∠BCA = 45°
we!nxqf<K!ogit<g/ Lg<Ogi{l<!ABC bqzqVf<K!fil<!ohXuK?!
AB 1 AB 1
sin 45° = = cot 45° = = =1
AC 2 BC 1
AB 1 AC 2
cos 45° = = sec 45° = = = 2
AC 2 AB 1
BC 1 AC 2
tan 45° = = =1 cosec 45° = = = 2
AB 1 BC 1 hml<!8.12
(iii) 0°, 90° Ogi{r<gtqe<!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt<

-g<! Ogi{r<gtqe<! Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!
uqgqkr<gjth<! ohXukx<G! giICsqbe<! ns<S!
ktk<kqz<! Nkqh<! Ht<tqjb! jlbligUl<?! Nv! ntU!
r! nzGl<! ogi{<M! yV! um<mk<kqjeg<! gVKg/!
giICsqbe<! ktk<kqe<! Lkx<! gix<hGkqbqz<! njlf<k!
-u<um<mk<kqe<!!uqz<!ABbqe<!lQK! P!we<hK!WOkEl<!
yV!Ht<tq!we<g!)hml<! 8.13!Jh<! hii<gg
< Ul<*/!!!! x!
ns<sqx<G! PM we<x! Gk<Kg<OgiM! ujvg/! ! P! we<x!
Ht<tqbqe<! ns<S! K~vr<gt<! x, y! we<g/! ! hqe<ei<!!!
OM = x, PM = y!!NGl</!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<!!
OMP -z<?!hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc?! x2 + y2 = r2!weh<!! hml<!8.13
ohXgqOxil</ ∴ r = x + y . ∠MOP = θ we<g/!θ yV!GXr<Ogi{liGl</!!
2 2
y x
∴ sinθ = , cos θ = .
[
r r
uqz<! ABbqe<! lQK!ouu<OuX!fqjzgtqz<! P Jg<! ogi{<miz<?!fil<! gueqh<hK?!gkqi<! OP
NeK!fqjz! OA uqzqVf<K!fqjz! OB g<G Spx<sqbjmBl<ohiPK?!Ogi{l<! θ NeK! 0°
ntuqzqVf<K! 90° ntuqx<G! nkqgiqg<gqe<xKA! fQtl<! x NeK! r zqVf<K! 0 uqx<G!
Gjxgqe<xKA! y NeK! 0 uqzqVf<K! r x<G! nkqgiqg<gqe<xK/! weOu?! θ NeK! 0° zqVf<K!
x y
90° g<G! nkqgiqg<Gl<ohiPK? e<! ntU! 1zqVf<K! 0Ug<G! GjxujkBl<?! e<! ntU!
r r
0zqVf<K! 2x<G! nkqgliujkBl<! nxqgqe<Oxil</! nkiuK! θ uqe<! ntU! 0o! zqVf<K!!!!
90o g<G!nkqgliGl<ohiPK?! cos θ uqe<! ntU! 1!zqVf<K! 0!uqx<G!GjxujkBl<?! sin θ
uqe<! ntU! 0! zqVf<K! 1x<G! nkqgliujkBl<?! nxqgq<e<Oxil</! OlZl<?! yu<ouiV!
GXr<Ogi{l<! θ! uqx<G! x, y! l<?! Lg<Ogi{uqbz<! uqgqkr<gTl<! keqk<kjugtig!
njlBl<! we! nxqgqe<Oxil</! OP NeK! OA uqe<! fqjzjb! njmBl<ohiPK?! θ = 0,
y 0 x r
x = r, y = 0 NGl</! weOu?! sin 0o = = = 0 , ! cos 0 o = = = 1 . OP NeK! OB bqe<!
r r r r
fqjzjb!njmBl<ohiPK?!θ = 90°,!x =0, y = r NGl</!weOu?!
y r x 0
sin 90 o = = = 1, cos 90 o = = = 0 .
r r r r
194
-h<ohiPK?!fil<!ohXuK?
sin 0 o 0
tan 0 o = o = = 0,
cos 0 1
cos 0 o 1
cot 0 o = = , ujvbXg<g!-bzikK?
sin 0 o 0
1 1
sec 0 o = o = =1 ;
cos 0 1
1 1
cosec 0 o = o = , ujvbXg<g!-bzikK
sin 0 0
sin 90 o 1
tan 90 o = = , ujvbXg<g!-bzikK,
cos 90 o 0
cos 90 o 0
cot 90 o = o = = 0,
sin 90 1
1 1
sec 90 o = o = , ujvbXg<g!-bzikK,
cos 90 0
1 1
cosec 90 o = = = 1.
sin 90 o 1
0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° e<! Lg<Ogi{uqbz<! uqgqkr<gjt! gQp<g<g{<muiX! nm<muj{h<!
hMk<kzil</!
θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 3
sin θ 0 2
1
2 2
3 1 1
cos θ 1 2
0
2 2
1 ujvbXg<g!
tan θ 0 1 3 -bzikK
3
ujvbXg<g! 1
cot θ -bzikK 3 1
3
0
2 ujvbXg<g!
sec θ 1 3 2 2
-bzikK
ujvbXg<g! 2
cosec θ -bzikK!
2 2 3
1
GxqbQM; (sin θ ) 2 we<hkje sin2θ we! SVg<glig! wPKgqe<Oxil</! -jkh<Ohie<Ox!

lx<xhcgTg<Gl<! wPKgqe<Oxil</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! (tanθ )3 = tan3θ. cos4θ we<hK!!!!
(cos θ )4 Jg<!Gxqh<hkiGl</!sin2θ J!sinθ 2 we!wPKuK!kuxiGl</
!
!
195
wMk<Kg<gim<M!9: lkqh<H!gi{<g;! 2 cos2 30° tan260° − sec245° sin260°.
3 3
kQi<U; cos 30° = , tan 60° = 3 , sec 45° = 2 , sin 60° = .
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2⎛ 3⎞
∴2 cos 30° tan 60° − sec 45° sin 60° = 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
2 2 ⎛ 3⎞
3 − 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ ( ) ( )
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
3 3
=2× ×3–2×
4 4
9 3
= − = 3.
2 2
o
sin 60
wMk<Kg<gim<M!:; tan A = weqz<?!GXr<Ogi{l<!A!jbg<!gi{<g/
1 + cos 60 o
3 1
kQi<U; sin 60° = , cos 60° = .
2 2
3 3
3 1
∴ tan A = 2 = 2 = = .
1 3 3 3
1+
2 2
1
Neiz<! tan 30° = . ∴ A = 30°.
3
wMk<Kg<gim<M!10:! 2 sin (A + B) = 3, 2 cos B = 1 , weqz< A, B gi{<g/

3
kQi<U; 2 sin (A + B) = 3 we<hkiz<?!sin (A + B) = .
2
3
Neiz<? sin 60° = .
2
weOu A + B = 60°. (1)
1
2 cos B = 1, we<hkiz< cos B = .
2
1
Neiz< cos 45° = .
2
weOu B = 45°. (2)
(1), (2)Jk<!kQig
< g
< ? A = 15°.
196
!
hbqx<sq! 8.1
g{g<Ggt<!1 Lkz<!4 -ux<xqZt<t!osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{r<gtqz<!Gxqh<hqm<Mt<t!

Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gjtg<!g{<Mhqc/!
1. 2.
hml< 8.14 hml<!8.15
sin B, cos C, tan B sec X, cot Z, cosec Z
3. 4.
hml<! 8.16 hml<! 8.17
cos Q , tan R, cot Q tan M, sec N, cosec N
g{g<Ggt<! 5! -zqVf<K! 10! ujv! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! uqgqkl<! Ohig! θ! uqe<! lx<x!

Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gjtg<!gi{<g/!
3 12 2
5. cos θ = 6. sin θ = 7. sec θ =
5 13 3
1 2
8. cosec θ = 10 9. cot θ = 10. tan θ =
7 5
35 sec A + tan A
11. cos A = !weqz<? Jg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
37 sec A − tan A
3 cos ecθ
12. sin θ = weqz<? Jg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
5 cot θ − cos θ
197
sin θ
13. cosec θ = 2 weqz<? cot θ + !Jg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
1 + cos θ
1 1 − cos 2 θ 3
14. cot θ = !weqz<? = weg<!gi{<g/
3 2 − sin 2 θ 5
3 sin θ + 2 cos θ
15. 3 cot θ = 4 weqz<? lkqh<jhg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
2 sec θ + 3 cos ec θ
16. lkqh<H!gi{<g;!
(i) cosec2 45° cot2 30° + sin2 60° sec2 30° (ii) cos2 30° − sin2 30° − cos 60°
tan 45 o
(iii) 8 sin2 60° cos 60° (iv)
tan 30 o + tan 60 o
17. hqe<uVueux<jx!siqhii<g<gUl<;
(i) sin2 30° + cos2 30° = 1 (ii) sec2 60° − 1 = tan2 60° (iii) 1 + cot2 30° = cosec2 30°
18. sin (A+B) = 2 sin (A – B) = 1 weqz<? A, B gjtg<!g{<Mhqcg<gUl</
8.2 Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!Lx<oxiVjlgt<
!
nch<hjmbie! &e<X! Lg<Ogi{uqbz<! Lx<oxiVjlgjt! yV! GXr<Ogi{l<!!!!
θ uqx<G!ohXOuil</!NbqEl<?!wz<zi!Ogi{r<gTg<Gl<!-ju!ohiVk<kLXl</
θ e<!Ljejb!Nkqh<Ht<tq!we<g/!θ e<!okimg<gg<jgjb x ns<sig!ogit<Ouil</
P (x, y) we<hK!θ e<!LcUg<jgbqe<!lQkjlf<k!WOkEl<!yV!Ht<tq!we<g!(hml< 8.18 Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<). P!bqzqVf<K! x!ns<Sg<G?!!
Gk<Kg<OgiM PQ ujvg/ hqe<ei< OQ = x, PQ = y.
OP = r we<g/!hqkigv^<!Okx<xh<hc?!!
osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<!OQP -z<?
x2+ y2 = r2!NGl</!!
-V!hg<gLl<! r2 Nz<!uGg<g?
x2 + y2 r2 x2 y2 hml< 8.18
= n.K! + =1
r2 r2 r2 r2
2 2
⎛x⎞ ⎛ y⎞
n.K ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 1 .
⎝r⎠ ⎝r⎠
y x
Neiz<? sin θ = , cos θ = . ∴ (cos θ )2+ (sin θ )2 = 1.
r r
nkiuK? cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1. (1)
198
(1) e<!-V!hg<gLl< cos2θ Nz<!uGg<g?
2
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 1 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= n.K + =⎜ ⎟
cos θ cos 2 θ cos 2 θ cos 2 θ ⎜⎝ cos θ ⎟⎠
2
2 2
⎛ sin θ ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ n.K! 1 +(tan θ )2 = (sec θ )2
⎝ cos θ ⎠ ⎝ cos θ ⎠
nkiuK? 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ . (2)
(1) e<!-V!hg<gLl<! sin2 θ Nz<!uGg<g?

2
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 1 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= n.K + = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = (cosec θ ) 2
sin θ
2
sin θ
2
sin θ sin θ ⎝ sin θ ⎠
2 2
n.K cot θ + 1 = cosec θ

2 2
nkiuK? 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ. (3)
-f<k! &e<X! Lx<oxiVjlgt<! (1), (2) lx<Xl<! (3) Ngqbju! hqkigv^<! Okx<xk<jk!
nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<mjubiGl</! -ux<xqzqVf<K! OlZl<! sqz! Lx<oxiVjlgjt!
nxqf<K!ogit<Ouil</
(1) Jh<!hbe<hMk<kq! (i) sin2 θ = (sin2 θ + cos2 θ )− cos2θ = 1 – cos2 θ
(ii) cos2 θ = (cos2 θ + sin2θ ) – sin2 θ = 1 – sin2 θ we!nxqbzil</
(2) Jg<!ogi{<M!!! (i) tan2 θ = (1 + tan2 θ ) – 1= sec2 θ − 1
(ii) sec2 θ − tan2 θ = (1 + tan2 θ ) – tan2 θ = 1 we!nxqbzil</
(3) Jg<!ogi{<M!!!!(i) cot2 θ = (1 + cot2 θ ) – 1 = cosec2 θ − 1
(ii) cosec2 θ − cot2 θ = (1 + cot2 θ ) – cot2 θ = 1 we!nxqbzil</
!
Olx<gi[l<!Lx<oxiVjlgjth<!hqe<uVliX!nm<muj{h<hMk<kzil</
sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1 1 + tan2 θ ≡ sec2 θ 1 + cot2 θ ≡ cosec2 θ

sin2 θ ≡ 1 – cos2 θ tan2 θ ≡ sec2 θ − 1 cot2 θ ≡ cosec2 θ − 1
cos2 θ ≡ 1 – sin2 θ sec2 θ − tan2 θ ≡ 1 cosec2 θ − cot2 θ ≡ 1
OlZl<?! -f<k! Lx<oxiVjlgjt! -mh<hg<gk<kqzqVf<K! uzh<hg<gk<kqx<Gl<?! uzh<hg<gk<kq!

zqVf<K!-mh<hg<gk<kqx<Gl<!hbe<hMk<KOuil</!nkiuK?!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!!
sec2 θ − tan2θ ≡ 1 we<Xl<! 1! ≡ sec2 θ − tan2θ weUl<! hbe<hMk<KOuil</! -mKhg<g!
Ogijujb!-eq!-/h/Ogi!we<Xl<?!uzKhg<g!Ogijujb!u/h/Ogi!we<Xl<!Gxqh<Ohil</!
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: fq'hqg<g; sin4 θ + cos4 θ = 1 – 2sin2 θ cos2 θ .
kQi<U: -/h/Ogi = sin4 θ + cos4 θ = (sin2 θ )2 + (cos2 θ )2
= [sin2 θ + cos2 θ ]2 – 2 (sin2 θ )(cos2 θ ) ( a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab)
= (1)2 – 2sin2 θ cos2 θ = 1 – 2sin2 θ cos2 θ = u/h/Ogi/
!
199
cos θ
wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: fq'hqg<g; = sec θ − tan θ.
1 + sin θ
cos θ cos θ 1 − sin θ
kQi<U: -/h/Ogi!= = ×
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
cos θ ( 1 − sin θ) cos θ ( 1 − sin θ)
= =
1 − sin θ2
cos 2 θ
1− sin θ 1 sin θ
= = − = sec θ − tan θ = u/h/Ogi.
cos θ cos θ cos θ
!
1 + cos A
wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: fq'hqg<g; = (cos ec A + cot A) 2 .
1 − cos A
1 + cos A 1 + cos A
kQi<U: -/h/Ogi= ×
1 − cos A 1 + cos A
(1 + cos A) 2 ⎡1 + cos A ⎤
2 2
(1 + cos A) 2 ⎛ 1 cos A ⎞
= = =⎢ ⎥ =⎜ + ⎟
1 − cos A
2 2
sin A ⎣ sin A ⎦ ⎝ sin A sin A ⎠
= (cosec A + cot A)2 = u/h/Ogi.
OuX!upqbig?
2 2
⎛ 1 cos A ⎞ ⎛ 1 + cos A ⎞
u/h/Ogi = (cosec A + cot A) = ⎜⎜
2
+ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ sin A sin A ⎠ ⎝ sin A ⎠
(1 + cos A) 2 (1+ cos A) 2 (1 + cos A) 2 1 + cos A
= = = = = -/h/Ogi/
2
sin A 1− cos A2
(1 + cos A) (1 − cos A) 1 − cos A
wMk<Kg<gim<M 14: fq'hqg<g; sin4θ − cos4θ = sin2θ − cos2θ.

kQi<U: -/h/Ogi!= sin4 θ − cos4 θ = (sin2 θ )2 – (cos2 θ )2
= (sin2 θ + cos2 θ ) (sin2 θ − cos2 θ )
=(1) (sin2θ − cos2 θ ) = sin2 θ − cos2 θ = u/h/Ogi.
!
1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 15: fq'hqg<g; sec A – tan A =
sec A + tan A
1 1 sec A − tan A
kQi<U: u/h/Ogi!= = ×
sec A + tan A sec A + tan A sec A − tan A
sec A − tan A sec A − tan A
= =
sec A − tan A
2 2
1
= sec A – tan A = -/h/Ogi/
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 16: fq'hqg<g; (sec θ + cosθ ) (secθ − cosθ ) = tan2 θ + sin2 θ.
kQi<U: -/h/Ogi! = (sec θ + cos θ ) (sec θ − cos θ ) = sec2 θ − cos2 θ
= (1 + tan2 θ ) – cos2 θ = tan2 θ + (1 – cos2 θ )
= tan2θ + sin2θ
= u/h/Ogi.
200
1 1
wMk<Kg<gim<M!17: + = 2 cosec2θ !we!fq'hqg<gUl</
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ
1 1 1(1 − cos θ ) + 1 (1 + cos θ )
kQi<U: -/h/Ogi = + =
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ (1 + cos θ ) (1 − cos θ )
1 − cos θ + 1 + cos θ 2
= = = 2cosec2θ = u/h/Ogi.
1 − cos θ
2
sin 2 θ
wMk<Kg<gim<M 18: fq'hq;!sin2A sin2B + cos2A cos2B + sin2A cos2B + cos2A sin2B = 1.
kQi<U: -/h/Ogi!= (sin2A sin2B + sin2A cos2B) + (cos2A cos2B + cos2A sin2B)
= sin2A (sin2B + cos2B) + cos2A (cos2B + sin2B)
= sin2A(1) + cos2A (1) = sin2A + cos2A = 1 = u/h/Ogi/
wMk<Kg<gim<M 19: m = tan A + sin A, n = tan A – sin A! weqz<? m2 – n2 = 4 mn we!

fq'hqg<gUl</
kQi<U: -/h/Ogi = m2 – n2 = (tan A + sin A)2 – (tan A – sin A)2
= tan2 A + sin2 A + 2 tan A sin A – (tan2A + sin2A – 2 tan A sin A)
= 4 tan A sin A (1)
u/h/Ogi = 4 mn = 4 (tan A + sin A) (tan A − sin A)
sin 2 A
= 4 tan 2 A − sin 2 A = 4 2
− sin 2 A
cos A
sin 2 A − sin 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A (1 − cos 2 A)
=4 = 4
cos 2 A cos 2 A
= 4 sin 2 A tan 2 A = 4 sin A tan A/! (2)
(1), (2) -ux<xqe<hc?!-/h/Ogi!= u/h/Ogi/!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 20: cos6θ + sin6θ = 1 – 3 cos2θ sin2θ we!fq'hqg<gUl</

kQi<U : -/h/Ogi = cos6θ + sin6θ
= (cos2 θ )3 + (sin2 θ )3 = (cos2 θ + sin2 θ ) (cos4 θ − cos2 θ sin2 θ + sin4 θ )
= (1) (cos4 θ + sin4 θ − cos2 θ sin2 θ ) = [(cos2 θ )2 + (sin2 θ )2] – cos2 θ sin2 θ
= [(cos2 θ + sin2θ )2 – 2 cos2 θ sin2 θ ] – cos2 θ sin2 θ
= (1)2 – 3 cos2 θ sin2 θ
= 1 – 3 cos2 θ sin2 θ = u/h/Ogi.
wMk<Kg<gim<M 21: fq'hqg<g; 1 + 2 sin θ cos θ = sin θ + cos θ

kQi<U: -/h/Ogi = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ 1 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
= (sin θ + cosθ ) 2
= sinθ + cosθ = u/h/Ogi/
201
hbqx<sq 8.2
1. fq'hqg<gUl<; sec 2 A − 1 = sin A sec A .
2. fq'hqg<gUl<; (sin A + cos A)2 + (sin A – cos A)2 = 2.
cot 2 θ − cosec 2 θ
3. SVg<Gg; .
sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ
sec A + tan A 1 + sin A
4. fq'hqg<gUl<; = .
sec A − tan A 1 − sin A
1 1
5. fq'hqg<gUl<; + = 2 sec 2 θ .
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
6. x = r sin A sin B, y = r sin A cos B, z = r cos A weqz<?!x2 + y2 + z2!e<!lkqh<H!gi{<g/!
7. tan A + cot A = cosec A sec A weg<!gi{<hqg<gUl</

1 − tan 2 A
8. fq'hqg<gUl<;! = 2 cos 2 A −1 .
1 + tan A
2
1
9. fq'hqg<gUl<; = cosec θ + cot θ.
cosec θ − cot θ
10. (tan A + cot A)2 = sec2 A+ cosec2A we!fq'hqg<gUl</
cos A sin A
11. + = sin A + cos A we!fq'hqg<gUl</
1 − tan A 1 − cot A
tan A + sec A − 1 1 + sin A
12. fq'hqg<gUl<; = .
tan A − sec A + 1 cos A
13. fq'hqg<gUl<; (tan A – tan B)2 + (1 + tan A tan B)2 = sec2A sec2B.
tan θ cot θ
14. fq'hqg<gUl<;! + = sec θ cosec θ +1.
1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ
2
⎛ 1 + sin θ − cos θ ⎞ 1 − cos θ
15. fq'hqg<gUl<; ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = .
⎝ 1 + sin θ + cos θ ⎠ 1 + cos θ
16. (sin θ + cosec θ )2 + (cos θ + sec θ )2 = 7 + tan2 θ + cot2 θ we!fq'hqg<gUl</
cos 3 θ + sin 3 θ cos 3 θ − sin 3 θ
17. + = 2 we!fq'hqg<gUl</
cos θ + sin θ cos θ − sin θ
1 − cos 4 θ + sin 4 θ
18. fq'hqg<gUl<;! = tan 2 θ .
1 − sin 4 θ + cos 4 θ
8.3 fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gTg<gie!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt<
Wx<geOu! osr<Ogi{! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!
fqvh<H! Ogi{r<gjth<! hx<xq! fil<! nxqf<Kt<Otil</!
osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<! OQP -z< (hml<! 8.19 Jh<!
hii<g<gUl<), Q yV!osr<Ogi{l</!-r<G!
m∠QOP + m∠OPQ = 90° .!
hml< 8.19
202
weOu?! ∠QOP, ∠OPQ Ngqb! Ogi{r<gt<! fqvh<Hg<Ogi{r<gtiGl</! m∠QOP = θ we<g/!
hqe<H!m∠OPQ = 90° − θ NGl</!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gtqe<!ujvbjxjbh<!hqe<hx<xq!
Ogi{l< θ uqx<G!hqe<uVueux<jx!Wx<geOu!nxqf<Kt<Otil</
PQ OQ PQ
sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = ,
OP OP OQ
……….. (1)
OP OP OQ
cosec θ = , sec θ = , cot θ =
PQ OQ PQ
-h<ohiPK? 90°− θ g<G!Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt<!nxqb!Lx<hMOuil</!hmk<kqzqVf<K?!
!
OQ PQ OQ
sin (90° − θ ) = , cos (90 o − θ ) = , tan(90 o − θ ) = ,
OP OP PQ ………..(2)
OP OP PQ
cosec (90 o − θ ) = , sec (90 o − θ ) = , cot (90 o − θ ) =
OQ PQ OQ
(1), (2) yh<hqm!gQp<g<g{<mux<jx!nxqbzil</
PQ OQ
= sin θ = cos (90 o − θ ) = cos θ = sin (90° − θ )
OP OP
PQ OP
= tan θ = cot (90°− θ ) = cosec θ = sec (90° − θ )
OQ PQ
OP OQ
= sec θ = cosec (90° − θ ) = cot θ = tan (90° − θ ).
OQ PQ
-kje!YI!nm<muj{big!njlg<gzil</
sin (90° − θ ) = cosθ cosec (90° − θ ) = sec θ

cos (90° − θ ) = sin θ sec (90° − θ ) = cosec θ
tan (90° − θ ) = cot θ cot (90° − θ ) = tan θ
tan 65 o
wMk<Kg<gim<M 22: lkqh<H!gi{<g; .
cot 25 o
tan 65 o cot 25 o
kQi<U : tan 65° = tan (90° − 25°) = cot 25°. ∴ = = 1.
cot 25 o cot 25 o
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 23: lkqh<H!gi{<g; sin 20° tan 60° sec 70°
1
kQi<U : sec 70° = sec(90°−20°) = cosec 20°=
sin 20 o
1
∴sin 20° tan 60° sec 70° = sin 20° tan 60° cosec 20° = sin 20° × 3× = 3.
sin 20 o
wMk<Kg<gim<M 24: cosec x° = sec 25° weqz<?!x° e<!lkqh<H!gi{<g/
kQi<U: cosec x° =sec(90°− x°), sec(90°− x°)= sec 25°. ∴ 90°− x°=25°. ∴ x° = 90°− 25°= 65°.
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203
hbqx<sq 8.3
o
sin 36 tan 35o
1. lkqh<H!gi{<g; (i) (ii) (iii) sin θ sec (90° − θ )
cos 54 o cot 55o
tan 33o 1 sin 42 o 3 sec 51o sin 23o sec 47 o
2. SVg<Gg; (i) + + . (ii) 3 + 4 .
cot 57 o 2 cos 48 o 2 cos ec 39 o cos 67 o cos ec 43 o
3. x jbg<!gi{<g;
(i) sin 60° = cos x° (ii) cosec x° cos 54° = 1 (iii) sec x° = cosec 25° (iv) tan x° tan 35° = 1
uqjmgt<!
hbqx<sq 8.1
5 5 5 5 1 5 8 8 8
1. , , 2. , , 3. , , 4. 1, 2, 2
13 13 12 2 2 2 17 15 15
4 4 5 5 3
5. sin θ = , tan θ = , cos ec θ = ,sec θ = , cot θ = .
5 3 4 3 4
5 12 13 13 5
6. cos θ = , tan θ = , cos ec θ = , sec θ = , cot θ = .
13 5 12 5 12
1 3 1
7. sin θ = ,cos θ = , tan θ = , cos ec θ = 2 , cot θ = 3 .
2 2 3
1 3 1 10
8. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = ,sec θ = ,cot θ = 3 .
10 10 3 3
7 1 5 2
9. sin θ = , cos θ = , tan θ = 7 , cos ec θ = , sec θ = 5 2 .
5 2 5 2 7
2 5 29 29 5
10. sin θ = , cos θ = , cos ec θ = ,sec θ = ,cot θ = .
29 29 2 5 2
49 25 34
11. 12. 13. 2 15.
25 8 75
3
16. (i) 7 (ii) 0 (iii) 3 (iv)
4
18. A = 60°, B = 30°
hbqx<sq 8.2
3. −1 6. r2
hbqx<sq 8.3
1. (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1

2. (i) 3 (ii) 7
3. (i) 30° (ii) 36° (iii) 65° (iv) 55°
204
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&e<X! osr<OgiMgt<! dt<te! we<hjk!
nxqOuil</! -s<osr<OgiMgt<! yV! Ht<tq! upqs<!
osz<gqe<xe! we<hjk! fil<! Le<Oh! nxqOuil</!
-h<Ht<tq! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! osr<Ogim<M! jlbl<
weh<hMl</! -K! H wEl<! Nr<gqz! wPk<kiz<!
Gxqg<gh<hMl</! hml< 9.8 z<?! ABC we<hK! yV!
Lg<Ogi{l</! AL, BM lx<Xl< CN we<hju!!
hml<! 9.8
210
osr<OgiMgt</! -ju! H z<! sf<kqg<gqe<xe/! -r<G! H we<hK! ∆ABC e<! osr<Ogim<M!
jlbliGl</
Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<! osr<Ogim<M! jlbl<! H Jg<! gi{! upqLjxgt<! gQOp!
kvh<hm<Mt<te;
hc 1: kvh<hm<m!ntUgTg<G!Lg<Ogi{l<!ABC ujvg/
hc 2: AL, BM wEl<!osr<OgiMgjt!ujvg/!
hc 3: AL ? BM sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqjb!H weg<! Gxqg<gUl</!H NeK!Lg<Ogi{l<! ABC e<!
osr<Ogim<M!jlbliGl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: XY = 9 os/lQ, YZ = 8 os/lQ? ZX = 7 os/lQ! weqz<?! ∆XYZ e<! osr<Ogim<M!

jlbl<!gi{<g/
kQIU: ∆XYZ likqiqh<!hmk<jk!ujvf<K?!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!ntUgjtg<!Gxqg<gUl</
hc1: h.h.h! nch<hjmg<Ogitqjeh<! hbe<hMk<kq?!
Lg<Ogi{l< XYZ J!ujvg/!
likqiqh<!hml<!
hc 2: osr<OgiMgt<! XL, YM ujvg/!
hc 3: XL, YM oum<cg<! ogit<Tl<! Ht<tqjb! H !
weg<! Gxqg<gUl</! H NeK! ∆XYZ e<! osr<Ogim<M!
jlbliGl</!
hc 4: ZH J!-j{k<K? XY J!N z<! sf<kqg<GliX!
fQm<Mg/! ZN NeK! Z upqbie! osr<OgiM! weg<!
gi{zil</
hml< 9.9
hml<!9.10
ouu<OuXuqklie! Lg<Ogi{r<gTg<G! fMg<Ogim<M! jlbl<?! Sx<Xum<m! jlbl<?!

dt<um<m!jlbl<?!osr<Ogim<M!jlbl<! Ngqbux<jxg<! Gxqk<kiz<?!nux<xqe<! -Vh<hqmr<gt<!
gQOp!kvh<hm<Mt<thc!gi{zil</
!
!
!
!
211
nm<muj{!
yVr<G!Ht<tqbqe<!
yVLjeh<!Ht<tq! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!ujg!
-Vh<hqml<
njek<K!ujgbie!
fMg<Ogim<M!jlbl<! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!dt<Ot!
Lg<Ogi{l<!
GXr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!dt<Ot!
Sx<Xum<m!jlbl<! osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<! gI{k<kqe<!jlbh<Ht<tq!
uqiqOgi{!Lg<Ogi{l<! Lg<Ogi{k<kqx<G!outqOb!
njek<K!ujgbie!
dt<um<m!jlbl<! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!dt<Ot!
Lg<Ogi{l<!
GXr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<! Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!dt<Ot!
osr<Ogi{k<kqe<!ds<sqh<!
osr<Ogim<M!jlbl<! osr<Ogi{!Lg<Ogi{l<!
Ht<tq!
uqiqOgi{!Lg<Ogi{l<! Lg<Ogi{k<kqx<G!outqOb!
hbqx<sq 9.1
g{g<Ggt<!1 Lkz<! 4 ujv?!kvh<hm<Mt<t!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!fMg<Ogim<M!jlbl<!G gi{<g/

1. ∆ABC z<?!BC = 6 os/lQ, m∠B = 40º, m∠C = 60º.
2. ∆ABC z<?!njek<Kh<!hg<gr<gTl<!6.5 os/lQ fQtl<!ogi{<mju/
3. ∆PQR z<? m∠R = 90º, PQ = 7 os/lQ, PR = 6 os/lQ.
4. ∆LMN z<? LM = 6 os/lQ, m∠L = 95º, MN = 8 os/lQ.
g{g<Ggt<!5 Lkz<! 8 ujv?!kvh<hm<m!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!Sx<Xum<ml<!ujvg/!Sx<Xum<m!

Nvk<kqe<!ntjug<!gi{<g/
5. ∆ABC z<? AB = 8 os/lQ, BC = 5 os/lQ, AC = 7 os/lQ.
6. ∆PQR z<? PQ = 5 os/lQ, PR = 4.5 os/lQ, m∠P = 100º.
7. ∆XYZ z<? XY = 7 os/lQ, m∠X = 70º, m∠Y = 60º.
8. ∆PQR z<?!yu<ouiV!hg<gLl<! 5.5 os/lQ!fQtLt<tK/
g{g<Ggt< 9 Lkz< 12 ujv?!dt<um<ml<!ujvf<K?!dt<tivk<kqje!ntuqMg/

9. ∆ABC z<? AB = 9 os/lQ, BC = 7 os/lQ, CA = 5 os/lQ.
10. ∆XYZ z<? XY = YZ = ZX = 8 os/lQ.
11. ∆PQR z<? PQ = 10 os/lQ, m∠P = 90º, m∠Q = 60º.
12. ∆ABC z<? AB = 5.4 os/lQ? m∠A = 50º, AC = 5 os/lQ.
g{g<Ggt< 13 Lkz< 16 ujv?!Lg<Ogi{k<kqe<!osr<Ogim<M!jlbl<!gi{<g/!

13. ∆ABC z<? BC = 5.6 os/lQ, m∠B = 55º, m∠C = 65º.
14. ∆PQR z<? m∠P = 90º, m∠Q = 30º, PR = 4.5 os/lQ.
15. ∆LMN z<? LM = 7 os/lQ, m∠M = 130º, MN = 6 os/lQ.
16. ∆XYZ z<? XY = 7 os/lQ, YZ = 5 os/lQ, ZX = 6 os/lQ.
212
9.2 svisiqgtqe<!ucuqbz<!uqtg<gl<
!
-h<OhiK!fil<!-V!lqjg!LP!w{<gtqe<!%m<Ms<!svisiq?!ohVg<gz<!svisiq!
Ngqbux<jx!ucuqbz<!Ljxbqz<!gi{<Ohil</
9.2.1. %m<Ms<!svisiq
a+b a+b
a, b wEl<! -V! w{<gtqe<! %m<Ms<! svisiq NGl</! wEl<! w{<j{!
2 2
ucuqbz<!&zl<!gi{!gQp<g<g{<m!Ljxjbg<!jgbit<Ouil</
hc 1: a + b fQtl<!ogi{<m!OfIg<Ogim<Mk<!K{<M! PQ J!wMk<Kg<!ogit<g/!
hc 2: PQ e<!jlbg<Gk<Kg<Ogim<cje!ujvg/!
hc 3: PQ Ul<?!jlbg<Gk<Kg<OgiMl<! sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqjbg<! Gxqk<K?!P nz<zK Q
a+b
uqzqVf<K! nh<Ht<tq! dt<t! okijzuqje! ntg<gUl</! -k<okijzU! Jk<! kVl</!
2
-kx<Gg<! giv{l<! we<eoueqz<? XY we<x! OfIg<Ogim<Mk<! K{<ce<! fQtl<! l weqz<?! XY e<!
l
jlbh<Ht<tqbieK!X ? Y zqVf<K! okijzuqz<!-Vg<Gl</
2
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5: 6 lx<Xl<!9 Ngqbux<xqe<!%m<Ms<!svisiqjbg<!gi{<g/

kQIU: osb<Ljx!gQOp!kvh<hm<Mt<tK;!
hc 1: Okjubie!fQtk<kqx<G!yV!OfIg<Ogim<jm!ujvg/! AB = 6 os/lQ wEl<hc! AB J!
nkqz<!oum<cg<!ogit<tUl<!(hml<!9.11 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<)/
hc 2: AB e<!uzh<Hxk<kqz<!BC = 9 os/lQ wEl<hc BC wEl<!K{<jm!oum<cg<!ogit<g/!
hc 3: AC e<! jlbg<Gk<Kg<Ogicje!ujvg/!-K! AC Js<! sf<kqg<Gl<! Ht<tqjb!Gxqk<K!
nkje!M weh<!ohbiqMg/!
hc 4: A nz<zK C bqzqVf<K! M e<! okijzju! ntg<gUl</ AM =7.5 os/lQ! weg<!
gi{zil</!-KOu!6 lx<Xl<!9 Ngqb!w{<gtqe<!%m<Ms<!svisiq!NGl</
hml<!9.11!
9.2.2 ohVg<gz<!svisiq!nz<zK!uqgqksl!svisiq!
a , b we<heux<jx! -V! lqjg! LP! w{<gt<! we<g/! a lx<Xl< b bqe<! ohVg<gz<!
a x
svisiq! we<hK ab NGl</ x = ab weqz<?! x2 = ab nz<zK x × x = ab nz<zK =
x b
nz<zK a : x = x : b. weOu! x NeK! a, b g<G! -jmbqzie! uqgqksl! svisiq! wezil<!!
(yV!w{<! x NeK!a : x = x : b wEliX!-Vf<kiz<?!x NeK!a lx<Xl< b NgqbjugTg<G!
213
-jmbqzie!uqgqksl!svisiq!weh<hMgqxK). ucuqbz<! Ljxh<hc ab Jg<! gi[l<! Ljx!
gQOp!kvh<hm<Mt<tK;
hc 1: Okjug<Ogx<h! fQtlie! yV!
OfIg<Ogim<Mk<!K{<jm!ujvg/
hc 2: nkqz<? AB = a , BC = b wEl<hc!-V!
K{<Mgt<! oum<cg<! ogit<tUl<! (hml<! 9.12
Jh<!hiIg<gUl<)/
hc 3: AC J! uqm<mligg<! ogi{<M! yV!
um<ml<!ujvg/
hc 4: AC g<Gs<! osr<Gk<kig! B upqbig!
DE wEl<!fi{<!ujvg/
hc 5: BD nz<zK BE e<! fQtk<kqje!
hml< 9.12
ntg<gUl</!-f<k!fQtl<! a, b g<G!-jmbqzie!
uqgqksl!svisiqjbk<!kVl</!-h<OhiK! BD e<!
fQtlieK! AB lx<Xl< BC we<heux<xqe<! fQtr<gtqe<! uqgqksl!svisiqjb!wu<uiX!kVl<!
we<hjkh<! Hiqf<K!ogit<Ouil</ AC we<hK!uqm<ml<?!D we<hK!um<mk<kqe<! OlZt<t!Ht<tq/!
weOu ∠ADC = 90º. BD we<hK! AC g<Gs<! osr<Gk<kieK/!∠B Bl<? BD we<x!hg<gLl<!
ADB lx<Xl< DCB we<gqx! Lg<Ogi{r<gTg<Gh<! ohiKuieju/! weOu! -u<uqV!
Lg<Ogi{r<gTl<!ucouik<kju/!weOu!hg<gr<gt<!OfI!uqgqkk<kqz<!-Vg<Gl</!nkiuK?!
AB BD
= nz<zK! BD2 = AB × BC nz<zK x2 = ab nz<zK x = ab.
BD BC
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: 9 os/lQ , 3 os/lQ! fQtr<ogi{<m! -V! K{<Mgtqe<! ohVg<gz<! svisiqjbg<!

Gxqg<Gl<!fij{g<!gi{<g/
kQIU:
hc 1: AX wEl<! Ogim<cje! Okjug<Ogx<h!
fQtligg<!ogit<g/
hc 2: nkqz< AB lx<Xl< BC Ngqb! -V!
K{<Mgjt! LjxOb! 9 os/lQ ,3 os/lQ oum<cg<!
ogit<g!(hml<!9.13 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<)/
hc 3: AC e<! jlbg<! Gk<Kg<! Ogicje!
ujvf<K?! nK AC J! oum<Ml<! Ht<tqjb! O
we<g/ hml< 9.13
hc 4: O J! jlbligUl<?! OA J! NvligUl<!
ogi{<M!yV!um<ml<!ujvg/
hc 5: B upqbig! DE wEl<!fij{! AC g<Gs<!osr<Gk<kig!ujvg/
hc 6: BD nz<zK! BE we<he! AB , BC g<gqjmbqzie!ohVg<gz<! svisiqjbg<! Gxqg<Gl</!
BD nz<zK BE e<!fQtr<gjt!ntg<gUl</!-f<k!fQtOl!9, 3 e<!ohVg<gz<!svisiq!NGl</!
BD fQtk<jk!ntg<g? BD = 5.2 os/lQ weg<!gi{zil</!
214
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: 4 lx<Xl< 9 g<G!-jmOb!uqgqksl!svisiqjbg<!gi{<g/
kQIU: 4 lx<Xl< 9 Ngqbux<xqe<<! uqgqksl! svisiq = 4 × 9 = 6 ! we! flg<Gk<! okiqBl</!
-l<lkqh<H!!!6 J!ucuqbz<!Ljxbqz<!gi{<Ohil</
hc 1: AX wEl<! OfIg<Ogim<Mk<! K{<cje!
OhiKlie! ntuqx<G! fQtlig! ujvf<K!
ogit<Ouil</
hc 2: AX e<! Olz<! 4 os/lQ! fQtLt<t! AB
we<gqx!Ogim<Mk<!K{<jm!oum<Mg/!
hc 3: B g<G! uzh<Hxlig?! B bqzqVf<K! 9 os/lQ!
fQtLt<t!K{<M! BC J!ujvg!(hml<!9.14 Jh<!
hiIg<gUl<)/
hc 4: AC e<! jlbh<Ht<tqjb O weg<!
Gxqg<gUl</
hml<! 9.14
hc 5: O ju!jlbligUl<?!OA ju NvligUl<!
ogi{<M!!yV!um<ml<!ujvg/
hc 6:!B upqbig? AC g<Gs<!osr<Gk<kig! DE !wEl<!fij{!ujvg/
hc 7: BD we<hK! AB lx<Xl< BC bqe<!uqgqksl!svisiqjbg<!Gxqg<Gl</!
hc 8: BD fQtk<jk!ntf<K!ogit<g/ BD = 6 os/lQ!weg<!gi{zil</!-f<k!w{< 6 NeK!4
lx<Xl< 9 gtqe<!uqgqksl!svisiq!NGl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 8: 12 e<!lkqh<jh!ucuqbz<!Ljxbqz<!gi{<g/!
kQIU: 12 = 4 × 3 weg<! gi{zil</!
weOu 12 we<hjk! 4 lx<Xl< 3 Ngqb!
w{<gtqe<! ohVg<gz<! svisiqbigg<!
gVkzil</! 4 lx<Xl< 3 gtqe<! uqgqksl!
svisiqjbg<! gi{! ucuqbz<! Ljxjb!
fil<!hbe<hMk<KOuil</
hc 1: AX wEl<! Ogim<ce<! lQK! AB = 4
os/lQ/, BC = 3 os/lQ/!wEl<hc?! AB ? BC
wEl<! K{<Mgjt! oum<cg<! ogit<g!
(hml<!9.15 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<)/
hc 2: AC J! uqm<mligg<! ogi{<M! yV! hml<!9.15!
um<ml<!ujvg/
hc 3: AC g<Gs<!osr<Gk<kig?!B upqbig DE wEl<!fij{!ujvg/
hc 4: BD e<!fQtk<jk!ntg<gUl</!BD =3.4 os/lQ!we!fil<!gi{zil</!weOu?!
12 ≈ 3.4.!
!
!
!
!
!
!
215
!
!
hbqx<sq 9.2
1 Lkz< 4 ujvbqzie!g{g<Ggtqz<?!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!w{<gtqe<!%m<Ms<!svisiqjbg<!
gi{<g/!
1. 6 lx<Xl< 4 2. 10 lx<Xl< 5 3. 9 lx<Xl< 3 4. 2.5 lx<Xl< 6.5
5 Lkz< 8 ujvbqzie!g{g<Ggtqz<?!kvh<hm<m!w{<gtqe<!ohVg<gz<!svisiqjbg<!gi{<g/
5. 3.2 lx<Xl< 1.8 6. 2.2 lx<Xl< 5 7. 4 lx<Xl< 1.6 8. 6 lx<Xl< 4
9 Lkz< 12 ujvbqzie!g{g<Ggtqz<?!kvh<hm<m!w{<gtqe<!uIg<g&zk<kqje!ucuqbz<!
Ljxh<hcg<!gi{<g/
9. 15 10. 18 11. 21 12. 24
!
!
!
!
!
uqjmgt<!
hbqx<sq 9.1
5. 4 os/lQ 6. 3.7 os/lQ 7. 4.7 os/lQ 8. 3.2 os/lQ

9. 1.65 os/lQ 10. 2.3 os/lQ 11. 3.7 os/lQ 12. 1.5 os/lQ
hbqx<sq 9.2
1. 5 2. 7.5 3. 6 4. 4.5
5. 2.4 6. 3.3 7. 2.5 8. 4.9
9. 3.9 10. 4.2 11. 4.6 12. 4.9
216
10. uquvr<gjtg<!jgbiTkz<
fl<Ljmb! ne<xim! uip<g<jgbqz<! Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! we<xjpg<gh<hMl<! w{<{x<x!
w{<! dVur<gjt!fil<! hiIg<gqOxil</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?!fitqkp<gjth<! hcg<Gl<OhiK?!YI!
nj{bqe<! fQIk<! Okg<g! ntjuBl<! nz<zK! nj{g<Gt<! hiBl<! fQiqe<! ntjuBl<!
gi{<gqe<Oxil</! -f<k! w{<{tUgt<?! nux<xqe<! wkqIgizh<! Ohig<Ggjth<! hx<xq! nxqf<K!
ogit<ukx<gig! sQvie! giz! -jmoutqgtqz<! hkqbh<hMgqe<xe/! -u<uiX! hkqbh<hMl<!
Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! nkqg! ntuqz<! -Vh<hkiz<?! -ux<jx! Ljxh<hMk<kq! hbEt<t!
uquvr<gjt! nxqb! nxquqbz<! siIf<k! Ljx! Okjuh<hMgqxK/! nxquqbz<! siIf<k!
Ljxbqz<! kvh<hm<m! Ht<tq! uquvr<gjt?! hGk<kxqukx<gie! g{qkk<kqe<! yV! hqiqU
‘Ht<tqbqbz<’ NGl</! -h<hqiquqe<! okimg<gg<! giz! utIs<sqbqz<?! -K! yV! fim<ce<!
Nm<sqbitVg<G?!ke<! fim<M!lg<gtqe<! ohiVtikiv!fqjzjb!nxqf<K!nkx<Ogx<h!uiqgt<!
uqkqg<g! upq! nxqb! dkuqbK/! Neiz<?! -e<X! Ht<tqbqbz<! lqgh<ohiqb! utIs<sqjb!
njmf<K! njek<Kh<! hqiqUgtqZl<! LcouMh<hkqZl<?! kqm<mlqMukqZl<! lqgh<! ohiqb!
hr<gqje!ugqg<gqxK/!‘Ht<tqbqbz<’ we<hjkg<! Gxqg<Gl<! Nr<gqzs<! osiz< ‘statistics’ we<hK!
zk<kQe<! olipqs<! osiz<zie?! ‘Status’ we<hkqzqVf<K! dVuieK/! ‘Status’ we<hkx<G!
‘nvsqbz<! fqjz (political state)’ we<X! ohiVtiGl</! fil<?! Lf<jkb! uGh<Hgtqz<! Ht<tq!
uquvr<gjt! Osgiqg<Gl<! Ljx! hx<xqBl<?! nux<jx! nxqLgh<hMk<Kl<! Ljx! hx<xqBl<!
hck<kjk!-h<ohiPK!fqjeU!%IOuil</
Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! Lkz<! fqjzh<! Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! )primary data*?! -v{<mil<!

fqjzh<! Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! (secondary data) ! we! -V! ujgh<hMl</! Nb<uitI! yVui<!
kiOe!Osgiqg<Gl<!uquvr<gt<!Lkz<!fqjzh<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gt<!weh<hMl</!sqz!Ofvr<gtqz<?!
Wx<geOu! Yi<! Nb<uitviz<! Osgiqg<gh<hm<m! Lkz<! fqjzh<! Ht<tq! uquvr<gjt! lx<oxiV!
Nb<uiti<! OuoxiV! Okjug<gigh<! hbe<hMk<<kqg<! ogi{<miz<?! nh<OhiK! nh<Ht<tq!
uquvr<gjt! -v{<mil<! fqjzh<! Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! we<gqOxil</! Nb<uitviz<!
Osgiqg<gh<hMl<! uquvr<gt<! okiGg<gh<hmik! Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! nz<zK! osh<heqmh<hmik!
Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! weh<hMl</! -k<kjgb! Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! SVg<gucuqz<! Ljxbig!
okiGg<gh<hm<M?!nm<muj{!ucuqz<! kvh<hMgqxK/!-u<um<muj{bieK?!yV!fqgp<ou{<<!
hm<cbz<! we<xjpg<gh<hMgqxK/! fqgp<ou{<! hm<cbz<! upqbigk<! kvh<hMl<! Ht<tq!
uquvr<gjt! okiGg<gh<hm<m! Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! we<gqOxil</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! gQOp!
kvh<hm<Mt<t!30 li{uIgtqe<!g{qk!lkqh<oh{<gjtg<!gVKOuil</
31 39 37 46 39 49
42 31 31 40 43 46
48 42 30 43 42 42
46 48 40 56 56 50
37 50 45 37 45 48
217
Olx<gi[l<! Ht<tq!uquvl<! okiGg<gh<hmik!fqjzbqz<! dt<tK/!kvh<hm<m!lkqh<oh{<gjt!
WX!uiqjsbqz<!wPk?!flg<Gg<!gqjmh<hK?!
30, 31, 31, 31, 37, 37, 37, 39, 39, 40, 40, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 45, 45, 46, 46, 46, 48, 48, 48,
49, 50, 50, 56, 56.
Olx<%xqb! uiqjsbqz<! lkqh<oh{<! 30 yV! LjxBl<?! 31 &e<X! LjxBl<?! 37 &e<X!
LjxBl<! lx<Xl<! -u<uiOx! lx<x! lkqh<oh{<gTl<! njlf<Kt<te/! nf<k! Ljxbqz<!
kvh<hm<m! lkqh<oh{<gjt! w{<[ukqeiz<! flg<Gg<! gqjmg<Gl<! fqgp<ou{<gt<!
nm<muj{jb! okiGg<gh<hmik! Ht<tq! uquvr<gtqe<! fqgp<Uh<! hm<cbz<! we<gqOxil</!!!!!!
x we<hK! yV! lkqh<oh{<{qjeBl<?! f we<hK! x lkqh<oh{<! ohx<x! li{uIgtqe<!
w{<{qg<jg! nz<zK! x e<! fqgp<ou{<{qjeg<! Gxqh<hkigg<! ogit<g/! fqgp<ou{<{qje!
njzou{<!we<Xl<!fil<!%XOuil</!
x 30 31 37 39 40 42 43 45 46 48 49 50 56
f 1 3 3 2 2 4 2 2 3 3 1 2 2
-r<G? x we<hK! ntjubqe<! lixq! nz<zK! lix<XV! (variate)! )-u<ouMk<Kg<gim<cz<?! x
NeK! lkqh<oh{<{qjeg<! Gxqg<gqxK*! we<xjpg<gh<hMl<; f! fqgp<ou{<?! nkiuK?! yV!
lixqbqe<!Gxqh<hqm<m!lkqh<H!wk<kje!Ljx!fqgp<gqe<xK!we<hjkg<!Gxqg<gqxK/
-r<G?!lqgh<!ohiqb!lkqh<H = 56 lx<Xl<!lqgs<!sqxqb!lkqh<H = 30. weOu?!
uQs<S = lqgh<ohiqb!lkqh<H − lqgs<sqxqb!lkqh<H = 56 − 30 = 26.
fil<?! kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<! lkqh<<oh{<gjts<! OsIk<Kg<ogit<t! hqiqU! -jmoutqgt<! weh<hMl<!
-jmoutqgt<! njlg<gzil</!Lkz<! uGh<H!-jmoutq!30-34. -f<k!-jmoutq!30, 31,
32 ,33 lx<Xl< 34 Ngqb! lkqh<oh{<gjtg<! ogi{<Mt<tK/! nMk<k! uGh<H! -jmoutq
35-39/!-u<uixigk<! okimv?!gjmsq!uGh<H!-jmoutq 55-59 NeK 55, 56, 57, 58 lx<Xl<
59 Ngqb! lkqh<oh{<gjtg<! ogi{<Mt<tK/! -r<G! -jmoutqgt<! yu<ouie<Xl<! gQp<!
lx<Xl<! Olz<! wz<jzg<Giqb! w{<gjt! dt<tmg<gq! -Vh<hkiz<?! -u<uqjmoutqgt<!
dt<tmr<gqb!-jmoutqgt<!NGl</!-h<OhiK?!fqgp<ou{<!hm<cbjz!njlh<Ohil</!
hqiqU!-jmoutq! w{<{qg<jg!Gxq! fqgp<ou{<!
30-34 |||| 4
35-39 |||| 5
40-44 |||| ||| 8
45-49 |||| |||| 9
50-54 || 2
55-59 || 2
olik<kl<! 30
kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<! Ht<tq! uquvk<kqZt<t! lkqh<Hgjt! ye<xe<! hqe<! ye<xig! hcg<g?!
yu<ouiV! lkqh<hqx<Gl<! nkx<Giqb! -jmoutqg<G! wkqOv! OfIg<OgiM ‘|’ (yh<Hg<! Gxq!
nz<zK! w{<{qg<jgg<! Gxq) -m Ou{<Ml</! yOv! hqiquqz<! -ml<ohXgqe<x! yu<ouiV 5 uK!
w{<{qx<gie! w{<{qg<jgg<! Gxqbqje! Wx<geOu! nh<hqiquqx<ogkqOv! -ml<! ohx<xqVg<Gl<!
fie<G! w{<{qg<jgg<! GxqgTg<G! GXg<gig (‘ \ ’) -m! Ou{<Ml</! -f<k! LjxbieK?!
kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<! Ht<tq! uquvr<gtqZt<t! nk<kje! lkqh<HgTg<Gl<! -m! Ou{<Ml</!
Olx<%xqb! nm<muj{bqz<?! yu<ouiV! uGh<H! -jmoutqg<Giqb! w{<{qg<jgg<! Gxqgtqe<!
218
w{<{qg<jgbieK! nu<uGh<hqe<! fqgp<ou{<! (frequency) weh<hMgqxK/! -u<um<muj{?!
okiGg<gh<hm<m! Ht<tq! uquvr<gtqe<! fqgp<ou{<hm<cbz<! weh<hMgqxK/! Olx<%xqb!
nm<muj{bqe<! hqiqU! -jmoutqgTg<Gt<! 34.5, 39.5 Ohie<x! lkqh<oh{<gjts<! OsIg<g!
-bziK! we<hjk! nxqg/! -k<kjgb! $pzqz<?! fil<! uGh<H! -jmoutqgtqe<! Olz<!
wz<jzjb!nf<kf<k!-jmoutq<!juk<kqVg<giK!we<x!gVk<Kme< 29.5-34.5, 34.5-39.5, …,
54.5-59.5 we lix<xq!njlg<gzil</!-k<kjgb!lix<xk<jk!djmb!nm<muj{jb!gQOp!
gi{zil</
hqiqU!-jmoutq! w{<{qg<jg!Gxq! fqgp<ou{<!
29.5-34.5 |||| 4
34.5-39.5 |||| 5
39.5-44.5 |||| ||| 8
44.5-49.5 |||| |||| 9
49.5-54.5 || 2
54.5-59.5 || 2
olik<kl<! 30
-r<G?! fqgp<ou{<! hm<cbzieK! x lixqbqe<! okimIs<sqbie! lix<xk<jkk<! okiquqg<gqxK/!
yV! hqiqU! -jmoutqbqe<! Olz<! wz<jz! lx<Xl<! gQp<! wz<jzgtqe<! uqk<kqbisk<jk!
nu<uqjmoutqbqe<! ntU (size) we<Xl<?! Olz<! wz<jz! lx<Xl<! gQp<! wz<jzgtqe<!
svisiqjb! ! hqiquqe<! lkqh<H! (class mark) we<Xl<! njpg<gqOxil</! -r<G 34.5-39.5! hqiqU!
-jmoutqbqe< ntU = 5 lx<Xl<! hqiquqe<! lkqh<H!= 37?!-K!-jmoutqbqe<! jlblkq<h<H!
NGl</!OlZt<t!nm<muj{bqzqVf<K?!34.5 g<Gg<gQp<!lkqh<oh{<!ohx<xuIgt< 4, 39.5 g<Gg<!
gQp<! lkqh<oh{<gt<! ohx<xuIgt<! 4 + 5 = 9, 44.5 g<Gg<gQp<! lkqh<oh{<! ohx<xuIgt< 4 + 5 + 8
= 17, 49.5 g<Gg<gQp<! lkqh<oh{<gt<! ohx<xuIgt<! 4 + 5 + 8 + 9 = 26, 54.5 g<Gg<gQp<!
lkqh<oh{<gt<! ohx<xuIgt<! 4 + 5 + 8 + 9 + 2 = 28 lx<Xl< 59.5 g<Gg<gQp<! lkqh<oh{<gt<!
ohx<xuIgt<! 4 + 5 + 8 + 9 + 2 + 2 = 30. -k<kjgb!fqgp<Ugtqe<! w{<{qg<jggjt!GuqU!
fqgp<ou{<gt<! (cumulative frequencies (c.f)) nz<zK!GuqU!njzou{<gt<! we<gqOxil</!
GuqU!fqgp<ou{<gtqe<!nm<muj{!gQOp!kvh<hm<Mt<tK!
!
hqiqU!-jmoutq! jlblkqh<H x fqgp<ou{<!f GuqU!fqgp<ou{<!c.f
29.5-34.5 32 4 4
34.5-39.5 37 5 9
39.5-44.5 42 8 17
44.5-49.5 47 9 26
49.5-54.5 52 2 28
54.5-59.5 57 2 30
olik<kl<! 30
10.1 jlbfqjzh<!Ohig<G!ntjugt<!!
!
osh<heqmh<hmik! Ht<tququvr<gtqe<! fqgp<ou{<hm<cbjz! Olx<%xqbuiX! njlh<hke<!
&zl<?! nh<Ht<tq! uquvr<gtqe<! yV! oktquie! njlh<hqjeg<! gi{LcgqxK/! yV!
Gxqh<hqm<m! lkqh<hqzqVf<K! Ht<tququv! lkqh<Hgt<! njmBl<! lix<xk<kqe<! Ohig<gqjeh<hx<xq!
219
OlZl<! nxqf<Kogit<t?! Ht<tq! uquvr<gjt! yVlqk<klig! nxqf<Kjvg<Gl<! kqm<mum<mlie!
ntjugt<! dt<te/!nk<kjgb!ntjugt<! jlbfqjzh<Ohig<G!ntjugt<! (Measures
of Central Tendency) nz<zK! jlb=Ih<H! ntjugt<! (Measures of Location)
weh<hMgqe<xe/!nk<kjgb?!sqz!ntjugtiue:
1. %m<Ms<!svisiq!(Average)
2. -jmfqjz!(Median)
3. LgM!(Mode)
10.1.1 %m<Ms<!svisiq!
11, 22, 7, 33, 27 we<x! lkqh<Hgjtg< gVKOuil</! Olx<%xqb! yu<ouiV!
lkqh<hqzqVf<Kl<?! 20 Jg<! gpqg<g?! flg<Gg<! gqjmh<hK! −9, 2, −13, 13, 7. -f<k!
uqk<kqbisr<gjtg<! %m<m! flg<G! gqjmh<hK! 0. -kqzqVf<K?! w{<! 20 kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<! 5
lkqh<Hgtqe<! fMuqz<! njlf<kqVg<gqxK!we!nxqgqOxil</!-K!kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<! lkqh<Hgtqe<!
svisiq!nz<zK!%m<Ms<! svisiq!weh<hMl</!ohiKuig?!x1, x2, …, xn we<gqx!n lkqh<Hgtqe<!
%m<Ms<!svisiq!(average) nz<zK!w{<g{qks<!svisiq!(arithmetic mean) nz<zK!SVg<glig!
svisiq! (mean) x we<x! w{<?! x ! zqVf<K! n lkqh<Hgt<! x1, x2, …, xn e<! uqzg<gr<gtqe<!
%Mkz<! 0 we<xqVg<GliX! ujvbXg<gh<hMgqe<xK/! nkiuK?! x1, x2, …, xn wEl< n
lkqh<Hgtqe<!svisiq! x NeK
(x1 − x ) + (x2 − x ) + ... + (xn − x ) = 0 nz<zK! ( x1 + x 2 + ... + x n ) − n × x = 0
we<x!sle<him<miz<!gqjmg<gh<ohXl</ weOu
x 1 + x 2 + ... + x n
x= .
n
g{qkk<kqz<?!GxqbQM!∑, sqg<li!)sigma*!NeK?!%Mkjzg<!Gxqg<gh<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!
n
-f<kg<!GxqbQm<ce<!&zl<?!%Mkz< x1 + x 2 + ... + x n !NeK! ∑x

i =1
i nz<zK wtqkig ∑x i
we!Gxqg<gh<hMl</!weOu?!fil<!ujvbXh<hK?
x=
∑x i
.
n
Ht<tq!uquv!lkqh<Hgt<!fqgp<ou{<!hm<cbzqz<!njlg<gh<hm<cVf<kiz<?!svisiq! x NeK?
f x + f 2 x 2 + ... + f n x n
x= 1 1
f1 + f 2 + .... + f n
we<X! ohxh<hMgqe<xK/! -r<G x1, x2, …, xn NeK! LjxOb f1, f2,…, fn we<x!
fqgp<ou{<gjtg<! ogi{<m! keqh<hm<m! lkqh<HgtigOui! nz<zK! f1, f2, …, fn we<x!
fqgp<ou{<gjtg<! ogi{<m! hqiqU! -jmoutqgtqe<! -jmlkqh<H! ntUgtigOui!
-Vg<Gl</!sqg<li!GxqbQm<cz<!wPk?
x =
∑ f i xi , -r<G!N = f + f + .... + f .
1 2 n
N
kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<! lkqh<Hgtqe<! lm<Mlkqh<Hgt<! lqgh<! ohiqbjubig!-Vf<kiz<?!svisiqbieK!
SVg<G.upqLjxobie<xqeiz<! g{g<gqmh<hMl</! A we<hK! ohiVk<klig! OkIf<okMg<gh<hm<m!
220
YI! w{<! we<g/! fil<? x1− A, x2 − A, …, xn − A we<gqx! lixz<gjt! njlh<Ohil</!
-l<lixz<gTg<G c we<x! ohiKuie! giv{q! -Vh<hkigg<! ogi{<miz<? hqe<uVl<!
uqgqkr<gjt!njlh<Ohil<;!
x1 − A x 2 − A x −A
, , ..., n .
c c c
-ux<jx!LjxOb! d1, d2, …, dn we<g/ -h<ohiPK?!
x −A x −A x −A
∑ f i d i = f1 × d1 + f2 × d2 + …..+ fn × dn = f1 × 1 c + f 2 × 2 c + ... + f n × n c
= [( f 1 x1 − f 1 A) + ( f 2 x 2 − f 2 A) + ... + ( f n x n − f n A)]
1
c
= [( f 1 x1 + f 2 x 2 + ... + f n x n ) − A( f 1 + f 2 + ... + f n )] =
1
c
[1
c
]
∑ f i xi − A × N .
∴ ∑ f i xi − A × N = c × ∑ f i d i n.K ∑ f i x i = A × N + c ∑ f i d i
n.K x =
∑fx i i
= A+ c ×
.
∑fd
i i
N N
Gxqh<H;! x1− A, x2 − A, …, xn − A gjt! nxqf<khqe<Hkie<?! ohiKg<giv{q! c Jg<!
Gxqh<hqmLcBl</!
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 we<gqx!Ht<tq!uquvr<gtqe<!svisiqjbg<!gi{<g/
kQIU : x =
∑ xi = 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 84 = 14.
N 6 6
wMk<Kg<gim<M 2: hqe<uVl<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gTg<G!%m<Ms<!svisiqjbg<!gi{<g/!
x 10 11 13 15 16 19
f 4 5 8 6 4 3
kQIU:
SVg<G.upq!Ljx;!
Ofvc!Ljx;!
A = 14, c = 1 weg<!ogit<g/!hqe<H! d = x − A
x f f×x x f d f×d
10 4 40 10 4 −4 −16
11 5 55 11 5 −3 −15
13 8 104 13 8 −1 − 8
15 6 90 15 6 1 6
16 4 64 16 4 2 8
19 3 57 19 3 5 15
olik<kl< N = 30 ∑ fx = 410 olik<kl<! N=30 ∑ fd = 29 − 39 = −10
∴ x=
∑fx i i
=
410
≈ 13.67. x = A+ c ×
∑ fd =14 + 1 ×
− 10
N 30 N 30
! ≈14 − 0.33 = 13.67.
221
wMk<Kg<gim<M 3: hqe<uVl<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gTg<G!%m<Ms<!sivsiq!gi{<g/
lkqh<oh{<! 80 85 90 95 100
li{uIgtqe<!
5 6 6 2 1
w{<{qg<jg!
x− A
kQIU: A = 90 , c = 5 , d = we<g/ x− A gjtg<!g{g<gqm<M!c = 5 we!nxqg/!
c
x f d f×d
80 5 −2 −10
85 6 −1 −6
90 6 0 0
95 2 1 2
100 1 2 2
N = 20 ∑ fd = −12
∴ x = A+ c ×
∑ fd
N
− 12
= 90 + 5 × = 90 − 3 = 87.
20
wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: hqe<uVl<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gTg<G!%m<Ms<!svisiq!gi{<g/
hqiqU!-jmoutq! 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

lkqh<oh{<! 12 18 27 20 17 6
kQIU:
Ofvc!Ljx;!
hqiqU!-jmoutq! jlb!lkqh<H x fqgp<ou{<! f f×x
0-10 5 12 60
10-20 15 18 270
20-30 25 27 675
30-40 35 20 700
40-50 45 17 765
50-60 55 6 330
N = 100 ∑ fx = 2800
nm<<muj{bqzqVf<K?!N = olik<k!fqgp<ou{< = 100, ∑ fx = 2800.

∴ x=
∑ fx =
2800
= 28.
N 100
222
x− A
SVg<G.upqLjx;!A = 30, c = 5, d = we<g/
c
hqiqU!-jmoutq! jlb!lkqh<H! x d fqgp<ou{<! f f×d

0-10 5 −5 12 −60
10-20 15 −3 18 −54
20-30 25 −1 27 −27
30-40 35 1 20 20
40-50 45 3 17 51
50-60 55 5 6 30
N = 100 ∑ fd = 101−141= −40
∴ x = A+ c ×
∑ fd = 30 + 5 ×
− 40
= 30 − 2 = 28.
N 100
hbqx<sq 10.1.1
1. svisiqjbg<!gi{<g/! 7, 12, 18, 14, 19, 20.

2. yV! uGh<hqZt<t! 15 li{uIgtqz<? 4 li{uIgt<! 66 lkqh<oh{<gTl<?! 5 li{uIgt<!
67 lkqh<oh{<gTl<?!6 li{uIgt<!68 lkqh<oh{<gTl<!wMk<kiz<?!nu<uGh<hqe<!%m<Ms<!
svisiqjbg<!gi{<g/
3. hqe<uVl<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gTg<G!%m<Ms<!svisiqjbg<!g{g<gqMg/!
x 5 10 15 20 25 30
f 4 5 7 4 3 2
4. hqe<uVl<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gTg<G!%m<Ms<!svisiqjbg<!g{g<gqMg/!
lkqh<oh{<gt<! 65 70 75 80 85 90 100
li{uIgtqe<!
11 6 3 6 4 10 4
w{<{qg<jg!
5. hqe<uVl<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gtqzqVf<K!%m<Ms<!svisiqjbg<!gi{<g/!
lixq! 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85
fqgp<ou{<! 12 20 15 14 16 11 7 8
6. !hqe<uVl<!nm<muj{jbg<!ogi{<M!%m<Ms<!svisiqg<!gi{<g!
!
hqiqU!-jmoutq! 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
fqgp<ou{<! 8 14 7 10 11
223
10.1.2 -jmfqjz!ntU
kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<! osh<heqmh<hmik! Ht<tq! uquvr<gjt! WX! nz<zK! -xr<G!

uiqjsbqz<! wPKl<OhiK?! fl<liz<! yPr<Gh<hMk<kq! -Vg<Gl<! uiqjsbqz<! fMfqjzbig!
njlf<kqVg<Gl<! yV! lkqh<jhg<! g{<mxqb! LcBl</! -f<k! fM! lkqh<H! nz<zK! lk<kqbqz<!
dt<t!lkqh<H!Ht<tq!uquvr<gtqe<!-jmfqjz!ntU!weh<hMl</!
!wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! 14, 28, 20, 29, 18, 25, 26, 17, 36 we<gqx Ht<tq! uquvr<gjtg<!
gVKOuil</!nux<jx!WX!uiqjsbqz<!wPk?!14, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 36 we!flg<Gg<!
gqjmg<gqxK/! -u<uiqjsbqz<?! 25 NeK?! Ht<tq! uquvr<gtqe<! fMfqjzbig!
njlf<kqVg<gqxK/! weOu! 25 NeK?! Ht<tq! uquvr<gtqe<! -jmfqjz! ntU! NGl</!
-r<G?! kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<! lkqh<Hgtqe<! w{<{qg<jg! yx<jxh<hjmbqz<! njlf<Kt<tkiz<?!
uiqjsbqz<!njlf<Kt<t!lkqh<hig!-jmfqjz!ntU!-Vg<gqxK/
85, 79, 57, 59, 66, 26, 40, 33, 48, 53 we<gqx! Ht<tq! uquvr<gjtg<! gVKOuil</!
nux<jx!yPr<GhMk<kq!WX!uiqjsbqz<! wPk? 26, 33, 40, 48, 53, 57, 59, 66, 79, 85 weg<!
gqjmg<gqxK/! -r<G! -vm<jmh<hjm! w{<{qg<jgbqz<! lkqh<Hgt<! njlf<Kt<tkiz<?!
yPr<GhMk<kqb! uiqjsbqe<! fMuqz<! 53 lx<Xl<! 57 njlf<Kt<te/! weOu?! fil<! -u<uqV!
53 + 57 110
w{<gtqe<! svisiqjbg<! g{g<gqm?! = = 55 NeK! uiqjsg<G! jlb! lkqh<hig!
2 2
-Vg<gqxK/! lkqh<H! 55 NeK?! kvh<hm<m! Ht<tq! uquvr<gtqz<! yV! lkqh<hig!
-z<jzobe<xiZl<?! nKOu! -jmfqjz! lkqh<hig! njlgqxK/! NgOu?! kvh<hm<m!
osh<heqmik! Ht<tq! uquvr<gtqe<! -jmfqjz! ntuqjeh<! ohx! hqe<uVl<! upqgjt!
Olx<ogit<Ouil</
Lkzqz<?! kvh<hm<m! olik<k! Ht<tq! uquvr<gjt! WXuiqjsbqOzi! nz<zK!

-xr<GuiqjsbqOzi! wPk! Ou{<Ml</! N we<hK! lkqh<Hgtqe<! w{<{q<g<jg! we<g/! N
yx<jxh<hjm! w{<{ig! -Vf<kiz<?! Olx<g{<m! uiqjsbqz<! yV! lkqh<H! fMfqjzbig!
⎛ N + 1⎞
-Vg<Gl</! -K! kvh<hm<m! lkqh<Hgtqe<! WX! nz<zK! -xr<Guiqjsbqz<! ⎜ ⎟ uK
⎝ 2 ⎠
dXh<hig! njlBl</! -KOu! -jmfqjz! lkqh<H! NGl</! N -vm<jmh<hjm! w{<{ig!
njlf<kiz<?! nr<G! -V! lkqh<Hgt<! fMfqjzbig! njlBl</! nju! Ht<tq! uquv!
N ⎛N ⎞
lkqh<Hgtqe<! WX! nz<zK! -xr<Guiqjsbqz<! uK! lx<Xl<! ⎜ + 1⎟ uK!
2 ⎝2 ⎠
dXh<HgtiGl</!weOu?!-u<uqV!dXh<Hgtqe<!svisiqOb!-jmfqjz!NGl</!
kvh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uquvr<gt<?!fqgp<ou{<!hm<cbzqz<!njlf<kqVf<kiz<!-jmfqjzjb!
gi{h<!hqe<uVl<!Ljxjbg<!jgbitzil</!
N
Lkzqz<?! GuqU! fqgp<ou{<! fqvjz! njlk<K?! e<! lkqh<jhg<! gi{! Ou{<Ml</!
2
-r<G! N we<hK! olik<k! fqgp<ou{<! (N = f1 + f 2 + .... + f n )! NGl</! hqxG!
224
N N
nm<muj{bqzqVf<K?! g<Gs<! sllie! nz<zK! g<G! sx<Ox! nkqglie! GuqU!
2 2
fqgp<ou{<! lkqh<hqje! djmb! lixqbqe<! lkqh<H! nz<zK! hqiqU! -jmoutqjbg<! gi{!
Ou{<Ml<! )-K! hvuzqe<! -jmfqjz! hqiqU! -jmoutq! weh<hMl<*/! kvh<hm<m! Ht<tq!
uquvr<gTg<G?! -jmfqjz! hqiqU! -jmoutqg<Giqb! lixqbqe<! lkqh<Oh! kvh<hm<m! Ht<tq!
uquvk<kqx<gie!-jmfqjz!lkqh<hiGl</ !
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5: 23, 25, 29, 30, 39 Ngqbux<xqe<!-jmfqjz!gi{<g/!

kQIU: kvh<hm<cVg<Gl< lkqh<Hgt<!Wx<geOu!WX!uiqjsbqz<!njlf<Kt<te/!!
N = lkqh<Hgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!= 5. -K!YI!yx<jxh<hjm!w{</!NgOu?!
⎛ N + 1⎞ ⎛ 5 +1⎞
-jmfqjz = ⎜ ⎟ uK!dXh<H!= ⎜ ⎟ uK!dXh<H = 3!uK!dXh<H!= 29.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
∴ -jmfqjz = 29.
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: 3, 4, 10, 12, 27, 60, 55, 49, 50, 41, 32, 63, 71, 75, 80! e<! -jmfqjz!
gi{<g/
kQIU: kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<!lkqh<Hgjt!WXuiqjsbqz<!njlg<g?!
3, 4, 10, 12, 27, 32, 41, 49, 50, 55, 60, 63, 71, 75, 80.
N = lkqh<Hgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg = 15, YI!yx<jxh<hjm!w{</!
⎛ N +1⎞ ⎛ 15 + 1 ⎞
∴ -jmfqjz = ⎜ ⎟ uK!dXh<H = ⎜ ⎟ uK!dXh<H = 8 uK!dXh<H= 49.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7:!29, 23, 25, 29, 30, 25, 28 -ux<xqe<!-jmfqjz!gi{<g/

kQIU: kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<!lkqh<Hgjt!WXuiqjsbqz<!wPk?!!
23, 25, 25, 28, 29, 29, 30.
N = lkqh<Hgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!= 7, YI!yx<jxh<hjm!w{</
⎛ N + 1⎞ ⎛ 7 +1⎞
∴ -jmfqjz = ⎜ ⎟ !uK!dXh<H = ⎜ ⎟ uK!dXh<H = 4!uK!dXh<H = 28.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
wMk<Kg<gim<M 8:!26, 25, 29, 23, 25, 29, 30, 25, 28, 30 e<!-jmfqjz!gi{<g/
kQIU: kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gjt!WXuiqjsbqz<!wPk?
23, 25, 25, 25, 26, 28, 29, 29, 30, 30.
N = lkqh<Hgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!= 10, YI!-vm<jmh<hjm!w{</
N ⎛N ⎞
∴ -jmfqjz = uK!dXh<H!lx<Xl< ⎜ + 1⎟ uK!dXh<H!Ngqbux<xqe<!svisiq!
2 ⎝2 ⎠
= 5 uK!lx<Xl<!6 uK!dXh<Hgtqe<!svisiq!
26 + 28
= 26 lx<Xl<!28 gtqe<!svisiq = = 27.
2
!
!
!
!
225
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: hqe<uVl<!nm<muj{g<G!-jmfqjz!ntju!g{g<gqMg/
lixq ( x) 5 10 15 20 25 30
fqgp<ou{<!( f ) 3 6 10 8 2 3
!
kQIU:
GuqU!
x f
fqgp<ou{<!
5 3 3
10 6 9
15 10 19
20 8 27
25 2 29
30 3 32
N
olik<k!fqgp<ou{<!= N = ∑f = 32 . Njgbiz<! = 16.
2
⎛N⎞
-jmfqjz! =! ⎜ ⎟ !uK!lkqh<H = 16 uK!dXh<hqe<! lkqh<H/!Neiz<!16!uK!lkqh<hieK?!
⎝2⎠
GuqU! fqgp<ou{<! 19 dt<t! hqiqU! -jmoutqbqz<! njlf<Kt<tK/! -kx<Gh<!
ohiVk<kLx<x!lixqbqe<!lkqh<H!15!NGl</!!weOu?!-jmfqjz = 15.
!
hbqx<sq 10.1.2
1. hqe<uVl<!lixqgtqe<!okiGh<hqx<G!-jmfqjz!gi{<g;
(i) 66, 63, 55, 60, 46, 10 (ii) 35, 39, 36, 34, 28, 27, 45, 41
(iii) 60, 61, 60, 58, 57, 59, 70 (iv) 41, 45, 36, 37, 43, 45, 41, 36
2. 40 li{uIgtqe<!lkqh<oh{<gTg<gie!-jmfqjz!gi{<g;!
lkqh<oh{<gt<! 24 20 35 52 50 48
li{uIgtqe<!
4 7 3 9 5 12
w{<{qg<jg!
3.!hqe<uVl<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gTg<G!-jmfqjz!gi{<g;!
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
f 4 6 5 3 2 5
226
4. 43 okipqzitIgtqe<! %zqgt<! kvh<hm<Mt<te/! -ux<xqe<! -jmfqjz! lkqh<hqjeg<!
gi{<g/
%zq! 25 35 45 55 65
okipqzitIgtqe<!
3 5 20 10 5
w{<{qg<jg!
10.1.3 LgM!
jlbfqjz!ntjugtqz<!LgMl<!YI!ntuiGl</
(i) keqk<okiGkqbig! njlf<Kt<t! lkqh<Hgtqe<! g{k<kqz<! wf<k! yV! lkqh<hieK!
nkqg! w{<{qg<jgbqz<! -Vg<gqxOki! nK! kvh<hm<m! Ht<tq! uquvr<gtqe<! LgM!
weh<hMl</
(ii) kvh<hm<m! Ht<tq! uquvr<gjt! yPr<GhMk<kq! yV! fqgp<ou{<! hm<cbzqz<!

njlk<kiz<?! nkqg! fqgp<ou{<j{! ogi{<m! hqiqU?! LgM! hqiqU! weh<hMgqxK/!
-h<hqiquqz<! dt<t!lixqbqe<! -jmh<hm<m!lkqh<H?!kvh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uquvk<kqe<! LgM!
weh<hMl</!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 10: 7, 4, 5, 1, 7, 3, 4, 6,7 e<!LgM!gi{<g/

kQIU: Ht<tququvr<gjt!WXuiqjsbqz<!wPk?
1, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7.
Olx<gi[l<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gtqz<!7, nkqg!kmju!gi{h<hMgqxK/!weOu?!LgM!= 7.
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 30 e<!LgM!gi{<g/
kQIU: Ht<tq! uquvr<gt<! Wx<geOu! WXuiqjsbqz<! dt<te/! yu<ouiV! lkqh<Hl<! yOv! yV!
kmju! Olx<g{<m! uiqjsbqz<! njlf<kqVg<gqxK/! weOu?! kvh<hm<m! Ht<tq! uquvr<gTg<G!
LgM!-z<jz/
wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: 12, 15, 11, 12, 19, 15, 24, 27, 20, 12, 19, 15 e<!LgM!gi{<g/!
kQIU: kvh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uquvr<gjt!WXuiqjsbqz<!wPk?
11, 12, 12, 12, 15, 15, 15, 19, 19, 20, 24, 27.
-r<G!12!&e<X!LjxBl<?!15 &e<X!LjxBl<!njlf<kqVg<gqxK/!!
∴ 12 lx<Xl< 15 -v{<Ml<!kvh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uquvr<gTg<G!LgMgtig!njlgqe<xe/!-r<G?!
kvh<hm<m!Ht<tq!uquvr<gTg<G!-V!LgMgt<!-Vg<gqe<xe!we<X!%Xgqe<Oxil</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: hqe<uVl<!fqgp<ou{<!hm<cbzqzqVf<K!LgM!gi{<g/!

%zq! 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
okipqzitIgtqe<!
12 11 14 13 12 10 9
w{<{qg<jg!
kQIU: hm<cbzqzqVf<K! fil<! nxquK?! lqg! dbIf<k! fqgp<ou{<! 14 NGl</! -kx<G!
-jsuie! lixq! %zqbqe<! lkqh<H! 55 NGl</! -KOu! kvh<hm<m! uquvk<kqe<! LgmiGl</!
nkiuK?!LgM! = 55.
!
227
!
hbqx<sq!10.1.3
1. hqe<uVl<!Ht<tq!uquvr<gTg<G!LgM!gi{<g;!
(i) 84, 91, 72, 68, 87, 84 (ii) 65, 61, 72, 81, 51, 31
(iii) 38, 31, 22, 20, 31, 61, 15, 20 (iv) 15, 11, 18, 23, 11, 19, 11
2. hqe<uVl<!hvuzqx<G!LgM!gi{<g;!
x 10 20 30 40 50 60
f 8 15 12 10 9 6
3. hqe<uVl<!nm<muj{bqzqVf<K!LgM!gi{<g/!
x 60 61 62 63 64 65
f 5 8 14 16 10 7
!
uqjmgt<!
hbqx<sq 10.1.1
1. 15 2. 67.1 3. 15.6 4. 79.1 5. 45 6. 35.4
hbqx<sq 10.1.2
1. (i) 57.5 (ii) 35.5 (iii) 60 (iv) 41

2. 48 3. 3 4. 45
hbqx<sq!10.1.3
1. (i) 84 (ii) LgM!-z<jz! (iii) 20, 31 (iv) 11

2. 20 3. 63!
228
11. ujvhmr<gt<
nxquqbz<?! ohixqbqbz<! lx<Xl<! uIk<kgl<! Ohie<x! Kjxgtqz<! fil<! olb<ob{<!
lkqh<Hgt<! ohXl<! hz<OuX! lixqgjtg<! g{<cVg<gqOxil</! wMk<Kg<gim<mig?! u{qgk<kqz<?!
yV! svg<gqe<! kvU! )s*! lx<Xl<! uqjz! )p*! -V! olb<lixqgtiGl</! -l<lixqgjt! yV!
sle<him<ce<! upqbig! -j{g<gzil</! -s<sle<him<jmh<! hbe<hMk<kq?! yu<ouiV! s -e<!
lkqh<hqx<Gl<! p -e<! lkqh<jh! fil<! ohxzil<;< ! lx<Xl<! olb<ob{<gtiz<! Ne! uiqjs!
Osicgt<! )s, p*! -e<! g{k<jkh<! ohxzil</! wz<zi! uiqjs! OsicgjtBl<? gqjmbs<S!!!!!!!!!!
s-ns<sigUl<?! Gk<ks<S! p-ns<sigUl<! ogi{<m! giICsqbe<! ktk<kqz<! Ht<tqgtigg<!
Gxqg<gzil</! -h<ohiPK! -h<Ht<tqgt<?! lixqgTg<gqjmObBt<t! dxuqe<! ujvhmk<kqje!!
ujvbXg<gqxK! we<X! osiz<gqOxil</! -u<ujvhml<! lixqgtqe<! dxuqe<! ke<jljbg<!
gim<MgqxK/! lqgLg<gqblie?! fil<! ncg<gc! hbe<hMk<Kl<! yV! ujvhml<! OfIg<OgiM!
ujvhmliGl</! fil<! -h<ohiPK! OfIg<OgiM! ujvhmr<<gjth<! hx<xqBl<?! nju! wu<uiX!
ujvbh<hMgqe<xe! we<hjkh<! hx<xqBl<?! nux<jxh<! hbe<hMk<kqs<! sqz! sle<hiMgjtk<!
kQIh<hK!Gxqk<Kl<!gi{!Lx<hMOuil</!
11.1 OfIg<OgiM!ujvhmr<gt<
x lx<Xl< y -V! lixqgt<! we<g/! nju! y = mx + c we<x! sle<him<M! ucuk<kqz<!
-j{g<gh<hm<miz<?! nju! Ofiqb! Ljxbqz<! -j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te! we<X! %XOuil</! fil<!
Wx<geOu!hGLjx!ucuqbz<!himk<kqz<?!giICsqbe<!ktk<kqz<!y = mx + c!we<x < !sle<hiM!
yV! OfIg<Ogicjeg<! Gxqg<gqxK! weg<! g{<Mt<Otil</! -g<giv{k<kiz<kie<! x lx<Xl< y
-ux<xqx<gqjmObbie dxju! yV! Ofiqb! dxU! we<gqOxil</! yu<ouiV! x lkqh<hqx<Gl<?!!!
y = mx + c!we<x!sle<hiM!y!-e<! yV!lkqh<jhg<! ogiMg<gqxK;!lx<Xl<! x, y w{<gtiz<!
njlbh<ohx<x yV! uiqjs! Osic! )x, y*! gqjmg<gqxK/! -u<uixigh<! ohxh<hm<m! uiqjs!!
Osicgtqe<! g{l<?!y = mx + c !-e<! ujvhmk<kqje!ujvbjx!osb<gqxK/!OlZl<! -jk!
Ofiqb!ujvhml<! we!njpg<gqOxil</!sle<hiM!y = mx + c!z<?!m NeK!nf<OfIg<Ogice<!
sib<U?! c! NeK! nke<! y-oum<Mk<K{<M! we<hjk! fil<! fqjeU! %IOuil</! x=0!
wEl<OhiK? y -e<! lkqh<H! y-oum<Mk<K{<miGl</! sqz! slbr<gtqz<! y-oum<Mk<K{<ce<!
lkqh<H! 0 Ng! -Vg<Gl</! -s<$p<fqjzbqz<?! sle<hiM! y = mx! we<xigqxK;! lx<Xl<!
-f<OfIg<OgiM! Nkqh<Ht<tq! upqs<osz<gqxK/! fil<! -h<ohiPK! hz<OuX! $p<fqjzgtqz<!
OfIg<Ogice<! ujvhml<! ujvuK! Gxqk<Kh<! hiIh<Ohil</! yV! OfIg<OgiM! ujvukx<gie!
nch<hjmg<!Gxqg<Ogit<?!nf<OfIg<Ogice<!lQK!-V!Ht<tqgt<!flg<Gk<!Okju!we<hkiGl</!
hqe<uVl<<!Ljx?!OfIg<OgiM!ujvukx<gigh<!hqe<hx<xh<hMgqe<xK;
hc 1: x -e<! -V! ouu<OuX! lkqh<Hgt<! x1, x2 -ux<jxs<! sle<hiM! y = mx + c -z<! <

hqvkqbqm<M?!y g<G!-V!lkqh<Hgt<! y1, y2!fil<! ohXgqe<Oxil</!-h<ohiPK!fil<! -V!
Ht<tqgt<!)x1, y1*!lx<Xl< (x2, y2) -ux<jx!nf<OfIg<Ogice<!lQK!!ohx<Xt<Otil</!
229
hc 2: x-ns<S lx<Xl< y-ns<S -ux<jx! yV! ujvhmk<kitqz<! ujvf<K! nux<xqe<! lQK!
Okjug<Ogx<h! ntuQMgjtg<! Gxqk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</! hc! 1 -z<! ohxh<hm<m! ns<S!
K~vr<gtqe<! ntjuh<! ohiXk<Ok! -V! ns<Sgjt! nzgqMkz<! osb<gqOxil</! ns<S!
K~vr<gt<! nkqg!lkqh<Hgt<! djmbe!weqz<?!ns<Sgtqz<! 1!os/lQ/!ntju!ohiqb!
lkqh<jhg<!Gxqg<Gl<!nzgigg<!ogit<gqOxil</
hc 3: -V! Ht<tqgt< (x1, y1) lx<Xl<! (x2, y2) J! ujvhmk<kitqz<! gVkqb! giICsqbe<!
ktk<kqz<!Gxqg<gUl</
hc 4: -V!Ht<tqgjtBl<! yV!OfIg<Ogim<Mk<K{<miz<! -j{k<K!-V!hg<gLl<! fQmm < Ul</!
-KOu!Okjubie!OfIg<OgiM!ujvhmliGl</!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: (2, 3) lx<Xl< (−4, 1) J!-j{g<Gl<!Ogim<ce<!ujvhml<!ujvg.

kQIU:! ujvhmk<kitqz<! x, y-ns<Sgjt ujvf<K!
nux<xqe<! lQK! 1 os/lQ/ = 1 nzG! weg<! Gxqg<gUl</!
A(2, 3) lx<Xl<! B (−4, 1) we<he! kvh<hm<m! -V!
Ht<tqgt<! we<g. fil<! -u<uqV! Ht<tqgjtBl<!
ujvhmk<kitqz<! Gxqg<gqOxil</! fil<?! A lx<Xl< B J!
OfIg<Ogimiz<! -j{k<K! -V! HxLl<! fQm<MOuil</!
-h<ohiPK! Okjubie! ujvhml<! ohxh<hm<mK (hml<!
11.1 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<). hml< 11.1
wMk<Kg<gim<M 2: y = 2x -e<!ujvhml<!ujvg.
kQIU: y = 2x we<hK!OfIg<Ogice<!sle<hiM!we<hkiz<?!
OfIg<OgiM! Nkqh<Ht<tq! upqbigs<! osz<gqxK/ x = −1,
0, 1 wes<! sle<him<cz<! hqvkqbqm?! LjxOb! fil<!
y = −2, 0, 2 weh<! ohXgqOxil</! -kjeg<! gQOp!
nm<muj{bigk<!kf<Kt<Otil<.
x −1 0 1 hml< 11.2
y −2 0 2
ujvhmk<kitqz<! x-ns<S?! y-ns<S! ujvf<K?! nux<xqe<! lQK! 1 os/lQ/ = 1 nzG! weg<!
ogit<gqe<Oxil</! fil<! -h<ohiPK! (−1, −2), (0, 0), (1, 2) ! Ngqb! Ht<tqgjt!
ujvhmk<kitqz<! Gxqg<gqOxil<?! -h<Ht<tqgjt! -j{k<K! -Vhg<gLl<! fQm<MgqOxil</!
-h<ohiPK! flg<Gk<! Okjubie! OfIg<OgiM! ujvhml<! gqjmk<Kt<tK (hml<! 11.2 Jh<!
hiIg<gUl<).
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 3: y = 3x −1!-e<!ujvhml<!ujvg/
kQIU: x = −1, 0, 1 wes<! sle<him<cz<! hqvkqbqm!
LjxOb! fil<! y = −4, −1, 2 weh<! ohXgqOxil</!
ujvhmk<kqz<! (−1, −4), (0, −1) lx<Xl< (1, 2) Jg<!
Gxqg<gUl</!Ht<tqgjt!OfIg<Ogimiz<! -j{k<K!-V!
HxLl<! fQm<mUl</! flg<Gk<! Okjubie! OfIg<Ogice<!
ujvhml<!gqjmk<Kt<tK!(hml<!11.3 Jh<!hiIg<gUl<).
hml< 11.3
230
wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: sib<U − 3 NgUl<?! y-oum<Mk<K{<M −3 NgUl<! ogi{<m! OfIg<Ogice<!
2
ujvhml<!ujvg.
kQIU: Ogice<!sle<hiM! y = mx + c nz<zK
−3 −3
y= x + (−3) nz<zK! y = x −3.
2 2
x = −2, 0, 2 weh<! hqvkqbqm! LjxOb!!!!
y = 0, −3, −6 we!fil<! ohXgqOxil</ (−2, 0),
(0, −3) lx<Xl< (2, −6) Ht<tqgjt!
ujvhmk<kitqz<!Gxqg<gUl</!Ht<tqgjt!!
x −2 0 2
y 0 −3 −6
-j{k<K! -V! HxLl<! fQm<mUl</!

-h<ohiPK! flg<Gk<! Okjubie!
OfIg<Ogice<! ujvhml<! gqjmg<gqxK!)hml<!
11.4!Jh<!hiIg<gUl<*/
! hml< 11.4
wMk<Kg<gim<M 5:! 2x + 3y = 12 we<x!OfIg<Ogim<ce<!ujvhml<!ujvg.
kQIU: ogiMg<gh<hm<ms<!sle<him<jm!hqe<uVliX!wPkzil</!
⎛−2⎞
!!3y = −2x + 12 nz<<zK!y = ⎜ ⎟ x + 4.
⎝ 3 ⎠
x = −3, 0, 3 weh<! hqvkqbqm! LjxOb
y = 6, 4, 2 we fil<! ohxzil</ (−3, 6), (0, 4)
lx<Xl<! (3, 2) Ngqb! Ht<tqgjt!
ujvhmk<kitqz<!Gxqg<gUl</
x −3 0 3
y 6 4 2
Ht<tqgjt! -j{k<K! -V! HxLl<! hml< 11.5
fQm<mUl</! -KOu! Okjubie! OfIg<OgiM!
ujvhmliGl<!)hml<!11.5!Jh<!hiIg<gUl<*/
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: x = 3 !-e<!ujvhml<!ujvg.
kQIU: x = 3! we<x! sle<him<cz< y Jh<! hx<xq!
Gxqh<hqmh<hmuqz<jz! we<hjk! fil<!
gueqg<gqOxil</! weOu?! y! -e<! wf<k! yV!
lkqh<hqx<Gl<!x = 3 NGl<. y g<G!1!lx<Xl<!2!wek<!
OkIf<okMg<g?!-V!Ht<tqgt<!(3, 1) lx<Xl< (3, 2),
x = 3 we<x! Ogim<ce<! lQK! -Vg<gqxK! weh<!
ohXgqOxil<. -h<Ht<tqgjt! ujvhmk<kitqz<!
Gxqg<gUl</!-V!Ht<tqgjt!OfIg<Ogimiz<!!
hml< 11.6
231
-j{k<K!!-VHxLl<!fQm<mUl</!flg<Gk<!Okjubie!OfIg<OgiM!ujvhml<!gqjmg<gqxK!
)hml<! 11.6! Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*/! -r<G! OfIg<O<giM! y-ns<Sg<G! -j{big! dt<tjk!
gueqg<gUl</
wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: y = − 4 -e<!ujvhml<!ujvg.
!kQIU: y -e<! lkqh<H! lixilz<! −4 weUl<?!
sle<him<cz< x -e<! lkqh<H! Gxqh<hqmh<hmilZl<!
-Vh<hjkg<!gi{<gqOxil</!weOu?!fil<!x g<G!-V!
lkqh<Hgt< −2, 2 wek< OkIf<okMg<gqOxil<.
-h<ohiPK!flg<G!-V!Ht<tqgt< (−2, − 4) lx<Xl<
(2, − 4), OfIg<OgiM y = − 4 -e<! lQkqVh<hkigh<!
ohXgqOxil</!!
x −2 2
!
! y −4 −4
! hml< 11.7
!
-u<uqV!Ht<tqgjtBl<! ujvhmk<kqz<! Gxqk<K!yV!OfIg<Ogiceiz< -j{g<gUl</!-kje!
-VHxLl<! fQm<mUl</! -KOu! flg<Gk<! Okjubie! ujvhmliGl<! )hml<! 11.7! Jh<!
hiIg<gUl<*/!-r<G!OfIg<OgimieK!x-ns<Sg<G!-j{big!dt<tjk!gueqg<gUl</!!!!!!!!!
hbqx<sq 11.1
1. gQp<g<g{<m!Ht<tqgt<!upqs<osz<Zl<!OfIg<OgiM!ujvhml<!ujvg;
(i) (2, 3) lx<Xl<! (4, −6) (ii) (−1, 0) lx<Xl<! (−2, −5)
(iii) (−3, 2) lx<Xl<!(5, −1) (iv) (−2, −3) lx<Xl<! (5, − 4)
2. hqe<uVueux<xqe<<!ujvhml<!ujvg:
(i) y = −2x (ii) y = 3x (iii) x = 5y (iv) x = − 4y
3. hqe<uVueux<xqe<<!ujvhml<!ujvg:
(i) x = −3 (ii) y = 5 (iii) x = 5
(iv) y = − 4 (v) 2x + 3 = 0 (vi) 1 + 2y = 0
4. y = mx + c we<hkx<gie!ujvhmk<kqjeh<!hqe<uVl<!lkqh<Hgjtg<!ogi{<M!ujvg;
−2
(i) m = 3 lx<Xl<!c = 4 (ii) m = lx<Xl<! c = 3
3
(iii) m = −3 lx<Xl<!c = − 4 (iv) m = 2 lx<Xl<! c = −5
5. hqe<uVl<!sle<hiMgtqe<!ujvhml<!ujvg:
(i) 2x + 3y = 12 (ii) x −5y = 10
(iii) y + 2x −5 = 0 (iv) x −2y + 1 = 0
232
11.2 OfIg<OgiM!ujvhmr<gtqe<!hbe<hiM
-bx<g{qks<! osbz<hiMgtqe<xq! -V! yVr<gjl! OfIg<OgiMs<! sle<hiMgTg<G?!
nux<xqe<! ujvhmr<gjt! ye<xig! ujvf<K! kQIU! gi{zil</! x, y -z<! njlf<k! yV!
Ofiqb!sle<hiM ax + by + c = 0 we<x!ucuqz<! -Vg<Gl<. -s<sle<hiM!giICsqbe<! ktk<kqz<!
yV!OfIg<Ogijmg<!Gxqg<Gl</!weOu?!-V!yVr<gjls<!sle<hiMgtqe<!kQIU!gi{<hK!-V!
OfIg<OgiMgtqe<! ohiKh<Ht<tqjbg<! g{<Mhqch<hkx<Gs<! slliGl</!-r<G?!&e<X! ujggt<!
d{<migqe<xe/
Lkziukig?!-V!OfIg<OgiMgTl<!ye<Oxiomie<xig!njlgqe<xe;!nkiuK?!-V!
ujvhmr<gTl<! ye<xigqe<xe/! -s<$p<fqjzbqz<! Lcuqzi! Ht<tqgt<! -V!
ujvhmr<gTg<Gl<! ohiKuieju! we! nxqgqOxil</! weOu, ogiMg<gh<hm<m!
sle<hiMgTg<G!w{<{x<x!kQIUgt<!d{<M/
-v{<miukig?! -V! OfIg<OgiM! ujvhmr<gt<! ye<Oxiomie<xig! njlukqz<jz;!
Neiz<?! nju! -j{bieju/! -s<$p<fqjzbqz<! -V! OfIg<OgiM! ujvhmr<gTl<!
ye<jxobie<X! oum<cg<! ogit<ukqz<jz/! weOu?! -V! OgiMgTg<Gl<! ohiKuie! Ht<tq!
gqjmbiK/!weOu?!-u<ouiVr<gjls<!sle<hiMgTg<Gk<!kQIU!gqjmbiK/
&e<xiukig?! -V! OfIg<OgiMgt<! yOv! yV! Ht<tqbqz<! oum<cg<ogit<gqe<xe/!
-s<$p<fqjzbqz<?! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! yVr<gjls<! sle<hiMgTg<Gk<! keqk<k! kQIUgt<!
d{<M/! -ju?! nf<OfIg<OgiMgt<! ! oum<cg<ogit<Tl<! ! Ht<tqbqe<! ns<S! K~vr<gtiGl</!
weOu?!-u<ouiVr<gjls<!sle<hiMgTg<G!yOvobiV!kQIU!d{<M/
wMk<Kg<gim<M 8: 2x + y = 1 lx<Xl<! 4x + 2y = 2 we<x! yVr<gjls<! sle<hiMgjt!

ujvhml<!&zl<!kQI.
kQIU: OgiM 1: y = −2x + 1 OgiM 2: 2y = −4x + 2 i.e., y = −2x + 1
x −1 1 x −1 1
y 3 −1 y 3 −1
yOv! ujvhmk<kitqz<! -V! sle<hiMgtqe<!

Ht<tqgjtg<! Gxqg<gUl</! Ht<tqgjt!
)Ogim<Mk<K{<miz<*! -j{k<K! -VHxLl<!
fQm<mUl</! -h<ohiPK! -V! ye<Oxiomie<X!
-j{f<k! OfIg<OgiMgt<! gqjmg<gqe<xe
)hml<! 11.8! Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*/! yV! Ogim<ce<!
lQKt<t! wf<k! yV! Ht<tqBl<! lx<oxiV!
Ogim<ce<! lQK!dt<tK/!weOu?!w{<{x<x!
Ht<tqgt<! -V! OfIg<OgiMgTg<Gl<!
ohiKuig! dt<te/! weOu?! w{<{x<x!
kQIUgt<?! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! -V! yVr<gjls<! hml<!11.8!
sle<hiMgTg<G!d{<M/
233
wMk<Kg<gim<M 9: x − 2y = 4 lx<Xl<! x − 2y = −6 -e<! ujvhml<! ujvf<K!nke<! &zl<!
-s<sle<hiMgtqe<!kQIU!gi{<g/!
kQIU: OgiM 1: x − 2y = 4 nz<zK!
! 2y = x − 4 nz<zK!y = ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ x − 2.
⎝2⎠
x 0 2
y −2 −1
OgiM 2: x −2y = − 6 nz<zK!

2y = x + 6 nz<zK y = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ x + 3.
1
⎝2⎠
x 0 2
hml< 11.9
y 3 4
fil<! (0, −2) lx<Xl< (2, −1) we<x! Ht<tqgjt! ujvhmk<kitqz<! Gxqk<K! nux<xqe<! upqOb!
OfIg<OgiM! ujvOuil</! nMk<K?! fil<! (0, 3) lx<Xl< (2, 4) Ngqb! Ht<tqgjt! nOk!
ujvhmk<kitqz<! Gxqk<K! nux<xqe<! upqOb! OfIg<OgiM! ujvOuil</! -r<G! OfIg<OgiMgt<!
-j{bigs<!osz<ujk!fil<!gi{zil</!weOu?!nju!oum<cg<!ogit<tuqz<jz/!weOu?!
-u<ouiVr<gjls<!sle<hiMgTg<Gk<!kQIU!gqjmbiK!(hml<!11.9!Jh<!hiIg<gUl<*/!
!
wMk<Kg<gim<M 10: yVr<gjls<! sle<hiMgt< x + y = 5, x − y = 3 -ux<jx ujvhml<!
&zl<!kQIg<gUl<.
kQIU: !OgiM 1: x+y=5 OgiM 2 : x −y = 3
!!!!nz<zK y = −x + 5 (1) nz<zK!!!y = x −3 (2)
x −2 −1 3 x 1 0 3
y 7 6 2 y −2 −3 0
(−2, 7), (−1, 6) lx<Xl<! (3, 2) Ngqb! Ht<tqgjt!

ujvhmk<kitqz<! Gxqg<gUl</! -h<Ht<tqgt<! upqOb!
OfIg<OgiM! ujvbUl</! -KOu! sle<hiM! )2*! -e<!
Ofi<g<OgiM!ujvhmliGl</!nMk<K! (1, −2), (0, −3)
lx<Xl< (3, 0) Ngqb! Ht<tqgjt! nOk!
ujvhmk<kitqz<! Gxqg<gUl</! -h<Ht<tqgt<! upqOb!
OfIg<OgiM! ujvbUl</! -KOu! ! sle<hiM! (2)!
-e<! OfIg<<OgiM! ujvhmliGl</! -u<uqV!
OfIg<OgiM! ujvhmr<gTl<! yV! Ht<tq! ! P(4, 1)!
-z<! oum<MgqxK! (hml<! 11.10! Jh<! hiIg<gUl<*/!
-h<Ht<tq?! -V! OgiMgtqe<<! lQKl<! njlukiz<?! hml< 11.10
yVr<gjls<!sle<hiMgtqe<!kQIU x = 4, y = 1 we!
nxqgqe<Oxil<.
!
234
hbqx<sq 11.2
gQOp! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! 1 Lkz<! 10 ujvbqzie! sle<hiMgtqe<! okiGkqg<G! ujvhml<!!!

&zl<!kQIU!gi{<g;
1. x + y = 0, x = 4. 6. 2x + y = 1, 4x + 2y = 2.
2. x − y = 0, y = −3. 7. x + 2y = 4, x + 2y = 6.
3. x + y = 2, x − y = 2. 8. x − 3y = 4, x + 2y = −1.
4. x − y = 6, 2x + y = 9. 9. 3x + y = 2, 6x − y = 7.
5. x + y = 5, x − y = 1. 10. 2x + 3 = 0, 4x + y + 4 = 0.
uqjmgt<!
hbqx<sq!11.1!
1. (i) 1. (ii) 1. (iii)
1. (iv)
2 (i)
x −1 0 1
y 2 0 −2
2. (ii)
x −1 0 1
y −3 0 3
235
2. (iii) 2. (iv)
x 0 5 −5 x 0 4 −4
y 0 1 −1 y 0 −1 1
3. (i) (ii)
x −3 −3 −3 x 1 2 −1
y 1 2 −1 y 5 5 5
(iii) (iv)
x 5 5 5 x 0 1 −1
y 0 1 2 y −4 −4 −4
236
(v) (vi)
x −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 x 0 1 −1
y 0 1 −1 y −0.5 −0.5 −0.5
4. (i) (ii)
x −1 0 1 x −3 0 3
y 1 4 7 y 5 3 1
(iii) (iv)
x 0 1 −1 x 0 1 2
y −4 −7 −1 y −5 −3 −1
237
5. (i) (ii)
x −3 0 3 x 5 0 −5
y 6 4 2 y −1 −2 −3
(iii) (iv)
x −1 0 1 x 1 3 5
y 7 5 3 y 1 2 3
hbqx<sq 11.2
1.
x −1 0 1 x 4 4 4
y 1 0 −1 y 1 0 −1
kQIU!x = 4; y = −4.
2.
x −1 0 1 x 0 1 2
y −1 0 1 y −3 −3 −3
kQIU x = −3; y = −3.
238
3.
x 0 1 2 x 3 4 5
y 2 1 0 y 1 2 3
kQIU x = 2; y = 0.
4.
x 3 4 5 x 2 3 4
y −3 −2 −1 y 5 3 1
kQIU x = 5; y = −1.
5.
x 2 3 4 x 2 3 4
y 3 2 1 y 1 2 3
kQIU x = 3; y =2.
6.
x −1 0 1 x −1 0 1
y 3 1 −1 y 3 1 −1
w{<{x<x!kQIUgt/<!
7.
x 0 2 4 x 0 2 4
y 2 1 0 y 3 2 1
kQIU!-z<jz/
239
8.
x −2 1 4 x −1 1 3
y −2 −1 0 y 0 −1 −2
kQIU x = 1; y = −1.
9.
x 0 1 2 x 0 1 2
y 2 −1 −4 y −7 −1 5
kQIU x = 1; y = −1.
10.
−3 −3 −3
2 2 2 x −2 −1 0
x
y 4 0 −4
y −2 0 2
kQIU! x = −3; y = 2.
2
240

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g{g<G!

kqV!w/!nIs<See<! kqV!gq. kr<gOuZ!

kqV uQ. >vil< kqV g. nxqupge<!

kqVlkq vi. fl<hqg<jg!o\bvi\< kqVlkq! Os. uq\bi

5. kQIUgt<!gi[l<!Ljxgt< 122 - 134

5.1 nElier<gt<!lx<Xl<!fq'h{r<gt< 123

6.1 siqhiIk<kZg<Giqb!Okx<xr<gt< 135

7.1 giICsqbe<!ns<S!K~vLjx 169

8.1 Lg<Ogi{uqbz<!uqgqkr<gt< 189

9.1 yV!Lg<Ogi{k<kqz<!yVHt<tq!upqg<!OgiMgt< 206

10. uquvr<gjtg<!jgbiTkz< 217 - 228

10.1 jlbfqjzh<!Ohig<G!ntjugt< 219

11.1 OfIg<OgiM!ujvhmr<gt< 229

lmg<jgh<!hm<cbz< 241 - 242

wkqIlmg<jgh<!hm<cbz< 243 - 244

1.1.1 -bz<!w{<gt< (Natural Numbers)

1.1.2 LP!w{<gt< (Whole Numbers)

1.1.3 LPg<gt< (Integers)

1.1.4 uqgqkLX!w{<gt< (Rational Numbers)

OfIucuk<kqz<! njlgqe<xe/!yu<ouiV!LPUl<! uqgqkLX!w{<! NGl</!wMk<Kg<gim<mig,

lx<Xl<! 1 ≠ 0. !weOu!−19 NeK!uqgqkLX!w{<! NGl</!weOu!njek<K!LPg<gTl<!

1.1.5 N, W, Z lx<Xl< Q okiGh<Hgtqz< +, −, ×, ÷ Ngqbux<xqe<!sqz!h{<Hgt<

5. yu<ouiV! uqgqkLX! w{; x g<Gl< −x wEl<! uqgqkLX! w{<{qje

8. x, y, z we<he uqgqkLX!w{<gt<!weqz< x(yz) = (xy)z.

9. w{< 1 NeK! uqgqkLX! w{<{iGl</ 1x = x1 = x we<hK! njek<K! uqgqkLX

10. yu<ouiV!H,s<sqblqz<zik!uqgqkLX!w{< x-g<Gl<, 1 NeK!uqgqkLX!w{<!NGl</!

1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 lx<Xl< 11 Nl<! h{<Hgt<! Q z<! dt<t! Gxqh<hqm<m! dXh<Hg<gjts<!

[(−3) ÷ 11] ÷ ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟ = ⎡⎢⎛⎜ − 3 ⎞⎟ ÷ ⎛⎜ 11 ⎞⎟⎤⎥ ÷ ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞⎟

N, W, Z lx<Xl< Q gtqe<! h{<Hgjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! yV! sleqe<! kQIU! Gxqh<hqm<m!

Olx<Gxqh<hqm<Mt<t! fQt<! uGLjxbqz<! hqe<hx<xqb! uqkqjb! fil<! nxqf<K!

NgOu, yu<ouiV! uqgqkLX! w{<[l<! Lx<Xh<ohXl<! nz<zK! Lx<Xh<ohxik! lQt!<

(i) ksl!uqiqU 0.45 Jg<!gVKg.

olb<ob{<gtqe<! okiGkqjb R weg<Gxqh<Ohil</! NgOu! R NeK! uqgqkLX! lx<Xl<!

(i) x + y = y + x, xy = y x; (ii) x(y + z) = xy + xz; (iii) (x + y)z = xz + yz,

wMk<Kg<gim<M 1: 0.75 Nz<!Gxqg<gh<hMl<!uqgqkLX!w{<{qjeg<!gi{<g/!

wMk<Kg<gim<M 2: 1.0 = 0.9 we<hjk!fqbibh<hMk<kUl</!

wMk<Kg<gim<M 3: 2.52 + 2.52 J!LPuqe<!gQp<!LP!ucuqz<!gi{<g/

wMk<Kg<gim<M 4: 0.101001000100001… lx<Xl< 0.010110111011110…Ngqb! uqgqkLxi

2 we<x! uqgqkLxi! w{<j{g<! gVKOuil</ 2 -uqe<! ksl! uqiqju! gi[l<!

weOu 2 = 1.414213562… . filxquK?! 2 e<! ksluqiqU! Lx<Xh<ohxilZl<, kqVl<hk<!

⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , ⎜ ⎟ , … we<x! Ljxob{<gtqe<! lkqh<Hgjtg<! g{g<gqMjgbqz<!

x lx<Xl< y we<he!olb<ob{<gt<! we<g/!hqe<uVl<! &e<xqz<! WOkEl<! ye<X!lm<MOl!

wMk<Kg<gim<M 6: uqgqkLX! w{<gt< 1.201 lx<Xl< 1.202 -ux<xqx<G! -jmbqz<! WOkEl<!

wMk<Kg<gim<M 7: 1.201 lx<Xl< 1.202 gTg<gqjmOb! fie<G! uqgqkLxi! w{<gjt!

wMk<Kg<gim<M 8: 2.001 lx<Xl< 2.003 uqgqkLxi! w{<gTg<gqjmOb! WOkEl<! -V!

∴ 2.001 = 1.41456… lx<Xl< 2.003 = 1.41527…

njek<K! uqgqkLX! w{<gTl<! olb<ob{<gOt! we<hjk! fqjeuqz<! ogit<g/!

olb<ob{<! x JBl<! ohx! -bziK/! -k<kjgb! sle<hiMgjt! flK! uGh<hqz<! gVkh<!

olb<g<Ogim<cz<! wu<uiX! lqjg! LPg<gt<! Ht<tqgtigg<! Gxqg<gh<hMgqe<xe!

Olx<gi[l<! Nvib<uqzqVf<K, wf<kouiV! olb<ob{<[l<, olb<ob{<! Ogim<ce<! lQK!

Ogim<ce<! lQK! ohiVk<kh<hm<m! Ht<tq! R weqz<?! R NeK! P g<Gl<! Q g<Gl<! -jmh<hm<m!

LVm<om{<gt<! olb<ob{<gt<! we<hkiz<?!nux<Xme<! -bx<g{qk!osbzqgt<! +, −,

a lx<Xl< b we<he! -V! ouu<Ouxie! uqgqkLX! w{<gt<! we<g/! a , b

a, b we<he!lqjg!uqgqkLX!w{<gt<;< !m, n we<he!lqjg!LPg<gt<!weqz<?

wMk<Kg<gim<M 10: hqe<uVue!uqgqkLxi!&zr<gti?!-z<jzbi!we<hjk!giv{r<gTme<!

uqgqkLxi! &zr<gjt?! +, −, ×, ÷ ogi{<M! jgbiTl<ohiPK! gqjmg<Gl<!

wMk<Kg<gim<M 11: hqe<uVue!uqgqkLxi!&zr<gti?!-z<jzbi!we<hjk!giv{r<gTme<!

wMk<Kg<gim<M 12: hqe<uVueux<Xt<! yu<ouie<jxBl<! yV! keqk<k! uqgqkLxi! &zlig!

(i) 20 − 225 + 80 (ii) 3

∴ 3 3 128 − 3 2000 = 3(43 2 ) − 10 3 2 = 12 3 2 − 10 3 2 = (12 − 10) 3 2 = 2 3 2 .

wMk<Kg<gim<M 13: hqe<uVueux<Xt<! yu<ouie<jxBl<! yV! keqk<k! uqgqkLxi! &zlig!

Gxqh<H;! p, q uqgqkLX! w{<gt<? n

5. hqe<uVue!yu<ouie<xqZl<!x lx<Xl<!y !-ux<jxg<!gi{<g/