Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering
Optimization of TIG welding Parameters
by Taguchi Method for Brass 3019
P Sandeep Kumar1, J Nithin Kumar2, P Narasimha3
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Polytechnic College, Nalgonda, India
skumarcharyp@gmail.com1
Abstract - Brass materials are generally utilized as
designing materials in the business as a result of
their high quality, high erosion obstruction, and
high electrical and warm conductivity. They are
effectively molded and they have a lovely
appearance. Be that as it may, it is hard to weld
brasses. The fundamental issue with these
composites in welding is the dissipation of zinc
amid the welding procedure. In the wake of
welding, the weld metal winds up permeable. In
addition, since the measure of zinc in the
compound is lessened because of dissipation, the
metal material loses the physical and synthetic
properties which it typically has. Concentrates on
weldability of metal materials are not very many.
There is almost no data concerning the weldability
of metal materials in the writing and general
definitions are frequently observed. It is difficult to
discover considers on test examinations of the
welding of metal materials separated for a couple
of exemptions. There are for all intents and
purposes no investigations to help exploratory
information about in the case of welding of metal
materials are conceivable. In our analysis, the
impact of TIG welding parameters on mechanical
properties of brass3019 (70%Cu– 30%Zn) joints is
researched. So as to look at the mechanical
properties hardness test, the elasticity of the welds
was estimated. The fundamental parameters in
this examination were the root hole, stream rate,
width of anode and stream of current.
Furthermore, upgrading this work for various
parameters Taguchi technique is utilized.
Keywords: TIG welding; Brass; Root gap; Flow rate;
Taguchi
1. INTRODUCTION
Metal is a compound of copper and zinc and has
yellow shading, like the presence of gold. This metal
can have fluctuating extents of zinc and copper, which
creates an expansive scope of sorts with various
properties. Metal is generally utilized for ornamental
apparatuses in light of its brilliant gold appearance
[1]. It is additionally utilized for pipes valves, course,
locks, and melodic instruments. There are three
regular types of metal [2].
Metal is the name used to portray a copper
amalgam, which has certain zinc content. Copper is
Vol. 1(2) Jul – Dec 2018: ISSN (Online): 2581-7019 @ Guru Nanak Publications, India
one of the metals that were first ready to be worked
by people, as it softens at a temperature of around
1,080°C and is anything but difficult to work because
of its low hardness [3]. Zinc has an even lower
dissolving point (420°C) and can frame blended
precious stones with copper. By consolidating copper
with zinc, a composite is shaped, which is harder than
copper, yet has great working properties [4].
2. METHODOLOGY
People have been utilizing metal for around 5,000
years. This material, accordingly, one of the most
established combinations there is. The main special
case is bronze, which has been utilized for over 6,000
years [5]. Bronze is additionally a copper
combination; be that as it may, it contains the
overwhelming metal tin rather than zinc. It was
dependably a prominent material as this compound
creates exceptionally alluring shading subtleties if the
zinc portion is changed [6].
Now, it is noticed that it is beyond the realm of
imagination to expect to appraise the zinc division by
translating the shading, as present day metal
compounds contain other alloying components, which
from one perspective influence its hardness and
erosion obstruction, however then again likewise
influence its shading. Aluminum, press, manganese,
nickel, and silicon are most oftentimes included as
combinations, as that metal can be adjusted to the
present day needs of industry [7].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Notwithstanding its high copper content, it isn't
destructive. An incredible inverse, copper-zinc
composite have a bactericidal impact and keep the
colonization of microscopic organisms. Hence, metal
entryway handles are helpful fittings, for instance, out
in the open structures, and in broad daylight transport.
Not at all like steel composites, can’t metal be
solidified by warming [8]. Metal must be strain or
work-solidified. The solidifying happens when the
material is worked mechanically, e.g. by chilly
working. The activity of power does not solidify
metal. Current amalgams contain basically no air or
slag and consequently, can't be solidified. The
hardness is created rather by stressing (extending) the
metal microstructure. The burdens delivered amid
working influence the hardness of the material [9].
16
 Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering

On the off chance that cool worked metal is example, Argon and Helium, don't artificially respond
warmed to 450 – 600°C, the solidifying accomplished or join with different gases [14].
can be expelled once more, contingent upon its piece.
They represent no smell and are straightforward,
At this temperature, the gems in the metal
allowing the welder most extreme perceivability of
microstructure can rework. In the event that the
the circular segment. In a few occurrences, Hydrogen
warming stay inside a scope of 300 – 450°, contingent
gas might be added to upgrade travel speeds [15]. The
upon the temperature, diverse degrees of hardness can
GTAW procedure can create temperatures of up to
be accomplished [10]. On the off chance that the
35,000° F (19,426°C). The light contributes warm just
composite is warmed to 250 – 300° it tends to be
to the workpiece. On the off chance that filler metal is
loose to such a degree, to the point that in any event
required to make the weld, it might be included
no more pressure erosion splitting can happen. In the
physically in indistinguishable way from it is included
event that extraordinary hardness or machinability
the oxyacetylene welding process, or in different
necessities are set for a copper-zinc combination in
circumstances might be included utilizing a cool wire
Saxony, a reasonable amalgam organization ought to
feeder. GTAW is utilized to weld steel, tempered
be picked, on account of the material properties
steel, nickel amalgams, for example, Monel and
named previously [11]. On the off chance that lead is
Inconel, titanium, aluminum, magnesium, copper,
added to the combination, the properties for
metal, bronze, and even gold. GTAW can likewise
machining enhance progressively. Aluminum, then
weld different metals to each other, for example,
again, diminishes helplessness to consumption and
copper to metal and tempered steel to gentle steel.
builds the quality of metal [12].
Readily available brass 3019 in the market is
One of the companies started manufacturing rubber
bought as a plate. Then this plate is cut into small
molded products based on the runner system, which is
pieces/ plate by using the cutting machine. Those 18
shown in Fig. 1. According to the phase diagram, the
pieces are cut into 100 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm. All
brasses are classified depending on the composition of
these pieces are then filed at a single side to 30̊ using
Zn added to the Cu. They are classified as: Alpha
smooth filing half of the thickness. Now, these pieces
brasses (α): In these brasses, the composition of Zn in
are ready for the Butt joint welding (Fig. 2). Each job
Cu is less than 37%. Then they are called alpha
is assigned to different parameters like root gap,
brasses [13]. Alpha-beta brasses: In these brasses, the
current, electrode diameter, and gas flow rate is
composition of Zn in Cu is between 37%-45%. Beta
shown in Table 1. As these all parameters are varied,
brasses (β): In these brasses, the composition of Zn in
the welding strength and the defects at the heat
Cu is above 45%.
affected zone are to be carried out by different tests
Table 2 to Table 13.
Table 1 Results in different parameters
Root Gas flow
Job Current, Electrode
gap, rate,
No. Amp dia, mm
mm ltr/min
1 0.5 100 3 2
2 1 120 4 4
3 1.5 150 2.4 5
4 0.5 120 4 4
5 1 150 2.4 5
6 1.5 100 3 2
Fig. 1 Phase diagram of brasses 7 0.5 150 2.4 5
Percentage of elements are Copper (Cu) - 68.5- 8 1 100 3 2
71.50, Lead (Pb) - 0.07, Iron (Fe) - 0.05, Zinc (Zn) - 9 1.5 120 4 4
remaining.
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), otherwise
called tungsten dormant gas (TIG) welding is a
procedure that delivers an electric circular segment
kept up between a non-consumable tungsten cathode
and the part to be welded. The warmth influenced
zone, the liquid metal, and the tungsten anode are
altogether protected from barometrical tainting by a
cover of idle gas sustained through the GTAW burn.
Latent gas (generally Argon) is inert or lacking in
dynamic compound properties. The protecting gas
serves to cover the weld and rejects the dynamic
properties in the encompassing air. Latent gases, for

Vol. 1(2) Jul – Dec 2018: ISSN (Online): 2581-7019 @ Guru Nanak Publications, India 17
 Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering

Table 3 Results of Hardness Test Job 1

Observed values in HV
Sl.
No Location Impre
Impres Impres Impres
. ssion
sion 2 sion 3 sion 4
1
1 HAZ -1 94.1 88.4 98.9 93.80
2 HAZ -2 122 123 122.6 122.53
3 Weldzone 136 140 146 140.67
Base
4 121 121 121 121
Metal
Fig. 2 Tensile Strength Test
Table 4 Results of Hardness Test Job 2
Table 2 Results of Tensile Test
Observed values in HV
Sl.
No Location Impre
Impres Impres Impres
. ssion
sion 2 sion 3 sion 4
Job No. 1 1
1 HAZ -1 86.5 106 105 99.17
2 HAZ -2 122 121 118 120.33
3 Weldzone 161 160 160 160.33
Base
4 121 124 121 122
Job No. 2 Metal
Table 5 Results of Hardness Test Job 3
Observed values in HV
Sl.
No Location Impre
Impres Impres Impres
Job No. 3 . ssion
sion 2 sion 3 sion 4
1
1 HAZ -1 106 105 101 104
2 HAZ -2 120 120 124 121.33
3 Weldzone 147 146 142 145
Job No.4 Base
4 121 121 121 121
Metal
Table 6 Results of Hardness Test Job 4
Observed values in HV
Sl.
Job No. 5 Impre
No Location Impres Impres Impres
. ssion
sion 2 sion 3 sion 4
1
1 HAZ -1 98.5 96 88 94.17
2 HAZ -2 118 106 108 110.67
Job No. 6
3 Weldzone 140 142 148 143
Base
4 124 122 120 122
Metal
Table 7 Results of Hardness Test Job 5
Job No. 7
Observed values in HV
Sl.
No Location Impre
Impres Impres Impres
. ssion
sion 2 sion 3 sion 4
1
1 HAZ -1 81.8 89.6 86.5 85.97
Job No. 8
2 HAZ -2 123 127 120 123.33
3 Weldzone 150 152 150 150.67
Base
4 120 122 120 120.67
Metal
Job No. 9

Vol. 1(2) Jul – Dec 2018: ISSN (Online): 2581-7019 @ Guru Nanak Publications, India 18
 Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering

Table 8 Results of Hardness Test Job 6 The maximum hardness determined by the weld
zone is 160.33HV (hardness number) by Vickers
Observed values in HV
Sl. hardness testing machine.
No Location Impre
Impres Impres Impres
. ssion Table 13 Maximum Hardness Value
sion 2 sion 3 sion 4
1
Test Weld
1 HAZ -1 115 108 102 108.33 HAZ -1 HAZ -2
No. Zone
2 HAZ -2 132 132 128 130.67 1 6.0206 40.61 41.06
2 0 39.48 41.04
3 Weldzone 150 152 155 152.33
3 2.0412 39.51 40.72
Base
4 121 121 121 121 4 7.43389 40.15 41.76
Metal
5 2.0412 39.93 40.88
Table 9 Results of Hardness Test Job 7 6 9.54243 40.34 41.68
7 2.55273 39.44 41.82
Observed values in HV 8 2.55273 38.69 42.32
Sl.
No Location Impre 9 7.43389 40.69 41.61
Impres Impres Impres
. ssion
sion 2 sion 3 sion 4
1 Main Effects Plot for SN ratios
Data Means

1 HAZ -1 92 93.6 98 94.53 10

C haz-1

2 HAZ -2 115 118 105 122.67 8

Mean of SN ratios
3 Weldzone 1222 126 122 123.33 6

Base 4
4 124 124 120 122.67
Metal 2

Table 10 Results of Hardness Test Job 8 0

1 2 3 7 0 5 3 7 7 0 3 3
.9 .8 .1 .5 .1 .7 .0 .3 .3
85 93 94 94 99 101 104 107 108
Observed values in HV Signal-to-noise: Larger is better
Sl.
No Location Impre
Impres Impres Impres Fig. 3 SN Ratio Graph
. ssion
sion 2 sion 3 sion 4
1
Main Effects Plot for SN ratios
Data Means
1 HAZ -1 92 93.6 98 94.53
C weld zone
42.5
2 HAZ -2 115 118 105 122.67
Mean of SN ratios

42.0
3 Weldzone 1222 126 122 123.33
Base 41.5
4 124 124 120 122.67
Metal
41.0

Table 11 Results of Hardness Test Job 9

40.5
1 2 3 00 33 67 67 33 00 67 33 33
2. 3. 0. 0. 3. 5. 0. 2. 0.
Observed values in HV 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 15 16
Sl. Signal-to-noise: Larger is better

No Location Impre
Impres Impres Impres
. ssion Fig. 4 Weld Zone
sion 2 sion 3 sion 4
1
1 HAZ -1 104 105 96.3 101.77 Main Effects Plot for SN ratios
Data Means
C haz-2
2 HAZ -2 116 118 105 113
40.5

3 Weldzone 120 126 120 122

Mean of SN ratios

40.0
Base
4 121 120 122 121
Metal 39.5

Table 12 Results of Tensile Test 39.0

38.5
Test Ultimate Tensile strength, Elongation, 1 2 3 67 67 67 00 33 33 53 33 67
8. 0. 2. 3. 0. 1. 2. 3. 0.
10 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13
No. load, kN N/mm2 % Signal-to-noise: Larger is better

1 2.64 27.102 1.600

2 14.2 143.347 2.600 Fig. 5 Heat Affected Zone
3 12.560 126.295 1.920
4 7.960 83.464 0.720 4. CONCLUSION
5 23.520 245.563 4.700 As in the wake of welding, the weld metal ends up
6 3.080 31.454 1.240 permeable and the measure of zinc in the composite is
7 26.320 263.622 3.800 diminished because of vanishing, the metal material
8 9.440 100.053 1.800 loses the physical and substance properties which it
9 9.000 90.964 1.160
ordinarily has. We found from the examination and
advancement of TIG welding parameters by Taguchi

Vol. 1(2) Jul – Dec 2018: ISSN (Online): 2581-7019 @ Guru Nanak Publications, India 19
 Journal of Innovation in Mechanical Engineering

strategy for metal 3019 that the porosity because of [11] J Cornu, Advanced Welding Systems – III. TIG and
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down hardness contrasted with weld zone and base [15] I Tatsukawa, S Satonaka, S Ishibashi, K Hashimoto,
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We are grateful to Principal, Management and Head
of Mechanical Engineering Department-Geethanjali
College of building and innovation, Hyderabad for
their help amid this work. Our exceptional on account
of the specialists who have added to the improvement
of the task. What's more, our earnest says thanks to
Dr. T Shiva Prasad garu for giving us the direction at
whatever point required and for their persuasive help
all through the fruition of work.
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